Remember the word book

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Of course, there are those students that this works for, but from what I have seen very few.  And the few that it works for they are, I am pretty sure, doing something else, probably unconsciously, to enable this to happen.  I will not pursue this right here as to what they might be doing, but by all means, if you are one of them and you are aware of what you do, I would be very pleased to hear from you.

So what is a good method?  To understand that, we need to have a fundamental understanding of how our brain works.  I will not be talking here about neurones, synapses etc. Instead, I will be reflecting here on commonsense understandings we can all come to, based on our own experiences.  You will find that there is, in fact, a lot of research to substantiate what I am about to share.

In life, we do not usually set out to remember things but we do.  When we walk down the street and see a butcher in a shopping area close to where we are now staying, if we are interested in cooking or we have been asked to buy some meat, we will put that into our memory.  We make no real effort to memorise, but we do put it into our memory. How?  By linking it to our needs, which is important to us now, or what think might be important to us later.  I am sure that there are many people who would walk past the same butcher and not even notice it.  Why? Because it has no value or interest to them at that point in time.

Here is a very important key, that is overlooked.  Memory works best when we are dealing with things that are important to us, there and then.  The second thing to note is that there these links were made to our life, to what was already in our brain.  From all the research we know that memory works best when the new item is hooked into what we already know.  So the more the hooks, or the links, the more likely that we are going to recall the item… and the more personal and immediate are the links, the more chance we are going to remember it.

So let’s give you an example. For argument’s sake, say you want to learn the meaning of “bottle”.  Note, I didn’t say memorise.  Well, let’s say you came across it in a picture dictionary, or an article and you looked it up in your dictionary…  for now, let’s say a bilingual one.

You see the word or the picture of a bottle and you will immediately know the meaning, but how will you retain the meaning of that word…or how will you avoid forgetting it…or how will you put it into your working memory?

The trick is to put it into your life, into sentences in the language you are learning.  If you use your mother tongue, you will be asking your brain to do gymnastics of the kind that are difficult.  Remembering words in two languages at the time you are speaking one is difficult, and this is because different languages occupy different parts of the brain. In other words, when you speak one, stay in the one you are speaking.

Ideally write 3 sentences, each of which is personal, the more feeling, or memories they evoke in themselves the better they will be.

# My new shampoo comes in a lovely blue bottle.

# I dropped a bottle of milk yesterday and my sister got angry with me.

# That bottle of perfume that my wife just bought has a gorgeous scent.

Compare this sentence to The bottle is on the table. There is no personal element, does not appear to evoke anything and in fact, is a dreadfully dull sentence. So this is the kind of sentence you need to avoid creating or using.

This process might seem cumbersome at first ( and it is for a time! ) but once you get the hang of it, and use it time and time again, you will learn to do it so fast that you will be hardly aware that you are doing it.

Another reason why this method works well is that you have mobilized your brain to get the new language involved in your life.  AND you have been forced to make sentences, hence you have made linguistic contexts for the new words.  Can you see now why it is much much more likely that once you have done this, you will never forget the word in question, or if you do, it will only be a temporary lapse? And because you have placed it into a linguistic context, you have also strengthened the language you are learning at the same time. Now isn’t that a bonus.

There are clearly other issues in how to remember vocabulary in an effective way but this technique I have just shown you will transform your mnemonic skills.  That is of course if you utilize the technique and persist with it! For a more in-depth look at how this can work and fit into your overall strategies in learning a language, do check out my recently released book, Language Learning Unlocked.

For those of you who would like to listen to this post, here it is: 

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

вспомнить слово

запомните слово

помнить слова

запомнить слова

«Помните слово

Every time you try to express a thought to yourself, but can’t remember the word, write it down in your memorization software.

Каждый раз, когда вы пытаетесь объяснить мысль самому себе, но не можете вспомнить слово, запишите его в вашу программу для запоминания.

Abrams has shown that showing people a picture of a motorcycle can help them remember the word «biopsy.»

Абрамс показала, что если показать людям изображение мотоцикла, это поможет им вспомнить слово биопсия (biopsy).

You will not remember the word if it doesn’t take any effort to understand it.

Вы не запомните слово, если вы не приложили усилий, для того, чтобы понять его.

The very word ‘sanskrit’ means transformed, adorned, crowned, decorated, refined — but remember the word ‘transformed’.

Само слово «санскрит» означает что-то преображенное, украшенное, коронованное, очищенное, но запомните слово «преображенное».

