THE ADVERB
1. DEFINITION AND FORMS
Adverb adds to the meaning of a verb. It is used to say how, where or when something happens. Adverbs usually come after the verb or the object if there is one. The usual order
of adverbials is manner, place and time. |
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□ She spoke very well here last time. |
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manner place |
time |
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AS FOR THEIR STRUCTURE ADVERBS ARE DIVIDED INTO: |
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Simple |
Derivative |
Compound |
Composite |
long |
slowly |
anyhow |
at once |
enough |
likewise |
sometimes |
at last |
then |
forward |
nowhere |
so far |
Adverbs of manner are often formed by adding -ly to an adjective. Adverbs formed in this way usually have a similar meaning to an adjective.
Adjectives |
Adverbs |
bad |
badly |
beautiful |
beautifully |
careful |
carefully |
quick |
quickly |
quiet |
quietly |
soft |
softly |
There are sometimes changes in spelling when an adverb is formed from an adjective.
■ly |
Adjective |
Adverb |
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-le |
changes to |
gentle |
gently |
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— y |
changes to |
-ily |
easy |
easily |
-ic |
changes to |
-icaly |
automatic |
automatically |
-ue |
changes to |
-uly |
true |
truly |
-II |
changes to |
-Ily |
full |
fully |
The most productive adverb-forming suffix is -ly, but there are also some other suffixes:
-wards, -long, -wise: clockwise, forward, headlong.
We can use some words as adjectives or adverbs without adding -ly or -illy:
□Itwas a fast train./The train went fast.
□He returned from a long journey./Will you stay here long?
□The price is very low./The plane flew very low.
□We have very little time./He reads very little.
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Other examples are: hard, high, last, late, near, wide, early, far.
Some adverbs have two forms, one without -Ivand one with -Iv.These forms have different meanings and uses: hard/hardly, last/lastly, late/lately, near/nearly, high/highly.
Adjective |
Adverb without “-ly” |
Adverb with “-ly” |
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He is a hard worker. |
He works hard. |
Icould hardly understand him. |
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Он усердный работник. |
Он работает усердно. |
Я едва мог понять его. |
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He returned in late autumn. |
Iwent to bed late |
Ihaven’t seen him lately. |
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Он возвратился поздней |
yesterday. |
Я не видел его в посдеднее |
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осенью. |
Я лег поздно вчера. |
время. |
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He is studying the history |
Не lives quite near. |
It is nearly 5 o’clock. |
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of the Near East. |
Он живет совсем |
Почти 5 часов. |
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Он изучает историю |
близко. |
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Ближнего Востока. |
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The house is very high. |
The plane flew very high. |
It is a highly developed state. |
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Дом очень высокий. |
Самолет летел очень |
Это высокоразвитое госу |
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высоко. |
дарство. |
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SOME ADVERBS HAVE DEGREES OF COMPARISON: |
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ADVERBS |
COMPARATIVE |
SUPERLATIVE |
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… + -er |
… + -est |
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One syllable words: |
fast |
faster |
fastest |
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hard |
harder |
hardest |
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more +… |
most +… |
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Ending in «-ly”: |
wisely |
more wisely |
most wisely |
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beautifully |
more beautifully |
most beautifully |
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Irregularforms: |
well |
better |
best |
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badly |
worse |
worst |
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much |
more |
most |
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little |
less |
least |
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far |
farther/further |
farthest/furthest |
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Special cases: |
often |
oftener |
oftenest |
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more often |
mostoften |
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quickly |
quicker |
quickest |
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more quickly |
most quick |
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slowly |
slower |
slowest |
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more slowly |
mostslowly |
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easy |
easier |
easiest |
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We use intensifiersto strengthen adverbs: much/far
Гораздо |
much |
□ She works much harder than you. |
Намного |
far |
□ Ithappens far more often. |
Значительно |
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. (A, B) Say whether the word in italic type is an adjective or an adverb.
1. The task was so easy that we didn’t need time to get prepared. 2 .1could do it easily if I had the time. 3. He spoke loudly. 4. We heard a loud noise in the street. 5. We went straight to St.-Petersburg without stopping anywhere. 6. He looked at us with a perfectly straight face. 7. You would play better if you had a better instrument. 8. They have very little space for the garden. 9. When I first came to Moscow, I little thought that I should stay here so long. 10. We stayed there a long time. 11 .’He works more and better than he used to. 12.He knows more poems than I. 13. Early risers see more of the world. 14. They came earlythat evening. 15. We haven’t had much rain this month. 16. She is singing worse than usual. 17. The weather is worse this morning.
Ex. 2. (A) Form adverbsfrom the given adjectives and nouns and make upyour own sentences with them.
Sweet, careful, real, slow, usual, day, calm, stupid, heroic, firm, loud, happy, safe, dry, gradual, soft, brave, hour.
Ex. 3. (A) Change the italicized noun into a verb and the italicized adjective into an adverb.
Model: His answer was very quick. He answered very quickly.
1. They gave a beautifulperformance. 2. She gave me a formal answer. 3. His was a heroic action. 4. He gave an accurate description of the incident. 5. We heard their happylaugh in the room. 6. The actors got a warm greeting from the audience.
Ex. 4. (A, B) Give the comparative and superlative degrees of the following adverbs:
early, often, hard, easily, well, little, near, far, late, clearly, slowly, fast, quickly, strongly, much, closely, close, long.
Ex. 5. (A, B) Open the brackets, give the comparative or superlative forms of the adverbs.
