Sentence with word scheme

Building interrogative sentences in English

We have already talked about the construction of declarative sentences. Let’s talk about the construction of interrogative sentences in English. The construction of interrogative sentences is a very important topic in English grammar.

Wherever we live, our speech consists of questions and answers. Interrogative sentences, of course, in any language imply interrogative intonation. It is this tool that serves to create questions in the Russian language.

But in English, unfortunately, intonation alone is not enough!

Interrogative sentences in English

The purpose of the interrogative sentence is to receive additional information from the interlocutor or to confirm / deny the question itself.

• What did you begin to learn last year? — English. (What did you start learning last year? — English.)
• Do you studying? — Yes, I do. (Do you like studying? — Yes.)

The interrogative sentence and the answer to it form a kind of semantic and grammatical unity. The answer largely depends on the form of the interrogative sentence. Before you go directly to the construction of interrogative sentences, I want to draw your attention to the fact that in English there are ready-made samples (types) of questions and answers to them. And the material below is a kind of introductory lesson before studying the following topics:

Five types of English questions

Interrogative sentences in English differ from declarative sentences in their construction. Most of them are characterized by inversion, that is, the reverse word order (a part of the predicate is placed before the subject, and not vice versa). In some cases, the auxiliary verb to do is used. On the letter, at the end of all interrogative sentences, a special punctuation mark is put — a question mark.

Questions expressed only in intonation in English (You was there yesterday?) Are used only in familiarity.

Formation of interrogative sentences

According to the method of formation and construction, all interrogative sentences can be divided into three main types:

Type I (Inversion without auxiliary verb)

Source: https://englishfull.ru/grammatika/voprositelnyx-predlozhenij.html

Schemes for constructing English sentences in groups of times Simple, Continuous, Perfect

In the previous article, we have already touched on the formation of 4 main groups of tenses, and now we will analyze, using examples, the basics of composing simple sentences to express the past, present and future tense.

Affirmative sentences

Let’s start with Present Simple. All affirmative sentences are structured as follows:

Sentence member order Example

Subject + predicate + minor terms	I go to school.

1. «I» in this example is the subject. It should not be confused with the complement, since the subject performs an action, and it is performed on the complement. Moreover, in Russian, the word order is not important to us, because it is already clear who is performing the action. We can freely say: «I eat the cake.» But in English, it will not work to construct a sentence like that, because in the first place should be the one who performs the action, otherwise they will simply laugh at you when you say: «The cake is eating me.» Even through the passive voice, such a phrase will sound very strange.
2. In second place should be the predicate, which expresses the action itself. In Russian, sentences are often found with an incomplete grammatical base, where there is no subject or predicate, or both are absent. In the latter case, we are dealing with an impersonal sentence: «Dark.» In English, there should always be a subject and a predicate. So, if there is no verb in the Russian sentence, then it will definitely appear in English. Take, for example, a one-part sentence that does not contain the predicate: «The phone is on the table.» To translate it correctly, we need to use the verb «to be», which connects the subject with the predicate. As a result, the phrase will literally translate as: «The phone is on the table.»
3. In third place are the minor members of the sentence according to a certain rule: first there is a direct addition (answers the question «who?», «What?», «Who?»), Then indirect (answers the same questions, but with ? «,» To whom? «, Etc.). This rule is not always followed and is not strict.

As in Russian, English verbs change depending on the person. The main changes occur in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), where the suffix «s» or «es» is added to the predicate. As a result, we get the sentence: “He goes to school”.

Negative sentences

In addition to the statement, there is also a negation, the scheme of which is as follows:

Sentence member order Example

Subject + do / does + not + predicate + minor members	I don’t go to school.

In this scheme, all the same components are found, except for the linking verb «do» and the particle «not», which is equivalent to the negative particle «not» in Russian.

What is an auxiliary verb and why is it needed? Unlike Russian, where we just put the «not» particle in front of the verb, in English there must be an auxiliary verb before the «not» particle.

It is different for each time, and in the case of Present Simple it will have the form either «do» or «does», depending on the number and person of the subject. Example: “She does not go to school”.

Interrogative sentences

So, we examined the statement, the negation, and we are left with a question, the formation of which also requires an auxiliary verb:

Sentence member order Example

Do / does + subject + predicate + minor members	Does she go to school?

Source: https://englishbro.ru/grammar/english-tenses-tables-and-chart

English Sentence Structure — Word order in affirmative and negative sentences

A sentence (in both English and Russian) is a complete thought. It starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop:

We are at home. — We’re home.
John’s good food. — John likes good food.

What does the offer consist of?

Both in Russian and in English, a sentence can consist of the following members: subject, predicate, object or complement, adverbial modifier and attribute.

At the our lessons teachers use various interesting materials. — In the classroom, our teachers use a variety of interesting materials.

our — definition, refers to the word «teachers»

teachers — subject
use — predicate (verb)
materials — addition
various interesting — two definitions related to the word «materials» at the lessons — circumstance

Which sentence members are required in English?

In Russian, there may be a sentence without a subject and / or without a predicate: “This is a pen.«; «Late.«,»I’m cold«.

In all sentences of the English language, both the subject and the predicate are required. Compare with the examples above: “It is a pen.«»It is late.«»I’m cold.«

The rest of the members of the proposal may be absent (they are called minor members of the proposal).

We arrived. — We arrived.
We — subject, arrived — predicate (verb).

We arrived in the morning.
in the morning — circumstance of time

We arrived at a small station. — We arrived at a small station.
at a small station — circumstance of place
small (small) — definition, clarifying word station (station)

Word order in an English sentence

In English, a fixed word order. That is, each member of the proposal is in its own specific place. In Russian, in almost all parts of speech there are endings, with the help of which the categories of time, gender, number, etc. are expressed. Therefore, the word order in the Russian sentence is free.

English belongs to a different language type and has practically no endings. But the need to express all those categories that the Russian language expresses remains. Therefore, the solution was found in a fixed word order.

This makes the English language more «logical», similar to simple mathematical formulas, which undoubtedly makes it easier to learn.