Remember the Word to Your servant, upon which You have caused me to hope.

Дай мне, рабу Твоему, помнить слова Твои, на которые Ты велел мне уповать.

ZAIN. Remember the word for thy servant, upon which thou hast caused me to hope.

Вспомни слово к рабу Твоему, на которое уповать Ты повелел мне.

Remember the word «mente» — this is what everyone calls fake, including alcohol, in Bulgaria.

Запомните слово «менте», так называют в Болгарии все фальшивое, в том числе и алкоголь.

Remember the word that you commanded your servant Moses, ‘If you are unfaithful, I will scatter you among the peoples.

Пожалуйста, вспомни слово, которое ты дал своему служителю Моисею, сказав: Если вы проявите неверность, то я рассею вас среди народов.

This is the basic law of the nervous system called reflex, which means in Latin «reflection»; remember the word «reflector».

Таков основной закон работы нервной системы, носящий название рефлекса, что значит по-латыни «отражение»; вспомним слово «рефлектор».

SpanishDict is a really useful app to have, especially if you’re in Spain and wanting to speak but you can’t remember the word for something.

SpanishDict действительно полезное приложение, особенно если вы в Испании и хотите говорить, но вы не можете вспомнить слово для чего-то.

The word «lethologica» describes the state of not being able to remember the word you want

Слово «lethologica» описывает состояние не в состоянии вспомнить слово, которое вы хотите.

There is a scene in the new comedy, «While We’re Young,» in which no one can remember the word «marzipan.»

В новом комедийном фильме под названием «Пока мы были молоды» есть сцена, в которой никто не может вспомнить слово «марципан».

Here are a few more examples: If you can’t remember the word «garage,» you could say it’s «the place where you park your car at home.»

Вот еще несколько примеров: Если вы не можете вспомнить слово «garage,» вы могли бы сказать, что это «the place where you park your car at home.»

What we have is a fluidlike energy source, which is technically known as an energy medium or substrate, (remember the word «medium,») and which exists everywhere throughout the known universe.

Все, что у нас есть, — источник похожей на жидкость энергии, технически известной как энергетическая среда или субстрат (запомните слово «среда»), и существующий везде в известной Вселенной.

Here are a few more examples: If you can’t remember the word «garage,» you could say it’s «the place where you park your car at home.»

Вот еще несколько примеров: если вы не можете вспомнить слово «garage», вы можете сказать, что это «место, где вы припарковываете свой автомобиль возле дома».

He wants to learn vocabulary, yet just at the moment when he exercises his concentration in order to remember the word, «imagination gets mixed up with the facts» and then his mind is in a muddle.

Он хочет пополнить словарный запас, но как раз в тот момент, когда он концентрирует свое внимание, чтобы вспомнить слово «воображение путается с фактами».

I can’t remember the word.

(Remember the word «fulfill» it will be useful later).

Remember the word which I told you

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 87. Точных совпадений: 87. Затраченное время: 143 мс

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If you can memorize new vocabulary faster, you can learn a language faster too!  So, how do you memorize vocabulary faster and more effectively? Here are 10 proven memory hacks you should use!

How long it takes to learn a language? Well, that largely depends on your memory. What techniques should you use to help you to remember words in a foreign language? Simple. Use memory hacks! 

But first, let me dispel a common myth that you’re probably thinking. You don’t, I repeat, you DON’T have a bad memory. Just because you haven’t learned a language as quickly as you’d like or you forgot where you left your keys, that doesn’t mean you have a bad memory. You just didn’t make it a priority to remember.

Maybe you were multitasking and didn’t pay attention to where you put your keys or you have had something else on your mind. It happens. It’s totally normal and happens to all of us.

Our memory is a muscle. To build a good memory we just need to use simple techniques and methods for it to reach its full potential. Think of it like following a curated fitness programme with daily workout videos that help you build a strong and healthy body. Your memory is the same. It works best when it has been “trained” when it has a framework to work with.

The same can be said when it comes to remembering new words in a foreign language. Just because you see a word once, twice or even a hundred times, it doesn’t mean you’ll automatically remember it and so you can use it in a conversation. 

We often talk about people with great memories as though it were some sort of an innate gift, but that is not the case. Great memories are learned. — Joshua Foer, Author of Moonwalking with Einstein

Memory can be trained just like any muscle, and you know what else? Learning a foreign language is actually an excellent way to improve your memory and your overall cognitive abilities. The more you learn, the easier it becomes to memorize new information. 

