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A cell reference refers to a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and can be used in a formula so that Microsoft Office Excel can find the values or data that you want that formula to calculate.

In one or several formulas, you can use a cell reference to refer to:

Data from one or more contiguous cells on the worksheet.
Data contained in different areas of a worksheet.
Data on other worksheets in the same workbook.

For example:

This formula:	Refers to:	And Returns:
=C2	Cell C2	The value in cell C2.
=A1:F4	Cells A1 through F4	The values in all cells, but you must press Ctrl+Shift+Enter after you type in your formula. Note: This functionality doesn’t work in Excel for the web.
=Asset-Liability	The cells named Asset and Liability	The value in the cell named Liability subtracted from the value in the cell named Asset.
{=Week1+Week2}	The cell ranges named Week1 and Week2	The sum of the values of the cell ranges named Week1 and Week 2 as an array formula.
=Sheet2!B2	Cell B2 on Sheet2	The value in cell B2 on Sheet2.

Click the cell in which you want to enter the formula.
In the formula bar , type = (equal sign).
Do one of the following:
- Reference one or more cells To create a reference, select a cell or range of cells on the same worksheet.
  
  You can drag the border of the cell selection to move the selection, or drag the corner of the border to expand the selection.
- Reference a defined name To create a reference to a defined name, do one of the following:
  - Type the name.
  - Press F3, select the name in the Paste name box, and then click OK.
    
    Note: If there is no square corner on a color-coded border, the reference is to a named range.
Do one of the following:
- If you are creating a reference in a single cell, press Enter.
- If you are creating a reference in an array formula (such A1:G4), press Ctrl+Shift+Enter.
  
  The reference can be a single cell or a range of cells, and the array formula can be one that calculates single or multiple results.
  
  Note: If you have a current version of Microsoft 365, then you can simply enter the formula in the top-left-cell of the output range, then press ENTER to confirm the formula as a dynamic array formula. Otherwise, the formula must be entered as a legacy array formula by first selecting the output range, entering the formula in the top-left-cell of the output range, and then pressing CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER to confirm it. Excel inserts curly brackets at the beginning and end of the formula for you. For more information on array formulas, see Guidelines and examples of array formulas.

You can refer to cells that are on other worksheets in the same workbook by prepending the name of the worksheet followed by an exclamation point (!) to the start of the cell reference. In the following example, the worksheet function named AVERAGE calculates the average value for the range B1:B10 on the worksheet named Marketing in the same workbook.

1. Refers to the worksheet named Marketing

2. Refers to the range of cells between B1 and B10, inclusively

3. Separates the worksheet reference from the cell range reference

Click the cell in which you want to enter the formula.
In the formula bar , type = (equal sign) and the formula you want to use.
Click the tab for the worksheet to be referenced.
Select the cell or range of cells to be referenced.

Note: If the name of the other worksheet contains nonalphabetical characters, you must enclose the name (or the path) within single quotation marks (‘).

Alternatively, you can copy and paste a cell reference and then use the Link Cells command to create a cell reference. You can use this command to:

Easily display important information in a more prominent position. Let’s say that you have a workbook that contains many worksheets, and on each worksheet is a cell that displays summary information about the other cells on that worksheet. To make these summary cells more prominent, you can create a cell reference to them on the first worksheet of the workbook, which enables you to see summary information about the whole workbook on the first worksheet.
Make it easier to create cell references between worksheets and workbooks. The Link Cells command automatically pastes the correct syntax for you.

Click the cell that contains the data you want to link to.
Press Ctrl+C, or go to the Home tab, and in the Clipboard group, click Copy .
Press Ctrl+V, or go to the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click Paste .

By default, the Paste Options button appears when you paste copied data.
Click the Paste Options button, and then click Paste Link .

Double-click the cell that contains the formula that you want to change. Excel highlights each cell or range of cells referenced by the formula with a different color.
Do one of the following:
- To move a cell or range reference to a different cell or range, drag the color-coded border of the cell or range to the new cell or range.
- To include more or fewer cells in a reference, drag a corner of the border.
- In the formula bar , select the reference in the formula, and then type a new reference.
- Press F3, select the name in the Paste name box, and then click OK.
Press Enter, or, for an array formula, press Ctrl+Shift+Enter.