Compare: (2) I rarely watch (1) I (3) TV on weekdays.

(1) I seldom (2) watch (3) TV on week-days

Word order in an affirmative sentence

In an affirmative sentence, in the first place is subordinate,
In second place — predicate,
on the third — secondary members of the proposal.

(1) We (2) are (3) in the center of Moscow now.
We (are) in the center of Moscow now.

(1) Julia (2) is (3) a very nice girl.
Julia (is) a very nice girl.

Negative sentence word order

In a negative sentence, the word order is the same as in the affirmative, but only after the verb is the negative particle not.

(1) I (2) am Note   (3) hungry.
I am not hungry.

(1) The children (2) are Note   (3) attentive
Children are not (are) attentive.

Remarks:

1. Some minor members of the sentence may change their location depending on what the speaker wants to emphasize first.

   Most often, circumstances may change their place in the sentence.

   We usually go home together. — We usually we go home together.
   Usually we go home together. — Usually we go home together.

2. There are impersonal sentences in Russian. That is, sentences in which only the subject or only the predicate is present. In English, both main members of the sentence must be present in a sentence. To express impersonal sentences in English, the turnover It is is used (it is),
   where It — subject, and Is — predicate.

   It is cold. — Coldly. (It’s cold)
   It is late. — Late. (It’s late)

3. In colloquial speech, phrases that are not complete sentences can and are used:

   — Hello! How are you? — Hey! How are you doing?
   — (I am) Fine, thanks! — Thank you, OK!

Source: https://www.study.ru/courses/elementary/predlozhenie

Future Simple: education and consumption

Back to our «favorite» English grammar. Today we take a look at Future Simple time: education and consumption.

If you are just starting to learn English or want to revive the main points of simple grammatical tenses of the English language in your memory, I recommend that you read the previous articles about Present Simple (simple present tense), Present Continuous (simple long tense) and Past Simple (simple past tense).

How the simple future tense of verbs is formed

Future simple — this, in my opinion, is the most uncomplicated grammatical tense. It is formed using two verbs: shall (for the first person — I, we) and will (for everyone else).

Recently, it is believed that shall is used in a more formal form of language and writing, while will and is used in raucous speech with all persons.

Also, these verbs are often shortened to –Ll, which greatly simplifies memorization.

In order to form an affirmative sentence, you must follow the following scheme: personal pronoun (or any other word — subject) + will/shall + main semantic verb + all the rest.

For example:

• I’ll clean my room tomorrow. — I’ll clean the room tomorrow.
• Jack will go to Paris next year. — Jack will go to Paris next year.
• We shall make her birthday cake next Sunday. — We’ll make her birthday cake next Sunday.

When forming a negative sentence after auxiliary verbs will/shall we just add the particle not.

Or we merge them into one word — we shorten: will + not = won’t, shall + not = shan’t (usually in British English).

For example:

• I shall not help you tomorrow! — Tomorrow I will not help you.
• He won’t say a word to you. — He won’t tell you anything.
• They won’t come to our place because of you. “They won’t come to us because of you.

If you need to ask about the future, put an auxiliary verb at the beginning of the sentence:

• Shall we go to the cinema tomorrow? — Are we going to the cinema tomorrow?
• Will you visit your grandma next week? — Will you visit your grandmother next week?
• Will she play with us? — Will she play with us?

In special questions, the auxiliary verb comes before the subject, but after the question word:

• Where shall we go? — Where will we go?
• What will he buy to me? — What will he buy me?

Future Simple Use Cases

The main cases of using the simple future tense are as follows:

• When describing a simple one-time action in the future

I’ll see you tomorrow. — See you tomorrow.

It won’t be difficult to convince her. “It won’t be difficult to persuade her.

• When describing repetitive, regular activities in the future

I’ll visit you every day. I promise! — I will visit you every day. I promise!

She will take English lessons twice a week. — She will have English lessons twice a week.

• To express simple facts in the future

It will be cold in December. — It will be cold in December.

• To express decisions made at the time of speech

You know, I’ll take two of them. — You know, I’ll take two.

• To express consistent actions in the future

She can’t wait for her vacation. I know she will go to London, visit all the galleries and museums and go to Buckingham Palace. “She can’t wait for the vacation. I know she will go to London, visit all the galleries and museums, go to Buckingham Palace.

• To express prediction (often a sentence starts with I think, I hope)

I hope he’ll be fine tomorrow. — I hope he will be better tomorrow.

I think it will be rain today. — I think it will rain today.

Thus, we have examined the use and formation of a simple future tense in English.

Your task: to write 5 sentences with Future Simple in comments.

Apply the knowledge gained in practice!

Good Luck!

Source: https://preply.com/blog/2014/12/16/future-simple-obrazovanie-i-upotreblenie/

The Present Simple Tense. Exercises (basic level)

The present simple tense translated present simple tense, but it is not easy at all) I have collected for you 22 exercises, which refer to the level of learning English «basic — beginner». These exercises will help you practice grammar rules in Present Simple Tense.

The Present Simple Tense. Exercises from the cycle «English for Beginners»

Exercise 1. Arrange the verbs in three columns depending on the reading of the ending -s / -es in the 3rd person singular: [s], [z], [iz]. If you forget when -s / -es is added to the action verb, read again Present Simple (theory for beginners). Rule 5.

Work, go, know, change, buy, end, play, wash, ride, add, wish, drive, stay, watch, mix, open, do, say, clean, talk, visit, reach, sit,, love, dance , close, speak, read, finish, fly, run.

If the verb ends in -ybefore which there is a consonant, then it changes to i.

EXAMPLE I fly — He flies, but I buy — He buys

Exercise 2. Write the following verbs in the 3rd person singular.

Learning to build affirmative sentences in Present Simple

Exercise 3. Replace the pronoun I with the pronoun he or she according to the pattern.

Sample: I go to the office every day. — He goes to the office every day.

1. I write many letters every day. 2. I read books from the library. 3. I study grammar rules by heart 4. I usually go to work by bus. 5. I often meet my friends on the way to work. 6. I work in an office. 7. I come home very late. 8.I have dinner (supper) at 9 o’clock. 9. I go to bed at 12 o’clock. 10. I sleep very badly. 11. I often send emails in the evening. 12. I play the guitar every day.