1.I like this dress (well) than the black one. 2. Now she visits them (frequently) than last year. 3. Our new car is (fast) than the old one. 4. Which of all these books did you enjoy (much)? 5. Now I can hear you (clearly) than before. 6. You ought to have told me (much).
7.Who works (hard), Mike, Pete or Jack? 8. The fire was put out (quickly) than we expected.
9.He speaks English (fluently) of ail in my class.
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Ex. 6. (A, В) Give the correct forms of the adverbs in brackets.
1. The (hard) you work the (soon) you make progress. 2. Isthe sound loud enough or shall I make it (loud)? 3. Yesterday they finished work (late) than usual. 4. The woman said she had been treated (badly) than a slave. 5. The little girl sang far (well) than her sister. 6. The boy’s greatest ambition was to become a pilot and fly (high) and (fast) of all. 7.1could see very far from my place, but Ben climbed a tree and saw even (far) beyond the field. 8. We envied John, for he lived (near) of all; it took him the least time to get to the office. 9. Our horses ran prettyfast, but Serena’s Arrow ran (quick) than myWhite Star, and Ivo’s Lightning — (fast), as usual. 10.1like this picture (well) of all. 11.1 missed our walks together, butthose long evening conversations by the fireplace I missed (much) of all. 12. He stepped (close) and saw that they were playing with little kittens.
Ex. 7. (В, C) Choose the correct form of the words given in brackets.
I. He certainly has done (good, well) in his studies this year. 2. It is not (good, well) for you to smoke. 3.1was (angry, angrily) at what he did. 4. He stormed (angry, angrily) out of the room. 5. It isn’t (bad, badly). 6. To the parents’ disgust, the child behaved very (bad, badly) at table. 7. He dreamed of acting (brave, bravely) in emergency. 8. He is a (brave, bravely) man. 9. This is quite (clear, clearly). 10.1can see (clear, clearly) what you mean. II. She looked at him (cold, coldly). 12. The weather is (cold, coldly) today. 13. This is a (comfortable, comfortably) desk. 14. The English like to live (comfortable, comfortably). 15. He is (dangerous, dangerously) calm. 16. This road is (dangerous, dangerously). 17. Let’s look at it from (different, differently) angles. 18. The two sisters always reacted (different, differently). 19. This definition is not quite (exact, exactly). 20. Can you tell me (exact, exactly) when he will come? 21. He seems to be not very (happy, happily) about it. 22. They smiled (happy, happily). 23. The girl was (heavy, heavily) painted. 24. The case is too (heavy, heavily). 25. She sighed (helpless, helplessly). 26. She is quite (helpless, helplessly) with the child. 27. The work was done (perfect, perfectly). 28. The weather during the last few days has been (perfect, perfectly). 29. Walk (quiet, quietly), or you will wake the patient. 30. His voice was (quiet, quietly). 31. Your geography is (sad, sadly) at fault. 32. It is (sad, sadly) that you have been ill such a long time. 33. She looked at me (sad, sadly). 34. The answer was not (satisfactory, satisfactorily). 35. You performed (satisfactory, satisfactorily). 36. Do you (serious, seriously) wish to go there? 37. Are you (serious, seriously) about going there? 38. The explanation was quite (simple, simply). 39. The problem can be solved quite (simple, simply).
Ex. 8. (A, B) Translate into English, paying attention to the italicizedwords. Choose the right word in the brackets.
1.Вы часто пропускаете занятия впоследнее время. Они поздно ложатся спать. В том году была поздняя весна, (late, lately)
2.Что-то было не так. Он набрал не тот номер телефона. Он дал неправильный ответ. Она неправильно с ним поступила, (wrong, wrongly)
3.Мы едва знаем друг друга. Они упорно работали. Она упорный работник, (hard, hardly)
4.Мы почти опоздали на поезд. Рядом с нашим домом есть небольшое озеро. Он всегда интересовался историей Ближнего Востока, (near, nearly)
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Ex. 9, (В, С) Translate intoEnglish.
1.Какой из его фильмов вам больше всего нравится? 2. Сделайте звук громче!
3.Чем больше вы будете читать по-английски, тем лучше вы будете знать язык.
4.Если ты будешь упорнее тренироваться, ты будешь бегать также быстро, как и я.
5.Она много практиковалась и теперь печатает в два раза быстрее, чем раньше.
6.Если бы мы поехали поездом, а не пароходом, то мы добрались бы туда в два раза быстрее. 7. Чем шире будет ваше образование, тем выше будут ценить ваши
.знания.
Ex. 10. (В, С) Translate into English.
1. Я хорошо знаю свой город, но лучше всего я знаю центр. 2. Моя мама знает три языка, но лучше всего она говорит по-французски. 3. Мой брат встает позже меня. 4. Она одевается лучше всех в нашей группе. 5. Мой друг играет в шахматы лучше меня. 6. Рыбу ловить лучше рано утром. 7. Он водит машину осторожнее, чем его жена. 8. Они приходят сюда чаще всего летом. 9. Он знает английский лучше всех в группе. 10. Я гораздо больше люблю исторические книги. 11. На следующий день ему стало гораздо хуже. 12. На машине вы доберетесь туда быстрее всего. 13. На этот раз вы сделали работу тщательнее. 14. Новый врач относится к пациентам гораздо внимательнее, чем старый. 15. Он ездит на велосипеде еще быстрее меня. 16. Мой старший брат пришел еще раньше меня. 17. Он говорит по-английски еще медленнее меня. 18. Он лучше всех написал тест. 19. Она читает гораздо больше меня. 20. В этом году занятия заканчиваются гораздо позже, чем в прошлом.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS
ACCORDING TO THEIR MEANINGS ADVERBS FALL INTO SEVERAL GROUPS:
2.1. ADVERBS OF MANNER
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens: well, badly, quickly, slowly, easily, quietly, etc.:
□How did John behave? He behaved badly.