Note: If you have a current version of Microsoft 365, then you can simply enter the formula in the top-left-cell of the output range, then press ENTER to confirm the formula as a dynamic array formula. Otherwise, the formula must be entered as a legacy array formula by first selecting the output range, entering the formula in the top-left-cell of the output range, and then pressing CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER to confirm it. Excel inserts curly brackets at the beginning and end of the formula for you. For more information on array formulas, see Guidelines and examples of array formulas.

Frequently, if you define a name to a cell reference after you enter a cell reference in a formula, you may want to update the existing cell references to the defined names.

Do one of the following:
- Select the range of cells that contains formulas in which you want to replace cell references with defined names.
- Select a single, empty cell to change the references to names in all formulas on the worksheet.
On the Formulas tab, in the Defined Names group, click the arrow next to Define Name, and then click Apply Names.
In the Apply names box, click one or more names, and then click OK.

Select the cell that contains the formula.
In the formula bar , select the reference that you want to change.
Press F4 to switch between the reference types.

For more information about the different type of cell references, see Overview of formulas.

Click the cell in which you want to enter the formula.
In the formula bar , type = (equal sign).
Select a cell or range of cells on the same worksheet. You can drag the border of the cell selection to move the selection, or drag the corner of the border to expand the selection.
Do one of the following:
- If you are creating a reference in a single cell, press Enter.
- If you are creating a reference in an array formula (such A1:G4), press Ctrl+Shift+Enter.
  
  The reference can be a single cell or a range of cells, and the array formula can be one that calculates single or multiple results.
  
  Note: If you have a current version of Microsoft 365, then you can simply enter the formula in the top-left-cell of the output range, then press ENTER to confirm the formula as a dynamic array formula. Otherwise, the formula must be entered as a legacy array formula by first selecting the output range, entering the formula in the top-left-cell of the output range, and then pressing CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER to confirm it. Excel inserts curly brackets at the beginning and end of the formula for you. For more information on array formulas, see Guidelines and examples of array formulas.

1. Refers to the worksheet named Marketing

2. Refers to the range of cells between B1 and B10, inclusively

3. Separates the worksheet reference from the cell range reference

Click the cell in which you want to enter the formula.
In the formula bar , type = (equal sign) and the formula you want to use.
Click the tab for the worksheet to be referenced.
Select the cell or range of cells to be referenced.

Note: If the name of the other worksheet contains nonalphabetical characters, you must enclose the name (or the path) within single quotation marks (‘).

Double-click the cell that contains the formula that you want to change. Excel highlights each cell or range of cells referenced by the formula with a different color.
Do one of the following:
- To move a cell or range reference to a different cell or range, drag the color-coded border of the cell or range to the new cell or range.
- To include more or fewer cells in a reference, drag a corner of the border.
- In the formula bar , select the reference in the formula, and then type a new reference.
Press Enter, or, for an array formula, press Ctrl+Shift+Enter.

Note: If you have a current version of Microsoft 365, then you can simply enter the formula in the top-left-cell of the output range, then press ENTER to confirm the formula as a dynamic array formula. Otherwise, the formula must be entered as a legacy array formula by first selecting the output range, entering the formula in the top-left-cell of the output range, and then pressing CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER to confirm it. Excel inserts curly brackets at the beginning and end of the formula for you. For more information on array formulas, see Guidelines and examples of array formulas.

Select the cell that contains the formula.
In the formula bar , select the reference that you want to change.
Press F4 to switch between the reference types.

For more information about the different type of cell references, see Overview of formulas.

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Cell References in Excel (Table of Contents)

Introduction to Cell References in Excel
How to Apply Cell Reference in Excel?

Introduction to Cell References in Excel

All of you would have seen the $ sign in Excel formulas and Functions. The $ sign confuses a lot of people, but it is very easy to understand and use. The $ sign serves only one purpose in the excel formula. It tells excel whether or not to change the cell reference when the excel formula is copied or moved to another cell.

When writing a cell reference for a single cell, we can use any type of cell reference, but when we want to copy the cell to some other cells, it becomes important to use the correct cell references.