So, trust me when I say, you’re NOT missing the so-called “language learning gene”. The only thing you ARE missing are these top 10 proven techniques that will 10x your memory so you can remember more and learn languages faster! I’ve used each of these memory techniques and continue to use many of them to learn Italian, Norwegian, French and Afrikaans.

But first, it’s important to understand…

How does our Memory Work? 

Oxford Languages defines memory as ‘the faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information’. Seems clear enough. But how does it actually work? Well, there are three main processes involved: encoding, storage, and recall.

The process of memory begins with encoding: acquiring or learning new information. Simply put, to remember something you need to learn it first. We take in information through different channels, but as we take it in we also analyze it and adapt it so it can be stored in our brain. 

This new information is usually encoded in one of the four ways: acoustically (how something sounds); visually (the way something looks); semantically (what something means); or in a tactile or elaborative way (how something feels and connects to other things). 

For example, if you’ve just met someone at a party and you want to remember their name you can repeat their name out loud, associate it with the way the person looks, place the name in a specific context or setting (like the exact place where you’ve met), or rely on the connections you can make with this name or person (maybe you know someone else with the same name). 

After the information has been encoded, it goes to storage so that we can recall, or use it later. This is what most people think about when they talk about memory.

The effect between short-term and long-term memory

There are two types of storage. When you first encounter something new, first, this information goes to your short-term memory. From here, it is either forgotten or, if needed and stored correctly, goes to your long-term memory. 

Short-term memory is very brief (hence the name!), lasting 15-30 seconds and can hold between 5 and 9 (the average number is 7) items of information. Your short-term memory is at work when you do something like read a list of words and then immediately repeat them. It helps you to quickly obtain the information you need at the moment, while you are performing a task, but it’s highly likely you will forget this information afterwards. 

Our long-term memory has a much longer time span (from a few minutes to a lifetime) with practically unlimited capacity. For information to be transferred from your short-term memory into your long term memory, you need to repeat it or interact with it at least a few times. 

The final step of the process is retrieval. This is where you access information stored in your memory. There are two different types of retrieval: recall and recognition. When you recognize something, you have some form of a clue that helps you retrieve information. You can often quite easily recognize new vocabulary when you are reading a text. But recalling it without any cues when you need to produce it in a conversation can be much harder. 

Here’s a fun video to help bring the process of memory to life.

Why do we forget? 

One of the main reasons for forgetting is actually failing to retrieve information. So, the information may still be somewhere there in your brain, but, you just can’t access it. 

In 1885, a German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus conducted an experiment in which he tested how well he remembered a list of nonsense syllables over increasingly longer periods of time. Using the results of his experiment, he created what is now known as the ‘Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve’.  

He found out that the forgetting curve is exponential in nature. After you have just learned something, memory retention is 100%. However, it drops rapidly to 40% within just a few days. After that, the declination of memory retention slows down again. 

He also found out that if you repeat or practice something a lot, the information is stored more strongly and the forgetting curve becomes much more shallow. Basically, you are faced with a use-it-or-lose-it situation, and the first few days are absolutely essential. 

Here’s a little explainer video to show The Forgetting Curve process.

So, what can you do to improve your memory?

With the following 10 super effective memory hacks, you’ll learn how to memorize vocabulary, store it in your memory longer, and retrieve it easier. 

Let’s dive in!

10 Proven Memory Hacks: How to Memorize New Vocabulary Faster 

1. Use spaced-repetition

As we’ve seen above, repetition is key to storing information in long-term memory. Spaced repetition is a popular method with polyglots and the language learning community in general.

Spaced repetition works by presenting you with information right before you forget it to make sure that it stays fresh in your mind. You don’t mindlessly repeat information over and over again; you repeat it across increasing intervals of time. 

For example, say you’ve learned some Italian greetings and other useful Italian phrases before your trip to Italy. You repeat them a few minutes later, then a few hours, then a day, then a few days, then a week…You get the idea! 

Spaced repetition is designed to ‘fight’ the forgetting curve and trains your brain by ‘lifting heavier and heavier weights’ so you can recall information at longer intervals. 

One of the first spaced-repetition algorithms was the Leitner flashcard system. The system was based on paper flashcards (does anyone still make those?) that in the process of learning were divided into different levels and placed into different boxes. Flashcards of different levels were repeated with a different frequency. For instance, Level 1 cards every day, Level 2 cards every two days, Level 3 cards every four days, Level 4 cards every eight days, and so on. 

