Python open file with excel

How do I open a file that is an Excel file for reading in Python?

I’ve opened text files, for example, sometextfile.txt with the reading command. How do I do that for an Excel file?

Peter Mortensen's user avatar

asked Jul 13, 2010 at 16:26

novak's user avatar

1

Edit:
In the newer version of pandas, you can pass the sheet name as a parameter.

file_name =  # path to file + file name
sheet =  # sheet name or sheet number or list of sheet numbers and names

import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_excel(io=file_name, sheet_name=sheet)
print(df.head(5))  # print first 5 rows of the dataframe

Check the docs for examples on how to pass sheet_name:
https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.read_excel.html

Old version:
you can use pandas package as well….

When you are working with an excel file with multiple sheets, you can use:

import pandas as pd
xl = pd.ExcelFile(path + filename)
xl.sheet_names

>>> [u'Sheet1', u'Sheet2', u'Sheet3']

df = xl.parse("Sheet1")
df.head()

df.head() will print first 5 rows of your Excel file

If you’re working with an Excel file with a single sheet, you can simply use:

import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_excel(path + filename)
print df.head()

answered Jun 25, 2013 at 7:16

Rakesh Adhikesavan's user avatar

2

Try the xlrd library.

[Edit] — from what I can see from your comment, something like the snippet below might do the trick. I’m assuming here that you’re just searching one column for the word ‘john’, but you could add more or make this into a more generic function.

from xlrd import open_workbook

book = open_workbook('simple.xls',on_demand=True)
for name in book.sheet_names():
    if name.endswith('2'):
        sheet = book.sheet_by_name(name)

        # Attempt to find a matching row (search the first column for 'john')
        rowIndex = -1
        for cell in sheet.col(0): # 
            if 'john' in cell.value:
                break

        # If we found the row, print it
        if row != -1:
            cells = sheet.row(row)
            for cell in cells:
                print cell.value

        book.unload_sheet(name) 

answered Jul 13, 2010 at 16:29

Jon Cage's user avatar

Jon CageJon Cage

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3

This isn’t as straightforward as opening a plain text file and will require some sort of external module since nothing is built-in to do this. Here are some options:

http://www.python-excel.org/

If possible, you may want to consider exporting the excel spreadsheet as a CSV file and then using the built-in python csv module to read it:

http://docs.python.org/library/csv.html

answered Jul 13, 2010 at 16:29

Donald Miner's user avatar

Donald MinerDonald Miner

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4

There’s the openpxyl package:

>>> from openpyxl import load_workbook
>>> wb2 = load_workbook('test.xlsx')
>>> print wb2.get_sheet_names()
['Sheet2', 'New Title', 'Sheet1']

>>> worksheet1 = wb2['Sheet1'] # one way to load a worksheet
>>> worksheet2 = wb2.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet2') # another way to load a worksheet
>>> print(worksheet1['D18'].value)
3
>>> for row in worksheet1.iter_rows():
>>>     print row[0].value()

answered Jun 22, 2015 at 18:57

wordsforthewise's user avatar

wordsforthewisewordsforthewise

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This may help:

This creates a node that takes a 2D List (list of list items) and pushes them into the excel spreadsheet. make sure the IN[]s are present or will throw and exception.

this is a re-write of the Revit excel dynamo node for excel 2013 as the default prepackaged node kept breaking. I also have a similar read node. The excel syntax in Python is touchy.

thnx @CodingNinja — updated : )

###Export Excel - intended to replace malfunctioning excel node

import clr

clr.AddReferenceByName('Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel, Version=15.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=71e9bce111e9429c')
##AddReferenceGUID("{00020813-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}") ''Excel                            C:Program FilesMicrosoft OfficeOffice15EXCEL.EXE 
##Need to Verify interop for version 2015 is 15 and node attachemnt for it.
from Microsoft.Office.Interop import  * ##Excel
################################Initialize FP and Sheet ID
##Same functionality as the excel node
strFileName = IN[0]             ##Filename
sheetName = IN[1]               ##Sheet
RowOffset= IN[2]                ##RowOffset
ColOffset= IN[3]                ##COL OFfset
Data=IN[4]                      ##Data
Overwrite=IN[5]                 ##Check for auto-overwtite
XLVisible = False   #IN[6]      ##XL Visible for operation or not?

RowOffset=0
if IN[2]>0:
    RowOffset=IN[2]             ##RowOffset

ColOffset=0
if IN[3]>0:
    ColOffset=IN[3]             ##COL OFfset

if IN[6]<>False:
    XLVisible = True #IN[6]     ##XL Visible for operation or not?

################################Initialize FP and Sheet ID
xlCellTypeLastCell = 11                 #####define special sells value constant
################################
xls = Excel.ApplicationClass()          ####Connect with application
xls.Visible = XLVisible                 ##VISIBLE YES/NO
xls.DisplayAlerts = False               ### ALerts

import os.path

if os.path.isfile(strFileName):
    wb = xls.Workbooks.Open(strFileName, False)     ####Open the file 
else:
    wb = xls.Workbooks.add#         ####Open the file 
    wb.SaveAs(strFileName)
wb.application.visible = XLVisible      ####Show Excel
try:
    ws = wb.Worksheets(sheetName)       ####Get the sheet in the WB base

except:
    ws = wb.sheets.add()                ####If it doesn't exist- add it. use () for object method
    ws.Name = sheetName



#################################
#lastRow for iterating rows
lastRow=ws.UsedRange.SpecialCells(xlCellTypeLastCell).Row
#lastCol for iterating columns
lastCol=ws.UsedRange.SpecialCells(xlCellTypeLastCell).Column
#######################################################################
out=[]                                  ###MESSAGE GATHERING

c=0
r=0
val=""
if Overwrite == False :                 ####Look ahead for non-empty cells to throw error
    for r, row in enumerate(Data):   ####BASE 0## EACH ROW OF DATA ENUMERATED in the 2D array #range( RowOffset, lastRow + RowOffset):
        for c, col in enumerate (row): ####BASE 0## Each colmn in each row is a cell with data ### in range(ColOffset, lastCol + ColOffset):
            if col.Value2 >"" :
                OUT= "ERROR- Cannot overwrite"
                raise ValueError("ERROR- Cannot overwrite")
##out.append(Data[0]) ##append mesage for error
############################################################################

for r, row in enumerate(Data):   ####BASE 0## EACH ROW OF DATA ENUMERATED in the 2D array #range( RowOffset, lastRow + RowOffset):
    for c, col in enumerate (row): ####BASE 0## Each colmn in each row is a cell with data ### in range(ColOffset, lastCol + ColOffset):
        ws.Cells[r+1+RowOffset,c+1+ColOffset].Value2 = col.__str__()

##run macro disbled for debugging excel macro
##xls.Application.Run("Align_data_and_Highlight_Issues")

answered Apr 29, 2018 at 20:03

Apsis0215's user avatar

Apsis0215Apsis0215

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2

import pandas as pd 
import os 
files = os.listdir('path/to/files/directory/')
desiredFile = files[i]
filePath = 'path/to/files/directory/%s'
Ofile = filePath % desiredFile
xls_import = pd.read_csv(Ofile)

Now you can use the power of pandas DataFrames!

answered Dec 2, 2015 at 18:31

Malcolm Monroe's user avatar

1

This code worked for me with Python 3.5.2. It opens and saves and excel. I am currently working on how to save data into the file but this is the code:

import csv
excel = csv.writer(open("file1.csv", "wb"))

Pikamander2's user avatar

Pikamander2

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answered Nov 3, 2017 at 21:33

J.ravat's user avatar

1

Microsoft Excel is one of the most powerful spreadsheet software applications in the world, and it has become critical in all business processes. Companies across the world, both big and small, are using Microsoft Excel to store, organize, analyze, and visualize data.

As a data professional, when you combine Python with Excel, you create a unique data analysis bundle that unlocks the value of the enterprise data.

In this tutorial, we’re going to learn how to read and work with Excel files in Python.

After you finish this tutorial, you’ll understand the following:

  • Loading Excel spreadsheets into pandas DataFrames
  • Working with an Excel workbook with multiple spreadsheets
  • Combining multiple spreadsheets
  • Reading Excel files using the xlrd package

In this tutorial, we assume you know the fundamentals of pandas DataFrames. If you aren’t familiar with the pandas library, you might like to try our Pandas and NumPy Fundamentals – Dataquest.

Let’s dive in.

Reading Spreadsheets with Pandas

Technically, multiple packages allow us to work with Excel files in Python. However, in this tutorial, we’ll use pandas and xlrd libraries to interact with Excel workbooks. Essentially, you can think of a pandas DataFrame as a spreadsheet with rows and columns stored in Series objects. Traversability of Series as iterable objects allows us to grab specific data easily. Once we load an Excel workbook into a pandas DataFrame, we can perform any kind of data analysis on the data.

Before we proceed to the next step, let’s first download the following spreadsheet:

Sales Data Excel Workbook — xlsx ver.

The Excel workbook consists of two sheets that contain stationery sales data for 2020 and 2021.


NOTE

Although Excel spreadsheets can contain formula and also support formatting, pandas only imports Excel spreadsheets as flat files, and it doesn’t support spreadsheet formatting.


To import the Excel spreadsheet into a pandas DataFrame, first, we need to import the pandas package and then use the read_excel() method:

import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_excel('sales_data.xlsx')

display(df)
OrderDate Region Rep Item Units Unit Cost Total Shipped
0 2020-01-06 East Jones Pencil 95 1.99 189.05 True
1 2020-02-09 Central Jardine Pencil 36 4.99 179.64 True
2 2020-03-15 West Sorvino Pencil 56 2.99 167.44 True
3 2020-04-01 East Jones Binder 60 4.99 299.40 False
4 2020-05-05 Central Jardine Pencil 90 4.99 449.10 True
5 2020-06-08 East Jones Binder 60 8.99 539.40 True
6 2020-07-12 East Howard Binder 29 1.99 57.71 False
7 2020-08-15 East Jones Pencil 35 4.99 174.65 True
8 2020-09-01 Central Smith Desk 32 125.00 250.00 True
9 2020-10-05 Central Morgan Binder 28 8.99 251.72 True
10 2020-11-08 East Mike Pen 15 19.99 299.85 False
11 2020-12-12 Central Smith Pencil 67 1.29 86.43 False

If you want to load only a limited number of rows into the DataFrame, you can specify the number of rows using the nrows argument:

df = pd.read_excel('sales_data.xlsx', nrows=5)
display(df)
OrderDate Region Rep Item Units Unit Cost Total Shipped
0 2020-01-06 East Jones Pencil 95 1.99 189.05 True
1 2020-02-09 Central Jardine Pencil 36 4.99 179.64 True
2 2020-03-15 West Sorvino Pencil 56 2.99 167.44 True
3 2020-04-01 East Jones Binder 60 4.99 299.40 False
4 2020-05-05 Central Jardine Pencil 90 4.99 449.10 True

Skipping a specific number of rows from the begining of a spreadsheet or skipping over a list of particular rows is available through the skiprows argument, as follows:

df = pd.read_excel('sales_data.xlsx', skiprows=range(5))
display(df)
2020-05-05 00:00:00 Central Jardine Pencil 90 4.99 449.1 True
0 2020-06-08 East Jones Binder 60 8.99 539.40 True
1 2020-07-12 East Howard Binder 29 1.99 57.71 False
2 2020-08-15 East Jones Pencil 35 4.99 174.65 True
3 2020-09-01 Central Smith Desk 32 125.00 250.00 True
4 2020-10-05 Central Morgan Binder 28 8.99 251.72 True
5 2020-11-08 East Mike Pen 15 19.99 299.85 False
6 2020-12-12 Central Smith Pencil 67 1.29 86.43 False

The code above skips the first five rows and returns the rest of the data. Instead, the following code returns all the rows except for those with the mentioned indices:

df = pd.read_excel('sales_data.xlsx', skiprows=[1, 4,7,10])
display(df)
OrderDate Region Rep Item Units Unit Cost Total Shipped
0 2020-02-09 Central Jardine Pencil 36 4.99 179.64 True
1 2020-03-15 West Sorvino Pencil 56 2.99 167.44 True
2 2020-05-05 Central Jardine Pencil 90 4.99 449.10 True
3 2020-06-08 East Jones Binder 60 8.99 539.40 True
4 2020-08-15 East Jones Pencil 35 4.99 174.65 True
5 2020-09-01 Central Smith Desk 32 125.00 250.00 True
6 2020-11-08 East Mike Pen 15 19.99 299.85 False
7 2020-12-12 Central Smith Pencil 67 1.29 86.43 False

