Synonym: acknowledgment, book of facts, character, character reference, citation, cite, consultation, credit, denotation, extension, mention, point of reference, quotation, reference book, reference point, reference work, source. Similar words: preference, conference, difference, make a difference, refer, different, interfere, inherent. Meaning: [‘refrəns] 
n. 1. a remark that calls attention to something or someone 2. a short note recognizing a source of information or of a quoted passage 3. an indicator that orients you generally 4. a book to which you can refer for authoritative facts 5. a formal recommendation by a former employer to a potential future employer describing the person’s qualifications and dependability 6. the most direct or specific meaning of a word or expression; the class of objects that an expression refers to 7. the act of referring or consulting 8. a publication (or a passage from a publication) that is referred to 9. the relation between a word or phrase and the object or idea it refers to. v. refer to.
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1. Keep this dictionary for reference.
2. He works for a company that publishes reference books.
3. Avoid any reference to his illness.
4. You should keep the book for future reference.
5. This card should be kept on file for reference.
5. Wish you can benefit from sentencedict.com and make progress everyday!
6. An Ordnance Survey grid reference gives the position of a place to within 100 metres.
7. There is no direct reference to her own childhood in the novel.
8. All important points are numbered for ease of reference .
9. Reference works on that country, when available, are full of inaccuracies.
10. The government has announced the terms of reference for its proposed committee of inquiry.
11. We are writing with reference to your letter of October 21, 1998.
12. I keep my reference books near my desk for convenience.
13. They could find no further reference to Mr LaMotte in the records.
14. Our charges are calculated by reference to an hourly rate.
15. I like to have my reference books within my reach.
16. He made only a veiled reference to international concerns over human rights issues.
17. She made no reference to her illness but only to her future plans.
18. The library contains many popular works of reference .
19. The original text is here for ease of reference.
20. The new constitution dropped all reference to previous wars.
21. The map reference is Y4.
22. The handbooks are filed away for future reference.
23. He made an oblique reference to his work.
24. People interpret events within their own frame of reference.
25. The firm offered to give her a reference.
26. Quote this reference number in all correspondence.
27. We spent days going through all related reference material.
28. If you wish to succeed, you should use persistence as your good friend, experience as your reference, prudence as your brother and hope as your sentry. 
29. These have been placed into our files for future reference.
30. These notes should be carefully filed away for future reference.
More similar words: preference, conference, difference, make a difference, refer, different, interfere, inherent, currency, interfere in, interfere with, hence, fence, commence, essence, sequence, science, sentence, evidence, experience, residence, consequence, abstinence, experienced, in consequence, convenience, acquiescence, commencement, independence, here and there.
Возможно, вы никогда не встречались с термином «референтные слова» (reference words), но наверняка вы встречали их при изучении английского языка. Референтные слова (или слова-ссылки) указывают на идеи и предметы, упомянутые ранее в тексте или разговоре, что позволяет не повторять одно и то же, и обеспечивает связность. Самый простой пример референтных слов – местоимения. Представите себе, как бы выглядела речь, если бы не было местоимений! Мы бы повторяли одно и то же множество раз и наши высказывания были бы похожи на набор слов. Референтные слова используются часто, потому что их основная функция – делать речь связной и избегать повторений.
Понимание того, к чему именно в тексте относятся референты – очень важный навык для всех, кто изучает английский язык. Чтобы понимать тексты, понимать речь на слух, просто необходимо соотносить референты с теми понятиями, на которые они указывают.
Рассмотрим простой пример:
My friends live in houses with big windows. They are quite new and spacious. – Мои друзья живут в домах с большими окнами. Они новые и просторные.
В данном примере референтное слово – they (они). Это слово указывает на что-то из первого предложения. Но на что именно? Кто они: друзья, дома или окна? По смыслу мы понимаем, что друзья и окна не могут быть новыми и просторными, соответственно they относится к слову houses.
А теперь представьте себе, что референтное слово связывает два абзаца в тексте. К примеру, в части Reading экзаменов FCE, CAE, CPE несколько заданий построено на умении распознавать референты. В части Reading TOEFL iBT также предлагаются вопросы на идентификацию референтов. А ведь предложения могут быть действительно запутанными, включать обороты, незнакомые слова, сложные грамматические конструкции. Что же делать? Давайте разбираться!