Exercise 4. Add verb endings (-s or -es) where appropriate.

1. Don’t go to school by bus. 2. She milk. 3. My father watch TV in the evening. 4. I play tennis on Sundays. 5. My brother play football well. 6. My sister sing very well. 7. She wash her face and hands in the morning and in the evening. 8. I usually drink tea for breakfast. 9. Jane do her English exercises after school. 10. Peter drive a car.

Exercise 5. Select the required form of the verb from the brackets.

Source: http://englishinn.ru/present-simple-tense-uprazhneniya-uroven-bazovyiy.html

5 simple rules for word order in English

In order to build even the simplest sentence in English, you need to know the word order in the language. This seemingly simple but very important topic is the starting point for learning English grammar.

Subject + predicate + direct object

In an ordinary affirmative sentence, the subject is placed directly before the predicate (verb). The direct object, when present, comes immediately after the verb. For example:

• They bought a car. — They bought a car.
• We can’t do that. — We cannot do this.
• The girl in a blue dress was playing the piano. — A girl in a blue dress played the piano.

Predicate

Note that by subject we mean here not only the main noun or pronoun, but also the adjectives or descriptive phrases that refer to it. The rest of the sentence, which is not related to the subject, is called the predicate. For example:

• The girl in a blue dress was playing the piano.

Indirect additions and circumstances

If there are any other parts in the sentence — indirect additions or circumstances — they usually occupy a strictly defined place.

Indirect Complement Position

Indirect object is placed after direct object if it contains the preposition to.

Indirect object is placed before direct object when to is absent. For example:

• The teacher gave dictionaries to the pupils. — The teacher handed out dictionaries to students.
• The teacher gave them dictionaries. — The teacher gave them dictionaries.

Position of circumstance

A circumstance can be posed in three places:

Before the subject (usually these are the circumstances of the time)

• In the morning he was reading a book. — In the morning he read a book.

After the addition (almost any adverb or adverbial phrase can be put here):

• He was reading a book at the library. — He read a book in the library.

Between the auxiliary and the main verb (as a rule, these are short adverbs):

• He has already read this book. — He has already read the book.

Non-standard word order in English

Typically, in Standard English, no other words are placed between subject and predicate, or between predicate and object. But there are a few exceptions. Here are the most important ones:

Frequency adverbs and indirect objects without the preposition to

• I sometimes drink coffee in the morning. — I sometimes drink coffee in the morning.

Source: https://skyeng.ru/articles/5-prostyh-pravil-poryadka-slov-v-anglijskom

Types of sentences in English

English is an analytical language in which word order matters, so learning syntax is very important. Before studying the rules for constructing sentences and word order, you need to get acquainted with the basic types of sentences.

There are two classifications of sentences in English:

• According to the purpose of the statement — why the complete thought is pronounced.
• By structure — how the word order in a sentence is built.

 English sentences for the purpose of the utterance

Depending on the purpose of the statement, sentences are divided into:

1. Declarative — they express a thought in an affirmative or negative form (without strong emotions).
2. Affirmative

I want some juice. — I want juice.

• Negative — with the particle «not» or negative words (never, neithernor, no)

I don’t want to think about it. “I don’t want to think about it.

For declarative sentences, direct word order is characteristic.

1. Interrogative

Have you seen this film? — Have you seen this movie?

Interrogative sentences are built according to the principle of inversion, the place before the subject is occupied by an auxiliary verb.

Interrogative sentences are divided into:

• General — require a «yes» or «no» answer.

Do you have any brothers? — You have brothers?

• Special (wh-question or special) — in their structure have question words «when», «where», «who», «how» and others.

When did you finish school? — When did you graduate from school?

• Alternative — two options are expressed in the question.

Do you comedies or horror films? — Do you like comedy or horror movies?

• Dividing (tag-question or disjunctive) is a clarification question in which the main part is in direct word order, and the question is contained in the second part.

We’ll manage to do it, won’t we? — We can handle this, right?

1. Imperative — express requests, orders, invitations.

 Leave the room immediately. — Leave the room immediately.

Exclamatory (exclamatory) — express strong emotions, at the end of the sentence is an exclamation mark.

 You are fired! — You’re fired!

English sentences for structure

The classification of proposals by structure includes:

1. Simple (simple) — consist of one complete thought.

• Unextended includes only the subject and the predicate, no minor members.

I am driving. — I’m driving a car.

• Extended — there are additions, definitions and other minor members in the sentence.

I’m walking in the park with Julia. — I’m walking in the park with Julia.

1. Complex — consist of several parts.

• Compound — parts of a sentence are equivalent, do not depend on each other.

I don’t walking alone but from time to time I ask John to come with me. “I don’t like walking alone, but sometimes I ask John to come with me.

• Complex — parts of a sentence depend on each other, have a causal or other relationship. The main clause is called the «principal clause» and the subordinate clause is called the «subordinate clause». 

I don’t to walk alone, because it’s boring. — I don’t like walking alone because it’s boring.

In the classification of complex sentences, conditional sentences are distinguished, with special construction rules. They, in turn, are divided into four types:

• Zero conditional is an inevitable, known event in the present time.

If you heat water up to 100 degrees, it boils. — If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.

• The first type (first conditional) is an expected, real event in the future.

If you return him the book, he will forgive you. “If you return the book to him, he will forgive you.

• The second type (second conditional) is an unlikely event in the future or present.

If I had a lot of money, I would buy a house. — If I had a lot of money, I would buy a house.

• The third type (third conditional) is an unreal event in the past.

If you had returned his book, he would have forgiven you. “If you had returned the book to him then, he would have forgiven you.

Source: https://lingua-airlines.ru/kb-article/vidy-predlozheniya-v-anglijskom-yazyke/

The subtleties of writing affirmative sentences in Present Simple

Good afternoon dear friends!
Today I want to discuss with you in detail such a topic as affirmative sentences in Present Simple. This time is the basis for those who are just starting to learn a language, because of all times, it is usually considered first.