Another useful argument is usecols, which allows us to select spreadsheet columns with their letters, names, or positional numbers. Let’s see how it works:

df = pd.read_excel('sales_data.xlsx', usecols='A:C,G')
display(df)
OrderDate Region Rep Total
0 2020-01-06 East Jones 189.05
1 2020-02-09 Central Jardine 179.64
2 2020-03-15 West Sorvino 167.44
3 2020-04-01 East Jones 299.40
4 2020-05-05 Central Jardine 449.10
5 2020-06-08 East Jones 539.40
6 2020-07-12 East Howard 57.71
7 2020-08-15 East Jones 174.65
8 2020-09-01 Central Smith 250.00
9 2020-10-05 Central Morgan 251.72
10 2020-11-08 East Mike 299.85
11 2020-12-12 Central Smith 86.43

In the code above, the string assigned to the usecols argument contains a range of columns with : plus column G separated by a comma. Also, we’re able to provide a list of column names and assign it to the usecols argument, as follows:

df = pd.read_excel('sales_data.xlsx', usecols=['OrderDate', 'Region', 'Rep', 'Total'])
display(df)
OrderDate Region Rep Total
0 2020-01-06 East Jones 189.05
1 2020-02-09 Central Jardine 179.64
2 2020-03-15 West Sorvino 167.44
3 2020-04-01 East Jones 299.40
4 2020-05-05 Central Jardine 449.10
5 2020-06-08 East Jones 539.40
6 2020-07-12 East Howard 57.71
7 2020-08-15 East Jones 174.65
8 2020-09-01 Central Smith 250.00
9 2020-10-05 Central Morgan 251.72
10 2020-11-08 East Mike 299.85
11 2020-12-12 Central Smith 86.43

The usecols argument accepts a list of column numbers, too. The following code shows how we can pick up specific columns using their indices:

df = pd.read_excel('sales_data.xlsx', usecols=[0, 1, 2, 6])
display(df)
OrderDate Region Rep Total
0 2020-01-06 East Jones 189.05
1 2020-02-09 Central Jardine 179.64
2 2020-03-15 West Sorvino 167.44
3 2020-04-01 East Jones 299.40
4 2020-05-05 Central Jardine 449.10
5 2020-06-08 East Jones 539.40
6 2020-07-12 East Howard 57.71
7 2020-08-15 East Jones 174.65
8 2020-09-01 Central Smith 250.00
9 2020-10-05 Central Morgan 251.72
10 2020-11-08 East Mike 299.85
11 2020-12-12 Central Smith 86.43

Working with Multiple Spreadsheets

Excel files or workbooks usually contain more than one spreadsheet. The pandas library allows us to load data from a specific sheet or combine multiple spreadsheets into a single DataFrame. In this section, we’ll explore how to use these valuable capabilities.

By default, the read_excel() method reads the first Excel sheet with the index 0. However, we can choose the other sheets by assigning a particular sheet name, sheet index, or even a list of sheet names or indices to the sheet_name argument. Let’s try it:

df = pd.read_excel('sales_data.xlsx', sheet_name='2021')
display(df)
OrderDate Region Rep Item Units Unit Cost Total Shipped
0 2021-01-15 Central Gill Binder 46 8.99 413.54 True
1 2021-02-01 Central Smith Binder 87 15.00 1305.00 True
2 2021-03-07 West Sorvino Binder 27 19.99 139.93 True
3 2021-04-10 Central Andrews Pencil 66 1.99 131.34 False
4 2021-05-14 Central Gill Pencil 53 1.29 68.37 False
5 2021-06-17 Central Tom Desk 15 125.00 625.00 True
6 2021-07-04 East Jones Pen Set 62 4.99 309.38 True
7 2021-08-07 Central Tom Pen Set 42 23.95 1005.90 True
8 2021-09-10 Central Gill Pencil 47 1.29 9.03 True
9 2021-10-14 West Thompson Binder 57 19.99 1139.43 False
10 2021-11-17 Central Jardine Binder 11 4.99 54.89 False
11 2021-12-04 Central Jardine Binder 94 19.99 1879.06 False

The code above reads the second spreadsheet in the workbook, whose name is 2021. As mentioned before, we also can assign a sheet position number (zero-indexed) to the sheet_name argument. Let’s see how it works:

df = pd.read_excel('sales_data.xlsx', sheet_name=1)
display(df)
OrderDate Region Rep Item Units Unit Cost Total Shipped
0 2021-01-15 Central Gill Binder 46 8.99 413.54 True
1 2021-02-01 Central Smith Binder 87 15.00 1305.00 True
2 2021-03-07 West Sorvino Binder 27 19.99 139.93 True
3 2021-04-10 Central Andrews Pencil 66 1.99 131.34 False
4 2021-05-14 Central Gill Pencil 53 1.29 68.37 False
5 2021-06-17 Central Tom Desk 15 125.00 625.00 True
6 2021-07-04 East Jones Pen Set 62 4.99 309.38 True
7 2021-08-07 Central Tom Pen Set 42 23.95 1005.90 True
8 2021-09-10 Central Gill Pencil 47 1.29 9.03 True
9 2021-10-14 West Thompson Binder 57 19.99 1139.43 False
10 2021-11-17 Central Jardine Binder 11 4.99 54.89 False
11 2021-12-04 Central Jardine Binder 94 19.99 1879.06 False

As you can see, both statements take in either the actual sheet name or sheet index to return the same result.

Sometimes, we want to import all the spreadsheets stored in an Excel file into pandas DataFrames simultaneously. The good news is that the read_excel() method provides this feature for us. In order to do this, we can assign a list of sheet names or their indices to the sheet_name argument. But there is a much easier way to do the same: to assign None to the sheet_name argument. Let’s try it:

all_sheets = pd.read_excel('sales_data.xlsx', sheet_name=None)

Before exploring the data stored in the all_sheets variable, let’s check its data type:

type(all_sheets)
dict

As you can see, the variable is a dictionary. Now, let’s reveal what is stored in this dictionary:

for key, value in all_sheets.items():
    print(key, type(value))
2020 <class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
2021 <class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>

The code above shows that the dictionary’s keys are the Excel workbook sheet names, and its values are pandas DataFrames for each spreadsheet. To print out the content of the dictionary, we can use the following code:

for key, value in all_sheets.items():
    print(key)
    display(value)
2020
OrderDate Region Rep Item Units Unit Cost Total Shipped
0 2020-01-06 East Jones Pencil 95 1.99 189.05 True
1 2020-02-09 Central Jardine Pencil 36 4.99 179.64 True
2 2020-03-15 West Sorvino Pencil 56 2.99 167.44 True
3 2020-04-01 East Jones Binder 60 4.99 299.40 False
4 2020-05-05 Central Jardine Pencil 90 4.99 449.10 True
5 2020-06-08 East Jones Binder 60 8.99 539.40 True
6 2020-07-12 East Howard Binder 29 1.99 57.71 False
7 2020-08-15 East Jones Pencil 35 4.99 174.65 True
8 2020-09-01 Central Smith Desk 32 125.00 250.00 True
9 2020-10-05 Central Morgan Binder 28 8.99 251.72 True
10 2020-11-08 East Mike Pen 15 19.99 299.85 False
11 2020-12-12 Central Smith Pencil 67 1.29 86.43 False
2021
OrderDate Region Rep Item Units Unit Cost Total Shipped
0 2021-01-15 Central Gill Binder 46 8.99 413.54 True
1 2021-02-01 Central Smith Binder 87 15.00 1305.00 True
2 2021-03-07 West Sorvino Binder 27 19.99 139.93 True
3 2021-04-10 Central Andrews Pencil 66 1.99 131.34 False
4 2021-05-14 Central Gill Pencil 53 1.29 68.37 False
5 2021-06-17 Central Tom Desk 15 125.00 625.00 True
6 2021-07-04 East Jones Pen Set 62 4.99 309.38 True
7 2021-08-07 Central Tom Pen Set 42 23.95 1005.90 True
8 2021-09-10 Central Gill Pencil 47 1.29 9.03 True
9 2021-10-14 West Thompson Binder 57 19.99 1139.43 False
10 2021-11-17 Central Jardine Binder 11 4.99 54.89 False
11 2021-12-04 Central Jardine Binder 94 19.99 1879.06 False

Combining Multiple Excel Spreadsheets into a Single Pandas DataFrame

Having one DataFrame per sheet allows us to have different columns or content in different sheets.

But what if we prefer to store all the spreadsheets’ data in a single DataFrame? In this tutorial, the workbook spreadsheets have the same columns, so we can combine them with the concat() method of pandas.

If you run the code below, you’ll see that the two DataFrames stored in the dictionary are concatenated:

combined_df = pd.concat(all_sheets.values(), ignore_index=True)
display(combined_df)
OrderDate Region Rep Item Units Unit Cost Total Shipped
0 2020-01-06 East Jones Pencil 95 1.99 189.05 True
1 2020-02-09 Central Jardine Pencil 36 4.99 179.64 True
2 2020-03-15 West Sorvino Pencil 56 2.99 167.44 True
3 2020-04-01 East Jones Binder 60 4.99 299.40 False
4 2020-05-05 Central Jardine Pencil 90 4.99 449.10 True
5 2020-06-08 East Jones Binder 60 8.99 539.40 True
6 2020-07-12 East Howard Binder 29 1.99 57.71 False
7 2020-08-15 East Jones Pencil 35 4.99 174.65 True
8 2020-09-01 Central Smith Desk 32 125.00 250.00 True
9 2020-10-05 Central Morgan Binder 28 8.99 251.72 True
10 2020-11-08 East Mike Pen 15 19.99 299.85 False
11 2020-12-12 Central Smith Pencil 67 1.29 86.43 False
12 2021-01-15 Central Gill Binder 46 8.99 413.54 True
13 2021-02-01 Central Smith Binder 87 15.00 1305.00 True
14 2021-03-07 West Sorvino Binder 27 19.99 139.93 True
15 2021-04-10 Central Andrews Pencil 66 1.99 131.34 False
16 2021-05-14 Central Gill Pencil 53 1.29 68.37 False
17 2021-06-17 Central Tom Desk 15 125.00 625.00 True
18 2021-07-04 East Jones Pen Set 62 4.99 309.38 True
19 2021-08-07 Central Tom Pen Set 42 23.95 1005.90 True
20 2021-09-10 Central Gill Pencil 47 1.29 9.03 True
21 2021-10-14 West Thompson Binder 57 19.99 1139.43 False
22 2021-11-17 Central Jardine Binder 11 4.99 54.89 False
23 2021-12-04 Central Jardine Binder 94 19.99 1879.06 False

Now the data stored in the combined_df DataFrame is ready for further processing or visualization. In the following piece of code, we’re going to create a simple bar chart that shows the total sales amount made by each representative. Let’s run it and see the output plot:

total_sales_amount = combined_df.groupby('Rep').Total.sum()
total_sales_amount.plot.bar(figsize=(10, 6))

Output

Reading Excel Files Using xlrd

Although importing data into a pandas DataFrame is much more common, another helpful package for reading Excel files in Python is xlrd. In this section, we’re going to scratch the surface of how to read Excel spreadsheets using this package.


NOTE

The xlrd package doesn’t support xlsx files due to a potential security vulnerability. So, we use the xls version of the sales data. You can download the xls version from the link below:
Sales Data Excel Workbook — xls ver.


Let’s see how it works:

import xlrd
excel_workbook = xlrd.open_workbook('sales_data.xls')

Above, the first line imports the xlrd package, then the open_workbook method reads the sales_data.xls file.

We can also open an individual sheet containing the actual data. There are two ways to do so: opening a sheet by index or by name. Let’s open the first sheet by index and the second one by name:

excel_worksheet_2020 = excel_workbook.sheet_by_index(0)
excel_worksheet_2021 = excel_workbook.sheet_by_name('2021')

Now, let’s see how we can print a cell value. The xlrd package provides a method called cell_value() that takes in two arguments: the cell’s row index and column index. Let’s explore it:

print(excel_worksheet_2020.cell_value(1, 3))
Pencil

We can see that the cell_value function returned the value of the cell at row index 1 (the 2nd row) and column index 3 (the 4th column).
Excel

The xlrd package provides two helpful properties: nrows and ncols, returning the number of nonempty spreadsheet’s rows and columns respectively:

print('Columns#:', excel_worksheet_2020.ncols)
print('Rows#:', excel_worksheet_2020.nrows)
Columns#: 8
Rows#: 13

Knowing the number of nonempty rows and columns in a spreadsheet helps us with iterating over the data using nested for loops. This makes all the Excel sheet data accessible via the cell_value() method.

