Repetition of the same word

simple
repetition
– is the R of one & the same member of a sentence without any
strict regularity;

anaphora
– is the R of the beginning of some successive sentences of
clauses: a…, a…, a…;

epiphora
– is the R of the end of some successive sentences of clauses: …a,
…a, …a;

Framing
– is the R of the beginning of the in the end thus forming the
frame for the non-repeated part of the sentence. e.g. Nothing ever
happed in that little town, left behind by the advance of
civilization, nothing. The function of framing is to elucidate the
notion mentioned at the beginning of the sentence a..a;

catch
(anadiplosis)
–(…a, a…) is the R of the end of the clause or sentence is the
beginning of the following one. E.g. he was shaken, shaken &
embitted;

chain
(…a, a…b, b…c, c…) presents several successive catch
repetitions. E.g. A smile would come into his face. Smile extends
into laughter, the laughter into roar & the roar became general.
The main function of chain R is to develop logical reasoning;

successive
R:
…a, a, a… – is the stream of closely following each other
reiterated units. E.g. On her father’s being groundlessly suspected
she felt sure. Sure. Sure This is the most emphatic type of R which
signifies the pick of emotions of the speaker.

Detachment
is a syntactical stylistic device consisting in separating a
secondary part of a sentence with the aim of emphasizing it. e.g. She
rose up, pale & with fury in her eyes.

Parenthesis—
sentence, phrase or word, which is inserted in a longer passage
without being gram.ly connected with it, usually marked off by
brackets, dashes or commas.e.g. He came-just imagine what he looked
like- & said..

Suspense
is a deliberate postponement of the completing of the sentence.

SD
based on various types of connection

Asyndeton
is connection between parts of sentence without any conjunctions.

Polysyndeton
is a syntactical stylistic device based on repeated use of
conjunctions in close connection.

e.g.
The heaviest rain & snow & hale & sleet. Attachment
is a syntactical stylistic device based on the deliberate separation
of the second part of the utterance from the first one by a full
stop.

20.Parts of speech(Gram. Classes of Words)

The words of language,
depending on various formal & semantic features, are divided into
classes. The traditional gram. classes of words are called “parts
of speech”, since the word is distinguished not only by gram., but
also by semantico-lexemic properties, some scholars also refer to
parts of speech as lexico-gram. categories (Смирницкий). It
should be noted that the term “parts of speech” is purely
traditional & conventional. This name was introduced in the gram.
teaching of Ancient Greece, where no strict differenciation was drawn
between the word as a vocabulary unit & the word as a functional
element of the sentence.

In modern linguistics, parts of
speech are discriminated on the basis of the three criteria:
(Щерба).The semantic
criterion expresses the generalized meaning of all the words of a
given part of speech. The
formal criterion
exposes the specific inflexional & derivational (word-building)
features of part a part of speech. The functional
criterion concerns the syntactic role of words in the sentence,
typical of a part of speech. These 3 factors of categorical
characterization of words are referred to as ‘meaning’, form &
function.The three-criteria characterization of parts of speech was
developed & applied to practice in Soviet linguistics. Vinogradov
in connection with the study of Rus. Grammar, Smirnitsky, Ilyish in
connection with their study of E. Grammar. Alongside of the
3-criteria principle of dividing the words into gram. classes modern
linguistics has developed another, narrower principle based on
syntactic featuring of words only.