What is Cell Reference?

A cell reference is nothing but the Address of the cell used in the excel formula. In Excel, there are two types of cell references. One is Absolute reference, and the other is Relative reference.

What is Relative Cell Reference?

The cell reference without a $ sign will change every time it is copied to another cell or moved to another cell, and it is known as Relative cell reference.

What is an Absolute Cell Reference?

The cell references in which there is a $ sign before the Row or Column coordinates are Absolute references. In excel, we can refer to one and the same cell in four different ways, for example, A1, $A$1, $A1, and A$1. We will look at each type with examples in this article.

How to Apply Cell Reference in Excel?

Applying Cell References in Excel is very simple and easy. Let’s understand how to reference cells in Excel with some examples.

When a formula with relative cell reference is copied to another cell, the cell references in the formula changes based on the position of row and columns.

You can download this Cell References Excel Template here – Cell References Excel Template

Example #1 – Excel Relative Cell Reference (without $ sign)

Suppose you have sales details for the month of January, as given in the below screenshot.

There is Quantity sold in column C and Rate per KG in Column D. So to arrive at the Total Amount, you will insert the formula in Cell E2 = C2*D2.

After inserting the formula in E2, press the Enter key.

You will need to copy this formula in another row with the same column, say, E2; it will automatically change the cell reference from A1 to A2 because Excel assumes that you are multiplying the value in column C with the value in Column D.

Now drag the same formula in cell E2 to E17.

So as you can see, when using the relative cell reference, you can move the formula in a cell to another cell, and the cell reference will change automatically.

Example #2 – Excel Relative Cell Reference (Without $ Sign)

We already know that the absolute cell reference is a cell address with a $ sign in a row or column coordinates. The $ sign locks the cell so that when you copy the formula to another cell, the cell reference doesn’t change. So using $ in cell reference allows you to copy the formula without changing cell reference.

Suppose in the above example, the Rate per KG is given only in one cell, as shown in the below screenshot. Thus, the Rate per KG is given only in one cell instead of providing in each line.

So when we insert the formula in cell D2, we need to make sure that we lock the cell H2, which is the Rate Per KG for Apple. So the formula to enter in cell D2 =$G$2*C2.

After applying the above formula, the output is as shown below.

Now when you copy the formula to the next row, say cell D3. The cell reference for G2 will not change as we locked the cell reference with a $ sign. However, the cell reference for C2 will change to C3 as we have not locked the cell reference for Column C.

So now you can copy the formula to the below rows till the end of the data.

As you can see, when you lock the cell in cell reference in a formula, no matter where you copy or move the formula in excel, the cell reference in the formula remains the same. In the above formula, we saw the case where we lock an entire cell H2. Now there can be two more scenarios where we can use absolute reference in a better way.

Lock the row – Refer to Example 3 below
Lock the column – Refer to Example 4 below

As we already know in the cell reference, the columns are represented by words, and rows are represented by numbers. In the absolute cell reference, we have the option either to lock the row or column.

Example #3 – Copying the Formula

We will take a similar example of Example 2.

After applying the above formula, the output is shown below.

In this case, we are only locking row 2, so when you copy the formula to the below row, the row reference will not change as well as column reference will not change.

But when you copy the formula to the right, the column reference of H will change to I keeping row 2 as locked.

After applying the above formula, the output is shown as below.

Example #4 – Locking the Column

We will take a similar example of Example 2, but now we have the rate per KG for an apple in each line of Column G.

After applying the above formula, the output is shown below.

In this case, we are only locking column H, so when you copy the formula to the below row, the row reference will change, but the column reference will not change.

But when you copy the formula to the right, the column reference of H will not change, and the row reference of 2 will also not change, but the reference of C2 will change to D2 because it is not locked at all.

After applying the above formula, the output is shown below.

Things to Remember About Cell Reference in Excel

The key which helps in inserting a $ sign in the formula is F4. When you press F4 once, it locks the entire cell; when you press twice, it locks the row only, and when you press F4 thrice, it locks the column only.
There is one more reference style in excel, which refers to a cell as R1C1, where numbers identify both rows and columns.
Don’t use too many row/column references in the excel worksheet, as it may slow down your computer.
We can also use a mix of Absolute and Relative cell references in one formula depending on the situation.