Conclusion

This tutorial discussed how to load Excel spreadsheets into pandas DataFrames, work with multiple Excel sheets, and combine them into a single pandas DataFrame. We also explored the main aspects of the xlrd package as one of the simplest tools for accessing the Excel spreadsheets data.

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Первая часть статьи была опубликована тут.

Как читать и редактировать Excel файлы при помощи openpyxl

ПЕРЕВОД
Оригинал статьи — www.datacamp.com/community/tutorials/python-excel-tutorial
Автор — Karlijn Willems

Эта библиотека пригодится, если вы хотите читать и редактировать файлы .xlsx, xlsm, xltx и xltm.

Установите openpyxl using pip. Общие рекомендации по установке этой библиотеки — сделать это в виртуальной среде Python без системных библиотек. Вы можете использовать виртуальную среду для создания изолированных сред Python: она создает папку, содержащую все необходимые файлы, для использования библиотек, которые потребуются для Python.

Перейдите в директорию, в которой находится ваш проект, и повторно активируйте виртуальную среду venv. Затем перейдите к установке openpyxl с помощью pip, чтобы убедиться, что вы можете читать и записывать с ним файлы:

# Activate virtualenv
$ source activate venv

# Install `openpyxl` in `venv`
$ pip install openpyxl

Теперь, когда вы установили openpyxl, вы можете начать загрузку данных. Но что именно это за данные? Например, в книге с данными, которые вы пытаетесь получить на Python, есть следующие листы:

Функция load_workbook () принимает имя файла в качестве аргумента и возвращает объект рабочей книги, который представляет файл. Это можно проверить запуском type (wb). Не забудьте убедиться, что вы находитесь в правильной директории, где расположена электронная таблица. В противном случае вы получите сообщение об ошибке при импорте.

# Import `load_workbook` module from `openpyxl`
from openpyxl import load_workbook

# Load in the workbook
wb = load_workbook('./test.xlsx')

# Get sheet names
print(wb.get_sheet_names())

Помните, вы можете изменить рабочий каталог с помощью os.chdir (). Фрагмент кода выше возвращает имена листов книги, загруженной в Python. Вы можете использовать эту информацию для получения отдельных листов книги. Также вы можете проверить, какой лист активен в настоящий момент с помощью wb.active. В приведенном ниже коде, вы также можете использовать его для загрузки данных на другом листе книги:

# Get a sheet by name 
sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet3')

# Print the sheet title 
sheet.title

# Get currently active sheet
anotherSheet = wb.active

# Check `anotherSheet` 
anotherSheet

На первый взгляд, с этими объектами Worksheet мало что можно сделать. Однако, можно извлекать значения из определенных ячеек на листе книги, используя квадратные скобки [], к которым нужно передавать точную ячейку, из которой вы хотите получить значение.

Обратите внимание, это похоже на выбор, получение и индексирование массивов NumPy и Pandas DataFrames, но это еще не все, что нужно сделать, чтобы получить значение. Нужно еще добавить значение атрибута:

# Retrieve the value of a certain cell
sheet['A1'].value

# Select element 'B2' of your sheet 
c = sheet['B2']

# Retrieve the row number of your element
c.row

# Retrieve the column letter of your element
c.column

# Retrieve the coordinates of the cell 
c.coordinate

Помимо value, есть и другие атрибуты, которые можно использовать для проверки ячейки, а именно row, column и coordinate:

Атрибут row вернет 2;
Добавление атрибута column к “С” даст вам «B»;
coordinate вернет «B2».

Вы также можете получить значения ячеек с помощью функции cell (). Передайте аргументы row и column, добавьте значения к этим аргументам, которые соответствуют значениям ячейки, которые вы хотите получить, и, конечно же, не забудьте добавить атрибут value:

# Retrieve cell value 
sheet.cell(row=1, column=2).value

# Print out values in column 2 
for i in range(1, 4):
     print(i, sheet.cell(row=i, column=2).value)

Обратите внимание: если вы не укажете значение атрибута value, вы получите <Cell Sheet3.B1>, который ничего не говорит о значении, которое содержится в этой конкретной ячейке.

Вы используете цикл с помощью функции range (), чтобы помочь вам вывести значения строк, которые имеют значения в столбце 2. Если эти конкретные ячейки пусты, вы получите None.
Более того, существуют специальные функции, которые вы можете вызвать, чтобы получить другие значения, например get_column_letter () и column_index_from_string.

В двух функциях уже более или менее указано, что вы можете получить, используя их. Но лучше всего сделать их явными: пока вы можете получить букву прежнего столбца, можно сделать обратное или получить индекс столбца, перебирая букву за буквой. Как это работает:

# Import relevant modules from `openpyxl.utils`
from openpyxl.utils import get_column_letter, column_index_from_string

# Return 'A'
get_column_letter(1)

# Return '1'
column_index_from_string('A')

Вы уже получили значения для строк, которые имеют значения в определенном столбце, но что нужно сделать, если нужно вывести строки файла, не сосредотачиваясь только на одном столбце?

Конечно, использовать другой цикл.

Например, вы хотите сосредоточиться на области, находящейся между «A1» и «C3», где первый указывает левый верхний угол, а второй — правый нижний угол области, на которой вы хотите сфокусироваться. Эта область будет так называемой cellObj, которую вы видите в первой строке кода ниже. Затем вы указываете, что для каждой ячейки, которая находится в этой области, вы хотите вывести координату и значение, которое содержится в этой ячейке. После окончания каждой строки вы хотите выводить сообщение-сигнал о том, что строка этой области cellObj была выведена.

# Print row per row
for cellObj in sheet['A1':'C3']:
      for cell in cellObj:
              print(cells.coordinate, cells.value)
      print('--- END ---')

Обратите внимание, что выбор области очень похож на выбор, получение и индексирование списка и элементы NumPy, где вы также используете квадратные скобки и двоеточие чтобы указать область, из которой вы хотите получить значения. Кроме того, вышеприведенный цикл также хорошо использует атрибуты ячейки!

Чтобы визуализировать описанное выше, возможно, вы захотите проверить результат, который вернет вам завершенный цикл:

('A1', u'M')
('B1', u'N')
('C1', u'O')
--- END ---
('A2', 10L)
('B2', 11L)
('C2', 12L)
--- END ---
('A3', 14L)
('B3', 15L)
('C3', 16L)
--- END ---

Наконец, есть некоторые атрибуты, которые вы можете использовать для проверки результата импорта, а именно max_row и max_column. Эти атрибуты, конечно, являются общими способами обеспечения правильной загрузки данных, но тем не менее в данном случае они могут и будут полезны.

# Retrieve the maximum amount of rows 
sheet.max_row

# Retrieve the maximum amount of columns
sheet.max_column

Это все очень классно, но мы почти слышим, что вы сейчас думаете, что это ужасно трудный способ работать с файлами, особенно если нужно еще и управлять данными.
Должно быть что-то проще, не так ли? Всё так!

Openpyxl имеет поддержку Pandas DataFrames. И можно использовать функцию DataFrame () из пакета Pandas, чтобы поместить значения листа в DataFrame:

# Import `pandas` 
import pandas as pd

# Convert Sheet to DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame(sheet.values)
Если вы хотите указать заголовки и индексы, вам нужно добавить немного больше кода:
# Put the sheet values in `data`
data = sheet.values

# Indicate the columns in the sheet values
cols = next(data)[1:]

# Convert your data to a list
data = list(data)

# Read in the data at index 0 for the indices
idx = [r[0] for r in data]

# Slice the data at index 1 
data = (islice(r, 1, None) for r in data)

# Make your DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame(data, index=idx, columns=cols)

Затем вы можете начать управлять данными при помощи всех функций, которые есть в Pandas. Но помните, что вы находитесь в виртуальной среде, поэтому, если библиотека еще не подключена, вам нужно будет установить ее снова через pip.

Чтобы записать Pandas DataFrames обратно в файл Excel, можно использовать функцию dataframe_to_rows () из модуля utils:

# Import `dataframe_to_rows`
from openpyxl.utils.dataframe import dataframe_to_rows

# Initialize a workbook 
wb = Workbook()

# Get the worksheet in the active workbook
ws = wb.active

# Append the rows of the DataFrame to your worksheet
for r in dataframe_to_rows(df, index=True, header=True):
    ws.append(r)

Но это определенно не все! Библиотека openpyxl предлагает вам высокую гибкость в отношении того, как вы записываете свои данные в файлы Excel, изменяете стили ячеек или используете режим только для записи. Это делает ее одной из тех библиотек, которую вам точно необходимо знать, если вы часто работаете с электронными таблицами.

И не забудьте деактивировать виртуальную среду, когда закончите работу с данными!

Теперь давайте рассмотрим некоторые другие библиотеки, которые вы можете использовать для получения данных в электронной таблице на Python.

Готовы узнать больше?

Чтение и форматирование Excel файлов xlrd
Эта библиотека идеальна, если вы хотите читать данные и форматировать данные в файлах с расширением .xls или .xlsx.

# Import `xlrd`
import xlrd

# Open a workbook 
workbook = xlrd.open_workbook('example.xls')

# Loads only current sheets to memory
workbook = xlrd.open_workbook('example.xls', on_demand = True)

Если вы не хотите рассматривать всю книгу, можно использовать такие функции, как sheet_by_name () или sheet_by_index (), чтобы извлекать листы, которые необходимо использовать в анализе.

# Load a specific sheet by name
worksheet = workbook.sheet_by_name('Sheet1')

# Load a specific sheet by index 
worksheet = workbook.sheet_by_index(0)

# Retrieve the value from cell at indices (0,0) 
sheet.cell(0, 0).value

Наконец, можно получить значения по определенным координатам, обозначенным индексами.
О том, как xlwt и xlutils, соотносятся с xlrd расскажем дальше.

Запись данных в Excel файл при помощи xlrd

Если нужно создать электронные таблицы, в которых есть данные, кроме библиотеки XlsxWriter можно использовать библиотеки xlwt. Xlwt идеально подходит для записи и форматирования данных в файлы с расширением .xls.

Когда вы вручную хотите записать в файл, это будет выглядеть так:

# Import `xlwt` 
import xlwt

# Initialize a workbook 
book = xlwt.Workbook(encoding="utf-8")

# Add a sheet to the workbook 
sheet1 = book.add_sheet("Python Sheet 1") 

# Write to the sheet of the workbook 
sheet1.write(0, 0, "This is the First Cell of the First Sheet") 

# Save the workbook 
book.save("spreadsheet.xls")

Если нужно записать данные в файл, то для минимизации ручного труда можно прибегнуть к циклу for. Это позволит немного автоматизировать процесс. Делаем скрипт, в котором создается книга, в которую добавляется лист. Далее указываем список со столбцами и со значениями, которые будут перенесены на рабочий лист.

Цикл for будет следить за тем, чтобы все значения попадали в файл: задаем, что с каждым элементом в диапазоне от 0 до 4 (5 не включено) мы собираемся производить действия. Будем заполнять значения строка за строкой. Для этого указываем row элемент, который будет “прыгать” в каждом цикле. А далее у нас следующий for цикл, который пройдется по столбцам листа. Задаем условие, что для каждой строки на листе смотрим на столбец и заполняем значение для каждого столбца в строке. Когда заполнили все столбцы строки значениями, переходим к следующей строке, пока не заполним все имеющиеся строки.

# Initialize a workbook
book = xlwt.Workbook()

# Add a sheet to the workbook
sheet1 = book.add_sheet("Sheet1")

# The data
cols = ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]
txt = [0,1,2,3,4]

# Loop over the rows and columns and fill in the values
for num in range(5):
      row = sheet1.row(num)
      for index, col in enumerate(cols):
          value = txt[index] + num
          row.write(index, value)

# Save the result
book.save("test.xls")

В качестве примера скриншот результирующего файла:

Теперь, когда вы видели, как xlrd и xlwt взаимодействуют вместе, пришло время посмотреть на библиотеку, которая тесно связана с этими двумя: xlutils.

Коллекция утилит xlutils

Эта библиотека в основном представляет собой набор утилит, для которых требуются как xlrd, так и xlwt. Включает в себя возможность копировать и изменять/фильтровать существующие файлы. Вообще говоря, оба этих случая подпадают теперь под openpyxl.