The Leitner system can be quite cumbersome and laborious: not only do you need to make vocabulary cards, but to find some boxes to store them in, as well as to remember to move cards from level to level as you learn the words and phrases. Fortunately, nowadays you don’t have to do this. Various websites and language learning apps were created with the use of spaced repetition to help you memorize vocabulary more effectively.

Here are a few examples: Memrise, Anki, Quizlet, TinyCards, Memorion, Traverse. These apps may differ from each other slightly, but the main idea of spaced repetition is there. Most of them are free or have a free version – try them out for yourself and see which one you like better. 

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Related: Memrise vs Duolingo: Which Language App is Best For You?

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2. Convert new words to pictures

We are visual creatures. About 80-90% of the information we absorb is visual. A large percentage of us (65-80%) are visual learners. We recall information supported by images much more effectively. So, why not use images and visual learning to memorize vocabulary? 

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Related: What type of language learner are you?

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Here’s one of the ways you can do it. Look at the word you want to remember. Does it remind you of something? Do the characters look like or resemble a similar word in your native language or another language you know?

Some languages have done part of the job for you. If you are learning Chinese or Japanese, there are some characters that are based on real objects and actually look like them. Here is the Japanese character that means tree: 木. It may not be the way you would draw a tree, but it is pretty easy to convert this character into a memorable mental image. 

Let’s take a look at another example. The Spanish word for ‘bench’ is ‘banco’, which is very similar to the word ‘bank’. The solution is simple: draw a mental picture of a bench near a bank, and you’ll have no problem remembering this word. The Spanish word for ‘cat’ is ‘gato’ and it is quite similar to its English equivalent – you can also imagine the letter ‘g’ being the curled tail of this furry pet. 

To sum it up, the main idea behind this technique is to draw a mental picture based on the word’s shape, meaning, and/or sound. Creating this additional association with the word will help you store it in your memory longer and recall it easier.

3. Create your own ‘Memory Palace’

Memory palace – sounds fancy, doesn’t it? Well, it is also a powerful way to memorize vocabulary. 

The technique was developed by ancient Greeks, but it doesn’t make it any less effective. Many people use it today to remember all sorts of information such as cards in a game of poker, names at a party, formulas needed for an exam, grocery lists, and, of course, vocabulary. 

A memory palace is a place you visualise in your mind where you can store mnemonic images and other information. It doesn’t have to be an actual palace – in fact, it works much more effectively if you imagine a place that you know well, like your home or office. 

Creating a memory palace works by creating a strong association of the word with an image and, in this case, a physical location. 

Here’s how you build a memory palace:

1. Imagine a place you know well in your mind, like your home or office.
2. Map your way through it: entering the front door, walking along the corridor, entering rooms, etc. Imagine the furniture you see on your way and other objects.
3. Take a list of what you need to memorize – say, some new vocabulary – and place the items or words along your way. 
4. To make it even more memorable, make the objects and words you remember interact with the location and create other associations if possible. For instance, ‘el gato’ (the cat) can meet you at the gate scratching at the gate-post. 

Try it out! I’m sure the memory palace you build will be like no other – and that it will help you memorize vocabulary really well.

Watch this video by Joshua Foer to learn how to create your own memory palace.

Also worth checking out is his popular TED talk

4. ‘Stack’ your words with the Stacking Method.

A stack is a neatly arranged pile of objects put one on top of the other. You probably have at least one stack in your home: a stack of plates, books, DVDs, papers. But what does it have to do with memorizing vocabulary? 

You can also ‘stack’ information items to remember them better. Stacking works great with memorizing lists, like a grocery list, but it is also great for memorizing vocabulary, especially vocabulary on the same topic or united by some context. 

This method also relies on vivid visualization, but in this case, you don’t just create a vivid image for each vocabulary unit – you literally stack them one on top of the other.

Let us say you need to learn the names of some kitchen utensils in Italian. Start with a ‘tazza’, or ‘cup’. Imagine it vividly in your mind, the way it looks, the kind of shape it has. Then put a ‘piatto’ (plate) on top of the ‘taza’. What’s next? Maybe, a ‘forchetta’ (fork)? ‘Put’ it on the ‘piatto’ vertically and then try to balance something on it. 

It may sound just a tiny bit absurd, but it works! Creating a vivid image of a stack of ‘piatti’ (dishes) in your mind will help you remember the words better through a strong association. The more absurd the image, the better, as it’ll be more memorable to you.