Reference a cell in the current worksheet

If the cell you want to reference is in the same worksheet, follow the steps below to reference it.

Click the cell where you want to enter a reference to another cell.
Type an equals (=) sign in the cell.
Click the cell in the same worksheet you want to make a reference to, and the cell name is automatically entered after the equal sign. Press Enter to create the cell reference.

For example, we click the B3 cell, resulting in the cell containing the reference to display «=B3» and mirror any data changes made in B3.

Reference a cell from another worksheet in the current workbook

If the cell you want to reference is in another worksheet that’s in your workbook (the same Excel file), follow the following steps.

Click the cell where you want to enter a reference to another cell.
Type an equals (=) sign in the cell.
Click the worksheet tab at the bottom of the Excel program window where the cell you want to reference is located. The formula bar automatically enters the worksheet name after the equals sign. An exclamation point is also added to the end of the worksheet name in the formula bar.
Click the cell whose value you want to reference, and the formula bar automatically contains the cell name, after the worksheet name and exclamation point. Press Enter to create the cell reference.

For example, we have a spreadsheet containing two worksheets named «Data» and «Calculations.» In the Calculations worksheet, we want to reference a cell from the Data worksheet. We click the Data worksheet tab, then click the B3 cell, resulting in the formula bar displaying «=Data!B3» for the cell containing the reference. The data displayed in the Calculations worksheet mirrors the data in the B3 cell in the Data worksheet, and changes if the B3 cell changes.

Add two cells

You can perform mathematical operations on multiple cells by referencing them in a formula. For example, let’s add two cells together, using the + (addition) operator in a formula.

In a new worksheet, enter two values in cells A1 and A2. In this example, we’ll enter the value 5 in cell A1 and 6 in cell A2.
Click cell C1 to select it. This cell contains our formula.
Click inside the formula bar and type = to begin writing a formula.

Click cell A1 to automatically insert its cell reference in the formula.

Type +.

Click cell B1 to automatically insert its cell reference in the formula.

Press Enter. Cell C1, containing your formula, automatically updates its value with the sum of 5 and 6.

Now, if you change the values in cells A1 or B1, the value in C1 updates automatically.

Tip

You don’t have to click the cells to insert their cell reference in the formula. If you prefer, with cell C1 selected, type =A1+B1 in the formula bar and press Enter.

Add up a range of cells

You can reference a range of cells in a formula by inserting a colon (:) between two cell references.

For example, you can add a range of values using the SUM() function. In this example, we show how you can sum an entire row or column of values, by specifying the range between two cell references.

Create a worksheet with multiple values that you want to sum up. In this example, we have a list of employees and how many sales they made each quarter. We want to find the quarterly totals for all employees combined.
Let’s create one sum. First, select the cell where you want the result displayed.

Then, in the formula bar, type = to begin writing a formula. Then type the name of the function, SUM, and the open parenthesis (. Don’t close the parentheses yet. Inside the parentheses, we’re going to specify our range of cells to sum up.

Click the first value in the range. Here, we want to sum up the values in cells B2 through B5, so click the cell B2.

Now, press and hold the Shift key, and click cell B5. By holding Shift, you’re telling Excel that you want to add to your current selection, and include all the cells between. The cells are highlighted on your worksheet, and in the formula, the range B2:B5 is automatically inserted.

Press Enter to complete the formula. Excel automatically inserts the closing parenthesis ) to complete the formula, and the result is displayed in the cell B6.

You can repeat this process for each column to create sums for each quarter.

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What Do You Mean By Cell Reference in Excel?

A cell reference in Excel refers to other cells to a cell to use its values or properties. So in simple terms, if we have data in some random cell A2 and we want to use that value of cell A2 in cell A1, we can use =A2 in cell A1. So it will copy the value of A2 in A1. So it is called cell referencing in Excel.

For example, suppose you insert C1O. As a result, it will expand “Column C” and the “10th Row.” Likewise, we can also define or declare cell references to any location in the worksheet. We may also activate another way for cell reference, e.g., R7C7 from Excel “Options,” where R7 is Row 7 and C7 is Column 7.