Использование pyexcel для чтения файлов .xls или .xlsx

Еще одна библиотека, которую можно использовать для чтения данных таблиц в Python — pyexcel. Это Python Wrapper, который предоставляет один API для чтения, обработки и записи данных в файлах .csv, .ods, .xls, .xlsx и .xlsm.

Чтобы получить данные в массиве, можно использовать функцию get_array (), которая содержится в пакете pyexcel:

# Import `pyexcel`
import pyexcel

# Get an array from the data
my_array = pyexcel.get_array(file_name="test.xls")
 
Также можно получить данные в упорядоченном словаре списков, используя функцию get_dict ():
# Import `OrderedDict` module 
from pyexcel._compact import OrderedDict

# Get your data in an ordered dictionary of lists
my_dict = pyexcel.get_dict(file_name="test.xls", name_columns_by_row=0)

# Get your data in a dictionary of 2D arrays
book_dict = pyexcel.get_book_dict(file_name="test.xls")

Однако, если вы хотите вернуть в словарь двумерные массивы или, иными словами, получить все листы книги в одном словаре, стоит использовать функцию get_book_dict ().

Имейте в виду, что обе упомянутые структуры данных, массивы и словари вашей электронной таблицы, позволяют создавать DataFrames ваших данных с помощью pd.DataFrame (). Это упростит обработку ваших данных!

Наконец, вы можете просто получить записи с pyexcel благодаря функции get_records (). Просто передайте аргумент file_name функции и обратно получите список словарей:

# Retrieve the records of the file
records = pyexcel.get_records(file_name="test.xls")

Записи файлов при помощи pyexcel

Так же, как загрузить данные в массивы с помощью этого пакета, можно также легко экспортировать массивы обратно в электронную таблицу. Для этого используется функция save_as () с передачей массива и имени целевого файла в аргумент dest_file_name:

# Get the data
data = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]

# Save the array to a file
pyexcel.save_as(array=data, dest_file_name="array_data.xls")

Обратите внимание: если указать разделитель, то можно добавить аргумент dest_delimiter и передать символ, который хотите использовать, в качестве разделителя между “”.

Однако, если у вас есть словарь, нужно будет использовать функцию save_book_as (). Передайте двумерный словарь в bookdict и укажите имя файла, и все ОК:

# The data
2d_array_dictionary = {'Sheet 1': [
                                   ['ID', 'AGE', 'SCORE']
                                   [1, 22, 5],
                                   [2, 15, 6],
                                   [3, 28, 9]
                                  ],
                       'Sheet 2': [
                                    ['X', 'Y', 'Z'],
                                    [1, 2, 3],
                                    [4, 5, 6]
                                    [7, 8, 9]
                                  ],
                       'Sheet 3': [
                                    ['M', 'N', 'O', 'P'],
                                    [10, 11, 12, 13],
                                    [14, 15, 16, 17]
                                    [18, 19, 20, 21]
                                   ]}

# Save the data to a file                        
pyexcel.save_book_as(bookdict=2d_array_dictionary, dest_file_name="2d_array_data.xls")

Помните, что когда используете код, который напечатан в фрагменте кода выше, порядок данных в словаре не будет сохранен!

Чтение и запись .csv файлов

Если вы все еще ищете библиотеки, которые позволяют загружать и записывать данные в CSV-файлы, кроме Pandas, рекомендуем библиотеку csv:

# import `csv`
import csv

# Read in csv file 
for row in csv.reader(open('data.csv'), delimiter=','):
      print(row)
      
# Write csv file
data = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
outfile = open('data.csv', 'w')
writer = csv.writer(outfile, delimiter=';', quotechar='"')
writer.writerows(data)
outfile.close()

Обратите внимание, что NumPy имеет функцию genfromtxt (), которая позволяет загружать данные, содержащиеся в CSV-файлах в массивах, которые затем можно помещать в DataFrames.

Финальная проверка данных

Когда данные подготовлены, не забудьте последний шаг: проверьте правильность загрузки данных. Если вы поместили свои данные в DataFrame, вы можете легко и быстро проверить, был ли импорт успешным, выполнив следующие команды:

# Check the first entries of the DataFrame
df1.head()

# Check the last entries of the DataFrame
df1.tail()

Note: Используйте DataCamp Pandas Cheat Sheet, когда вы планируете загружать файлы в виде Pandas DataFrames.

Если данные в массиве, вы можете проверить его, используя следующие атрибуты массива: shape, ndim, dtype и т.д.:

# Inspect the shape 
data.shape

# Inspect the number of dimensions
data.ndim

# Inspect the data type
data.dtype

Что дальше?

Поздравляем, теперь вы знаете, как читать файлы Excel в Python :) Но импорт данных — это только начало рабочего процесса в области данных. Когда у вас есть данные из электронных таблиц в вашей среде, вы можете сосредоточиться на том, что действительно важно: на анализе данных.

Если вы хотите глубже погрузиться в тему — знакомьтесь с PyXll, которая позволяет записывать функции в Python и вызывать их в Excel.

You all must have worked with Excel at some time in your life and must have felt the need for automating some repetitive or tedious task. Don’t worry in this tutorial we are going to learn about how to work with Excel using Python, or automating Excel using Python. We will be covering this with the help of the Openpyxl module.

Getting Started

Openpyxl is a Python library that provides various methods to interact with Excel Files using Python. It allows operations like reading, writing, arithmetic operations, plotting graphs, etc.

This module does not come in-built with Python. To install this type the below command in the terminal.

pip install openpyxl

Python Excel tutorial openpyxl install

Reading from Spreadsheets

To read an Excel file you have to open the spreadsheet using the load_workbook() method. After that, you can use the active to select the first sheet available and the cell attribute to select the cell by passing the row and column parameter. The value attribute prints the value of the particular cell. See the below example to get a better understanding. 

Note: The first row or column integer is 1, not 0.

Dataset Used: It can be downloaded from here.

python excel readin excel openpyxl

Example:

Python3

import openpyxl 

path = "gfg.xlsx"

wb_obj = openpyxl.load_workbook(path) 

sheet_obj = wb_obj.active 

cell_obj = sheet_obj.cell(row = 1, column = 1

print(cell_obj.value) 

Output:

Name

Reading from Multiple Cells

There can be two ways of reading from multiple cells. 

Method 1: We can get the count of the total rows and columns using the max_row and max_column respectively. We can use these values inside the for loop to get the value of the desired row or column or any cell depending upon the situation. Let’s see how to get the value of the first column and first row.

Example:

Python3

import openpyxl 

path = "gfg.xlsx"

wb_obj = openpyxl.load_workbook(path) 

sheet_obj = wb_obj.active 

row = sheet_obj.max_row

column = sheet_obj.max_column

print("Total Rows:", row)

print("Total Columns:", column)

print("nValue of first column")

for i in range(1, row + 1): 

    cell_obj = sheet_obj.cell(row = i, column = 1

    print(cell_obj.value) 

print("nValue of first row")

for i in range(1, column + 1): 

    cell_obj = sheet_obj.cell(row = 2, column = i) 

    print(cell_obj.value, end = " ")

Output:

Total Rows: 6
Total Columns: 4

Value of first column
Name
Ankit
Rahul
Priya
Nikhil
Nisha

Value of first row
Ankit  B.Tech CSE 4 

Method 2: We can also read from multiple cells using the cell name. This can be seen as the list slicing of Python.

Python3

import openpyxl 

path = "gfg.xlsx"

wb_obj = openpyxl.load_workbook(path) 

sheet_obj = wb_obj.active 

cell_obj = sheet_obj['A1': 'B6']

for cell1, cell2 in cell_obj:

    print(cell1.value, cell2.value)

Output:

Name Course
Ankit  B.Tech
Rahul M.Tech
Priya MBA
Nikhil B.Tech
Nisha B.Tech

Refer to the below article to get detailed information about reading excel files using openpyxl.

  • Reading an excel file using Python openpyxl module

Writing to Spreadsheets

First, let’s create a new spreadsheet, and then we will write some data to the newly created file. An empty spreadsheet can be created using the Workbook() method. Let’s see the below example.

Example:

Python3

from openpyxl import Workbook

workbook = Workbook()

workbook.save(filename="sample.xlsx")

Output:

empty spreadsheet using Python

After creating an empty file, let’s see how to add some data to it using Python. To add data first we need to select the active sheet and then using the cell() method we can select any particular cell by passing the row and column number as its parameter. We can also write using cell names. See the below example for a better understanding.

Example:

Python3

import openpyxl 

wb = openpyxl.Workbook() 

sheet = wb.active 

c1 = sheet.cell(row = 1, column = 1

c1.value = "Hello"

c2 = sheet.cell(row= 1 , column = 2

c2.value = "World"

c3 = sheet['A2'

c3.value = "Welcome"

c4 = sheet['B2'

c4.value = "Everyone"

wb.save("sample.xlsx"

Output:

python excel writing to file

Refer to the below article to get detailed information about writing to excel.

  • Writing to an excel file using openpyxl module

Appending to the Spreadsheet

In the above example, you will see that every time you try to write to a spreadsheet the existing data gets overwritten, and the file is saved as a new file. This happens because the Workbook() method always creates a new workbook file object. To write to an existing workbook you must open the file with the load_workbook() method. We will use the above-created workbook.

Example:

Python3

import openpyxl 

wb = openpyxl.load_workbook("sample.xlsx"

sheet = wb.active 

c = sheet['A3'

c.value = "New Data"

wb.save("sample.xlsx")

Output:

append data excel python

We can also use the append() method to append multiple data at the end of the sheet.

Example:

Python3

import openpyxl 

wb = openpyxl.load_workbook("sample.xlsx"

sheet = wb.active 

data = (

    (1, 2, 3),

    (4, 5, 6)

)

for row in data:

    sheet.append(row)

wb.save('sample.xlsx')

Output:

append data excel python

Arithmetic Operation on Spreadsheet

Arithmetic operations can be performed by typing the formula in a particular cell of the spreadsheet. For example, if we want to find the sum then =Sum() formula of the excel file is used.

Example:

Python3

import openpyxl 

wb = openpyxl.Workbook() 

sheet = wb.active 

sheet['A1'] = 200

sheet['A2'] = 300

sheet['A3'] = 400

sheet['A4'] = 500

sheet['A5'] = 600

sheet['A7'] = '= SUM(A1:A5)'

wb.save("sum.xlsx"

Output:

finding sum excel python

Refer to the below article to get detailed information about the Arithmetic operations on Spreadsheet.

  • Arithmetic operations in excel file using openpyxl

Adjusting Rows and Column

Worksheet objects have row_dimensions and column_dimensions attributes that control row heights and column widths. A sheet’s row_dimensions and column_dimensions are dictionary-like values; row_dimensions contains RowDimension objects and column_dimensions contains ColumnDimension objects. In row_dimensions, one can access one of the objects using the number of the row (in this case, 1 or 2). In column_dimensions, one can access one of the objects using the letter of the column (in this case, A or B).

Example:

Python3

import openpyxl 

wb = openpyxl.Workbook() 

sheet = wb.active 

sheet.cell(row = 1, column = 1).value = ' hello '

sheet.cell(row = 2, column = 2).value = ' everyone '

sheet.row_dimensions[1].height = 70

sheet.column_dimensions['B'].width = 20

wb.save('sample.xlsx'

Output:

adjusting rows and columns excel python

Merging Cells

A rectangular area of cells can be merged into a single cell with the merge_cells() sheet method. The argument to merge_cells() is a single string of the top-left and bottom-right cells of the rectangular area to be merged.

Example:

Python3

import openpyxl 

wb = openpyxl.Workbook() 

sheet = wb.active 

sheet.merge_cells('A2:D4'

sheet.cell(row = 2, column = 1).value = 'Twelve cells join together.'

sheet.merge_cells('C6:D6'

sheet.cell(row = 6, column = 6).value = 'Two merge cells.'

wb.save('sample.xlsx')

Output:

merge cells excel python

Unmerging Cells

To unmerge cells, call the unmerge_cells() sheet method.

Example:

Python3

import openpyxl 

wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('sample.xlsx'

sheet = wb.active 

sheet.unmerge_cells('A2:D4'

sheet.unmerge_cells('C6:D6'

wb.save('sample.xlsx')

Output:

unmerge cells excel python

Setting Font Style

To customize font styles in cells, important, import the Font() function from the openpyxl.styles module.

