Read and translate the following word combination

Fused
vertebrae, a shoulder girdle, flexible support, to be attached to the
trunk, ankle bones, vertebral body and arch, to be connected together
by the joints, the oral cavity, cartilaginous disks
[‚ka:ti’lædʒinəs],
to be joined by a suture, firm connection, to be composed of 12
vertebrae, the upper jaw, the longest bone in the body, to be
attached to the diaphragm, organic and inorganic substances.

28. Translate from English into Russian.

1. There
are seven ankle bones which resemble the carpal bones of the wrist
but are larger. 2. The calcaneus [kæl´keinəs]
is the largest tarsal bone and is also called the heel bone. 3. The
tibia is commonly called the shin-bone.4. The uppermost part of the
sternum articulates on the sides with the clavicle and ribs while the
lower, narrower portion of the breastbone is attached to the
diaphragm and abdominal muscles. 5. The neural canal is the space
between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch through which the
spinal cord passes. 6. Intervertebral cartilaginous disks help to
provide flexibility and cushion most shocks to the vertebral column.
7. The maxillary [mæk´siləri]
bones are joined by a suture in the median plane. 8 The connection
between the iliac bones and the sacrum is so firm that they are
commonly spoken of as one bone: the sacroiliac. 9. The superior part
of the ilium is known as the iliac crest. 10. All the higher animals
have a backbone or vertebral column and they are therefore called
vertebrate animals; the others are called invertebrate animals.

29. Fill in the gaps with suitable words from the Vocabulary list 2.

1. One of
the separate segments composing the spinal column is called … . 2.
… protect and support the organs of the body. 3. You are so thin.
You look almost like a … . 4. “The Jolly Roger” is the emblem
on pirates flags, it pictures … . 5. The … part of the spine is
composed of seven vertebrae. 6. The … connects the lower extremity
with the trunk. 7. The … is a long bone in the middle of the chest.
8. The brain and … constitute the central nervous system. 9. The
white elastic substance between the vertebrae is called … .10. The
brain is in the … cavity. 11. All the ribs … to the vertebral
column dorsally.

30. A) Read and translate the text.

b) Find
in the text sentences in which Participle II, the Passive Voice are
used.

c) Find
in the text English equivalents for these word combinations:

• прочная, но гибкая
  опора,

• различных размеров
  и форм,

• костная основа
  (костяк),

• хрупкий мозг,

• несколько более
  мелких полостей,

• центральная ось
  тела,

• называемых
  позвонками,

• содержит спинной
  мозг,

• в соответствии с
  областью (частью),

• созданы по общему
  типу,

• прикрепляется к
  туловищу,

• таз взрослого
  человека состоит из.

d) Make
up the plan of the text.

The Skeleton

The
skeleton of the body is composed of 223 bones of various sizes and
shapes which give firm but flexible support to the soft tissues,
muscles and organs. They also form cases for protection of viscera or
contained structures.

The bony
framework of the body includes the bones of the head, the bones of
the trunk, the bones of the lower and upper limbs.

The
skeleton of the head is the skull. It consists of the cranium, which
surrounds the delicate brain, and face. The cranium is formed by
eight bones: the frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal
bones, the occipital bone in the back, the ethmoid bone behind the
nose and the sphenoid bone. The face consists of fourteen bones
including the maxilla (upper jaw), mandible (lower jaw) and two
zygomatics (cheek-bones). The bones of the skull form one large
cavity, called the cranial cavity, and some smaller ones: the oral
cavity, the nasal cavity and two orbits holding the eyeballs.

The bones
of the trunk include the spinal column, the ribs and the breastbone.
The vertebral column forms the central axis of the body. It contains
the spinal marrow or spinal cord. The spine consists of 32 – 34
small bones termed the vertebrae. The vertebrae are grouped under the
names cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal according to
the region in which they lie. The cervical vertebrae, seven in
number, are the smallest ones. Twelve thoracic vertebrae have large
bodies. Together with 12 pairs of ribs and the breastbone they form
the chest (thorax). The lumbar vertebrae, 5 in number, are the
strongest and the largest vertebrae in the spinal column. They have
oval bodies. The sacrum consists of 5 fused vertebrae. The coccyx is
formed by 2 — 5 vertebrae.

The upper
and lower limbs are constructed after a common type. Each extremity
includes a girdle, which connects it to the trunk. The upper limb is
attached to the trunk by the shoulder girdle, which consists of the
collar-bone (or clavicle) in front and the shoulder-blade (or
scapula) behind. The upper arm has one bone – the humerus; the
forearm contains the radius and the elbow bone (or ulna). In the
framework of the hand and wrist we have twenty–seven bones: 8
carpals, 5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges. The lower limb is attached
to the trunk by the pelvic girdle. The adult pelvis is composed of
three pairs of fused bones: the ilium, ischium and pubis. The thigh
has only one bone – the femur, the leg includes two bones: the
shin-bone (tibia) and fibula; and the foot is subdivided into a
tarsus consisting of 7 bones, metatarsus – 5 bones, and phalanges,
which are 14 in number.

The bones
of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the
cartilages and ligaments. The bones consist of organic and inorganic
substances.

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Read and translate the word combinations. Make your own sentences using these word combinations.

• a local group

• a local train

• a busy manager

• a musical instrument

• a student’s interview

• a correspondent’s information

• an exchange arrangement

• to be a serious student

• to have a hobby

• to go to a theatre

• to play the piano / the guitar

• to arrange a trip

• to have a good sense of humour

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