What Do You Mean By Cell Reference in Excel?
- Explained
- Types of Cell Reference in Excel
- #1 How to Use Relative Cell Reference?
- #2 How to Use Absolute Cell Reference?
- #3 How to Use Mixed Cell Reference?
- Things to Remember
- Recommended Articles

Explained

Excel worksheet is made up of cells. Each cell has a cell reference.
Cell reference contains one or more letters or the alphabet followed by a number where the letter or alphabet indicates the column and the number represents the row.
Each cell can be located or identified by its cell reference or address, e.g., B5.
Each cell in an Excel worksheet has a unique address. The address of each cell is defined by its location on the grid. g. In the below-mentioned screenshot, the address “B5” refers to the cell in the fifth row of column B.

Even if we enter the cell address directly in the grid or name window, it will go to that cell location in the worksheet. Cell references can refer to either one cell, a range of cells, or entire rows and columns.

When a cell reference refers to more than one cell, it is called “range.” E.g., A1:A8 indicates the first 8 cells in column A. In between, a colon is used.

Types of Cell Reference in Excel

Relative cell references: It does not contain dollar signs in a row or column, e.g., A2. Relative cell reference type in ExcelIn Excel, relative references are a type of cell reference that changes when the same formula is copied to different cells or worksheets. Let’s say we have =B1+C1 in cell A1, and we copy this formula to cell B2 and it becomes C2+D2.read more changes when a formula is copied or dragged to another cell. In Excel, cell referencing is relative by default. It is the most commonly used cell reference in the formula.
Absolute cell references: Absolute cell reference Absolute reference in excel is a type of cell reference in which the cells being referred to do not change, as they did in relative reference. By pressing f4, we can create a formula for absolute referencing.read more contains dollar signs attached to each letter or number in a reference, e.g., $B$4. Suppose we mention a dollar sign before the column and row identifiers. It makes absolute or locks both the column and the row, i.e., where cell reference remains constant even if it is copied or dragged to another cell.
Mixed cell references in Excel: In Excel, mixed cell references contain dollar signs attached to either the letter or the number in a reference. E.g., $B2 or B$4. It is a combination of relative and absolute references.

Now, let us discuss each cell reference in detail –

You can download this Cell Reference Excel Template here – Cell Reference Excel Template

#1 How to Use Relative Cell Reference?

The below-mentioned pharma sales table below contains medicine “Products” in column C (C10:C16), “Quantity Sold” in column D (D10:D16), and “Total_Sales_Value” in column F, which we need to find out.

To calculate the total sales for each item, we need to multiply the price of each item by its quantity of that.

Let us check out the first item; for the first item, the formula in cell F10 would be multiplication in ExcelMultiplication in excel is performed by entering the comparison operator “equal to” (=), followed by the first number, the “asterisk” (*), and the second number.read more – D10*E10.

It returns the total sales value.

Instead of entering the formula for all the cells, we can apply a formula to the entire range. To copy the formula down the column, click inside cell F10 to see that the cell is selected. Then, select the cells till F16. So, that column range will get selected. Then, we will click “Ctrl+D” to apply the formula to the entire range.

Here, when you copy or move a formula with a relative cell reference to another row. Automatically, row references will change (similarly for columns also)

We can notice that the cell reference automatically adjusts to the corresponding row.

To check a relative reference, we must select any of the “Total _Sales_ Value” cells in column F, and we can view the formula in the formula bar. E.g., In cell F14, we can observe that the formula has been changed from D10*E10 to D14*E14.

#2 How to Use Absolute Cell Reference?

The below-mentioned pharma product table contains medicine “Products” in column H (H6:H12), and it’s “Old_Price” in column I (I6:I12), and “New_Price” in column J, which we need to find out with the help of absolute cell reference.

We can see that the rate for each product is increased by 5% effective from Jan 2019 and is listed in cell “K3”.

To calculate the “New_Price” for each item, we need to multiply the old price of each item by the percentage price increase (5%) and add the “Old_Price” to it.

Let us check out the first item. For the first item, the formula in cell J6 would be =I6*$K$3+I6, which returns the new price.