But even those who already feel confident in this topic will be able to learn a lot for themselves: from small subtleties about how to spread your proposal without making a grammatical mistake, to more specific cases of using Present Simple.

First things first

Let’s first analyze how an affirmative statement is formed. With pronouns: I, you, we, they, that is, in the first or second person, or third person plural, everything is simple. We put the subject and use the verb with it in its initial form.

Example sentences: They play basketball every Sunday. I wake up at 7 am

In the third person, the singular, that is, with the pronouns: he, she, it, the ending -s must be added to the predicate.

For example, She works 5 days a week. He lives by the sea.

You can read about the spelling rules when adding the ending -s in the previous article.
In interrogative and negative, we need an auxiliary one. For the pronouns I, you, we, they do it.

He comes first in questions. Do you tea?

In the negative, add the negative particle not to it. I don’t tea.

As you may have guessed, with he, she, it the schema changes a little. Here do becomes does. Accordingly, we ask:

Does she live in England. Deny: He doesn’t drink coffee.
I will show you all of the above in the picture:

Present Simple table

So that you never want to make a mistake, I will say that does has already added the ending -s to itself, so in no case should you add an ending to the verb in questions and negations of the third person singular. It is already in does!

There is no verb here!

There are sentences in English that we would say without a verb in Russian. For example, I am a teacher, she is beautiful. In English, it should almost always be present. In this case, you are dealing with to be: I am a teacher, She is beautiful. Am, is — to be, which we miss in Russian. And in Present Simple, he has his own rules. It changes depending on the pronoun. Let’s take a look at the table:

Source: https://vivaeurope.ru/languages/english/gramatika/utverditelnie

Pronouns some, any, no and their derivatives in English

In English, these words belong to the category of pronouns (Pronouns). You’ve probably met them before. What is the correct use of these words, as well as their derivatives (somebody, anything, nowhere)?

Rule № 1

The use depends on the type of sentence — affirmative, negative or interrogative.

As you can see, these words are equally used with both countable and uncountable nouns, however, they will be translated into Russian a little differently. For example:

I have some books in my bag. — I have in my bag some books.

I have some money in my purse. — I have in my wallet slightly money.

Ben doesn’t have Any pens. — Ben doesn’t no handles.

There isn’t Any milk in the fridge. — In fridge not at all milk.

do you have Any questions? — You have any questions?

do you have Any flour? — Do you have any flour?

Rule № 2

There are 2 cases when the word some is used in an interrogative sentence.

1. Request:

   Could you lend me some money? — Could you lend me slightly of money?

2. Offer:

   would you some water? — You do not want slightly water?

Rule № 3

Also the word some can be used to mean «some». In this case, after it must necessarily be followed by a preposition of and either the definite article the, or the possessive pronoun (my, her). For example:

Some of my friends play football. — Some of my friends play football.

Word Any can also be used to mean any, everyone. In this case, it can be put in an affirmative sentence. For example:

Take Any of these oranges. — Take any of these oranges.

Rule № 4

Negation, in which the word is commonly used Any, is not always formed with an auxiliary verb. For this, various words can be used that carry a negative meaning. For example:

Source: https://www.start2study.ru/english-grammar/some-any-no/

The verb to do in English

Verb to do it is used not only in the direct meaning «to do», but also as an auxiliary verb — to build various structures. In this article, we will analyze the meaning and use of this verb.

:

Meaning and use of the verb to do

Verb to do can be used as semantic, that is, in the meaning of «do, do».

I do my duty — I am doing my duty.

We do our homework — We do our homework.

But more often it is used as auxiliary when building questions and denials.

Do you speak English? — You speak English?

I do not speak English — I don’t speak English.

Verb to do — incorrect, in the present and future tense it conjugates without quirks, but it has special forms of the past tense and the past participle.

• In present time: do, in the form of the 3rd person unit. numbers — does (that is, it is the same do, but appended with the -es ending).
• In the past time: did… (the past participle is done, we won’t need it now).
• In the future tense: will do (if used as semantic)

Affirmative sentences with the verb to do

This table shows examples of the use of the verb to do in the affirmative form. Note that it uses to do how semantic a verb, that is, meaning “to do, to do” (in this case, “to do exercises, to train”).

Currently,Past tenseFuture time

Singular	Plural
1 person	I do exercises	We do exercises
2 person	You do exercises	You do exercises
3rd person	He (she, it) does exercises	They do exercises
1 person	I did exercises	We did exercises
2 person	You did exercises	You did exercises
3rd person	He (she, it) did exercises	They did exercises
1 person	I will do exercises	We will do exercises
2 person	You will do exercises	You will do exercises
3rd person	He (she, it) will do exercises	They will do exercises

Source: https://langformula.ru/english-grammar/to-do/

Affirmative sentences in English, examples

›Grammar and Rules› Writing Sentences ›Affirmative Sentences in English with Examples and Tables

Affirmative sentences are called sentences in which the connection, established between the object and what is said about it, is really existing, or is realized as such.

Affirmative sentences in English are one of the linguistic means of colloquial speech that are used to express emotionality, ease, or a sensually specific character.

In this material, we present the rules for affirmative sentences in English, examples of their use in colloquial speech in different temporal forms.

 Affirmative sentences in Present Simple

Affirmative sentences in Present Simple denote actions in the present tense in the broadest sense of the word. Most often, routine actions, constant or often repeated, are approved. It is appropriate to use such sentences when we want to talk about someone’s habits, schedule, or daily routine. Affirmative sentences in Present Simple denote actions that take place in the present tense, but are not tied to the moment of speech.

English verbs in Present Simple almost always coincide with the form indicated in the dictionary, that is, they are used in the initial form of verbs without the to particle.

Affirmative sentences in English: examples

I speak => I speak	We speak => we speak
You speak => you speak	You speak => You speak
He / she / it speaks => he / she / it speaks	They speak => they speak

But! If we are talking about the third person (in the singular), then it is imperative to add -s:

• I say => he says;
• I want => she wants.