The only drawback to this technique is that it puts the vocabulary units in a particular order, and retrieving them in any other order will be a bit harder.

5. Create fun mnemonics

Mnemonic devices or mnemonics are various techniques that help you store information in long-term memory and retrieve it more effectively. Mnemonics are based on creating meaningful associations with the information by using things such as images, memorable phrases, short poems, or even kinesthetic forms. 

Mnemonics work by building connections with the word. It becomes not just a word from a foreign language, but a concept connected to an image, a joke, a song, or something else. The stronger this image and this connection are, the better mnemonic devices work.

There are different kinds of mnemonics that you can use to memorize vocabulary:

• Acronyms or Expression Mnemonics – Take the first letters from the words that you need to remember and build a word or an acronym with them. For example, you can remember the points of the compass – North, East, West, and South – with the acronym ‘NEWS’. You can also take other words that begin with the same first letters and make a whole phrase with them. For instance, you can use the phrase ‘PLEASE EXCUSE MY DEAR AUNT SALLY’ to remember the names of mathematical operations: Parentheses, Exponents, Multiply, Divide, Add, and Subtract.
• Music Mnemonics – Remembering lyrics to a song is much easier than just remembering a text. The rhyming and the melody makes it easier to remember and also more fun. I can bet you still remember some nursery rhymes from your childhood. Do you remember the ‘ABC song’? This is an example of a music mnemonic. 
• Rhyming Mnemonics –  Things that rhyme are easier and more fun to remember as well. Here is an example of a rhyming mnemonic you can use to remember the number of days in each month of the year:30 days hath September, April, June, and November.
  All the rest have 31
  Except February my dear son.
  It has 28 and that is fine
  But in Leap Year it has 29.

• The Rhyming Peg System – The Peg system uses visual imagery to create a ‘hook’ or ‘peg’ from which to ‘hang’, or associate, your memories. It works like linking words that sound alike to create new associations. When they rhyme they tend to be more effective, but it’s not essential.. (11) See if you can remember this short list of words (say the numbers out loud): 

1. 1. Bun 
   2. Shoe 
   3. Tree
   4. Door
   5. Hive
   6. Sticks
   7. Heaven
   8. Gate
   9. Vine
   10. Hen

These are just a few examples. There are many more varieties of mnemonics and you can even mix and match them to create your own personal associations. 

Mnemonics can be used to learn the alphabet, vocabulary, grammar, and other aspects of the language. 

For example, many French students mix up these two common French prepositions – ‘au dessus’ (above), and ‘au dessous’ (below). Since they are similar in spelling, how can you remember them? By using a mnemonic, of course! 

A phrase you can use to help you remember the difference is: ‘If in the air you see a bus, it must be ‘au dessus’. If on the ground you see a mouse, it must be ‘au dessous’.’ 

Sound bizarre? That’s exactly why you’ll never mix up these two prepositions again!

This video perfectly explains how mnemonics work.

6. Share and Teach Others with The Protégé Effect

There’s an old Latin proverb that the best way to learn something, is to teach it to someone else. “By teaching, we learn,” – Roman philosopher Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC – 65 AD). This is also known as The Protégé Effect.

Does this really work and, if so, how? If we refer back to how our memory works, recalling information is one of the key processes involved in memorizing something. The more you use and interact with the information, the more effectively you’ll remember it. So, by teaching others and sharing your knowledge in a meaningful way, you’re actually helping to solidify your knowledge into your long-term memory.

Share with someone you know what you’ve learned. Let them ask you questions about it. This will help you identify not only practice what you’ve learned but also to make sure you’ve understood it yourself. No one home? Explain it to your “gato” (cat)! 

This works even if you’re a beginner. When you share your knowledge with other beginners, you’re not only consolidating for yourself what you’ve learned, but are building friendships and also more opportunities to recall this new information. Not only that, but learning together is fun too!

7. Always write it down

Very few people write things down nowadays. Let’s be honest, most of our lives are documented in an electronic format, either on our phones or laptops. There’s nothing wrong with this, but when it comes to actually remembering things, it’s much more effective to write things down. That’s right, using a pen and paper will actually help you remember more.  Why is this?

The Association for Psychological Science states that, “there is something about typing that leads to mindless processing. And there is something about ink and paper that prompts students to go beyond merely hearing and recording new information…”. 

One of the reasons why writing things down is so effective is because it requires more in-depth processing. We often summarize things into our own words too, which only adds to our interaction with the information. But it doesn’t stop there. The way we choose to organize information on the page, such as which parts to highlight to make them more visible also requires additional processing. 