Самые простые референты – это личные местоимения. Кроме этого, референтами могут выступать указательные местоимения (this, these, that, those), слова who, which, that, one (ones), such и некоторые другие.
Мы рассмотрим, к чему может относиться тот или иной референт и приведем примеры.
It относится к ранее высказанной идее или ранее указанному предмету в единственном числе:
Learning English is a difficult process. It is undoubtedly useful for your career, though. – Изучение английского – сложный процесс. Однако это несомненно полезно для твоей карьеры.
They/ them относится к нескольким лицам, предметам, или нескольким идеям:
My friends took some excellent photographs of ancient temples. They were built more than 500 years ago! – Мои друзья сделали отличные снимки древних храмов. Они были построены более 500 лет назад! (They относится к слову temples.)
We got a number of questions from our clients, but I did not have time to answer them. – Мы получили ряд вопросов от наших клиентов, но у нас не было времени отвечать на них.
This относится к предмету или идее, которая находится близко к говорящему в пространстве и времени:
Our new invention is really revolutionary. This will change the world. – Наше новое изобретение революционное. Oно изменит мир.
These относится с нескольким предметам или идеям, которые находятся близко к говорящему в пространстве и времени:
I have bought some textbooks. These will help me to improve my grammar. – Я купил несколько учебников. Они помогут мне улучшить мою грамматику.
Thаt относится к предмету или идее, которая отдалена от говорящего в пространстве и времени:
Thank you for your help. That was so kind of you. – Спасибо за помощь. Это было так любезно с вашей стороны.
Those относится к нескольким предметам или идеям, которые отдалены от говорящего в пространстве и времени:
I did not even try to find the old letters. Those had been lost many years before. – Я даже не пытался найти старые письма. Они были потеряны много лет тому назад.
Who может относиться только к людям (в единственном и множественном числе):
There were children sitting at the desks who were writing something. – За партами были дети, которые что-то писали.
Which может относиться к идеям и предметам (в единственном и множественном числе):
Where are the shoes which I bought yesterday? – Где туфли, которые я купил вчера?
That относится к людям, предметам и идеям (в единственном и множественном числе):
Who will talk to the people that are waiting outside? – Кто поговорит с людьми, которые ждут на улице?
When he came, he saw the suitcase that has been already packed. – Когда он вошел, он увидел чемодан, который уже был упакован.
One используется, чтобы заменить существительное в единственном числе, которое было упомянуто ранее:
This dress is too small. Have you got a bigger one? – Это платье слишком маленькое. У вас есть побольше?
Ones используется, чтобы заменить существительное во множественном числе, которое было упомянуто ранее:
Hundreds of students applied for a grant, but only the best ones will get it. – Сотни студентов подали заявку на грант, но только самые лучшие его получат.
Such обозначает людей, предметы или идеи одного типа с ранее упомянутыми:
Your behaviour is outrageous. Such behaviour is inappropriate in the theatre. – Твое поведение возмутительно. Такое поведения неуместно в театре.
The former, the latter, respectively – используются в письменной речи, когда было упомянуто две идеи, два предмета, два лица. The former относится к первой упомянутой идее, the latter – ко второй, respectively относится к обоим идеям в порядке их упоминания (первый, затем второй):
Yesterday Mr Smith and Mr Reed called me. The former called me at 5 o’clock, the latter phoned at 6 o’clock. I arranged to meet them tomorrow at 9 and at 11 o’clock respectively. – Вчера мне позвонили мистер Смит и мистер Рид. Первый позвонил мне в 5 часов, второй – в 6 часов. Я договорился встретиться с ними в 9 и 11 соответственно.
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In this lesson, we will focus on one more reading skill that is very helpful in enhancing your understanding on a particular reading text you are reading.
It is ‘reference words’. As the title suggests, when you read, you are also making connection of or referring some words to its focus or key issue or subject of the sentence. Study the slides for more explanation.