And another rule: If the verb ends in -y, then the ending will be -es, only -y is pre-changed to -i-:

But! If the verb ends in -y, and there is a vowel before that, then it simply adds the ending -s, -y remains unchanged: she plays.

It may be interesting: A book for practicing the use of sentences in Present Simple:

Source: https://speakenglishwell.ru/utverditelnye-predlozheniya-v-anglijskom-yazyke-s-primerami/

Lesson 4. Negative and interrogative forms of the verb be in English

Daria SorokinaLinguist-translator, teacher of foreign languages.

In this lesson, we will continue to talk with you about the verb be and its forms. In the last lesson, we learned how to construct sentences with the be verb in the present tense. We can say «I am a student» «she is beautiful» and many other sentences with this verb. However, what should we do if “I’m not a student”, but “she is ugly”? We will now learn to do denial.

Negative form of the verb be

In Russian, to make a negation, we need to put the particle «not». For example: he not engineer. English also has a similar negative particle. Note… I hope you remember that there is a strictly defined word order in the English sentence. And this means that there is a specially designated place for the not particle as well. It comes immediately after the verb be.

There is a negative particle in English Note… It corresponds to the Russian particle not and its place immediately after the verb.

Let’s take a look at the general denial scheme for all pronouns:

I     amNote    (I ‘m not)
he     is not        (I have is not)
she     is not        (she isn’t)
it     is not        (it isn’t)
we     are not    (we aren’t)
you     are not    (you aren’t)
they    are not    (they aren’t)

Thus, we can see that the particle not really has a special place in the sentence. In parentheses, you are given the abbreviated form of the verb with negation. In the last lesson, we also talked about the fact that the abbreviated form is more common than the expanded one.

Let’s look at the examples already known to us, only now with negation:

I am Note a student. — I AM not student. (I AM not pupil)
He is Note a boy. — He not boy.
She is Note beautiful. — She not beautiful.
It is Note a table.

— It not table.
We are Note friends. — We not friends.
You are Note a girl. — You not girl.
You are Note children. — You not children.
They are Note smart.

— They not smart.

That is, the principle of the formation of negative sentences in English is quite simple.

Interrogative form of the verb be

Let’s now learn how to make interrogative sentences. In Russian, everything is pretty simple. To ask us sometimes it is enough just to change the intonation. Compare «is he sad» and «is he sad?» It’s different in English. Remember the golden rule of the English language, and you will guess that the word order for the interrogative sentence is also strictly regulated. To make a question you just need to swap the subject and predicate.

In order to ask a question in English, it is not enough just to change the intonation of a sentence. It is necessary to swap the subject and predicate.

Let’s take a look at the formation table of questions with the verb be and some examples:

Am I?
Is huh?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?

Am I a student? — I am a student? (Am I a student?) Is he a boy? «Is he a boy? Is she beautiful?» «Is she beautiful? Is it a table?» «Is this a table? Are we are friends?» — Are we friends? «Are you a girl? Are you children?» — Are you children?

Are they smart? — They are smart?

Now you can write affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences with the verb be. For clarity, let’s arrange all three types of sentences in one common table:

to be

+	—	?
I     am     (I ‘m) he     is    (he ‘s) she     is    (she ‘s) it     is    (it ‘s) we     are     (we ‘re) you     are     (you ‘re) they    are     (they ‘re)	I     amNote    (I ‘m not) he     is not    (I have is not) she     is not    (she isn’t)it     is not    (it isn’t)we     are not    (we aren’t) you     are not    (you aren’t) they    are not    (they aren’t)	Am I?Is huh?Is she?Is it?Are we?Are you?Are they?

Lesson assignments

1. Insert the desired form of the verb be:
1. It a shark. (It’s a shark)
2. They dolphins. (They are dolphins)
3. It a bicycle. (This is a bike)
4. They oranges. (They are oranges)
5. We friends. (We are friends)
6. It a bus. (This is a bus)
7. I a teacher. (I’am a teacher)
8. You a doctor. (You are a doctor)
2. Make negative sentences out of affirmative ones.
1. It is a mouse.

   (It’s a mouse)

2. They are horses. (They are horses)
3. You are a teacher. (You are teacher)
4. It is a bird. (This is a bird)
5. Pam is a student. (Pam is a student)
6. Paul is at home. (Floor at home)
7. They are friends. (They are friends)
8. You are doctors. (You are doctors)
3. Make interrogative sentences out of affirmative sentences.
1. It is an apple. (This Apple)
2. They are children. (They are children)
3. He is at the zoo.

   (He’s at the zoo)

4. It is a doll. (It’s a doll)
5. She is a teacher. (She is a teacher)
6. The dogs are black. (Dogs are black)
7. You are my sister. (You are my sister)
8. John is a student. (John apprentice)

1. Insert the desired form of the verb be:
1. It is a shark.
2. They are dolphins.
3. It is the bicycle.
4. They are oranges.
5. We are friends.
6. It is a bus.
7. I am to teacher.
8. you are to doctor.
2. Make negative sentences out of affirmative ones.
1. It isn’t to mouse.
2. They aren’t horses.
3. You aren’t to teacher.
4. It isn’t a bird.
5. Pam isn’t a student.
6. Paul isn’t at home.
7. They aren’t friends.
8. You aren’t doctors.
3. Make interrogative sentences out of affirmative sentences.
1. Is it an apple?
2. Are they children?
3. Is he at the zoo?
4. Is it a doll?
5. Is she a teacher?
6. Are the dogs black?
7. Are you my sister?
8. Is john a student?

Source: https://linguistpro.net/otricatelnaya-i-voprositelnaya-forma-glagola-be

How a sentence is built in English | Building English sentences

Knowing how a sentence is constructed in English is a fundamental key to speaking correctly in English. Having well understood the principles of constructing English sentences of different types, you can easily operate with different times, ask questions correctly, and speak English faster.