□Did you sleep well?
□He came very quickly.
Some adjectives end in -ly, if we want to use these words as adverbs we say:
“in a ~ manner/way/fashion”:
□Meg is a friendly girl. She always greets me in a friendly way.
□That was a cowardly thing to do. You acted in a cowardly way.
We do not use adverbs after link verbs such as “to be”, «become”, “feel”, “get», “look”, and “seem». We use adjectives after such verbs:
□Sue felt happy, (not “Sue felt happily”)
□Nobody seemed amused.
□I am not sure.
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We say “fast asleep” and “wide awake” (not “very”):
□ The children are fast asleep now, but when we were leaving they were wide awake.
Fixed phrases: deeply hurt, painfully embarrassed, highly respected, bitterlycold, greatly appreciative, badly needed.
□She was highly respected in her village.
□A new playground for our children is badly needed.
□She was deeply hurt by his words but didn’t say a word.
EXERCISES__________________________________________________
Ex. 1. (В, C) Choose the appropriate word and state whether it is an adjective or an adverb.
1.a) They talked of______ideals.
b)This new play is_____ spoken of.
c)We_____ appreciate your hospitality, (high, highly)
2.a) He divided his wealth_____ among his children.
b)You don’t act_______________________ to the girl.
c) Why don’t you give him a chance? It isn’t ______ . |
(fair, fairly) |
3. a) She cut him______saying it was not to the point. |
b)He came to live there_______ after the war.
c)Speak______ on the phone, (short, shortly)
4.a) They_____ saw where they were going.
b)The old man breathed so______________ .
c)She tried_____ not to cry. (hard, hardly)
5.a) Very cautiously he approached the window as_____ as possible.
b)He is my_____ friend.
c)He knew he was_____ guarded all the time, (close, closely)
6.a) He was sitting at his desk_______in thought.
b)They were_____ engrossed in discussing something.
c)Still waters run__________________ . (deep, deeply)
7.a) The device is ______ to operate and its every part can be_____ replaced.
b)Try to make it_____ for her.
c)He is an_____ scared man. (easy, easily)
8.a) She greeted us_____ .
b)She put a tea-cosy on the pot to keep it_____ .
c)We dressed _____ for the outing in the winter mountains, (warm, warmly)
9.a) It’s a delicate situation. See that you act_____ about it.
b)She is so quick-tempered. They_____ call her a termagant (сварливый).
c)He suddenly stopped_____ in front of the house, (right, rightly)
10.a) How are you? — Very_____ , thank you.
b)How is life? — Very______ , thank you.
c)How are you getting on? — Very______ , thank you. (good, well)
Ex. 2. (В, C) Choose the appropriate adverb.
1.1was (deep, deeply) moved by his words. 2. You must dig very (deep, deeply) to reach the water. 3. He was (high, highly) doubtful about the necessity of that action. 4. The eagle soared (high, highly), it could be (hard, hardly) seen. 5. He had to work really (hard, hardly)
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to obtain what he wanted. 6. The policeman looked (close, closely) at the suspect. 7. He stepped (closer, more closely) to get a clear view of the picture before him. 8. We have (near, nearly) run out of petrol. 9. There is a big grocery store (near, nearly) our house. 10. We have not heard from him (late, lately). 11. His letter came too (late, lately). 12. This dress is (pretty, prettily) expensive. 13. This little girl is very (pretty, prettily) dressed. 14. He passed by her window singing (loud, loudly). 15. He doesn’t speak (loud, loudly) enough for everybody to hear. 16. I’m afraid you will have to pay (dear, dearly) for your silence. 17. They all loved him (dear, dearly). 18. The house was full of light; the gate of the courtyard stood (wide, widely) open. 19. Nabokov’sworks are (wide, widely) known throughout the world. 20. “Open (wide, widely),” he said and put a small piece of cake into her mouth.
Ex. 3. (В, C) Translate the adverbs in brackets into English.
1. She stared at uswith (широко) open eyes, but remained silent. 2.1am (глубоко) concerned about his lack of interest in our business. 3. He was (справедливо) accused of violating the rules. 4. We examined these animals very (тщательно). 5. The plant stood (близко) to the lake. 6. The man pulled (сильно) at the chain. 7. The rain was pouring so (сильно) that we could (едва) see the boat sailing up to the shore. 8. The contribution of this scientist to the progress of physics is (высоко) valued. 9. (Вскоре) afterthe warthey started reconstructing the ruined palace. 10. Only her face, full of rapture, stood out (ясно) in his memory. But the events of that evening he remembered (более смутно). 11. When he walked, he usually held his head (высоко). Itwas (трудно) to guess how his pride suffered. 12. She called him (громко) and (долго) but he didn’t come. 13. It is (легче) to do everything myself than to make you do things.
Ex. 4. (В, C) Translate into English.
1. Ему было очень холодно. 2. Он говорил со мной холодно. 3. Ее слова звучали холодно. 4. Они шли молча. 5. Она молча кивнула. 6. Она приятно улыбнулась. 7. Мне приятно быть с вами. 8. Вы хорошо выглядите. 9. Дело идет хорошо. 10. Хорошо, что они приедут. 11. Как ты думаешь починить это? — Очень просто. 12. Не бойся, ты сделаешь это. Это очень просто. 13. Вполне естественно, что ему не нравится такой план. 14. Она отреагировала совершенно естественно. 15. Ребенок чувствовал себя очень плохо весь день. 16. Дом спроектирован плохо. 17. Он смертельно побледнел. 18. Они упали на траву, смертельно усталые. 19. Зверь упал замертво.