Example:

Python3

import openpyxl 

from openpyxl.styles import Font 

wb = openpyxl.Workbook() 

sheet = wb.active 

sheet.cell(row = 1, column = 1).value = "GeeksforGeeks"

sheet.cell(row = 1, column = 1).font = Font(size = 24

sheet.cell(row = 2, column = 2).value = "GeeksforGeeks"

sheet.cell(row = 2, column = 2).font = Font(size = 24, italic = True

sheet.cell(row = 3, column = 3).value = "GeeksforGeeks"

sheet.cell(row = 3, column = 3).font = Font(size = 24, bold = True

sheet.cell(row = 4, column = 4).value = "GeeksforGeeks"

sheet.cell(row = 4, column = 4).font = Font(size = 24, name = 'Times New Roman'

wb.save('sample.xlsx'

Output:

setting style excel python

Refer to the below article to get detailed information about adjusting rows and columns.

  • Adjusting rows and columns of an excel file using openpyxl module

Plotting Charts

Charts are composed of at least one series of one or more data points. Series themselves are comprised of references to cell ranges. For plotting the charts on an excel sheet, firstly, create chart objects of specific chart class( i.e BarChart, LineChart, etc.). After creating chart objects, insert data in it, and lastly, add that chart object in the sheet object.

Example 1:

Python3

import openpyxl

from openpyxl.chart import BarChart, Reference

wb = openpyxl.Workbook()

sheet = wb.active

for i in range(10):

    sheet.append([i])

values = Reference(sheet, min_col=1, min_row=1,

                   max_col=1, max_row=10)

chart = BarChart()

chart.add_data(values)

chart.title = " BAR-CHART "

chart.x_axis.title = " X_AXIS "

chart.y_axis.title = " Y_AXIS "

sheet.add_chart(chart, "E2")

wb.save("sample.xlsx")

Output:

create chart excel python

Example 2:

Python3

import openpyxl

from openpyxl.chart import LineChart, Reference

wb = openpyxl.Workbook()

sheet = wb.active

for i in range(10):

    sheet.append([i])

values = Reference(sheet, min_col=1, min_row=1,

                   max_col=1, max_row=10)

chart = LineChart()

chart.add_data(values)

chart.title = " LINE-CHART "

chart.x_axis.title = " X-AXIS "

chart.y_axis.title = " Y-AXIS "

sheet.add_chart(chart, "E2")

wb.save("sample.xlsx")

Output:

create chart excel python 2

Refer to the below articles to get detailed information about plotting in excel using Python.

  • Plotting charts in excel sheet using openpyxl module | Set  1
  • Plotting charts in excel sheet using openpyxl module | Set  2
  • Plotting charts in excel sheet using openpyxl module | Set 3

Adding Images

For the purpose of importing images inside our worksheet, we would be using openpyxl.drawing.image.Image. The method is a wrapper over PIL.Image method found in PIL (pillow) library. Due to which it is necessary for the PIL (pillow) library to be installed in order to use this method.

Image Used:

Example:

Python3

import openpyxl 

from openpyxl.drawing.image import Image

wb = openpyxl.Workbook() 

sheet = wb.active

sheet.append([10, 2010, "Geeks", 4, "life"]) 

img = Image("geek.jpg")

sheet.add_image(img, 'A2'

wb.save('sample.xlsx')

Output:

add image excel python

Refer to the below article to get detailed information about adding images.

  • Openpyxl – Adding Image

Some More Functionality of Excel using Python

  • How to delete one or more rows in excel using Openpyxl?
  • Trigonometric operations in excel file using openpyxl
  • How to copy data from one excel sheet to another
  • How to Automate an Excel Sheet in Python?

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Editing Excel Spreadsheets in Python With openpyxl

Excel spreadsheets are one of those things you might have to deal with at some point. Either it’s because your boss loves them or because marketing needs them, you might have to learn how to work with spreadsheets, and that’s when knowing openpyxl comes in handy!

Spreadsheets are a very intuitive and user-friendly way to manipulate large datasets without any prior technical background. That’s why they’re still so commonly used today.

In this article, you’ll learn how to use openpyxl to:

  • Manipulate Excel spreadsheets with confidence
  • Extract information from spreadsheets
  • Create simple or more complex spreadsheets, including adding styles, charts, and so on

This article is written for intermediate developers who have a pretty good knowledge of Python data structures, such as dicts and lists, but also feel comfortable around OOP and more intermediate level topics.

Before You Begin

If you ever get asked to extract some data from a database or log file into an Excel spreadsheet, or if you often have to convert an Excel spreadsheet into some more usable programmatic form, then this tutorial is perfect for you. Let’s jump into the openpyxl caravan!

Practical Use Cases

First things first, when would you need to use a package like openpyxl in a real-world scenario? You’ll see a few examples below, but really, there are hundreds of possible scenarios where this knowledge could come in handy.

Importing New Products Into a Database

You are responsible for tech in an online store company, and your boss doesn’t want to pay for a cool and expensive CMS system.

Every time they want to add new products to the online store, they come to you with an Excel spreadsheet with a few hundred rows and, for each of them, you have the product name, description, price, and so forth.

Now, to import the data, you’ll have to iterate over each spreadsheet row and add each product to the online store.

Exporting Database Data Into a Spreadsheet

Say you have a Database table where you record all your users’ information, including name, phone number, email address, and so forth.

Now, the Marketing team wants to contact all users to give them some discounted offer or promotion. However, they don’t have access to the Database, or they don’t know how to use SQL to extract that information easily.

What can you do to help? Well, you can make a quick script using openpyxl that iterates over every single User record and puts all the essential information into an Excel spreadsheet.

That’s gonna earn you an extra slice of cake at your company’s next birthday party!

Appending Information to an Existing Spreadsheet

You may also have to open a spreadsheet, read the information in it and, according to some business logic, append more data to it.

For example, using the online store scenario again, say you get an Excel spreadsheet with a list of users and you need to append to each row the total amount they’ve spent in your store.

This data is in the Database and, in order to do this, you have to read the spreadsheet, iterate through each row, fetch the total amount spent from the Database and then write back to the spreadsheet.

Not a problem for openpyxl!

Learning Some Basic Excel Terminology

Here’s a quick list of basic terms you’ll see when you’re working with Excel spreadsheets:

Term Explanation
Spreadsheet or Workbook A Spreadsheet is the main file you are creating or working with.
Worksheet or Sheet A Sheet is used to split different kinds of content within the same spreadsheet. A Spreadsheet can have one or more Sheets.
Column A Column is a vertical line, and it’s represented by an uppercase letter: A.
Row A Row is a horizontal line, and it’s represented by a number: 1.
Cell A Cell is a combination of Column and Row, represented by both an uppercase letter and a number: A1.

Getting Started With openpyxl

Now that you’re aware of the benefits of a tool like openpyxl, let’s get down to it and start by installing the package. For this tutorial, you should use Python 3.7 and openpyxl 2.6.2. To install the package, you can do the following:

After you install the package, you should be able to create a super simple spreadsheet with the following code:

from openpyxl import Workbook

workbook = Workbook()
sheet = workbook.active

sheet["A1"] = "hello"
sheet["B1"] = "world!"

workbook.save(filename="hello_world.xlsx")

The code above should create a file called hello_world.xlsx in the folder you are using to run the code. If you open that file with Excel you should see something like this:

A Simple Hello World Spreadsheet

Woohoo, your first spreadsheet created!

Reading Excel Spreadsheets With openpyxl

Let’s start with the most essential thing one can do with a spreadsheet: read it.

You’ll go from a straightforward approach to reading a spreadsheet to more complex examples where you read the data and convert it into more useful Python structures.

Dataset for This Tutorial

Before you dive deep into some code examples, you should download this sample dataset and store it somewhere as sample.xlsx:

This is one of the datasets you’ll be using throughout this tutorial, and it’s a spreadsheet with a sample of real data from Amazon’s online product reviews. This dataset is only a tiny fraction of what Amazon provides, but for testing purposes, it’s more than enough.

A Simple Approach to Reading an Excel Spreadsheet

Finally, let’s start reading some spreadsheets! To begin with, open our sample spreadsheet:

>>>

>>> from openpyxl import load_workbook
>>> workbook = load_workbook(filename="sample.xlsx")
>>> workbook.sheetnames
['Sheet 1']

>>> sheet = workbook.active
>>> sheet
<Worksheet "Sheet 1">

>>> sheet.title
'Sheet 1'

In the code above, you first open the spreadsheet sample.xlsx using load_workbook(), and then you can use workbook.sheetnames to see all the sheets you have available to work with. After that, workbook.active selects the first available sheet and, in this case, you can see that it selects Sheet 1 automatically. Using these methods is the default way of opening a spreadsheet, and you’ll see it many times during this tutorial.

Now, after opening a spreadsheet, you can easily retrieve data from it like this:

>>>

>>> sheet["A1"]
<Cell 'Sheet 1'.A1>

>>> sheet["A1"].value
'marketplace'

>>> sheet["F10"].value
"G-Shock Men's Grey Sport Watch"

To return the actual value of a cell, you need to do .value. Otherwise, you’ll get the main Cell object. You can also use the method .cell() to retrieve a cell using index notation. Remember to add .value to get the actual value and not a Cell object:

>>>

>>> sheet.cell(row=10, column=6)
<Cell 'Sheet 1'.F10>

>>> sheet.cell(row=10, column=6).value
"G-Shock Men's Grey Sport Watch"

You can see that the results returned are the same, no matter which way you decide to go with. However, in this tutorial, you’ll be mostly using the first approach: ["A1"].

The above shows you the quickest way to open a spreadsheet. However, you can pass additional parameters to change the way a spreadsheet is loaded.

Additional Reading Options

There are a few arguments you can pass to load_workbook() that change the way a spreadsheet is loaded. The most important ones are the following two Booleans:

  1. read_only loads a spreadsheet in read-only mode allowing you to open very large Excel files.
  2. data_only ignores loading formulas and instead loads only the resulting values.

Importing Data From a Spreadsheet

Now that you’ve learned the basics about loading a spreadsheet, it’s about time you get to the fun part: the iteration and actual usage of the values within the spreadsheet.

This section is where you’ll learn all the different ways you can iterate through the data, but also how to convert that data into something usable and, more importantly, how to do it in a Pythonic way.

Iterating Through the Data

There are a few different ways you can iterate through the data depending on your needs.

You can slice the data with a combination of columns and rows:

>>>

>>> sheet["A1:C2"]
((<Cell 'Sheet 1'.A1>, <Cell 'Sheet 1'.B1>, <Cell 'Sheet 1'.C1>),
 (<Cell 'Sheet 1'.A2>, <Cell 'Sheet 1'.B2>, <Cell 'Sheet 1'.C2>))

You can get ranges of rows or columns:

>>>

>>> # Get all cells from column A
>>> sheet["A"]
(<Cell 'Sheet 1'.A1>,
 <Cell 'Sheet 1'.A2>,
 ...
 <Cell 'Sheet 1'.A99>,
 <Cell 'Sheet 1'.A100>)

>>> # Get all cells for a range of columns
>>> sheet["A:B"]
((<Cell 'Sheet 1'.A1>,
  <Cell 'Sheet 1'.A2>,
  ...
  <Cell 'Sheet 1'.A99>,
  <Cell 'Sheet 1'.A100>),
 (<Cell 'Sheet 1'.B1>,
  <Cell 'Sheet 1'.B2>,
  ...
  <Cell 'Sheet 1'.B99>,
  <Cell 'Sheet 1'.B100>))

>>> # Get all cells from row 5
>>> sheet[5]
(<Cell 'Sheet 1'.A5>,
 <Cell 'Sheet 1'.B5>,
 ...
 <Cell 'Sheet 1'.N5>,
 <Cell 'Sheet 1'.O5>)

>>> # Get all cells for a range of rows
>>> sheet[5:6]
((<Cell 'Sheet 1'.A5>,
  <Cell 'Sheet 1'.B5>,
  ...
  <Cell 'Sheet 1'.N5>,
  <Cell 'Sheet 1'.O5>),
 (<Cell 'Sheet 1'.A6>,
  <Cell 'Sheet 1'.B6>,
  ...
  <Cell 'Sheet 1'.N6>,
  <Cell 'Sheet 1'.O6>))

You’ll notice that all of the above examples return a tuple. If you want to refresh your memory on how to handle tuples in Python, check out the article on Lists and Tuples in Python.