Strict word order in English sentences

The construction of sentences in English requires clarification due to the dissimilarity of the syntax of English and Russian. For example, The boy was picking berries all day. can be translated in ten ways:

1. The boy was picking berries all day
2. The boy picked berries all day
3. The boy picked berries all day
4. The boy picked berries all day
5. The boy picked berries all day
6. The boy picked berries all day
7. The boy picked berries all day
8. The boy picked berries all day
9. The boy picked berries all day
10. The boy was picking berries all day

In English, this will be only one option, where the word order is strictly defined — the subject is followed by the predicate, then the object and the circumstance… On the one hand, it seems that such a limitation is annoying, but practice shows: the less room for maneuver, the less probability of error. In the end, it turns out to be easier to construct sentences of foreign speech according to a strictly defined scheme than to literally convey ornate Russian thoughts.

The outline of a typical affirmative English sentence looks like this:

Subject group	Predicate group	Additions	Circumstances
the boy	was picking	berries	all day

Exception for circumstance

There is one exception to the rule «subject, predicate, and then everything else» — this is a circumstance. In English, it can appear in sentences in four different positions:

Before the subject — the circumstance of the time

Last night she left for Pekin — She left for Beijing last night.

Between the subject and the predicate — the circumstance of the frequency of action

Marcus seldom eats spinach — Marcus rarely eats spinach.

Between the auxiliary and the main verb of the predicate — the circumstances of the image or time of action (adverb)

Grant has never been to Penza — Grant has never been to Penza.

And according to the traditional scheme — after the addition, at the end of the sentence.

Flora broke the agreement at once — Flora broke the agreement at once.

Building negative sentences in English

The word order in negative sentences in English differs from affirmative only in the NOT particle. The composition of the predicate in a negative sentence is «Auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb».

Belinda did not show her impatience — Belinda did not show her impatience.

General questions

General questions (requiring a “yes” or “no” answer) in English always start with an auxiliary verb. After it, the word order of the affirmative sentence is preserved.

Did the pupils stand still? — Did the students stand still?

Special Issues

Special questions are of a clarifying nature and begin with special “interrogative words”. After such a word, in a special question, we put an auxiliary verb, and then again return to the affirmative word order.

Why did the pupils stand still? — Why did the students stand still?

Stylistic inversion in English

The order of words in a sentence in English can change when a special stylistic device is used — inversion (reverse word order). It is mainly an artistic technique that serves to emotionally highlight an expression or thought.

And came empty days full of misery and despair. — And there came empty days, full of suffering and despair.

Training and control

Despite the fact that there is nothing complicated in the scheme of the English sentence, it is not so easy to introduce this very scheme into the Russian consciousness. We are used to being free with words. After all, thanks to the endings, the order of the words in the Russian sentence is not important.

When we learn to speak English, we automatically put English words in the place of Russians, often completely distorting the meaning of what we want to say.

To develop the automatism of the correct word order in a sentence in English, you need to build a thought over and over again according to the desired pattern. It is difficult to do this on your own.

The lessons of the Lim-English training site are designed so that the Russian and English versions of the sentences in them almost literally coincide. By completing tasks on the site, you will not only understand how a sentence is constructed in English, but also imperceptibly bring the skill of correct English speech to automatism.

By the way, you can also find a rather rare phenomenon of stylistic inversion in Lim-English in beautiful English fairy tales.

Source: https://lim-english.com/posts/kak-stroitsa-predlojenie-v-angliiskom/

Present Simple: rules, tables and example sentences in the present tense in English

Present simple tense (rus. Present Simple tense) is used more often than any other time in the English language. Therefore, in order to speak English well, you need to learn how to use this time correctly.

How can there be past and future when the past is gone and the future is not yet? What about the present? If it always existed, it would never become the past, which means that it would not be time, but eternity.

~ Augustine of Hippo

The very name Present Simple or simple present already speaks for itself. And at first, many may mistakenly take it for a complete analogue of the present tense in Russian.

Yes, indeed, Present Simple Tense (or Present Indefinite Tense) has a lot in common with it: we use this time to describe simple, regular actions, habits, preferences. However, there are other special uses of the Present Simple Tense in English, which you will learn about by reading this article.

So, let’s figure out in order what this Present Indefinite tense is, how to form negation and questions in Present Simple, and how to use it correctly.

Which is correct: Present Simple or Present Indefinite?

«All ingenious is simple.» This is how I would like to describe the times of the group Simple, because “simple” is translated into Russian “simple”, and the times themselves denote simple everyday actions.

To begin with, let’s figure out why the well-known Present Simple Tense is very often called Present Indefinite, and is there a difference between them.

Present simple very often describes an action where the time is not specified. In the examples I work in LA (Russian I work in Los Angeles) or I live in NY (Russian I live in New York) the verb expresses action in general; time, as such, is not specified.

That is why, Present Simple is also called Present indefinite , because «indefinite» is translated as «indefinite». And such a name in some cases better conveys the meaning of this time.

Despite the fact that Present Simple is called present, it does not always describe the action that is happening now, at the present time. For the action taking place at the moment of speaking, Present Continuous Tense is used.

So, as we see, Present simple и Present indefinite — these are just different names for the same time. By the way, in the Russian language, two terms are also used in translation: the present simple and the present indefinite.

In linguistics and English language teaching, you can find both names, but the frequency of the names may vary depending on the region and the preferences of the publishers printing textbooks for English learners.

Present Simple: pivot table

Support table: Rules for the formation of an affirmative form, negation and questions in Present Simple and its use in English

As you can see from the table, the verbs in the Present Simple of the affirmative form coincide with the infinitive form without the to particle in all persons. except for 3rd person singular adding an ending -s / -es.

Auxiliary verbs do / does can be found in questions and denials, and even then not always. For example, the verb be (Russian to be) and modal verbs can (Russian to be able), must (Russian to be due), need (Russian to need) form negative and interrogative forms in Present Simple without the help of an auxiliary verb.

In order that there are absolutely no questions left, let’s look at how the affirmative, negative and interrogative forms are formed in more detail and analyze everything with examples.

Present Simple Education Rules: Affirmative Sentences

Present Simple is called simple, since auxiliary verbs are not used to form its affirmative form. Below are the Present Simple rules and reference tables for the formation of affirmative, negative and interrogative forms in English.