2.2 ADVERBS OF TIME
Adverbs oftime: when(когда), now(сейчас), then(тогда, потом, затем), before(прежде, раньше), after(потом, после), afterwards(впоследствии), once (однажды), just(только что, как раз), still (все еще, по-прежнему), already/yet (уже), yet (еще, пока еще), since (с тех пор как), early (рано), lately/recently (в последнее время), suddenly (вдруг), soon (вскоре), long (долго, давно), ago (тому назад), today, tomorrow, yesterday, etc.
NOTES: tonight, tomorrownight, last night (not “yesterday night”)
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still (все еще, по-прежнему)
□ She is still sleeping. yet (пока еще, пока что)
□ Не is too young yet to get married. yet (еще не…)
□ He hasn’t come yet. else (inquestions)
□ Who else do you know?
□ Where else did you go yesterday?
more (дополнительно) — with countable and uncountable nouns □ Give me some more water.
other (другой)
□ What other books did you buy? only (еще только)
□ It’s only 10 o’clock. |
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□ He was with us only yesterday. |
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as early as (такдавно как) |
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□ Itwas known as early as 1935. |
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long, for a long time (в течениедолгого времени) |
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ДАВНО |
□ Have you been here long? |
□ I’ve been here for a long time. |
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long ago, a long time ago (много времени тому назад) |
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□ It happened long ago. |
not… long (с недавнего времени)
□I haven’t been sitting here long. not long ago (в недалеком прошлом)
□This book came out not long ago. lately, recently (в последнее время)
□Have you heard from him recently (lately)?
EXERCISES__________________________________________________
Ex. 5. (В, C) Translate into English paying attention to the meaning of the word “еще».
1. Я еще не готов. 2. Они еще не легли спать, они еще смотрят телевизор. 3. Я получила еще две открытки от Элис. 4. Что еще он вам рассказал? 5. Я хочу спросить об этом еще кого-нибудь. 6. Какие еще города вы видели в Англии? 7. Я получил эту телеграмму еще вчера. 8. Вы еще слишком малы, чтобы курить. 9. Я еще не дочитал эту книгу, но мне кажется, что она еще интереснее, чем та, которую вы мне дали. 10. Еще апрель, еще слишком рано открывать окна. 11. У нас есть еще несколько книг по истории Англии. 12. Еще рано, не все еще встали. 13. Кто еще звонил сегодня? 14. Что еще вы хотели мне сказать? 15. Я знал о их решении еще вчера. 16. Май в этом году еще холоднее, чем в прошлом. 17. Он еще не отвечал, он еще думает. 18. Какие еще сказки ты знаешь? 19. Ты ведь видел его еще утром, но ничего не сказал нам. 20. Где еще я могу найти такие цветы? 21. Дайте мне, пожалуйста, еще один журнал. 22. Их дом еще больше нашего. 23. Он еще пожалеет об этом. 24. Он еще спит. 25. Ты еще молод, ты можешь еще сделать это.
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Ex. 6. (В, С) Translate into English payingattention to the meaning of the words “долго”and
“давно”.
I. Мы долго наблюдали за ними. 2. Я долго не мог забыть это. 3. Она долго молчала. 4. Вы будете долго работать сегодня? 5. Ты давно знаешь его? 6. Они долго у вас пробыли? 7. Он уже давно работает в этом банке. 8. Я здесь уже давно. 9. Он долго не мог понять этот рассказ. 10. Я давно не видел своих друзей. II. Я давно потерял эту книгу. 12. Дождь давно перестал. 13. Мы вчера очень долго бродили по городу. 14. Вы давно живете в этом доме? 15. Мне пришлось долго ждать их. 16. Первые поселенцы ушли отсюда очень давно. 17. Он давно забыл свое обещание. 18. Она очень давно не играла на пианино. 19. Это случилось очень давно. 20. Дождь идет уже давно. 21. Он сказал мне, что они ушли давно. 22. Он сказал мне, что он видел ее давно. 23. Я очень давно ничего не слышал об этой семье. 24. Вы слишком долго работали вчера. 25. Мы довольно долго обсуждали этот вопрос. 26. Мы жили там очень давно. 27. Сегодня собрание продлится недолго. 28. Он недолго жил там. 29. Этот магазин открылся недавно. 30. Он здесь недавно работает. 31. Эти люди здесь недавно. 32. Это случилось недавно. 33. Эта встреча произошла недавно.
Ex. 7. (С) Translate into English.
1.Вы часто виделись с ним в последнее время? 2. Я последнее время редко хожу в кино. 3. Я за последнее время прочел очень много иностранных книг.
4.Она последнее время редко вспоминает об этом. 5. Это произошло недавно.
6.Я недавно встретил его в музее. 7. Он не создал ни одного нового фильма за последнее время. 8. Они последнее время редко заходят к нам. 9. Я недавно отремонтировал квартиру. 10. Он очень изменился за последнее время. 11. За последнее время многое изменилось в нашем городе. 12. Это изобретение было сделано недавно. 13. За последнее время она прислала мне три письма. 14. Он очень похудел за последнее время. 15. Они недавно побывали в Африке. 16. Этот разговор произошел недавно. 17. В последнее время мы не ходим туда. 18. Я в последнее время очень много работал над английским языком. 19. Я в последнее время не видел там ничего интересного. 20. Вы в последнее время покупали какие-нибудь книги? 21. В последнее время они не навещали нас. 22. Я не писал ей в последнее время. 23. Он начал заниматься музыкой совсем недавно. 24. Вы много играли в теннис в последнее время? 25. Я недавно просмотрел свой старый дневник. 26. В последнее время очень холодно. 27. Мы в последнее время много переводили с английского.