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Try this exercise to test your understanding and to apply your reference word skill. You may place your answer by replying your comment in this post 🙂
Read the given sentences. Decide what the underlined words refer to.
1. Ancient Greek philosophers discovered that their minds were clearer when they walked about while discussing problems.
2. Exercise improves the diaphragm which helps to bring oxygen to the lungs and, at the same time, remove carbon dioxide from them.
Without the approval of his physician, a heart patient should not engage in vigorous exercise.
3. A mother and her two children were among those who died in the car accident, police said. The trio had been hit by a trailer.
4. Consult a good doctor, one who is willing to listen to you.
5. One reason for the failure of short-term crash diets is that they do nothing to change basic eating habits.
In English grammar, a referent (REF-er-unt) is the person, thing, or idea that a word or expression denotes, stands for, or refers to. For example, the referent of the word door in the sentence «The black door is open» is a concrete object, a door—in this case, a specific black door.
Referring words are words, such as pronouns, that point back to other items in a text (anaphoric reference) or (less commonly) point ahead to a later part of the text (cataphoric reference).
Definition and Examples
A referent can be just about anything, from concrete objects to abstractions, as the concept is not dependent on what in the text the referent turns out to be. A referent is solely something that’s referred to.
- «A referent is a person, entity, place, concept, experience and so on in the real (or an imagined) world which is designated by a word or phrase. For example, the word cat ‘refers to’ a feline domestic animal, while hobbit refers to a small human-like creature with hairy feet and pointed ears (in the fictional universe of J.R.R. Tolkein). Reference is often contrasted with ‘sense’—semantic relations between words (e.g., antonymy, synonymy) which are internal to language.
«Not all linguistic elements ‘refer to’ objects and entities in the outside world; some refer to other parts of the text in which they occur: In this section, we summarize our findings.'»
(Michael Pearce, «The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies.» Routledge, 2007) - «In [the transitive verb pattern] (My roommate and I became good friends), the two noun phrases have the same referent: My roommate and I and good friends refer to the same people. We could, in fact, say My roommate and I are good friends, using the linking be.»
(Martha Kolln, «Rhetorical Grammar: Grammatical Choices, Rhetorical Effects.» 3rd ed., Allyn and Bacon, 1999) - «[T]he referent of the word ‘orange’ sometimes is a particular kind of fruit, and sometimes it is the sum of all members of that class of fruit. Sometimes it is a particular kind of color, and sometimes such color as a class.»
(William L. Hoerber, «A Scientific Foundation of Philosophy,» 1952)
Determiners
Determiners such as articles the and a come into play with determining what’s being referred to, as well as pronouns such as this and those.
«The definite article the indicates that the referent (i.e., whatever is referred to) is assumed to be known by the speaker and the person being spoken to (or addressee).
«The indefinite article a or an makes it clear that the referent is one member of a class (a book).
«Demonstrative determiners indicate that the referents are ‘near to’ or ‘away from’ the speaker’s immediate context (this book, that book, etc.).»
(Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad, and Geoffrey Leech, «Longman Student Grammar of Spoken English.» Longman, 2002)
Interpreting Pronouns
Pronouns in the sentence help determine the referent, though context plays a part as well. If the context is confusing because of unclear references, it’s best to recast the sentence.
«[An] aspect of processing reference concerns the interpretation of pronouns… As Just and Carpenter (1987) noted, there are a number of bases for resolving the reference of pronouns:
- «1. One of the most straightforward is to use number or gender cues. Consider
- Melvin, Susan, and their children left when (he, she, they) became sleepy.
«Each possible pronoun has a different referent.
- «2. A syntactic cue to pronominal reference is that pronouns tend to refer to objects in the same grammatical role (e.g., subject versus object). Consider
- Floyd punched Bert and then he kicked him.
«Most people would agree that the subject he refers to Floyd and the object him refers to Bert.
- «3. There is also a strong recency effect such that the most recent candidate referent is preferred. Consider
- Dorothea ate the pie; Ethel ate cake; later she had coffee.
«Most people would agree that she probably refers to Ethel.