Making good notes quite often means you don’t even need to refer to them later because you’ve already processed the material when you wrote them! 

Try it out! The next time you sit down to study, close Google docs, and physically write down what you’re learning. I guarantee you’ll retain more.

8. Memorise with little effort using The Goldlist Method

The Goldlist Method is another technique that is based on writing things down and popular with polyglots. The Goldlist Method works by writing down lists of expressions you want to learn in a notebook. Then, at least two weeks later, you copy them again, sorting out the expressions that you remember from those you don’t. As if by magic, you’ll see that you’ve remembered 30% of the expressions from each list without ever having studied them! No bad, right?! 

How to use the The Goldlist Method:

1. Divide a page into 4 sections, A, B, C, and D. In section A, write down a list of 20 vocabulary units you want to memorize. Read every phrase and its translation out loud. Put this list aside and “forget” about it, for now.
2. Over the next 13 days, create new lists with 4 new sections. 
3. On day 15, go back to the 1st list (Step 1) and test yourself by covering up the translation of the items into your native language. You will see that you remember about 30% – about 6 words/phrases from it. Copy the remaining 14 words into section B. 

You probably see where this is going. You repeat the process with all the other lists, then go back to the first one and do it all again. According to David James, the creator of the method, as long as you are relaxed and enjoying the process, you will naturally pick up a few items into your long-term memory each time. For the items you don’t remember, you simply learn on the next round. 

Watch this fantastci video by Lýdia Machová who explains how to use The Goldlist Method.

9. Focus makes progress!

So many things distract us throughout the day and that can keep us from really focusing learning languages. Do your best to cut out as many distractions as possible whenever you want to dedicate some time to learning your target language. If you’re at home, explain to members of your household that you need this time to study. If you are somewhere in public, try noise-canceling headphones or listening to relaxing ambient music to help you drown out the noises. Put your phone away or, if you are using a mobile app to learn, turn off all notifications quickly by switching to night mode. 

When you are focused and engaged, when you pay attention to what you are learning, you will retain much more from the learning session compared to when you are constantly distracted.

10. Combine words with images with Dual Coding 

Dual coding is where you combine both visual and verbal information. Developed by Allan Paivio of the University of Western Ontario in 1971, Paivio based his method on the idea that the formation of mental images aids learning. For example, you store the concept of a ‘cat’ in your mind as both the word and an image of a cat, and you can retrieve them together, or separately. 

Here are some examples of using dual coding in language learning: 

• Drawing out a historical timeline of events
• Using comics or storyboards to remember stories and texts 
• Visual note-taking with part of the information presented as images
• Flashcards that include images
• Visual cues used during quizzes 

As you’ve seen in the previously mentioned memory tips in,  creating visual associations are a really powerful tool which is why dual coding is so effective.

Have you ever used a visual dictionary with high-quality images illustrating each word? That’s dual coding!

Need help improving your memory?

If you’re lost in the weeds when it comes to effectively learning new words, check out the Your Solid Vocab Memory. This online was developed by my friend Kerstin Cable, an experienced language learner and teacher who really knows her stuff.  I always follow Kerstin’s tips, and this course is excellent. If you feel the need to stop chasing your tail and remember any word easily, take a look at Your Solid Vocab Memory.

This course has been one of my favourite resources of the year because it teaches you how to learn and remember vocab in 3 simple steps:

• GROW your word list with strategic goal setting and a solid system for taking notes in seconds
• MEMORIZE any word, even the ones you forget all the time, in less than a minute
• REVIEW with fun and easy methods, not overwhelming lists and card decks

Check out Your Solid Vocab Memory here – I know you’ll love it!

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Want to know more about learning languages? Start here!