2.3 ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Adverbs of frequency, how often? The most common are: always (всегда), generally, usually, normally(обычно), frequently, often(часто), seldom, rarely(редко), sometimes
(иногда).
Adverbs of frequency have three basic positions. As to the place of such adverbs see Appendix 4.
258
2.4 ADVERBS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION
Adverbs of place and direction: here (здесь, сюда), there (там, туда), where (куда, где), somewhere, anywhere (где-нибудь, где-то, куда-нибудь), nowhere (нигде, никуда), elsewhere (где-нибудь, в другом месте), far away/far off (далеко), near (близко), inside(внутри), outside (снаружи, наружу), above(выше, наверху), below(ниже, внизу).
Somewhere is used in affirmative sentences:
□Ileft my umbrella somewhere. Anywhere — in questions and negative sentences:
□Are you going anywhere tomorrow?
□Ican’t find my dictionaries anywhere. Nowhere is used in short answers:
□Where did you go after supper? — Nowhere.
far (in questions and negative sentences)
□Did you walk far?
□They don’t like to walk far.
a long way (in affirmative sentences) □ We walked a long way yesterday,
far away (off) (“на большом расстоянии” — in questions and negative sentences)
□Is the station far away (off)?
□They don’t live far away (off),
a long way off (in affirmative sentences) □ They live a long way off.
Слишком , |
too , |
□ They walked too far. |
|||
Так |
+ далеко |
so |
□ We walked so far that we got tired. |
||
Довольно |
, |
very |
a long way |
□ We walked rather a long way. |
|
Очень |
+ Далеко |
rather |
a long way off |
□ They live a very long way off. |
|
But! Farfrom |
□ The station is far from our house. |
EXERCISE
Ex. 8. (В, C) Translate into English paying attention to the words in italic type.
1. Она никуда не ездила прошлым летом. 2. Я никуда не ходил вчера. 3. Куда ты пойдешь в субботу? — Никуда. 4. Куда вы ездили в отпуск? — Никуда. 5. Вы куданибудь пойдете сегодня вечером? — Если я не устану, я пойду куда-нибудь, но если я устану, я никуда не пойду. 6. Мы не пошли на озеро, потому что оно было очень далеко. 7. Я люблю гулять с собакой далеко, а мой друг не любит гулять далеко. 8. Вокзал далеко, вам придется поехать на автобусе. 9. Почтовое отделениедалеко?
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Grammar: Pronouns.
We use pronouns instead of nouns.
Pronouns fall under the following groups:
- Personal: I, he, she, it, we, you, they.
Personal pronouns have two cases.
- We do not have singular and plural forms of you. We can say “You are right” to someone we do not know at all or we know very well, to a child or to an adult.
- We use it for thing, to refer to animals, a baby of a child. We use he, she, who when we refer to pets, ships, cars, motorbikes, a country, if a reference is “affectionate”.
- Reflexive: myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourself (yourselves), themselves.
We often use reflexive pronouns with the verbs: amuse, blame, cut, dry, enjoy, hurt, introduce.
We can use reflexive pronouns after prepositions.
- Demonstrative: this (these), that (those), such, the same.
Both this and that can be applied to persons or things.
The pronoun same is always used with the definite article.
- Interrogative: who, whose, what, which.
They are used to form special questions
Who refer to human beings, what is usually refers to things (it may be applied to people when inquiring about their occupation).
Which has a selective meaning. It may refer to persons or things.
Ex. 5. Fill in the blanks with a personal pronouns.
- I see a teacher. I see … .
- Please, read the letter, read … .
- I know the boy, I know … .
- I am glad to meet both Tom and Ann, I am glad to meet … .
- Give me the book, give … to me.
- I do not like Ann’s brother, I do not like … .
Ex. 6. Insert a reflexive pronoun where necessary.
- He shaves … every day.
- Go and wash .. .
- She washed … quickly and went to prepare breakfast.
- He likes his wife to dress … well.
- Behave … !
- You can not behave … .
- The child fell and hurt … badly.
Ex. 7. Translate into English.
- Чьи это брюки? — Это мои брюки.
- Я принес вам важные новости.
- Кто-то постучал в дверь.
- Вы помните его? Какой это был мужественный человек.
- У нее прекрасные волосы. Они длинные и волнистые.
- Кто там? — Откройте, это я.
- Какие это были чудесные цветы.
- Достаточно, можете прекратить работу.
Ex. 8. Translate into English.
- Кто знает этого человека.
- Кто из вас разбил эту вазу?
- Кого из них вы спрашивали об этом?
- Кого вы ждете?
- Кому вы дали свой словарь?
- Какой это цвет?
- На каком этаже вы живете?
- Кто этот высокий человек?
Unit 6
DWELLING.
Text: The American Home.
Grammar: Adverbs.
Практические цели: Ознакомление с лексическим материалом по теме “Dwelling”. Ознакомление с новым грамматическим материалом, развитие навыков изучающего чтения и перевода на основе текста “The American home”, развитие умений и навыков аудирования, просмотрового чтения.
The American Home.