On the material of Rus., the
principle of syntactic approach to the class-n of word-stock were
outlined in the works of Peshkovsky. The principles of syntactic
class-n of E. words were worked out by L. Bloomfield, Harris &
esp. Ch. Fries. He chooses tape-recorded spontaneous
conversations which lasted 50 hours. The 3 typical sentences are:
Frames:A The concert was good (always).B The clerk remembered the tax
(suddenly).C The team went there. As a result he divides the words
into 4 classes: class I, II, III, IV, which correspond to the
traditional nouns, verbs, adj.s & adverbs. class
I includes all words
which can be used in the position of the words ‘concert’ (frame A),
clerk & tax (frame B), team (frame C), subject & object.
Class II —
have the position of the words ‘was’, ‘remembered’, ‘went’ in the
given frames, i.e. in the position of the predicate or part of the
predicate. Class III
— the position of
‘good’, & ‘new’, i.e. in the position of the predicative or
attribute. & the words of class
IV — in the position
of ‘there’ in Frame C, i.e. of an adverbial modifier. These classes
are subdivided into subtypes.Ch. Fries sticks to the positional
approach. such words as man, he, the others, another belong to class
I as they can take the position before the words of class II, i.e.
before the finite verb. Besides the 4 classes, Fries finds 15 groups
of function words. Following the positional approach, he includes
into one & the same group the words of quite different types.
group A includes all words, which can take the position of the
definite article ‘the’, such as: no, your, their, both, few, much,
John’s, our, four, twenty. But Fries admits, that some of these words
may take the position of class I in other sentences. Thus, this
division is very complicated, one & the same word may be found in
different classes due to its position in the sentence. So Fries’ idea
doesn’t reach its aim to create a new classification of classes of
words.

Today scholars believe that it
is difficult to classify E. parts of speech using one criterion. Some
Soviet linguists class the E. parts of speech according to a number
of features. 1)Lexico-gram. meaning: (noun — substance, adj. —
property, verb — action, numeral – number, etc).2)Lexico — gram.
morphemes: (-er, -ist, -hood — noun; -fy, -ize — verb; -ful, -less —
adj., etc). 3)Gram. categories & paradigms. 4)Syntactic functions
5)Combinability (power to combine with other words). In accord with
the described criteria, words are divided into notional &
functional. To the notional
parts of speech of the E. language belong the noun, the adj., the
numeral, the pronoun, the verb, the adverb. To the basic
functional series of
words in E. belong the article, the preposition, the conjunction, the
particle, the modal word, the interjection. The difference between
them may be summed up as follows:) Notional
parts of speech
express notions & function as sentence parts (subject, object,
attribute, adverbial modifier). 2) Notional
parts of speech have
a naming function & make a sentence by themselves: Go! 3)
Functional words
(or form-words) cannot be used as parts of the sentence & cannot
make a sentence by themselves. 4) Functional
words have no naming
function but express relations. 5) Functional
words have a
negative combinability but a linking or specifying function. E.g.
prepositions & conjunctions are used to connect words, while
particles & articles — to specify them.

Pr. Ilyish objects to the
division of words into notional & functional parts of speech. He
says that prepositions & conjunctions are no less notional than
nouns & verbs, as they also express some relations &
connections existing independently. Each part of speech is further
subseries in accord with various particular semantico-functional &
formal features of the words. Thus, nouns are subdivided into proper
& common, animate & unanimate, countable & uncountable,
conctrete & abstract. E.g. Mary-girl, man-earth, can-water,
stone-honesty. This proves that the majority of E. parts of speech
has a field-like structure.

The theory of gram. fields was
worked out by V.G. Admoni on the material of the German language.
Every part of speech has words, which obtain all the features of this
part of speech. They are its nucleus. But there are such words which
don’t have all the features of this part of speech, though they
belong to it. Consequently, the field includes central &
peripheral elements. Because of the rigid word-order in the E.
sentence, E. parts of speech have developed a number of gram.
meanings & an ability to be converted. E.g. It’s better to be a
has-been than a never-was. He grows old. He grows roses. The
convertion may be written one part of speech. She took off her
glasses. Give me a glass of water.

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A type of Reduplication

This linguistic term for saying the same word twice in succession is «reduplication». (Alternative terms less commonly encountered include «duplication» or «doubling».)

You are correct that the term «epizeuxis» is used only for cases where repetition is used for emphasis or to intensify meaning («Never never never give up!»)

For the case where reduplication is used to form a new meaning, I am not aware of a specific word. We could describe it as neologistic reduplication.

Reduplication has many functions depending on which language you are speaking. In English, it is very often epizeuxis. Interestingly, in Malay, for example, it is how plurals are formed (orang = man, orang-orang = men).

In English it can be used to to cute effect in creating words that might be considered kidspeak: mama, dada, nana, boo-boo, wee-wee, tum-tum, etc.