Here, the percentage rate increase for each product is 5%, a common factor. Therefore, we must add a dollar symbol in front of the row and column number for the cell “K3” to make it an absolute reference, i.e., $K$3. We can add it by clicking the “function+F4” key once.

Here the dollar sign for the cell “K3” fixes the reference to a given cell, where it remains unchanged no matter when you copy or apply a formula to other cells.

Here, $K$3 is an absolute cell reference, whereas “I6” is a relative cell reference. It changes when you apply it to the next cell.

Instead of entering the formula for all the cells, we can apply a formula to the entire range. To copy the formula down the column, click inside cell J6 to see that the cell has been selected. Then, we must select the cells till J12. So, that column range will get selected. Then click “Ctrl+D” so the formula is applied to the entire range.

#3 How to Use Mixed Cell Reference?

In the below-mentioned table, we have values in each row (D22, D23, and D24) and columns (E21, F21, and G21). Here, we have to multiply each column with each row with the help of a mixed cell reference.

We can use two mixed-cell references here to get the desired output.

Let us apply two types of mixed references below in cell “E22.”

The formula would be =$D22*E$21

#1 – $D22: Absolute column and Relative row

The dollar sign before column D indicates that only the row number can change. At the same time, the column letter D is fixed. It does not change.

When we copy the formula to the right side, the reference will not change because it is locked, but When you copy it down, the row number will change because it is not locked.

#2 – E$21: Absolute row and Relative column

The dollar sign right before the row number indicates only the column letter E can change. Whereas the row number is fixed; it does not change.

The row number will not change when copying the formula because it is locked. But when we copy the formula to the right side, the column alphabet will change because it is not locked.

Instead of entering the formula for all the cells, we can apply a formula to the entire range. Now, we will click inside cell E22. As a result, first, we will see that the cell is selected. Then, we will select the cells until G24 so that the entire range will get selected. Next, we will click on the “Ctrl+D” key and, later, “Ctrl+R.”

Things to Remember

The cell reference is a key element of formula or excels functions.
Cell references are used in Excel functions, formulas, charts, and various other Excel commandsVLOOKUP function, IF condition, CONCATENATE function, find MAXIMUM and MINIMUM values are the most commonly used excel commands.read more.
Mixed reference locks either of one. It may be a row or column, but not both.

What are Relative Cell References in Excel?

Let me take a simple example to explain the concept of relative cell references in Excel.

Suppose I have a data set shown below:

To calculate the total for each item, we need to multiply the price of each item with the quantity of that item.

For the first item, the formula in cell D2 would be B2* C2 (as shown below):

Now, instead of entering the formula for all the cells one by one, you can simply copy cell D2 and paste it into all the other cells (D3:D8). When you do it, you will notice that the cell reference automatically adjusts to refer to the corresponding row. For example, the formula in cell D3 becomes B3*C3 and the formula in D4 becomes B4*C4.

These cell references that adjust itself when the cell is copied are called relative cell references in Excel.

When to Use Relative Cell References in Excel?

Relative cell references are useful when you have to create a formula for a range of cells and the formula needs to refer to a relative cell reference.

In such cases, you can create the formula for one cell and copy-paste it into all cells.

What are Absolute Cell References in Excel?

Unlike relative cell references, absolute cell references don’t change when you copy the formula to other cells.

For example, suppose you have the data set as shown below where you have to calculate the commission for each item’s total sales.

The commission is 20% and is listed in cell G1.

To get the commission amount for each item sale, use the following formula in cell E2 and copy for all cells:

=D2*$G$1

Note that there are two dollar signs ($) in the cell reference that has the commission – $G$2.

What does the Dollar ($) sign do?

A dollar symbol, when added in front of the row and column number, makes it absolute (i.e., stops the row and column number from changing when copied to other cells).

For example, in the above case, when I copy the formula from cell E2 to E3, it changes from =D2*$G$1 to =D3*$G$1.

Note that while D2 changes to D3, $G$1 doesn’t change.

Since we have added a dollar symbol in front of ‘G’ and ‘1’ in G1, it wouldn’t let the cell reference change when it’s copied.

Hence this makes the cell reference absolute.