American apartments are usually described as one-bedroom (studio apartments), two-bedroom or three-bedroom apartments. Two- and three-bedroom apartments usually have a connecting living-room; frequently they have two bathrooms. Virtually all apartments have built-in closets with doors, which are used instead of wardrobes. Frequently apartments are without lights but have several outlets for tables or floor lamps. The walls are often painted rather than wall-papered. The entrance generally is directly into the living room area; halls are rarely in evidence. Floors are generally covered with wall-to-wall carpeting. Apartment buildings usually have laundry facilities on the ground floor. Almost all apartments have refrigerators, most people now use microwave ovens which provide very convenient and fast cooking. Most apartments and houses have central thermostat which regulate the temperature.
There are two types of apartments: a rented apartment and a condominium, which an individual owns rather than rents. In addition there are town-houses which are joint houses or apartments in a compact planned group in a town. Town-houses can be purchased or rented. Rented apartments can range from a few hundred to thousands of dollars per month. The purchase price of condominiums and town-houses can range from thirty thousand to hundreds of thousands of dollars.
In the US the historical preference since the 1950’s has been for people to purchase their own houses in the suburbs rather than in central areas of the cities. Private houses are the most expensive. Real estate firms advertise lands, houses and apartments and provide a market for buyers and sellers. The cost of private houses has escalated sharply in recent years and consequently people have sought to buy town houses and condominiums which generally are cheaper.
A mobile home is the cheapest form of housing that can be purchased. Mobile homes can be moved from place to place by trucks. Mobile homes are located in special mobile home parks, which are sometimes called mobile villages. They are usually on the outskirts of cities. Retired people and young people with low income reside in mobile homes which can be purchased or rented.
Topical vocabulary.
- building здание, сооружение, дом
- dwelling жилище, дом
dwelling house жилой дом - house дом, жилище, здание
- lodgings жилище
- home жилище, дом, домашний очаг
6. residential area район жилых зданий в городе
7. counsel house жилой дом, принадлежащий
городскому совету
8. property собственность частная, мэрии,
объект собственности, недвижимость
buy a property купить недвижимость
9. condominium кондоминиум (одни из видов
кооперативной собственности)
10. residence местожительство, большой
жилой дом
registration регистрация (подобно «прописке».
но выбирается человеком по
желанию в любом месте
story/story (floor) этаж
top floor последний этаж
11. move (v) переезжать
housewarming party новоселье
12. block квартал
13. inhabitant жилец, обитатель
14.owner собственник, владелец
landlord (landlady) владелец (владелица) дама
(помещения), сдаваемого внаем
15. tenant (lodger) жилец
16. tenement снимаемый дом. Квартира
tenement house дешевый многоквартирный дом
- host (hostess) хозяин (хозяйка), принимающий гостей
- boarding house пансион
( rooming house) - decorate (v) отделывать (квартиру)
interior designer (decorator) художник по интерьеру, дизайнер
furnish (v) smth. обставлять (мебелью)
well furnished хорошо обставленная
arrange(v) furniture расставлять мебель
rearrange переставлять
20. set (v) smth. устанавливать что-либо
Ex. 1. Read and translate the text.
Ex. 2. Answer the questions.
- How can American apartments usually be described?
- What rooms do they usually have?
- What is the most typical decoration of the apartments?
- Where are laundry facilities installed?
- What do they use to regulate the temperature?
- What are the two types of apartments?
- Can town-houses be purchased or rented?
- What is the purchase price of condominiums?
9. What houses are the most expensive?
10. What can you say about mobile homes?
Ex. 3. Find Russian equivalents to the following:
- a studio apartment; 8. to purchase;
- a closet; 9. to range;
- an outlet; 10. to escalate;
- a floor lamp; 11.a mobile home;
- facility; 12. outskirts;
- a condominium; 13. to reside;
- a town-house; 14. to locate.
Ex. 4. Translate from Russian into English.
-У меня замечательная новость. Мы живем в новой квартире. У нас последний этаж.
-Вид прекрасный, не так ли?
-Да. Перед домом газоны. Много цветов и деревьев.
-Счастлива слышать это. Сколько у вас комнат?
-У нас четырех комнатная квартира. Комнаты большие и солнечные. У нас есть спальня, кабинет, гостиная, столовая и кухня.
-А вся мебель новая?
-Наша мебель вся новая и очень элегантная.
-А что у вас в кабинете?
-Первое, что вы видите, когда входите в комнату, это книжный шкаф. Он стоит у стены.
-А что у вас в кухне?
-Кухня очень удобная. Моя жена ее очень любит.
-Жена готовит там?
-Да. Обычно мы там и едим.
-У вас есть стиральная машина и пылесос?
-Да. Время от времени я чищу ковры.
-О, Пит, ты хороший муж! Твоей жене повезло!
-Да, и мне тоже. У нас хорошая квартира. У нас дома очень уютно. Приезжайте к нам сегодня вечером.
Grammar: Adverbs.
Kinds of adverbs:
Manner: bravely, fast, happily, hard, well
Place: by, down, here, near, there, up
Time: now, soon, still, then, today, yet
Frequency: always, never, occasionally, often, twice
Sentence: certainly, definitely, luckily, surely
Degree: fairly, hardly, rather, quite, too, very
Interrogative: when, where, why
Relative: when, where, why
Form and use.
The formation of adverbs with -ly
- Many adverbs of manner and some adverbs of degree are formed by adding to the corresponding adjectives:
final, finally slow, slowly
note that the adverb of good is well.