Formation of the affirmative form Present Simple

Support table for the formation of the affirmative form in Present Simple and the rules for spelling the endings — (e) s for the 3rd person singular

Present Simple affirmative — one of the few, for the formation of which no auxiliary verb is required, but endings are used, and then only in the 3rd person singular.

To form an affirmative sentence in Present Simple, use first form of the verb (infinitive) no particle to after the subject (the subject performing the action). If the subject is in the 3rd person unit. numbers, the ending is added to the verb -(e) s

For example:

I work in a hotel: I — subject, work — verb

We dance every Sunday (Russian We dance every Sunday): We — subject, dance — verb

My son plays in a band: My son — subject, plays — verb

If the action is done by I (Russian I), you (Russian you, you), we (Russian we), they (Russian they), plural noun (boys — boys, dogs — dogs, friends — friends) , then the verb does not change in any way.

However, if the action is performed by he (Russian he), she (Russian she), it (Russian it, this, singular for inanimate objects), a singular noun (a girl is a girl, a cat is a cat, cat, a friend is a friend), then the ending -s is added to the verbs, sometimes -es.

Examples of affirmative sentences in Present Simple with translation:

ExamplesRussian translationExamplesRussian translation

I live in London	I live in London	He lives in London	He lives in London
You read books	Do you read books	She reads books	She reads books
We work in New York	We work in New York	My friend works in New York	My friend works in New York
They look nice	They look cute	It looks nice	It looks cute
My friends meet on Sundays	My friends meet on Sundays	He meets her after work	He meets her after work

Spelling rules for -s, -es endings in Present Simple

Let’s look at when verbs in Present Simple tense take the ending -s, and when -es, and when they do not follow the rules, that is, they are exceptions.

1. The ending is added to most verbs in Present Indefinite Tense in the 3rd person singular. -s:

play-plays

Source: https://ienglish.ru/blog/grammatika-angliiskogo-iazika/vremena-angliiskogo-glagola/present-simple-ili-nastoiaschee-vremia-v-angliiskom

How to make sentences in English without mistakes?

The topic of sentence structures in English is key in the study of the entire grammar of this language. Without knowing this topic, you will not be able to learn others.

Therefore, if you have just started learning English, then you need to pay attention to writing sentences first. This is quite easy, because English sentences are in many ways similar to Russian ones, with the exception of some peculiarities, which will definitely be written about in this article.

Be patient, start studying, and you will definitely learn how to write English sentences.

What does an English sentence consist of?

As already mentioned, English sentences are very similar to Russian ones. Namely, its composition and members of the proposal.

The English sentence consists of:

• The subject;
• Predictable;
• Minor members of the proposal:
• Definitions;
• Supplements;
• Circumstances.

In this case, the word order in an English sentence is always straightforward, that is, first comes the subject, then the predicate, and only then the other members of the sentence (in Russian, the order can be any). It is worth paying special attention to this.

It is also worth noting that there is always a predicate in an English sentence. Even if this sentence is of the «I’m a student» type.

Subject matter

The first term in the sentence to be examined. The subject — in a sentence, is a person who performs an action himself (active voice) or over whom an action is performed (passive voice).

It can be expressed:

• Noun;
• Personal pronoun;
• An indefinite pronoun.

Nouns will always appear at the beginning of a sentence (except for questions), be in the singular or plural, and have definite or indefinite articles (sometimes it may not be present).

Diagram:

Subject + predicate + complement.

examples:

• I study at school with my best friends. — I go to school with my best friends.
• my motherwill go to the shop tomorrow. — My mom will go to the store tomorrow.
• My friend`sa cats to play with the toys. — My friend’s cat loves to play with toys.
• Wedo not (don’t) do homework every day. — We don’t like doing homework every day.
• A book was taken in our local university. — The book was borrowed from our local library.

Predicate

The next term in the sentence is important to study. It denotes an action that a person performs in the form of a subject. The predicate is always expressed in a verb, so you can understand the timing of the sentence. It is because of this property that the predicate is the main member of the sentence.

An English sentence may not contain a subject (imperative), but it will always contain a predicate.

Diagram:

The word that is the subject + predicate + secondary members of the sentence.

examples:

• I bought new beautiful clothes yesterday. — Yesterday I bought new and beautiful clothes.
• I am (I`m) drawing and listening to the music at this moment. — At the moment I am drawing and listening to sad music.
• I will (I`ll) go to the cinema with Andy and Mary tomorrow. — Tomorrow I’ll go to the movies with Andy and Mary.
• I have already brought all necessary things for school. — I have already bought all the necessary items for the school.
• I had been reading before my little sister came in my room. — I read before my younger sister came to my room.

It was said above that in absolutely every English sentence there is a verb. So in such sentences, the verb is various forms to be. At the same time, it is either not translated into Russian, or very rarely translated as «to be, to appear.»

examples:

• I am a teacher. — I’am a teacher. / (I am a teacher).
• The weather is nice today. — The weather is wonderful today. / (The weather is wonderful today).
• She is a very beautiful and attractive girl. — She is a very beautiful and attractive girl. (She is a very beautiful and attractive girl).

Addition

The next term in the sentence is secondary. With its help, you can learn in more detail and in more detail about something.

There are two types of add-ons in total:

• Direct — answers only the questions of the accusative case (who? What?).
• Indirect — answers the questions of all cases, except the accusative and nominative.

Diagram:

Subject + predicate + complement (nominal or indirect).

examples:

• I have met a young handsome boy. — I met a handsome young man (who? — a young man).
• I watch TV in the evenings. — I like to watch TV in the evenings (watch what? — TV).
• I want to know more about this interesting book. — I want to know more about this interesting book (learn about what? — about the book).
• I am not ready to talk with you about this problem. — I’m not ready to talk to you about this problem (talk to whom? — to you).
• I promised to do this homework to my teacher. — I promised my teacher to do this homework (promised to whom? — teacher, do what? — homework).

Definition

This minor member of the sentence denotes an external or internal property of an object and often answers the questions «what?» and «whose?» (in other words adjective)… In a sentence, it can appear both before the object and before the subject.