There are also multiple ways of using normal Python generators to go through the data. The main methods you can use to achieve this are:

  • .iter_rows()
  • .iter_cols()

Both methods can receive the following arguments:

  • min_row
  • max_row
  • min_col
  • max_col

These arguments are used to set boundaries for the iteration:

>>>

>>> for row in sheet.iter_rows(min_row=1,
...                            max_row=2,
...                            min_col=1,
...                            max_col=3):
...     print(row)
(<Cell 'Sheet 1'.A1>, <Cell 'Sheet 1'.B1>, <Cell 'Sheet 1'.C1>)
(<Cell 'Sheet 1'.A2>, <Cell 'Sheet 1'.B2>, <Cell 'Sheet 1'.C2>)


>>> for column in sheet.iter_cols(min_row=1,
...                               max_row=2,
...                               min_col=1,
...                               max_col=3):
...     print(column)
(<Cell 'Sheet 1'.A1>, <Cell 'Sheet 1'.A2>)
(<Cell 'Sheet 1'.B1>, <Cell 'Sheet 1'.B2>)
(<Cell 'Sheet 1'.C1>, <Cell 'Sheet 1'.C2>)

You’ll notice that in the first example, when iterating through the rows using .iter_rows(), you get one tuple element per row selected. While when using .iter_cols() and iterating through columns, you’ll get one tuple per column instead.

One additional argument you can pass to both methods is the Boolean values_only. When it’s set to True, the values of the cell are returned, instead of the Cell object:

>>>

>>> for value in sheet.iter_rows(min_row=1,
...                              max_row=2,
...                              min_col=1,
...                              max_col=3,
...                              values_only=True):
...     print(value)
('marketplace', 'customer_id', 'review_id')
('US', 3653882, 'R3O9SGZBVQBV76')

If you want to iterate through the whole dataset, then you can also use the attributes .rows or .columns directly, which are shortcuts to using .iter_rows() and .iter_cols() without any arguments:

>>>

>>> for row in sheet.rows:
...     print(row)
(<Cell 'Sheet 1'.A1>, <Cell 'Sheet 1'.B1>, <Cell 'Sheet 1'.C1>
...
<Cell 'Sheet 1'.M100>, <Cell 'Sheet 1'.N100>, <Cell 'Sheet 1'.O100>)

These shortcuts are very useful when you’re iterating through the whole dataset.

Manipulate Data Using Python’s Default Data Structures

Now that you know the basics of iterating through the data in a workbook, let’s look at smart ways of converting that data into Python structures.

As you saw earlier, the result from all iterations comes in the form of tuples. However, since a tuple is nothing more than an immutable list, you can easily access its data and transform it into other structures.

For example, say you want to extract product information from the sample.xlsx spreadsheet and into a dictionary where each key is a product ID.

A straightforward way to do this is to iterate over all the rows, pick the columns you know are related to product information, and then store that in a dictionary. Let’s code this out!

First of all, have a look at the headers and see what information you care most about:

>>>

>>> for value in sheet.iter_rows(min_row=1,
...                              max_row=1,
...                              values_only=True):
...     print(value)
('marketplace', 'customer_id', 'review_id', 'product_id', ...)

This code returns a list of all the column names you have in the spreadsheet. To start, grab the columns with names:

  • product_id
  • product_parent
  • product_title
  • product_category

Lucky for you, the columns you need are all next to each other so you can use the min_column and max_column to easily get the data you want:

>>>

>>> for value in sheet.iter_rows(min_row=2,
...                              min_col=4,
...                              max_col=7,
...                              values_only=True):
...     print(value)
('B00FALQ1ZC', 937001370, 'Invicta Women's 15150 "Angel" 18k Yellow...)
('B00D3RGO20', 484010722, "Kenneth Cole New York Women's KC4944...)
...

Nice! Now that you know how to get all the important product information you need, let’s put that data into a dictionary:

import json
from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="sample.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active

products = {}

# Using the values_only because you want to return the cells' values
for row in sheet.iter_rows(min_row=2,
                           min_col=4,
                           max_col=7,
                           values_only=True):
    product_id = row[0]
    product = {
        "parent": row[1],
        "title": row[2],
        "category": row[3]
    }
    products[product_id] = product

# Using json here to be able to format the output for displaying later
print(json.dumps(products))

The code above returns a JSON similar to this:

{
  "B00FALQ1ZC": {
    "parent": 937001370,
    "title": "Invicta Women's 15150 ...",
    "category": "Watches"
  },
  "B00D3RGO20": {
    "parent": 484010722,
    "title": "Kenneth Cole New York ...",
    "category": "Watches"
  }
}

Here you can see that the output is trimmed to 2 products only, but if you run the script as it is, then you should get 98 products.

Convert Data Into Python Classes

To finalize the reading section of this tutorial, let’s dive into Python classes and see how you could improve on the example above and better structure the data.

For this, you’ll be using the new Python Data Classes that are available from Python 3.7. If you’re using an older version of Python, then you can use the default Classes instead.

So, first things first, let’s look at the data you have and decide what you want to store and how you want to store it.

As you saw right at the start, this data comes from Amazon, and it’s a list of product reviews. You can check the list of all the columns and their meaning on Amazon.

There are two significant elements you can extract from the data available:

  1. Products
  2. Reviews

A Product has:

  • ID
  • Title
  • Parent
  • Category

The Review has a few more fields:

  • ID
  • Customer ID
  • Stars
  • Headline
  • Body
  • Date

You can ignore a few of the review fields to make things a bit simpler.

So, a straightforward implementation of these two classes could be written in a separate file classes.py:

import datetime
from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass
class Product:
    id: str
    parent: str
    title: str
    category: str

@dataclass
class Review:
    id: str
    customer_id: str
    stars: int
    headline: str
    body: str
    date: datetime.datetime

After defining your data classes, you need to convert the data from the spreadsheet into these new structures.

Before doing the conversion, it’s worth looking at our header again and creating a mapping between columns and the fields you need:

>>>

>>> for value in sheet.iter_rows(min_row=1,
...                              max_row=1,
...                              values_only=True):
...     print(value)
('marketplace', 'customer_id', 'review_id', 'product_id', ...)

>>> # Or an alternative
>>> for cell in sheet[1]:
...     print(cell.value)
marketplace
customer_id
review_id
product_id
product_parent
...

Let’s create a file mapping.py where you have a list of all the field names and their column location (zero-indexed) on the spreadsheet:

# Product fields
PRODUCT_ID = 3
PRODUCT_PARENT = 4
PRODUCT_TITLE = 5
PRODUCT_CATEGORY = 6

# Review fields
REVIEW_ID = 2
REVIEW_CUSTOMER = 1
REVIEW_STARS = 7
REVIEW_HEADLINE = 12
REVIEW_BODY = 13
REVIEW_DATE = 14

You don’t necessarily have to do the mapping above. It’s more for readability when parsing the row data, so you don’t end up with a lot of magic numbers lying around.

Finally, let’s look at the code needed to parse the spreadsheet data into a list of product and review objects:

from datetime import datetime
from openpyxl import load_workbook
from classes import Product, Review
from mapping import PRODUCT_ID, PRODUCT_PARENT, PRODUCT_TITLE, 
    PRODUCT_CATEGORY, REVIEW_DATE, REVIEW_ID, REVIEW_CUSTOMER, 
    REVIEW_STARS, REVIEW_HEADLINE, REVIEW_BODY

# Using the read_only method since you're not gonna be editing the spreadsheet
workbook = load_workbook(filename="sample.xlsx", read_only=True)
sheet = workbook.active

products = []
reviews = []

# Using the values_only because you just want to return the cell value
for row in sheet.iter_rows(min_row=2, values_only=True):
    product = Product(id=row[PRODUCT_ID],
                      parent=row[PRODUCT_PARENT],
                      title=row[PRODUCT_TITLE],
                      category=row[PRODUCT_CATEGORY])
    products.append(product)

    # You need to parse the date from the spreadsheet into a datetime format
    spread_date = row[REVIEW_DATE]
    parsed_date = datetime.strptime(spread_date, "%Y-%m-%d")

    review = Review(id=row[REVIEW_ID],
                    customer_id=row[REVIEW_CUSTOMER],
                    stars=row[REVIEW_STARS],
                    headline=row[REVIEW_HEADLINE],
                    body=row[REVIEW_BODY],
                    date=parsed_date)
    reviews.append(review)

print(products[0])
print(reviews[0])

After you run the code above, you should get some output like this:

Product(id='B00FALQ1ZC', parent=937001370, ...)
Review(id='R3O9SGZBVQBV76', customer_id=3653882, ...)

That’s it! Now you should have the data in a very simple and digestible class format, and you can start thinking of storing this in a Database or any other type of data storage you like.

Using this kind of OOP strategy to parse spreadsheets makes handling the data much simpler later on.

Appending New Data

Before you start creating very complex spreadsheets, have a quick look at an example of how to append data to an existing spreadsheet.

Go back to the first example spreadsheet you created (hello_world.xlsx) and try opening it and appending some data to it, like this:

from openpyxl import load_workbook

# Start by opening the spreadsheet and selecting the main sheet
workbook = load_workbook(filename="hello_world.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active

# Write what you want into a specific cell
sheet["C1"] = "writing ;)"

# Save the spreadsheet
workbook.save(filename="hello_world_append.xlsx")

Et voilà, if you open the new hello_world_append.xlsx spreadsheet, you’ll see the following change:

Appending Data to a Spreadsheet

Notice the additional writing ;) on cell C1.

Writing Excel Spreadsheets With openpyxl

There are a lot of different things you can write to a spreadsheet, from simple text or number values to complex formulas, charts, or even images.

Let’s start creating some spreadsheets!

Creating a Simple Spreadsheet

Previously, you saw a very quick example of how to write “Hello world!” into a spreadsheet, so you can start with that:

 1from openpyxl import Workbook
 2
 3filename = "hello_world.xlsx"
 4
 5workbook = Workbook()
 6sheet = workbook.active
 7
 8sheet["A1"] = "hello"
 9sheet["B1"] = "world!"
10
11workbook.save(filename=filename)

The highlighted lines in the code above are the most important ones for writing. In the code, you can see that:

  • Line 5 shows you how to create a new empty workbook.
  • Lines 8 and 9 show you how to add data to specific cells.
  • Line 11 shows you how to save the spreadsheet when you’re done.

Even though these lines above can be straightforward, it’s still good to know them well for when things get a bit more complicated.

One thing you can do to help with coming code examples is add the following method to your Python file or console:

>>>

>>> def print_rows():
...     for row in sheet.iter_rows(values_only=True):
...         print(row)

It makes it easier to print all of your spreadsheet values by just calling print_rows().

Basic Spreadsheet Operations

Before you get into the more advanced topics, it’s good for you to know how to manage the most simple elements of a spreadsheet.

Adding and Updating Cell Values

You already learned how to add values to a spreadsheet like this:

>>>

>>> sheet["A1"] = "value"

There’s another way you can do this, by first selecting a cell and then changing its value:

>>>

>>> cell = sheet["A1"]
>>> cell
<Cell 'Sheet'.A1>

>>> cell.value
'hello'

>>> cell.value = "hey"
>>> cell.value
'hey'

The new value is only stored into the spreadsheet once you call workbook.save().

The openpyxl creates a cell when adding a value, if that cell didn’t exist before:

>>>

>>> # Before, our spreadsheet has only 1 row
>>> print_rows()
('hello', 'world!')

>>> # Try adding a value to row 10
>>> sheet["B10"] = "test"
>>> print_rows()
('hello', 'world!')
(None, None)
(None, None)
(None, None)
(None, None)
(None, None)
(None, None)
(None, None)
(None, None)
(None, 'test')

As you can see, when trying to add a value to cell B10, you end up with a tuple with 10 rows, just so you can have that test value.

Managing Rows and Columns

One of the most common things you have to do when manipulating spreadsheets is adding or removing rows and columns. The openpyxl package allows you to do that in a very straightforward way by using the methods:

  • .insert_rows()
  • .delete_rows()
  • .insert_cols()
  • .delete_cols()

Every single one of those methods can receive two arguments:

  1. idx
  2. amount

Using our basic hello_world.xlsx example again, let’s see how these methods work:

>>>

>>> print_rows()
('hello', 'world!')

>>> # Insert a column before the existing column 1 ("A")
>>> sheet.insert_cols(idx=1)
>>> print_rows()
(None, 'hello', 'world!')

>>> # Insert 5 columns between column 2 ("B") and 3 ("C")
>>> sheet.insert_cols(idx=3, amount=5)
>>> print_rows()
(None, 'hello', None, None, None, None, None, 'world!')

