Study this example situation:
Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party too but they didn’t see each other. Paul went home at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o’clock. So:
When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn’t there. He had gone home.
Had gone is the past perfect (simple):
I/we/they/you or he/she/it had (= I’d etc./he’d etc.) gone/seen/finished etc.
The past perfect simple is had + past participle (gone/seen/finished etc.).
Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past:
* Sarah arrived at the party.
This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past perfect (had … ):
* When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.
Some more examples:
* When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.
* Karen didn’t want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film.
* At first I thought I’d done the right thing, but I soon realised that I’d made a serious mistake.
* The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn’t flown before./He had never flown before. Had done (past perfect) is the past of have done (present perfect).
Compare:
present perfect
* Who is that woman? I’ve never seen her before.
* We aren’t hungry. We’ve just had lunch.
* The house is dirty. They haven’t cleaned it for weeks.
past perfect
* I didn’t know who she was. I’d never seen her before. (= before that time)
* We weren’t hungry. We’d just had lunch.
* The house was dirty. They hadn’t cleaned it for weeks.
Compare the past perfect (I had done) and past simple (I did):
* ‘Was Tom at the party when you arrived?’ ‘No, he had already gone home.’ but ‘Was Tom there when you arrived?’ ‘Yes, but he went home soon afterwards.’
* Ann wasn’t at home when I phoned. She was in London. but Ann had just got home when I phoned. She had been in London.
EXERCISES
15.1 Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets.
1. You went to Jill’s house but she wasn’t there. (she/go/out) She had gone out.
2. You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn’t the same as before.
(it/change/a lot)
3. I invited Rachel to the party but she couldn’t come.
(she/arrange/to do something else)
4. You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late.
(the film/already/begin)
5. I was very pleased to see tim again after such a long time.
(I/not/see/him for five years)
6. I offered Sue something to eat but she wasn’t hungry.
(she/just/have/breakfast)
15.2 Read the situations and write sentences ending with before. Use the verb given in brackets.
1. The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight.
(fly) He had never flown before. OR He hadn’t flown before.
2. A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me.
(see) I — before.
3. Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasn’t very good at it because it was his first game.
(play) He —
4. Last year we went to Denmark. It was our first time there (be) We —
15.3 Use the sentences on the left to complete the paragraphs on the right. These sentences are in the order in which they happened — so (1) happened before (2), (2) before (3) etc. But your paragraph begins with the underlined sentence, so sometimes you need the past perfect.
1. (1) Somebody broke into the office during the night.
(2) _We arrived at work in the morning._
(3) We called the police
We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody had broken into the office during the night. So we —
2. (1) Ann went out.
(2) _I tried to phone her_ this morning.
(3) There was no answer.
I tried to phone Ann this morning but — no answer. She — out.
3. (1) Jim came back from holiday a few days ago.
(2) _I met him the same day._
(3) He looked very well.
I met Jim a few days ago. He — just — He —
4. (1) Kevin wrote to Sally many times.
(2) She never replied to his letters.
(3) _Yesterday he had a phone call from her._
(4) He was very surprised.
Yesterday Kevin — He — very surprised. He — many times but she —
15.4 Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (I had done etc.) or past simple (I did etc.).
1. ‘Was Tom at the party when you arrived?’ ‘No, he had gone (go) home.’
2. I felt very tire when I got home, so I — (go) straight to bed.
3. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody — (go) to bed.
4. Sorry I’m late. The car — (break) down on my way here.
5. We were driving along the road when we — (see) a car which. — (break) down, so we — (stop) to see if we could help.
15.1
2 It had changed a lot.
3 She had arranged to do something else./She’d arranged.
4 The film had already begun.
5 1 hadn’t seen him for five years.
6 She had just had breakfast./She’d just had.
15.2
2 I had never seen her before./I’d never seen.
3 He had never played tennis before./He’d never played.
4 We had never been there before./We’d never been there before. or … been to Denmark before.
15.3
1 called the police
2 there was … had gone I’d gone
3 had just come back from holiday/’d just come … looked very well
4 had a phone call from Sally was had written to her I ‘d written. had never replied to his letters/’d never replied.
15.4
2 went
3 had gone
4 broke
5 saw … had broken … stopped
ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN USE FOR INTERMEDIATE
15. PAST PERFECT (I had done)
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A |
Study this example situation:
When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn’t ·
The past perfect simple is had+ Sometimes we talk about something that · This is the starting point of the story. · Some more examples: · · · · |
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B |
Compare the present perfect (have
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C |
Compare the past simple (Left,
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EXERCISES
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15.1 |
Read the situations and write sentences
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15.2 |
For each situation, write a sentence
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15.3 |
Use the sentences on the left to
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15.4 |
Put the verb into the correct form,
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ANSWER
KEY
15.1
2 It had changed a lot.
3 She’d arranged to do something else. /She
had arranged …
4 The film had already started.
5 I hadn’t seen him for five years.
6 She’d just had breakfast. /She had just
had …
15.2
2 I’d never heard it before. /I had
never heard …
3 He’d never played (tennis) before. /He
had never played .. .
4 We’d never been there before. /We had
never been .. .
15.3
1 we called
2 there was … She’d gone /She had
gone
3 He’d just come back from /He had just
come back from … He looked
4 got a phone call He was He’d sent her
/He had sent her …
she’d never replied to them I
she had never replied to them
15.4
2 went
3 had gone
4 broke
5 saw … had broken … stopped
Помогите с англ.яз.
Task 2.
Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets. Use Past Perfect.
1) You went to Jill’s house but she wasn’t there. (she/go/out) She ________________________.
