На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.
На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.
Despite the fact that the treatment is not a part of the sentence, it may be common (that is, to have dependent words).
Несмотря на то, что обращение не является членом предложения, оно может быть распространенным (то есть иметь зависимые слова).
In this sentence, the participle «read» acts as a simple definition, it has no dependent words.
В этом предложении причастие «прочитанное» выступает в роли простого определения, у него нет зависимого слова.
A gerund always consists of a participle and its dependent words.
Traditionally, comma definitions are those that are expressed by participles with dependent words, if they are located in a sentence after the word being defined.
Традиционно выделяются запятыми те определения, какие выражаются причастиями с зависимыми словами, если они располагаются в предложении после определяемого слова.
These dependent words are prepositions and conjunctions.
Служебные части речи составляют предлоги и союзы.
Names of states, organizations, institutions, etc., consisting of more than one word, are abbreviated by first letters of all the words (except for dependent words) in capitals, e.g.:
Состоящие из нескольких слов названия государств, организаций, учреждений и т.п. сокращаются до одной начальной буквы каждого слова (за исключеним служебных), напр.:
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Summary:
This handout defines dependent and independent clauses and explores how they are treated in standard usage.
When you want to use commas and semicolons in sentences and when you are concerned about whether a sentence is or is not a fragment, a good way to start is to be able to recognize dependent and independent clauses. The definitions offered here will help you with this.
Independent Clause
An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence.
Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz.
Dependent Clause
A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked by a dependent marker word.
When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz . . . (What happened when he studied? The thought is incomplete.)
Dependent Marker Word
A dependent marker word is a word added to the beginning of an independent clause that makes it into a dependent clause.
When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, it was very noisy.
Some common dependent markers: after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while.
Connecting independent clauses
There are two types of words that can be used as connectors at the beginning of an independent clause: coordinating conjunctions and independent marker words.
1. Coordinating Conjunction
The seven coordinating conjunctions used as connecting words at the beginning of an independent clause are and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet. When the second independent clause in a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction:
Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.
2. Independent Marker Word
An independent marker word is a connecting word used at the beginning of an independent clause. These words can always begin a sentence that can stand alone. When the second independent clause in a sentence has an independent marker word, a semicolon is needed before the independent marker word.
Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz; however, it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.
Some common independent markers: also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, and therefore.
Connecting dependent and independent clauses
Subordinating conjunctions allow writers to construct complex sentences, which have an independent clause and a subordinate (or dependent) clause. Either clause can come first.
The students acted differently whenever a substitute taught the class.
Whenever a substitute taught the class, the students acted differently.
Note that the clauses are separated with a comma when the dependent clause comes first.
Some common subordinating conjunctions: after, as, before, once, since, until, and while.
Some Common Errors to Avoid
Comma Splices
A comma splice is the use of a comma between two independent clauses. You can usually fix the error by changing the comma to a period and therefore making the two clauses into two separate sentences, by changing the comma to a semicolon, or by making one clause dependent by inserting a dependent marker word in front of it.
Incorrect: I like this class, it is very interesting.
- Correct: I like this class. It is very interesting.
- (or) I like this class; it is very interesting.
- (or) I like this class, and it is very interesting.
- (or) I like this class because it is very interesting.
- (or) Because it is very interesting, I like this class.
Fused Sentences
Fused sentences happen when there are two independent clauses not separated by any form of punctuation. This error is also known as a run-on sentence. The error can sometimes be corrected by adding a period, semicolon, or colon to separate the two sentences.
Incorrect: My professor is intelligent I’ve learned a lot from her.
- Correct: My professor is intelligent. I’ve learned a lot from her.
- (or) My professor is intelligent; I’ve learned a lot from her.
- (or) My professor is intelligent, and I’ve learned a lot from her.
- (or) My professor is intelligent; moreover, I’ve learned a lot from her.
Sentence Fragments
Sentence fragments happen by treating a dependent clause or other incomplete thought as a complete sentence. You can usually fix this error by combining it with another sentence to make a complete thought or by removing the dependent marker.
Incorrect: Because I forgot the exam was today.
- Correct: Because I forgot the exam was today, I didn’t study.
- (or) I forgot the exam was today.
1. What is a Complex Sentence?
A complex sentence is a sentence with an independent clause and a dependent clause. It is one of the four main types of sentence structures. In a complex sentence, the independent clause shares the main information, and the dependent clause(s) provide details. Complex sentences let us share lots of information with just one sentence.
2. Examples of Complex Sentences
In the examples below, independent clauses are orange and dependent clauses are green.
- When the dog went to the county fair, he ate popcorn.
- If the dog goes to the county fair, he will eat popcorn.
- The dog went to the county fair after he smelled popcorn.
- The dog went to the county fair when he smelled the popcorn.
As you can see, sometimes the independent clause comes first, and sometimes the dependent clause comes first.