• 22 Top Language Learning Resources You Should Use
• How to Learn Languages Like Crazy, Even If You Have a Crazy Life [3-Step Method]
• How long does it REALLY take to learn a language? [A Practical Guide]
• How to Get Fluent: 9 Reasons You’re Not Fluent…YET! [& What To Do Instead]
• 18 Unexpected Advantages & Health Benefits of Learning A Foreign Language
• 23 Cool Gift for Language Learners They Will Actually Use and Love
• Memrise vs Duolingo: Which Language App is Best For You?
• Mondly Review: 10 Ways Mondly Drastically Improved My Language Learning
• 203 Most Beautiful Untranslatable Words [The Ultimate List: A-Z]
• 6 Language Learning Tips: How to Learn a Language from Home
• What Type of Language Learner Are You? Your 4-Step Personalised Learning Plan
• 44 Best Movies on Disney Plus for Learning Languages
• 13 Ways to Seamlessly Integrate Language Learning into Your Daily Life
• 10 Pro Tips: How to Learn a Language with a Full-Time Job
• 7 Reasons Why You Should Go on a Language Holiday
• Essential Travel Phrases: How to be Travel Fluent in 10 Simple Steps
• How to Learn Your First Foreign Language in 8 Simple Steps: A Beginner’s Guide
• 11 Life-Changing Reasons Why You Should Learn a Language
• 42 beautiful Inspirational Quotes for Language Learners
• Language learning tips: 11 Polyglots Reveal The Secrets of Their Success
• Top 10 Best Ways to Learn a Language Better and Faster
• How Many Languages are there in the World?
• 78 FREE Dictionaries to Learn a Language Fast [Free eBook Download]
• 22 KEY Travel Phrases That Will Transform Your Travels [Free Guide]

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Over to you!

Which one of these memory tips and hacks will you try first? What is your current method for learning languages. Let me know using the comments section below or join me on social media to start a conversation. Remember, if you haven’t already done so, find out what type of language learner you are here.

Thanks for reading and I hope you enjoyed this post.

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Английский язык для 7-го класса
Предмет:	Английский язык
Класс:	7 класс
Автор учебника:	Афанасьева О.В. Михеева И.В.
Год издания:	2016
Издательство:
Кол-во заданий:
Кол-во упражнений:	541
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Описание задания[править | править код]

Read the text once very attentively and complete the sentences after it with the appropriate variants.

The Printed Word[править | править код]

The earliest books were written on tablets of wood or pieces of bark. In Greece and Rome the tablets of wood were covered with wax, and writing was impressed upon them with a small stick called «stylus». These tablets were held together on one side with thin strips of leather or metal rings. In Assyria and Babylonia clay tablets were used for writing, and the words were drawn with a piece of wood. After baking the tablets were kept on shelves just like books are kept today. Although the clay tablets didn’t look very beautiful, they were long-lasting and some of them survived until the present day. The earliest books of the ancient world were written on papyrus and skins of young animals. These books took the form of a long strip rolled from one cylinder to another. These writings were known to the Romans as uolumen from which comes the word volume. Though paper has been known in China since the first century, the secret of papermaking came to Europe much later.

Books were quite common in ancient Rome: we know that there were many booksellers and the first public library was founded there about 39 B.C. Only the rich could buy books or make their slaves copy books from important libraries. By the time of the Middle Ages all books were handwritten and often beautifully decorated. Libraries used to chain books to the shelves so that they could not be removed from the building. But very few people could read them. The invention of printing was a really great event in history. The first people to invent printing were the Chinese. In Europe there were several people who can be called inventors of printing. The best-known is Johann Gutenberg from Germany.

Printing spread quickly over Europe and by the end of the 15th century there were more than 200 presses. The early printers were not only craftsmen, but also editors, publishers and booksellers. The first printing press in England was set up by William Caxton at Westminster in 1476, and the first printing press in Russia — by Ivan Fedorov in Moscow in 1564. Printed books soon reached a very high standard and the craftsmen were rightfully proud of their work. Eventually there were more and more people in Europe who could read and they wanted more and more books. That led to opening more libraries.

Early libraries were used only by scientists and were few. By and by they grew in number and began to be used by the public. The 19th century saw the appearance of a proper system of public libraries. Now most countries have their own national libraries. Many old university libraries have rich collections of books: Oxford and Cambridge in England, Harvard and Yale Lierl in the United States. Among the great libraries of the world we can name the British Museum Library (the British Library) in London, the Library of Congress in the United States, the Beijing Library in China, the State Public Library in Moscow, Bibliotheque Nationale in France. The world’s largest is the US Library of Congress. It holds about 90 million items — books and manuscripts. The library was founded in 1800 in Washington, DC for the use of Congress and later became a public library. Bibliotheque Nationale dates back to the 17th century and he British Museum Library was set in the 18th century. The State Public Library in Moscow was founded in 1862 and has unique collections of books.

Modern libraries do their best to help people get information as quickly as possible. They use computers and electronic catalogues. Probably the most difficult problem for any library is to keep their books, journals and films. How they do it is a new story.