2) You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn’t the same as before.
(it/change/a lot) It _______________________________________________________.
3) I invited Rachel to the party but she couldn’t come.
(she/arrange/to do something else) She ____________________________________________.
4) You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late.
(the film/already/begin) The film _________________________________________________.
5) I was very pleased to see him again after such a long time.
(I/not/see/him for five years) I ___________________________________________________.
6) I offered Sue something to eat but she wasn’t hungry.
(she/just/have/breakfast) She ____________________________________________________.
Task 3.
Open the brackets and put the verbs into Past Simple or Past Perfect.
1) Helen ________________________________________ (to return) from the cinema at 6 p.m.
2) I ________________________________________ (to finish) my homework by eight o’clock.
3) He __________________________ (to think) that he ________________ (to lose) the money.
4) Ann ______________ (to tell) me that she ___________________ (to see) an interesting film.
5) When I _______________ (to come) home, mother ______________ (not to cook) dinner yet.
Task 4.
Open the brackets and put the verbs into Past Perfect Continuous.
1) Sally ___________ (type) this text for 3 hours before Mark came.
2) Anthony _________ (wait) for his airplane for 3 hours when its delay was announced.
3) I saw many huge puddles. ______ it_______ (rain) hard?
4) Sam did not even realize what a hard time Molly ______ (have).
5) Rita _______ (train) for a year and she was very fit when her ex-boyfriend met her.
6) Paul and Molly ___________ (talk) on the phone for an hour when the line broke.
7) How long ____________ you_________ (watch) TV before you decided to go to bed?
Steven felt tired as he __________ (sail) for several hours.
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Past perfect (I had done) |
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15.1Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets.
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1.
You went to Jill’s house but she wasn’t there. (she/go/out) She had
gone out.
2.
You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn’t the same
as before.
(it/change/a
lot)
3.
I invited Rachel to the party but she couldn’t come.
(she/arrange/to
do something else)
4.
You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late.
(the
film/already/begin)
5.
I was very pleased to see him again after such a long time.
(I/not/see/him
for five years)
6.
I offered Sue something to eat but she wasn’t hungry.
(she/just/have/breakfast)
15.2 Read the situations and write sentences ending with before. Use the verb given in brackets.
1.
The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his
first flight.
(fly)
He had never flown before. OR He hadn’t flown before.
2.
A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me.
(see)
I — before.
3.
Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasn’t very good at it because it
was his first game.
(play)
He —
4.
Last year we went to Denmark. It was our first time there (be) We —
15.3
Use the sentences on the left to complete the paragraphs on the
right. These sentences are in the order in
which they happened — so (1) happened before (2), (2) before (3) etc.
But your paragraph begins with the underlined sentence, so sometimes
you need the past perfect.
1.
(1) Somebody broke into the office during the night.
(2)
_We arrived at work in the morning._
(3)
We called the police
We
arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody had broken
into the office during the night. So we —
2.
(1) Ann went out.
(2)
_I tried to phone her_ this morning.
(3)
There was no answer.
I
tried to phone Ann this morning but — no answer. She — out.
3.
(1) Jim came back from holiday a few days ago.
(2)
_I met him the same day._
(3)
He looked very well.
I
met Jim a few days ago. He — just — He —
4.
(1) Kevin wrote to Sally many times.
(2)
She never replied to his letters.
(3)
_Yesterday he had a phone call from her._
(4)
He was very surprised.
Yesterday
Kevin — He — very surprised. He — many times but she —
15.4 Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (I had done etc.) or past simple (I did etc.).
1.
‘Was Tom at the party when you arrived?’ ‘No, he had gone (go) home.’
2.
I felt very tire when I got home, so I — (go) straight to bed.
3.
The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody — (go) to bed.
4.
Sorry I’m late. The car — (break) down on my way here.
5.
We were driving along the road when we — (see) a car which. —
(break) down, so we — (stop) to see if we could help.
UNIT
16. Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)
A.
Study this example situation:
Yesterday
morning I got up and looked out of the window. The sun was shining
but the ground was very wet.
It
had been raining.
It
was not raining when I looked out of the window; the sun was shining.
But it had been raining before. That’s why the ground was wet.
Had
been ~ing is the past perfect continuous:
I/we/you/they
had(= I’d etc.) been doing/working/playing etc.
he/she/it
had (= he’d etc.) been doing/working/playing etc.
Some
more examples:
*
When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their
hair was untidy and one of them had a black eye. They’d been
fighting.
*
I was very tired when I arrived home. I’d been working hard all day.
B.
You can say that something had been happening for a period of time
before something else happened:
*
Our game of tennis was interrupted. We’d been playing for about half
an hour when it started to rain very heavily.
*
Ken gave up smoking two years ago. He’d been smoking for 30 years.
C.
Had been ~ing (past Perfect continuous) is the past of have been ~ing
(present perfect continuous). Compare:
present
perfect continuous
*
I hope the bus comes soon. I’ve been waiting for 20 minutes. (before
now)
*
He’s out of breath. He has been running.
past
perfect continuous
*
At last the bus came. I’d been waiting for 20 minutes. (before the
bus came)
*
He was out of breath. He had been running.
D.
Compare had been doing and was doing (past continuous):
*
It wasn’t raining when we went out. The sun was shining. But it had
been raining, so the ground was wet.
*
Ann was sitting in an armchair watching television. She was tired
because she’d been working very hard.
E.
Some verbs (for example, know and want) are not normally used in the
continuous:
*
We were good friends. We had known each other for years. (not ‘had
been knowing’)
For
a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A.
EXERCISES
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