- Adjectives ending in -ly
daily, weekly, monthly, kindly and sometimes leisurely can be adjectives or adverbs, but most other adjectives ending in -ly, e.g. friendly, likely, lonely etc., cannot be used as adverbs and have no adverb form. To supply this deficiency we use a similar adverb or adverb phrase:
likely (adjective) probably (adverb)
friendly (adjective) in a friendly way (adverb phrase)
- Some adverbs have a narrower meaning that their corresponding adjectives or differ from them.
Coldly, coolly, hotly, warmly are used mainly of feelings:
We received them coldly.
They defined the accusation hotly.
Ex. 5. Say whether the word in italics type is an adjective or an adverb.
1. The task was so easy that we did not need time to get prepared. 2. I could do it easily if I had the time. 3. He spoke loudly. 4. We heard a loud noise in the street. 5. We went straight to the city without stopping anywhere. 6. He looked at us with a perfectly straight face. 7. You would play better if you had a better instrument. 8. They have very little space for the garden. 9. He works more and better than he used to. 10. She is singing worse than usual.
Ex. 6. Form adverbs from the given adjectives and nouns and make up your own sentences.
Sweet, careful, real, slow, usual, day, calm, stupid, heroic, firm, loud, happy, safe, dry, gradual, soft, brave, hour.
Ex. 7. Change the italicized noun into a verb and the italicized adjective into an adverb.
Example: His answer was very quick.- He answered very quickly.
1. They gave a beautiful performance. 2. She gave me a formal answer. 3. His was a heroic action. 4. He gave an accurate description of the incident. 5. We heard their happy laugh in the room. 6. The actors got a warm greeting from the audience.
Ex. 8. Translate into English, paying your attention to the italicized words. Choose the right word in the brackets.
1. Вы часто пропускаете занятия в последнее время. Они поздно ложатся спать. В том году была поздняя весна. (late, lately)
2. Что-то было не так. Он набрал не тот номер телефона. Он дал неправильный ответ. Она неправильно с ним поступила. (wrong, wrongly)
3. Мы едва знаем друг друга. Они упорно работали. Она упорный работник. (hard, hardly)
4. Мы почти опаздали на поезд. Рядом с нашим домом есть небольшое озеро. Он всегда интересовался историей Ближнего Востока. (near, neraly)
Unit 7.
DWELLING (II).
Grammar: The Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense.
Практические цели: Обобщение и закрепление лексического материала по теме “Dwelling”, закрепление навыков устной речи и изложения текста, ознакомление с новым грамматическим материалом.
A View of the Dunes’ House
The Dunes’ House was sixteen miles outside of Burlington, a narrow road was the only access to the property. We took a bus to get there. The bus turned off the main road before we reached the road to the Dunes’ home, so we had to walk the last two miles. We stopped at the gate to the private road leading up to the Dunes’ home. We sat on the rock and surveyed the peaceful surroundings. This place was so quiet, so beautiful.
We turned up the drive and slowly climbed what we hoped would be the last mile to the house. Soon we were out of the forest and came into a clearing, so we could see the house across a broad expanse of lawn. It was an unusual house for the area. Instead of being one story high and spread out across the lawn, this one was compact and rose like a tower on the hill. From the windows you must have a view of the entire valley.
It was a two-storied building with an attic. Its brick walls were plastered and whitewashed. It had a red tile roof and a deep veranda which ran along its front. There was a graveled driveway to a two-car garage which Was to the right of the house. One could see a wonderful orchard with blossoming apple-trees and a small vegetable garden near the house.
Nobody was in sight. So we climbed the low concrete steps and rang the entrance door bell.
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Adverbs
Ex. 1. Say whether the word in italic type is an adjective or an adverb.
1. The task was so easy that we didn’t need time to get prepared. 2. I could do it easily if I had the time. 3. He spoke loudly. 4. We heard a loud noise in the street. 5. We went straight to Lviv without stopping anywhere. 6. He looked at us with a perfectly straight face. 7. You would play better if you had a better instrument. 8.They have very little space for the garden. 9. When I first came to Australia, I little thought that I should stay here so long. 10. We stayed there a long time.
11 ‘He works more and better than he used to. 12. He knows more poems than I. 13. Early risers see more of the world. 14. They came early that evening. 15. We haven’t had much rain this month. 16. She is singing worse than usual. 17. The weather is worse this morning.
Ex. 2. Form adverbs from the given adjectives and nouns and make up your own sentences with them.
Sweet, careful, real, slow, usual, day, calm, stupid, heroic, firm, loud, happy, safe, dry, gradual, soft, brave, hour.
Ex. 3. Change the italicized noun into a verb and the italicized adjective into an adverb.
Model: His answer was very quick. He answered very quickly.
1. They gave a beautiful performance.
2. She gave me a formal answer.
3. His was a heroic action.
4. He gave an accurate description of the incident.
5. We heard their happy laugh inthe room.
6. The actors got a warm greeting from the audience.
Ex. 4. Give the comparative and superlative degrees of the following adverbs:
early, often, hard, easily, well, little, near, far, late, clearly, slowly, fast, quickly, strongly, much, closely, close, long.
Ex. 5. Open the brackets, give the comparative or superlative forms of the adverbs.
1. I like this dress (well) than the black one.
2. Now she visits them (frequently) than last year.
3. Our new car is (fast) than the old one.
4. Which of all these books did you enjoy (much)?
5. Now I can hear you (clearly) than before.
6. You ought to have told me (much).
7. Who works (hard), Mike, Pete or Jack?
8. The fire was put out (quickly) than we expected.
9. He speaks English (fluently) of ail in my class.
Ex. 6. Give the correct forms of the adverbs in brackets.