>>> # Delete the created columns
>>> sheet.delete_cols(idx=3, amount=5)
>>> sheet.delete_cols(idx=1)
>>> print_rows()
('hello', 'world!')

>>> # Insert a new row in the beginning
>>> sheet.insert_rows(idx=1)
>>> print_rows()
(None, None)
('hello', 'world!')

>>> # Insert 3 new rows in the beginning
>>> sheet.insert_rows(idx=1, amount=3)
>>> print_rows()
(None, None)
(None, None)
(None, None)
(None, None)
('hello', 'world!')

>>> # Delete the first 4 rows
>>> sheet.delete_rows(idx=1, amount=4)
>>> print_rows()
('hello', 'world!')

The only thing you need to remember is that when inserting new data (rows or columns), the insertion happens before the idx parameter.

So, if you do insert_rows(1), it inserts a new row before the existing first row.

It’s the same for columns: when you call insert_cols(2), it inserts a new column right before the already existing second column (B).

However, when deleting rows or columns, .delete_... deletes data starting from the index passed as an argument.

For example, when doing delete_rows(2) it deletes row 2, and when doing delete_cols(3) it deletes the third column (C).

Managing Sheets

Sheet management is also one of those things you might need to know, even though it might be something that you don’t use that often.

If you look back at the code examples from this tutorial, you’ll notice the following recurring piece of code:

This is the way to select the default sheet from a spreadsheet. However, if you’re opening a spreadsheet with multiple sheets, then you can always select a specific one like this:

>>>

>>> # Let's say you have two sheets: "Products" and "Company Sales"
>>> workbook.sheetnames
['Products', 'Company Sales']

>>> # You can select a sheet using its title
>>> products_sheet = workbook["Products"]
>>> sales_sheet = workbook["Company Sales"]

You can also change a sheet title very easily:

>>>

>>> workbook.sheetnames
['Products', 'Company Sales']

>>> products_sheet = workbook["Products"]
>>> products_sheet.title = "New Products"

>>> workbook.sheetnames
['New Products', 'Company Sales']

If you want to create or delete sheets, then you can also do that with .create_sheet() and .remove():

>>>

>>> workbook.sheetnames
['Products', 'Company Sales']

>>> operations_sheet = workbook.create_sheet("Operations")
>>> workbook.sheetnames
['Products', 'Company Sales', 'Operations']

>>> # You can also define the position to create the sheet at
>>> hr_sheet = workbook.create_sheet("HR", 0)
>>> workbook.sheetnames
['HR', 'Products', 'Company Sales', 'Operations']

>>> # To remove them, just pass the sheet as an argument to the .remove()
>>> workbook.remove(operations_sheet)
>>> workbook.sheetnames
['HR', 'Products', 'Company Sales']

>>> workbook.remove(hr_sheet)
>>> workbook.sheetnames
['Products', 'Company Sales']

One other thing you can do is make duplicates of a sheet using copy_worksheet():

>>>

>>> workbook.sheetnames
['Products', 'Company Sales']

>>> products_sheet = workbook["Products"]
>>> workbook.copy_worksheet(products_sheet)
<Worksheet "Products Copy">

>>> workbook.sheetnames
['Products', 'Company Sales', 'Products Copy']

If you open your spreadsheet after saving the above code, you’ll notice that the sheet Products Copy is a duplicate of the sheet Products.

Freezing Rows and Columns

Something that you might want to do when working with big spreadsheets is to freeze a few rows or columns, so they remain visible when you scroll right or down.

Freezing data allows you to keep an eye on important rows or columns, regardless of where you scroll in the spreadsheet.

Again, openpyxl also has a way to accomplish this by using the worksheet freeze_panes attribute. For this example, go back to our sample.xlsx spreadsheet and try doing the following:

>>>

>>> workbook = load_workbook(filename="sample.xlsx")
>>> sheet = workbook.active
>>> sheet.freeze_panes = "C2"
>>> workbook.save("sample_frozen.xlsx")

If you open the sample_frozen.xlsx spreadsheet in your favorite spreadsheet editor, you’ll notice that row 1 and columns A and B are frozen and are always visible no matter where you navigate within the spreadsheet.

This feature is handy, for example, to keep headers within sight, so you always know what each column represents.

Here’s how it looks in the editor:

Example Spreadsheet With Frozen Rows and Columns

Notice how you’re at the end of the spreadsheet, and yet, you can see both row 1 and columns A and B.

Adding Filters

You can use openpyxl to add filters and sorts to your spreadsheet. However, when you open the spreadsheet, the data won’t be rearranged according to these sorts and filters.

At first, this might seem like a pretty useless feature, but when you’re programmatically creating a spreadsheet that is going to be sent and used by somebody else, it’s still nice to at least create the filters and allow people to use it afterward.

The code below is an example of how you would add some filters to our existing sample.xlsx spreadsheet:

>>>

>>> # Check the used spreadsheet space using the attribute "dimensions"
>>> sheet.dimensions
'A1:O100'

>>> sheet.auto_filter.ref = "A1:O100"
>>> workbook.save(filename="sample_with_filters.xlsx")

You should now see the filters created when opening the spreadsheet in your editor:

Example Spreadsheet With Filters

You don’t have to use sheet.dimensions if you know precisely which part of the spreadsheet you want to apply filters to.

Adding Formulas

Formulas (or formulae) are one of the most powerful features of spreadsheets.

They gives you the power to apply specific mathematical equations to a range of cells. Using formulas with openpyxl is as simple as editing the value of a cell.

You can see the list of formulas supported by openpyxl:

>>>

>>> from openpyxl.utils import FORMULAE
>>> FORMULAE
frozenset({'ABS',
           'ACCRINT',
           'ACCRINTM',
           'ACOS',
           'ACOSH',
           'AMORDEGRC',
           'AMORLINC',
           'AND',
           ...
           'YEARFRAC',
           'YIELD',
           'YIELDDISC',
           'YIELDMAT',
           'ZTEST'})

Let’s add some formulas to our sample.xlsx spreadsheet.

Starting with something easy, let’s check the average star rating for the 99 reviews within the spreadsheet:

>>>

>>> # Star rating is column "H"
>>> sheet["P2"] = "=AVERAGE(H2:H100)"
>>> workbook.save(filename="sample_formulas.xlsx")

If you open the spreadsheet now and go to cell P2, you should see that its value is: 4.18181818181818. Have a look in the editor:

Example Spreadsheet With Average Formula

You can use the same methodology to add any formulas to your spreadsheet. For example, let’s count the number of reviews that had helpful votes:

>>>

>>> # The helpful votes are counted on column "I"
>>> sheet["P3"] = '=COUNTIF(I2:I100, ">0")'
>>> workbook.save(filename="sample_formulas.xlsx")

You should get the number 21 on your P3 spreadsheet cell like so:

Example Spreadsheet With Average and CountIf Formula

You’ll have to make sure that the strings within a formula are always in double quotes, so you either have to use single quotes around the formula like in the example above or you’ll have to escape the double quotes inside the formula: "=COUNTIF(I2:I100, ">0")".

There are a ton of other formulas you can add to your spreadsheet using the same procedure you tried above. Give it a go yourself!

Adding Styles

Even though styling a spreadsheet might not be something you would do every day, it’s still good to know how to do it.

Using openpyxl, you can apply multiple styling options to your spreadsheet, including fonts, borders, colors, and so on. Have a look at the openpyxl documentation to learn more.

You can also choose to either apply a style directly to a cell or create a template and reuse it to apply styles to multiple cells.

Let’s start by having a look at simple cell styling, using our sample.xlsx again as the base spreadsheet:

>>>

>>> # Import necessary style classes
>>> from openpyxl.styles import Font, Color, Alignment, Border, Side

>>> # Create a few styles
>>> bold_font = Font(bold=True)
>>> big_red_text = Font(color="00FF0000", size=20)
>>> center_aligned_text = Alignment(horizontal="center")
>>> double_border_side = Side(border_style="double")
>>> square_border = Border(top=double_border_side,
...                        right=double_border_side,
...                        bottom=double_border_side,
...                        left=double_border_side)

>>> # Style some cells!
>>> sheet["A2"].font = bold_font
>>> sheet["A3"].font = big_red_text
>>> sheet["A4"].alignment = center_aligned_text
>>> sheet["A5"].border = square_border
>>> workbook.save(filename="sample_styles.xlsx")

If you open your spreadsheet now, you should see quite a few different styles on the first 5 cells of column A:

Example Spreadsheet With Simple Cell Styles

There you go. You got:

  • A2 with the text in bold
  • A3 with the text in red and bigger font size
  • A4 with the text centered
  • A5 with a square border around the text

You can also combine styles by simply adding them to the cell at the same time:

>>>

>>> # Reusing the same styles from the example above
>>> sheet["A6"].alignment = center_aligned_text
>>> sheet["A6"].font = big_red_text
>>> sheet["A6"].border = square_border
>>> workbook.save(filename="sample_styles.xlsx")

Have a look at cell A6 here:

Example Spreadsheet With Coupled Cell Styles

When you want to apply multiple styles to one or several cells, you can use a NamedStyle class instead, which is like a style template that you can use over and over again. Have a look at the example below:

>>>

>>> from openpyxl.styles import NamedStyle

>>> # Let's create a style template for the header row
>>> header = NamedStyle(name="header")
>>> header.font = Font(bold=True)
>>> header.border = Border(bottom=Side(border_style="thin"))
>>> header.alignment = Alignment(horizontal="center", vertical="center")

>>> # Now let's apply this to all first row (header) cells
>>> header_row = sheet[1]
>>> for cell in header_row:
...     cell.style = header

>>> workbook.save(filename="sample_styles.xlsx")

If you open the spreadsheet now, you should see that its first row is bold, the text is aligned to the center, and there’s a small bottom border! Have a look below:

Example Spreadsheet With Named Styles

As you saw above, there are many options when it comes to styling, and it depends on the use case, so feel free to check openpyxl documentation and see what other things you can do.

Conditional Formatting

This feature is one of my personal favorites when it comes to adding styles to a spreadsheet.

It’s a much more powerful approach to styling because it dynamically applies styles according to how the data in the spreadsheet changes.

In a nutshell, conditional formatting allows you to specify a list of styles to apply to a cell (or cell range) according to specific conditions.

For example, a widespread use case is to have a balance sheet where all the negative totals are in red, and the positive ones are in green. This formatting makes it much more efficient to spot good vs bad periods.

Without further ado, let’s pick our favorite spreadsheet—sample.xlsx—and add some conditional formatting.

You can start by adding a simple one that adds a red background to all reviews with less than 3 stars:

>>>

>>> from openpyxl.styles import PatternFill
>>> from openpyxl.styles.differential import DifferentialStyle
>>> from openpyxl.formatting.rule import Rule

>>> red_background = PatternFill(fgColor="00FF0000")
>>> diff_style = DifferentialStyle(fill=red_background)
>>> rule = Rule(type="expression", dxf=diff_style)
>>> rule.formula = ["$H1<3"]
>>> sheet.conditional_formatting.add("A1:O100", rule)
>>> workbook.save("sample_conditional_formatting.xlsx")

Now you’ll see all the reviews with a star rating below 3 marked with a red background:

Example Spreadsheet With Simple Conditional Formatting

Code-wise, the only things that are new here are the objects DifferentialStyle and Rule:

  • DifferentialStyle is quite similar to NamedStyle, which you already saw above, and it’s used to aggregate multiple styles such as fonts, borders, alignment, and so forth.
  • Rule is responsible for selecting the cells and applying the styles if the cells match the rule’s logic.

Using a Rule object, you can create numerous conditional formatting scenarios.