It is also quite common in English to form reduplicatives where one vowel changes: riff-raff, sing-song, ding-dong, tip-top, wishy-washy, dilly-dally, chit-chat, mumbo-jumbo, namby-pamby, roly-poly, and so on. These are usually considered to be a type of reduplication.

Repetition and Parallelism can be a tricky area in literature. Many literature students find these two devices to be similar. However, there is a distinct difference between repetition and parallelism. The main difference between repetition and parallelism is that repetition focuses more on the semantics whereas parallelism focuses more on syntax.

What is Repetition

Repetition is a rhetorical device that involves the repetition of the same word, phrase or sentence. This device, used both in prose and poetry, adds emphasis and power to the literary piece. Repetition is also a good way to ensure that your audience remembers the story; this is why many orators use the technique of repetition.

Repetition can be classified into different types based on the structure of the repetition, and each of these types has unique names. Given below are some examples of these types.

Anaphora:  Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several subsequent clauses or phrases.

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness..”

(A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens)

Epiphora: Repetition of the same word at the end of every line.

“Sweet Portia,

If you did know to whom I gave the ring,

If you did know for whom I gave the ring

And would conceive for what I gave the ring”

(Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare)

Symploce: Combination of anaphora and epiphora. Repetition is both at the end and at the beginning.

The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes,
The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes . . ..”

(The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot )

Polyptoton: Repetition of the words with the same root but different endings.

“How the danger sinks and swells,—
By the sinking or the swelling in the anger of the bells”

(The Bells by Edgar Allen Poe)

Anadiplosis: Repetition of the last word or phrase of one line as the first word of the next.

“The mountains look on Marathon – And Marathon looks on the sea…”

(The Isles of Greece by Lord Byron)

What is Parallelism

Parallelism can be defined as the juxtaposition of two or more identical or equivalent syntactic constructions, especially those expressing the same sentiment with slight modifications, introduced for rhetorical effect. In simple terms, it is the use of components that are grammatically the same or are similar in construction, meaning or sound. It is created by using other rhetorical devices such as anaphora, antithesis, epistrophe, and asyndeton. Parallelism either joins similar concepts to show their connection or juxtaposes opposing concepts to show their difference. Given below are some examples of parallelism.

“Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” – John F. Kennedy

“We make a living by what we get; we make a life by what we give.” —Winston Churchill

When the going gets tough, the tough get going. 

Like mother, like daughter

To generalize about war is like generalizing about peace. Almost everything is true. Almost nothing is true. (The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien)

Difference Between Repetition and Parallelism

Definition

Repetition a rhetorical device that involves the repetition of the same word, phrase or sentence.

Parallelism is a literary device that juxtaposes two or more similar syntactic constructions, especially those expressing the same idea with slight modifications.

Repetition

Repetition refers to the repetition of words, phrases, or clauses.

Parallelism refers to the repetition of the structure.

Focus

Repetition focuses more on the meaning.

Parallelism focuses more on the structure.

Categories

Repetition can be categorized into different groups.

Parallelism can be created using different types of repetition.

Reference:

Boundless. “Repetition and Parallelism.” Boundless Communications. Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 18 Feb. 2016 from here

Asked by: Prof. Neal Ullrich

Score: 5/5
(64 votes)

Stylistic devices play the greatest role in the analysis of any kind of literary text. Among other figures of speech, repetition is one of the widely used syntactic stylistic devices.

What is repetition in stylistics?

Repetition Definition Repetition is a literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few times to make an idea clearer. There are several types of repetitions commonly used in both prose and poetry.

Is repetition a literary device?

Repetition is a literary device that involves using the same word or phrase over and over again in a piece of writing or speech. Writers of all kinds use repetition, but it is particularly popular in oration and spoken word, where a listener’s attention might be more limited.

Is repetition a rhetorical technique?

Quite simply, repetition is the repeating of a word or phrase. It is a common rhetorical device used to add emphasis and stress in writing and speech. Repetition is widely used in both poetry and prose; throughout all genres and forms of literature and oral tradition.

What literary device involves repetition?

Anaphora. The literary device in which a phrase or word is repeated at the beginning of consecutive lines or clauses is known as anaphora. Apart from adding emphasis to the selected words, it contributes to the rhythm of a poem. The opposite of anaphora is epiphora.

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