When to Use Absolute Cell References in Excel?

Absolute cell references are useful when you don’t want the cell reference to change as you copy formulas. This could be the case when you have a fixed value that you need to use in the formula (such as tax rate, commission rate, number of months, etc.)

While you can also hard code this value in the formula (i.e., use 20% instead of $G$2), having it in a cell and then using the cell reference allows you to change it at a future date.

For example, if your commission structure changes and you’re now paying out 25% instead of 20%, you can simply change the value in cell G2, and all the formulas would automatically update.

What are Mixed Cell References in Excel?

Mixed cell references are a bit more tricky than the absolute and relative cell references.

There can be two types of mixed cell references:

The row is locked while the column changes when the formula is copied.
The column is locked while the row changes when the formula is copied.

Let’s see how it works using an example.

Below is a data set where you need to calculate the three tiers of commission based on the percentage value in cell E2, F2, and G2.

Now you can use the power of mixed reference to calculate all these commissions with just one formula.

Enter the below formula in cell E4 and copy for all cells.

=$B4*$C4*E$2

The above formula uses both kinds of mixed cell references (one where the row is locked and one where the column is locked).

Let’s analyze each cell reference and understand how it works:

$B4 (and $C4) – In this reference, the dollar sign is right before the Column notation but not before the Row number. This means that when you copy the formula to the cells on the right, the reference will remain the same as the column is fixed. For example, if you copy the formula from E4 to F4, this reference would not change. However, when you copy it down, the row number would change as it is not locked.
E$2 – In this reference, the dollar sign is right before the row number, and the Column notation has no dollar sign. This means that when you copy the formula down the cells, the reference will not change as the row number is locked. However, if you copy the formula to the right, the column alphabet would change as it’s not locked.

How to Change the Reference from Relative to Absolute (or Mixed)?

To change the reference from relative to absolute, you need to add the dollar sign before the column notation and the row number.

For example, A1 is a relative cell reference, and it would become absolute when you make it $A$1.

If you only have a couple of references to change, you may find it easy to change these references manually. So you can go to the formula bar and edit the formula (or select the cell, press F2, and then change it).

However, a faster way to do this is by using the keyboard shortcut – F4.

When you select a cell reference (in the formula bar or in the cell in edit mode) and press F4, it changes the reference.

Suppose you have the reference =A1 in a cell.

Here is what happens when you select the reference and press the F4 key.

Press F4 key once: The cell reference changes from A1 to $A$1 (becomes ‘absolute’ from ‘relative’).
Press F4 key two times: The cell reference changes from A1 to A$1 (changes to mixed reference where the row is locked).
Press F4 key three times: The cell reference changes from A1 to $A1 (changes to mixed reference where the column is locked).
Press F4 key four times: The cell reference becomes A1 again.

You May Also Like the Following Excel Tutorials:

How to Copy and Paste Formulas in Excel without Changing Cell References
How to Lock Cells in Excel.
Excel Freeze Panes: Use it to Lock Row/Column Headers.
How to Lock Formulas in Excel.
How to Reference Another Sheet or Workbook in Excel
How to Find Circular Reference in Excel
Using A1 or R1C1 Reference Notation in Excel (& How to Change These)

Источник

Need more help?

Need more help?

Introduction to Cell References in Excel

How to Apply Cell Reference in Excel?

Example #1 – Excel Relative Cell Reference (without $ sign)

Example #2 – Excel Relative Cell Reference (Without $ Sign)

Example #3 – Copying the Formula

Example #4 – Locking the Column

Things to Remember About Cell Reference in Excel

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What Do You Mean By Cell Reference in Excel?

Table of contents

Explained

Types of Cell Reference in Excel

#1 How to Use Relative Cell Reference?

#2 How to Use Absolute Cell Reference?

#3 How to Use Mixed Cell Reference?

Things to Remember

Recommended Articles

What are Relative Cell References in Excel?

When to Use Relative Cell References in Excel?

What are Absolute Cell References in Excel?

What does the Dollar ($) sign do?

When to Use Absolute Cell References in Excel?

What are Mixed Cell References in Excel?

How to Change the Reference from Relative to Absolute (or Mixed)?