- «4. Finally, people can use their knowledge of the world to determine reference. Compare
- Tom shouted at Bill because he spilled the coffee.
- Tom shouted at Bill because he had a headache.»
(John Robert Anderson, «Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications.» Macmillan, 2004)
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns such as who and which can also help determine what is being referred to.
«The most obvious meaning distinction in English relative clauses is between human and non-human referents. The forms who, whom, and whose are strongly associated with human or human-like entities, whereas which tends to be reserved for non-human entities.»
(George Yule, «Explaining English Grammar.» Oxford University Press, 2009)
«Relative pronouns have a double duty to perform: part pronoun and part conjunction. They work as pronouns in the sense that they refer to some object (person or thing) that has already been mentioned in the text, except that with relative pronouns the referent is mentioned within the same clause. They are also like conjunctions because they serve as a link between the main clause and an embedded clause by marking the introduction of the embedded clause. This is illustrated in example (15), where the relative pronoun is [in italics].
«(15) It was just a thought that crossed my mind
«The most common relative pronouns are who, that and which, but the full set includes: that, which, who, how, whose, whom, where and when.»
(Lise Fontaine, «Analysing English Grammar: A Systemic Functional Introduction.» Cambridge University Press, 2013)
Exercise 8. Complete the sentences using the following words.
applicants requirement curriculum vitae references position
1. This company is looking for a person for the ………….of a Sales Manager.
2. Their main ……….. are experience and communicative skills.
3. ….. should have a 3 years’ experience.
4. You must have two ….. from your previous work.
5. Candidates should provide their ………. and send it to the address given in the newspaper.
Остались вопросы?
Новые вопросы по предмету Английский язык
Words
and sentences are related to each other. Sometimes we find it
confusing to follow a text because we don’t know whom or what the
writer is talking about. This may be because he/she
(the
writer) has used reference words.
What
are reference words? These are words we use instead
of
the names of people, things, or ideas already
mentioned
in the text.
Which
words can be used as reference words?
-
All
the pronouns: he, she, it, they,
him, our, its, etc. -
this
– that, these – those -
here-there,
now-then one – ones -
such
– so -
the
former – the latter
In
most of the cases (but not
in all of them), you will have to go BACK
in the text.
Examples:
-
Thomas
Edison was born in 1847. He
went to school for only three
months
but his
mother taught him
at home.
All
3 reference words
here refer to
Thomas Edison.
-
The
Bedouins usually live in tents. These
are a good protection from the sun.
“These”
refers to “tents”.
-
Which
course should I take? Don’t take the one
given in the evening.
The
word “one” refers to “course”.
-
Smoking
is dangerous. Everyone knows that.
“That”
refers to the fact that “smoking is dangerous.
-
Children’s
specific needs may change with age and circumstances but such
changes are not important compared
to their
basic and invariable need for love and affection.
“Such
changes” refers to changes in specific needs that depend on age
and circumstances. “their” refers to “children”.
APPENDIX
7
Adjective
|
EXAMPLES |
|||
|
ADJECTIVES |
COMPARATIVE |
SUPERLATIVE |
|
|
MUCH/MANY |
MORE |
THE |
|
|
FEW/LITTLE |
LESS |
THE |
|
|
GOOD |
BETTER |
THE |
|
|
BAD |
WORSE |
THE |
|
|
ADJECTIVES
Regular |
|||
|
IMPORTANT |
ADJECTIVES |
COMPARATIVE (……..ER) |
SUPERLATIVE
(THE |
|
Adjectives |
THIN |
THINNER |
THE |
|
Adjectives |
FAT |
FATTER |
THE |
|
Adjectives |
FIERCE |
FIERCER |
THE |
|
Adjectives |
FRIENDLY |
FRIENDLIER |
THE |
|
ADJECTIVES
Regular Adjectives |
|||
|
ADJECTIVES |
COMPARATIVE
(MORE/LESS |
SUPERLATIVE (THE |
|
|
DANGEROUS |
MORE/LESS |
THE |
|
|
BORED |
MORE/LESS |
THE |
|
|
INTERESTING |
MORE/LESS |
THE |
APPENDIX
8
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