1. The (hard) you work the (soon) you make progress. 2. Is the sound loud enough or shall I make it (loud)? 3. Yesterday they finished work (late) than usual. 4. The woman said she had been treated (badly) than a slave. 5. The little girl sang far (well) than her sister. 6. The boy’s greatest ambition was to become a pilot and fly (high) and (fast) of all. 7.I could see very far from my place, but Ben climbed a tree and saw even (far) beyond the field. 8. We envied John, for he lived (near) of all; it took him the least time to get to the office. 9. Our horses ran pretty fast, but Serena’s Arrow ran (quick) than my White Star, and Ivo’s Lightning — (fast), as usual. 10. I like this picture (well) of all. 11.I missed our walks together, but those
long evening conversations by the fireplace I missed (much) of all. 12. He stepped (close) and saw that they were playing with little kittens.
Ex. 7. Choose the correct form of the words given in brackets.
1. He certainly has done (good, well) in his studies this year. 2. It is not (good, well) for you to smoke. 3. I was (angry, angrily) at what he did. 4. He stormed (angry, angrily) out of the room. 5. It isn’t (bad, badly). 6. To the parents’ disgust, the child behaved very (bad, badly) at table. 7. He dreamed of acting (brave, bravely) in emergency. 8. He is a (brave, bravely) man. 9. This is quite (clear, clearly). 10.I can see (clear, clearly) what you mean. 11. She looked at him (cold, coldly). 12. The weather is (cold, coldly) today. 13. This is a (comfortable, comfortably) desk. 14. The English like to live (comfortable, comfortably).
15. He is (dangerous, dangerously) calm. 16. This road is (dangerous, dangerously). 17. Let’s look at it from (different, differently) angles. 18. The two sisters always reacted (different, differently). 19. This definition is not quite (exact, exactly). 20. Can you tell me (exact, exactly) when he will come? 21. He seems to be not very (happy, happily) about it. 22. They smiled (happy, happily). 23. The girl was (heavy, heavily) painted. 24. The case is too (heavy, heavily). 25. She sighed (helpless, helplessly). 26. She is quite (helpless, helplessly) with the child. 27. The work was done (perfect, perfectly). 28. The weather during the last few days has been (perfect, perfectly). 29. Walk (quiet, quietly), or you will wake the patient. 30. His voice was (quiet, quietly). 31. Your geography is (sad, sadly) at
fault. 32. It is (sad, sadly) that you have been ill such a long time. 33. She looked at me (sad, sadly). 34. The answer was not (satisfactory, satisfactorily). 35. You performed (satisfactory, satisfactorily). 36. Do you (serious, seriously) wish to go there? 37. Are you (serious, seriously) about going there? 38. The explanation was quite (simple, simply). 39. The problem can be solved quite (simple, simply).
Ex. 8. Translate into English, paying attention to the italicized words. Choose the right word in the brackets.
1. Вы часто пропускаете занятия в последнее время. Они поздно ложатся спать. В том году была поздняя весна, (late, lately)
2. Что-то было не так. Он набрал не тот номер телефона. Он дал неправильный ответ. Она неправильно с ним поступила, (wrong, wrongly)
3. Мы едва знаем друг друга. Они упорно работали. Она упорный работник, (hard, hardly)
4. Мы почти опоздали на поезд. Рядом с нашим домом есть небольшое озеро. Он всегда интересовался историей Ближнего Востока, (near, nearly)
Ex. 9. Translate into English.
1. Какой из его фильмов вам больше всего нравится? 2. Сделайте звук громче! 3. Чем больше вы будете читать по-английски, тем лучше вы будете знать язык. 4. Если ты будешь упорнее тренироваться, ты будешь бегать также быстро, как и я. 5. Она много практиковалась и теперь печатает в два раза быстрее, чем раньше. 6. Если бы мы поехали поездом, а не пароходом, то мы добрались бы туда в два раза быстрее. 7. Чем шире будет ваше образование, тем выше будут ценить ваши знания.
Ex. 10. Translate into English.
1. Я хорошо знаю свой город, но лучше всего я знаю центр. 2. Моя мама знает три языка, но лучше всего она говорит по-французски. 3. Мой брат встает позже меня. 4. Она одевается лучше всех в нашей группе. 5. Мой друг играет в шахматы лучше меня. 6. Рыбу ловить лучше рано утром. 7. Он водит машину осторожнее, чем его жена. 8. Они приходят сюда чаще всего летом. 9. Он знает английский лучше всех в группе. 10. Я гораздо больше люблю исторические книги. 11. На следующий день ему стало гораздо хуже. 12. На машине вы доберетесь туда быстрее всего. 13. На этот раз вы сделали работу тщательнее. 14. Новый врач относится к пациентам гораздо внимательнее, чем старый. 15. Он ездит на велосипеде еще быстрее меня. 16. Мой старший брат пришел еще раньше меня. 17. Он говорит по-английски еще медленнее
меня. 18. Он лучше всех написал тест. 19. Она читает гораздо больше меня. 20. В этом году занятия заканчиваются гораздо позже, чем в прошлом.
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Discuss with your partners. Are the words in italics adjectives or adverbs?
1.Fast food is a quick meal.
He finished his work quickly.
2. I know his parents well.
Sport is good for pur health.
3.His French is fluent.
I speak English fluently.
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1.Fast food is a quick meal. — adjective
He finished his work quickly. — adverb
2. I know his parents well. — adverb
Sport is good for pur health. — adjective
3.His French is fluent. — adjective
I speak English fluently. — adverb
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