Structure diagram:

Definition + subject + predicate + other members of the sentence.

Noun or pronoun + predicate + definition + object.

   examples:

• A funny girl often plays near my house. — A cheerful girl often plays near my house.
• A big and interesting book have been bought by my mother. — A large and very expensive book was bought by my mother.
• My best friend refused to talk to me. — My best friend refused to talk to me.
• Our strict teacher did not (didn’t) come to the school yesterday. — Our strict teacher did not come to school yesterday.
• His favorite cake was baked yesterday by his granny. — His favorite cake was baked by his grandmother yesterday.
• I do not (don`t) love that rude child playing with the elephant. — I do not like that rude child who plays with an elephant.
• Jane will take the difficult exam. — Jane will have a difficult exam tomorrow.
• Father is reading an old newspaper and having tasty breakfast. — Dad reads an old newspaper and has a delicious breakfast.
• I do not (don`t) want to talk with rude people. “I don’t want to talk to rude people.
• Mother will give me my favorite toy. — Mom will give me my favorite toy.

Circumstance

This member of the proposal has slightly more «rights» than others. It can indicate the time and place of the event, as well as its cause. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it can be located both at the beginning of a sentence and at its end.

Structure:

Circumstance + subject + verb + other members of the sentence.

Subject + predicate + complement + circumstance.

Examples:

• Yesterday I was very nervous because of my new phone. — Yesterday I was very excited about the new mobile phone.
• Today my friend and I are going to play the computer games. — Today my friend and I are going to play computer games.
• In city I am afraid of going around alone. — In a big city, I’m afraid to go for a walk alone.
• Tomorrow my friend will go to the different country. — Tomorrow my friend is leaving for another country.
• In this place I am very happy. — I’m very happy in this place.
• He plays basketball very bad. — He plays basketball very badly.
• I did not (don’t) know about it 5 years ago. — I didn’t know about it five years ago.
• Our car was driving very slowly but we had an accident. — Our car was going very slowly, but we still had an accident.
• I am going to read this book tomorrow morning. — I’m going to read this book tomorrow morning.
• My mother met my father in this place. — My mom met my dad in this place.

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Rules for constructing sentences in English

Each sentence in English has its own rules and construction features that must be learned. This will be quite an easy task, just like the rules themselves.

Affirmative sentences in English

The main form of English sentences, from which question and negation are already formed.

Unlike Russian in English, you can only use the direct word order and you cannot change it at will. There are twelve active forms of affirmative sentences and eight passive (all according to their tenses) that you need to know to build sentences correctly.

In order to correctly construct sentences in English, you need to know all the times, because there is no general formula as such, but it can be represented as follows:

The word that is the subject + predicate (the form of the verb to be according to the tense used and the semantic verb) + other members of the sentence.

Examples of declarative sentences:

• I know what I should do. “I know what I should do.
• Peter’s parents are divorced and he lives with his mother. — Peter’s parents are divorced, and he lives with his mother.
• The book will be bought next week by my best friend Ben… “The book will be bought next week by my best friend Ben.

Source: https://eng911.ru/rules/grammar/sostavlenie-predlozhenij.html

Word order in an English sentence, part 1

Can interrogative word order be used in affirmative sentences? How to build a sentence if there is no subject in it? Read about these and other nuances in our article.

The verb to be in affirmative sentences

As a rule, an English sentence is not complete without a verb predicate. Since it is possible to construct a sentence in Russian without a verb, we often forget about it in English. For example:

mary is a teacher. — Mary is a teacher. (Mary is teacher.)
I‘m scared. — I’m scared. (I AM I am scared.)

Life is unfair. — Life is not fair. (Life is unfair.)
My younger brother is ten years old. — My younger brother is ten years old. (To my little brother Yes ten years.)

His friends are from Spain. — His friends are from Spain. (His friends occur from Spain.)
The vase is on the table. — The vase is on the table. (Vase is/is on the table.)

To summarize, the verb to be translated into Russian can mean:

• to be / is / to be;
• be / stay (in some place or state);
• exist;
• originate (from some locality).

If you are not sure whether to be is needed in your sentence in the present tense, then translate the sentence in the past tense: I am at work — I was at work. If a linking verb appears in the past tense, then in the present it is also necessary.

Offers with there is / there are

When we want to say that something is somewhere or something is not somewhere, then we need to adhere to the construction there + to be at the beginning of the sentence.

there is grass in the yard there is wood on the grass. — Grass in the yard, firewood on the grass.

If in these types of sentences we do not use the construction there is / there are, then in English such sentences will sound less natural:

There are a lot of people in the room. — There are a lot of people in the room. (naturally)
a lot of people are in the room. — A lot of people are in the room. (less natural)

Please note that sentences with there is / there are, as a rule, are translated into Russian from the end of the sentence.

There is / there are also needed to maintain the basic word order — SVO (subject — predicate — complement):

SubjectPausableCompletionTranslation

There	is	too much sugar in my tea.	There is too much sugar in my tea.

More details about the construction there is / there are can be found in the article «English grammar for beginners, part 3».

Pronoun it

We, as native speakers of the Russian language, in English sentences forget not only about the predicate, but also about the subject. It is especially difficult to figure out how to translate sentences like this into English: It gets dark. It’s time to get up. It was nice to talk to. In English, all these sentences must contain a subject, the role of which will be played by the introductory pronoun it. It is especially important not to forget it if we are talking about the weather.

It‘s getting dark. — It gets dark.
It‘s time to get up. — It’s time to get up.
It was nice to talk to you. — It was nice to talk to.

Word order in questions

First, let’s say that there are two main types of questions:

• closed-ended questions (questions with a yes / no answer);
• open-ended questions (questions that can be answered in detail).

Closed questions

To build a yes / no question, you need to put a modal or auxiliary verb at the beginning of a sentence. You get the following structure: auxiliary / modal verb — subject — predicate. The following examples will help you understand how to convert an affirmative sentence to an interrogative one.

Source: https://englex.ru/basic-word-order-in-english-sentences/