Задания к тексту[править | править код]

1. In ancient Rome people used to sell books
a) people used to sell books
b) rich people founded public libraries
c) a lot of people were able to read books in the libraries
d) slaves were not allowed to touch books
2. The US Library of Congress is as big as the British Museum Library
a) has only printed editions
b) is as big as the British Museum Library
c) is the oldest of all famous public libraries
d) is used not only by American congressmen

Перевод задания[править | править код]

Книгопечатание[править | править код]

Самые ранние книги были написаны на табличках из дерева или кусочках коры. В Греции и Риме деревянные таблички были покрыты воском, и на них выдавливали небольшой палочкой под названием «стилус». Эти таблички удерживались вместе на одной стороне с помощью тонких полосок кожаных или металлических колец. В Ассирии и Вавилонии глиняные таблички использовались для письма, а слова были выдавлены куском дерева. После выпечки таблетки хранились на полках, как книги сегодня. Хотя глиняные таблички выглядели не очень красиво, они были долговечны, и некоторые из них сохранились до наших дней. Самые ранние книги древнего мира были написаны на папирусе и шкурах молодых животных. Эти книги приняли форму длинной полосы, катящейся от одного цилиндра к другому. Эти писания были известны римлянам как свитки, из которого происходит слово объем. Хотя бумага была известна в Китае с первого столетия, секрет производства бумаги пришел в Европу гораздо позже.

Книги были довольно распространены в Древнем Риме: мы знаем, что было много продавцов книг, и первая публичная библиотека была основана там около 39 г. до нашей эры. Только богатые люди могли покупать книги или заставлять своих рабов копировать книги из важных библиотек. Ко времени средневековья все книги были написаны от руки и часто красиво украшены. Библиотеки приковывали книги к полкам, чтобы их нельзя было убрать из здания. Но мало кто мог прочитать их. Изобретение печати было действительно великим событием в истории. Первыми, кто изобрел печать, были китайцы. В Европе было несколько человек, которых можно назвать изобретателями печати. Самый известный — Иоганн Гутенберг из Германии.

Печать быстро распространилась по Европе, и к концу 15-го века было более 200 печатных машин. Первые печатники были не только мастерами, но и редакторами, издателями и продавцами книг. Первая печатная машина в Англии была создана Уильямом Кэкстоном в Вестминстере в 1476 году, а первая печатная машина в России — Иваном Федоровым в Москве в 1564 году. Печатные книги вскоре достигли очень высоких стандартов, и мастера по праву гордились своей работой. В конце концов, в Европе появлялось все больше и больше людей, которые могли читать, и они хотели все больше и больше книг. Это привело к открытию большего количества библиотек.

Ранние библиотеки использовались только учеными и были немногочисленными. Постепенно их стало больше и они стали использоваться обществом. В 19 веке появилась надлежащая система общественных библиотек. Сейчас в большинстве стран есть свои национальные библиотеки. Многие старые университетские библиотеки имеют богатые коллекции книг: Оксфорд и Кембридж в Англии, Гарвард и Йельский университет в Соединенных Штатах. Среди великих мировых библиотек можно назвать Британскую музейную библиотеку в Лондоне, Библиотеку Конгресса США, Пекинскую библиотеку в Китае, Государственную публичную библиотеку в Москве, Национальную библиотеку во Франции. Самой большой в мире является Библиотека Конгресса США. В нем хранится около 90 миллионов предметов — книги и рукописи. Библиотека была основана в 1800 году в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, для использования Конгрессом, а затем стала публичной библиотекой. Национальная библиотека датируется 17 веком, а Британская музейная библиотека была основана в 18 веке. Государственная публичная библиотека в Москве была основана в 1862 году и имеет уникальные коллекции книг.

Современные библиотеки делают все возможное, чтобы помочь людям получить информацию как можно быстрее. Они пользуются компьютерами и электронными технологиями. Наверное, самая трудная задача для любой библиотеки-сохранить свои книги, журналы и фильмы. Как они это делают-это новая история.

Вопросы к тексту[править | править код]

1. В древнем Риме люди продавали книги
а) люди продавали книги
б) богатые люди основали публичные библиотеки
в) многие люди могли читать книги в библиотеках
г) рабам не разрешали трогать книги
2. Библиотека Конгресса США такая же большая, как Библиотека Британского музея.
а) имеет только печатные издания
б) такая же большая, как Библиотека Британского музея
в) является старейшей из всех известных публичных библиотек
г) используется не только американскими конгрессменами

Другие задания учебника учебника[править | править код]