3. Parts of Complex Sentences
All complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. They often also include dependent “marker” words or coordinating conjunctions.
a. Independent Clause
An independent clause is a clause that can exist as a sentence on its own. It has a subject and a predicate and makes sense as a complete sentence. As mentioned, the independent clause shares the main information of a complex sentence.
- The dog ate popcorn.
- The dog ran quickly.
- He ate popcorn.
- He went to the county fair.
So, you can see that all of the clauses above are working sentences. All complex sentences have ONLY one independent clause.
b. Dependent (Subordinate) Clause
A dependent clause has a subject and a predicate; BUT, it can’t be a sentence. It provides extra details about the independent clause, and it doesn’t make sense on its own, like these:
- After he went to the fair
- Though he ate popcorn
- While he was at the county fair
- When the dog smelled popcorn
Though all of the examples above contain subjects and predicates, none of them make sense. Each leaves an unanswered question. By itself, a dependent clause is just a fragment (an incomplete sentence). So, it needs to be combined with an independent clause to be a sentence.
Complex sentences have at least one dependent clause, but they can have two or more.
c. Dependent “Marker” Words/Subordinating Conjunctions
A dependent marker word (also called a subordinating conjunction) goes at the beginning of an independent clause. It turns an independent clause into a dependent clause by adding details like time or context. Common dependent marker words include after, although, as, because, before, even if, even though, if, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while. Let’s start with an independent clause:
He was at the county fair = Independent clause
Now, add a dependent marker word, like “when”:
When he was at the county fair = Dependent clause
Here are some complex sentences with the marker words underlined:
- When he was at the county fair, the dog ate popcorn.
- Though he likes cotton candy, the dog loves popcorn.
- The dog gets a stomachache if he eats popcorn.
- The dog went to the county fair when he smelled the popcorn.
Notice that when the sentence starts with a subordinating conjunction, there is a comma at the end of the dependent clause. When the subordinating conjunction is in the middle of the sentence, there is no comma.
This is different from what you’ve learned with compound sentences! So, remember when there is a subordinating conjunction in the middle of a sentence you don’t need a comma.
4. How to Write a Complex Sentence
Complex sentences are very common and pretty easy to write, as long as you remember their rules. When writing a complex sentence, you should follow these important guidelines:
- All complex sentences have an independent clause and a dependent clause.
- Complex sentences can have more than one dependent clause.
- To connect independent and dependent clauses, you need dependent marker words and/or subordinating conjunctions.
- Dependent marker words come at the beginning of a complex sentence.
- When a dependent marker word comes at the beginning of a sentence, you need a comma at the end of the dependent clause.
- When a dependent marker word comes in the middle of the sentence, you do not need a comma.
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Dependent Clauses and Independent Clauses Examples in English
Dependent Clauses and Independent Clauses Examples in English
Dependent Clauses
What Is a Dependent Clause?
A dependent clause is a set of words that includes both a subject and a verb. It is not a sentence and cannot stand alone since it does not communicate a complete notion. Adverb clauses, adjective clauses, and noun clauses are examples of these clauses.
Adverb Clauses
Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions and modify verbs. Here are some instances of adverb clauses that are dependent clauses:
- When the teacher arrives
- Because I can’t wait for the movie
- As if she knew what was going to happen in five minutes
- Then her brother can
- If you can work at weekends
- Until the sun sets
- While snows continue to drop
- Whenever her cousin comes to visit
- Since we don’t have enough money to pay off loan debts
- Unless you find the correct answer
- No matter how she looks at it
- How she got elected
- Before the coffee gets cold
Adjective Clauses
Adjective clauses modify nouns and are normally preceded by a relative pronoun and, on rare occasions, subordinating conjunction. Here are some instances of adjective clause dependent clauses:
- That I sold them
- Which is located in Turkey
- Who is intelligent
- Whom we met after the concert
- Whose writing is always fascinating
- When the leaves turn red and brown colors and start to fall
Noun Clauses
Noun clauses refer to a specific person, place, object, or concept. It can be a subject, object, subject complement, object complement, or appositive since it functions as a noun. Here are some instances of noun clause dependent clauses:
- Why he say that
- Whomever he likes
- How these students would get there
- Who let the dog out of the house
- What they anticipated
- Whatever makes her happy
- That the students are listening
- Whatever you can drive that far
- If the skirt is on sale
Dependent Clauses Example Sentences
- What the boy did was not very useful for her.
- My lovely cousin finished his novel, after months of research.
- The trophy goes to whoever wins fairly at the race.
- While you were sleeping, our puppy knocked over the table.
- A helium nucleus has two protons, whereas hydrogen has only one.
- Where is the meat that was in the freezer?
- After Sarah sneezed all over the pizza patties, no one wanted to eat.
- The town where I was born is on the west coast.
- I cannot figure out why they said that.
- We will do anything whatever is necessary.
- The author, whom I met at the book signing, is dead.
- You may play outside until the streetlights come on and I called your name.
- The puppy that we found belongs to the Whites.
- Whenever I go to South Korea, I will visit Han River.
- Since no one else volunteered, the job is yours.
Independent Clauses
What Is an Independent Clause?
A set of words known as an independent clause has both a subject and a predicate. It expresses a whole notion and may be used as a sentence on its own. It can also be used with additional dependent or independent clauses to form a more complicated and fascinating phrase.
Here are some examples of independent clauses:
- I never miss my sister’s talk shows.
- I enjoy sitting by the Han River and listening to music.
- Waiting for my brother to get out of the dentist.
- She wants to travel the world and see the seven wonders of the world with me and my cousin.
- Our world, moon, Jupiter, and the other planets revolve around the sun. professor always comes to class late to be fully prepared for his students.
- Cheetahs are the fastest land animals in the world.
- Swimming and playing basketball are my favorite summertime activities.
- It is very important to brush your teeth three times a day.
- We can hardly wait to see our favorite artist.
- The brand-new Korean restaurant is beautifully and cultivated decorated.
- Emily decided to buy a skirt instead of a jacket.
- Our neighbor Mr. Smith teaches linear algebra and probability at my sister’s college.
- The squirrels are busy collecting nuts for the winter season.
- I like to play American flag football.
- Amelia and Jake could not decide if they wanted to elope or have a big wedding in Chicago.
- The Alps in Switzerland are amazing.
Here are some examples about independent clauses with coordinating conjunction:
- The beach is a lot of fun, yet the mountains are the best.
- A group of us went to play bowling, and we agreed that it was enjoyable.
- I went to the store to shopping, but I forgot to bring my wallet and shopping list.
- His cousin went to the store, and she went on all the rides.
- I wanted iced caramel macchiato, but the café only served ice americano.
- My daughter had just two adorable dresses, so she needed to get matching shoes and bags.
- Today is Saturday, and the test is on Monday.
- My father interviewed for three jobs, but he wants to work here.
- I wanted to play the game with you, but my mom is sending me to get my little brother to school.
- We all looked very tired after the match, for we had run a lot in the field.
Here are examples of two independent clauses joined in a sentence by a semicolon:
- I went to the Language Course today; I took an Italian course.
- Leo brought the main dish; Sasha brought the drinks.
- My little brother refuses to go to bed early; he is afraid he will fail tomorrow’s exam.
- She is going to the cabin; she intends to stay there all week.
- I was very happy; I had sushi and San Sebastian cheesecake.
- Some authors prefer to use a word processor; the others like me write using pen and notebook.
Independent and Dependent Clauses! Learn the definition and usage of independent and dependent clauses with useful examples and free ESL printable infographic.
A clause is a grouping of words in English that contains a subject and a verb. Clauses are the building blocks of sentences. They can be of two types: independent and dependent. It is important for the purpose of sentence formation to be able to recognize independent and dependent clauses.
Independent Clause
What is an independent clause?
An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. An independent clause is a sentence. Independent clauses are clauses that express a complete thought. They can function as sentences. These are clauses that can function on their own. They do not need to be joined to other clauses, because they contain all the information required to be a complete sentence.
There are three characteristics or components that independent clauses have:
1. A subject: It gives information on what the sentence is about.
2. An action or predicate: It gives information on what the subject is doing.
3. Conveys a complete thought: It gives information on what is happening in the sentence.
For example: ‘Ram left to buy supplies‘ is an independent clause, and if you end it with a full stop, it becomes a sentence.
- He ran fast.
- I was late to work.
- Tom reads.
- You need to sing up.
- I can run a mile in five minutes.
- …
Dependent Clause
What is a dependent clause?
A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. They do not express complete thoughts, and thus cannot function as sentences. They are usually marked by dependant marker words. It is a word that is added to the beginning of an independent clause that makes it into a dependent clause. Dependent clauses are dependent because of the presence of a:
1. Marker Word (because, after, before, since, in order to, although, though, whenever, wherever, whether, while, even though, even if, etc.)
2. Conjunction (but, and, or, nor, yet, etc.)
For example: ‘When Ram left to buy supplies’ can not be a sentence because it is an incomplete thought. What happened when Ram went to the shop? Here, ‘when’ functions as a ‘dependent marker word’; this term refers to words which, when added to the beginnings of independent clauses or sentences, transform them into dependent clauses.
Other examples of dependent marker words are after, although, as, as if, because, before, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while.
Dependent clauses, thus, need to be combined with independent clauses to form full sentences. For example: ‘When Ram left to buy supplies, Rohan snuck in and stole the money’ is a complete sentence.
- Because I woke up late this morning… (what happened?)
- When we arrived in class… (what occurred?)
- Because I forgot my homework, I got sent home.
- David, who likes books, read a book.
- I was just getting into the bath when the phone rang.
- …
Independent and Dependent Clauses | Infographic
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