However, for simplicity sake, the openpyxl package offers 3 built-in formats that make it easier to create a few common conditional formatting patterns. These built-ins are:

  • ColorScale
  • IconSet
  • DataBar

The ColorScale gives you the ability to create color gradients:

>>>

>>> from openpyxl.formatting.rule import ColorScaleRule
>>> color_scale_rule = ColorScaleRule(start_type="min",
...                                   start_color="00FF0000",  # Red
...                                   end_type="max",
...                                   end_color="0000FF00")  # Green

>>> # Again, let's add this gradient to the star ratings, column "H"
>>> sheet.conditional_formatting.add("H2:H100", color_scale_rule)
>>> workbook.save(filename="sample_conditional_formatting_color_scale.xlsx")

Now you should see a color gradient on column H, from red to green, according to the star rating:

Example Spreadsheet With Color Scale Conditional Formatting

You can also add a third color and make two gradients instead:

>>>

>>> from openpyxl.formatting.rule import ColorScaleRule
>>> color_scale_rule = ColorScaleRule(start_type="num",
...                                   start_value=1,
...                                   start_color="00FF0000",  # Red
...                                   mid_type="num",
...                                   mid_value=3,
...                                   mid_color="00FFFF00",  # Yellow
...                                   end_type="num",
...                                   end_value=5,
...                                   end_color="0000FF00")  # Green

>>> # Again, let's add this gradient to the star ratings, column "H"
>>> sheet.conditional_formatting.add("H2:H100", color_scale_rule)
>>> workbook.save(filename="sample_conditional_formatting_color_scale_3.xlsx")

This time, you’ll notice that star ratings between 1 and 3 have a gradient from red to yellow, and star ratings between 3 and 5 have a gradient from yellow to green:

Example Spreadsheet With 2 Color Scales Conditional Formatting

The IconSet allows you to add an icon to the cell according to its value:

>>>

>>> from openpyxl.formatting.rule import IconSetRule

>>> icon_set_rule = IconSetRule("5Arrows", "num", [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
>>> sheet.conditional_formatting.add("H2:H100", icon_set_rule)
>>> workbook.save("sample_conditional_formatting_icon_set.xlsx")

You’ll see a colored arrow next to the star rating. This arrow is red and points down when the value of the cell is 1 and, as the rating gets better, the arrow starts pointing up and becomes green:

Example Spreadsheet With Icon Set Conditional Formatting

The openpyxl package has a full list of other icons you can use, besides the arrow.

Finally, the DataBar allows you to create progress bars:

>>>

>>> from openpyxl.formatting.rule import DataBarRule

>>> data_bar_rule = DataBarRule(start_type="num",
...                             start_value=1,
...                             end_type="num",
...                             end_value="5",
...                             color="0000FF00")  # Green
>>> sheet.conditional_formatting.add("H2:H100", data_bar_rule)
>>> workbook.save("sample_conditional_formatting_data_bar.xlsx")

You’ll now see a green progress bar that gets fuller the closer the star rating is to the number 5:

Example Spreadsheet With Data Bar Conditional Formatting

As you can see, there are a lot of cool things you can do with conditional formatting.

Here, you saw only a few examples of what you can achieve with it, but check the openpyxl documentation to see a bunch of other options.

Adding Images

Even though images are not something that you’ll often see in a spreadsheet, it’s quite cool to be able to add them. Maybe you can use it for branding purposes or to make spreadsheets more personal.

To be able to load images to a spreadsheet using openpyxl, you’ll have to install Pillow:

Apart from that, you’ll also need an image. For this example, you can grab the Real Python logo below and convert it from .webp to .png using an online converter such as cloudconvert.com, save the final file as logo.png, and copy it to the root folder where you’re running your examples:

Real Python Logo

Afterward, this is the code you need to import that image into the hello_word.xlsx spreadsheet:

from openpyxl import load_workbook
from openpyxl.drawing.image import Image

# Let's use the hello_world spreadsheet since it has less data
workbook = load_workbook(filename="hello_world.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active

logo = Image("logo.png")

# A bit of resizing to not fill the whole spreadsheet with the logo
logo.height = 150
logo.width = 150

sheet.add_image(logo, "A3")
workbook.save(filename="hello_world_logo.xlsx")

You have an image on your spreadsheet! Here it is:

Example Spreadsheet With Image

The image’s left top corner is on the cell you chose, in this case, A3.

Adding Pretty Charts

Another powerful thing you can do with spreadsheets is create an incredible variety of charts.

Charts are a great way to visualize and understand loads of data quickly. There are a lot of different chart types: bar chart, pie chart, line chart, and so on. openpyxl has support for a lot of them.

Here, you’ll see only a couple of examples of charts because the theory behind it is the same for every single chart type:

For any chart you want to build, you’ll need to define the chart type: BarChart, LineChart, and so forth, plus the data to be used for the chart, which is called Reference.

Before you can build your chart, you need to define what data you want to see represented in it. Sometimes, you can use the dataset as is, but other times you need to massage the data a bit to get additional information.

Let’s start by building a new workbook with some sample data:

 1from openpyxl import Workbook
 2from openpyxl.chart import BarChart, Reference
 3
 4workbook = Workbook()
 5sheet = workbook.active
 6
 7# Let's create some sample sales data
 8rows = [
 9    ["Product", "Online", "Store"],
10    [1, 30, 45],
11    [2, 40, 30],
12    [3, 40, 25],
13    [4, 50, 30],
14    [5, 30, 25],
15    [6, 25, 35],
16    [7, 20, 40],
17]
18
19for row in rows:
20    sheet.append(row)

Now you’re going to start by creating a bar chart that displays the total number of sales per product:

22chart = BarChart()
23data = Reference(worksheet=sheet,
24                 min_row=1,
25                 max_row=8,
26                 min_col=2,
27                 max_col=3)
28
29chart.add_data(data, titles_from_data=True)
30sheet.add_chart(chart, "E2")
31
32workbook.save("chart.xlsx")

There you have it. Below, you can see a very straightforward bar chart showing the difference between online product sales online and in-store product sales:

Example Spreadsheet With Bar Chart

Like with images, the top left corner of the chart is on the cell you added the chart to. In your case, it was on cell E2.

Try creating a line chart instead, changing the data a bit:

 1import random
 2from openpyxl import Workbook
 3from openpyxl.chart import LineChart, Reference
 4
 5workbook = Workbook()
 6sheet = workbook.active
 7
 8# Let's create some sample sales data
 9rows = [
10    ["", "January", "February", "March", "April",
11    "May", "June", "July", "August", "September",
12     "October", "November", "December"],
13    [1, ],
14    [2, ],
15    [3, ],
16]
17
18for row in rows:
19    sheet.append(row)
20
21for row in sheet.iter_rows(min_row=2,
22                           max_row=4,
23                           min_col=2,
24                           max_col=13):
25    for cell in row:
26        cell.value = random.randrange(5, 100)

With the above code, you’ll be able to generate some random data regarding the sales of 3 different products across a whole year.

Once that’s done, you can very easily create a line chart with the following code:

28chart = LineChart()
29data = Reference(worksheet=sheet,
30                 min_row=2,
31                 max_row=4,
32                 min_col=1,
33                 max_col=13)
34
35chart.add_data(data, from_rows=True, titles_from_data=True)
36sheet.add_chart(chart, "C6")
37
38workbook.save("line_chart.xlsx")

Here’s the outcome of the above piece of code:

Example Spreadsheet With Line Chart

One thing to keep in mind here is the fact that you’re using from_rows=True when adding the data. This argument makes the chart plot row by row instead of column by column.

In your sample data, you see that each product has a row with 12 values (1 column per month). That’s why you use from_rows. If you don’t pass that argument, by default, the chart tries to plot by column, and you’ll get a month-by-month comparison of sales.

Another difference that has to do with the above argument change is the fact that our Reference now starts from the first column, min_col=1, instead of the second one. This change is needed because the chart now expects the first column to have the titles.

There are a couple of other things you can also change regarding the style of the chart. For example, you can add specific categories to the chart:

cats = Reference(worksheet=sheet,
                 min_row=1,
                 max_row=1,
                 min_col=2,
                 max_col=13)
chart.set_categories(cats)

Add this piece of code before saving the workbook, and you should see the month names appearing instead of numbers:

Example Spreadsheet With Line Chart and Categories

Code-wise, this is a minimal change. But in terms of the readability of the spreadsheet, this makes it much easier for someone to open the spreadsheet and understand the chart straight away.

Another thing you can do to improve the chart readability is to add an axis. You can do it using the attributes x_axis and y_axis:

chart.x_axis.title = "Months"
chart.y_axis.title = "Sales (per unit)"

This will generate a spreadsheet like the below one:

Example Spreadsheet With Line Chart, Categories and Axis Titles

As you can see, small changes like the above make reading your chart a much easier and quicker task.

There is also a way to style your chart by using Excel’s default ChartStyle property. In this case, you have to choose a number between 1 and 48. Depending on your choice, the colors of your chart change as well:

# You can play with this by choosing any number between 1 and 48
chart.style = 24

With the style selected above, all lines have some shade of orange:

Example Spreadsheet With Line Chart, Categories, Axis Titles and Style

There is no clear documentation on what each style number looks like, but this spreadsheet has a few examples of the styles available.

Here’s the full code used to generate the line chart with categories, axis titles, and style:

import random
from openpyxl import Workbook
from openpyxl.chart import LineChart, Reference

workbook = Workbook()
sheet = workbook.active

# Let's create some sample sales data
rows = [
    ["", "January", "February", "March", "April",
    "May", "June", "July", "August", "September",
     "October", "November", "December"],
    [1, ],
    [2, ],
    [3, ],
]

for row in rows:
    sheet.append(row)

for row in sheet.iter_rows(min_row=2,
                           max_row=4,
                           min_col=2,
                           max_col=13):
    for cell in row:
        cell.value = random.randrange(5, 100)

# Create a LineChart and add the main data
chart = LineChart()
data = Reference(worksheet=sheet,
                           min_row=2,
                           max_row=4,
                           min_col=1,
                           max_col=13)
chart.add_data(data, titles_from_data=True, from_rows=True)

# Add categories to the chart
cats = Reference(worksheet=sheet,
                 min_row=1,
                 max_row=1,
                 min_col=2,
                 max_col=13)
chart.set_categories(cats)

# Rename the X and Y Axis
chart.x_axis.title = "Months"
chart.y_axis.title = "Sales (per unit)"

# Apply a specific Style
chart.style = 24

# Save!
sheet.add_chart(chart, "C6")
workbook.save("line_chart.xlsx")

There are a lot more chart types and customization you can apply, so be sure to check out the package documentation on this if you need some specific formatting.

Convert Python Classes to Excel Spreadsheet

You already saw how to convert an Excel spreadsheet’s data into Python classes, but now let’s do the opposite.

Let’s imagine you have a database and are using some Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) to map DB objects into Python classes. Now, you want to export those same objects into a spreadsheet.

Let’s assume the following data classes to represent the data coming from your database regarding product sales:

from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import List

@dataclass
class Sale:
    quantity: int

@dataclass
class Product:
    id: str
    name: str
    sales: List[Sale]

Now, let’s generate some random data, assuming the above classes are stored in a db_classes.py file:

 1import random
 2
 3# Ignore these for now. You'll use them in a sec ;)
 4from openpyxl import Workbook
 5from openpyxl.chart import LineChart, Reference
 6
 7from db_classes import Product, Sale
 8
 9products = []
10
11# Let's create 5 products
12for idx in range(1, 6):
13    sales = []
14
15    # Create 5 months of sales
16    for _ in range(5):
17        sale = Sale(quantity=random.randrange(5, 100))
18        sales.append(sale)
19
20    product = Product(id=str(idx),
21                      name="Product %s" % idx,
22                      sales=sales)
23    products.append(product)

By running this piece of code, you should get 5 products with 5 months of sales with a random quantity of sales for each month.

Now, to convert this into a spreadsheet, you need to iterate over the data and append it to the spreadsheet:

25workbook = Workbook()
26sheet = workbook.active
27
28# Append column names first
29sheet.append(["Product ID", "Product Name", "Month 1",
30              "Month 2", "Month 3", "Month 4", "Month 5"])
31
32# Append the data
33for product in products:
34    data = [product.id, product.name]
35    for sale in product.sales:
36        data.append(sale.quantity)
37    sheet.append(data)

That’s it. That should allow you to create a spreadsheet with some data coming from your database.

However, why not use some of that cool knowledge you gained recently to add a chart as well to display that data more visually?

All right, then you could probably do something like this:

38chart = LineChart()
39data = Reference(worksheet=sheet,
40                 min_row=2,
41                 max_row=6,
42                 min_col=2,
43                 max_col=7)
44
45chart.add_data(data, titles_from_data=True, from_rows=True)
46sheet.add_chart(chart, "B8")
47
48cats = Reference(worksheet=sheet,
49                 min_row=1,
50                 max_row=1,
51                 min_col=3,
52                 max_col=7)
53chart.set_categories(cats)
54
55chart.x_axis.title = "Months"
56chart.y_axis.title = "Sales (per unit)"
57
58workbook.save(filename="oop_sample.xlsx")

Now we’re talking! Here’s a spreadsheet generated from database objects and with a chart and everything:

Example Spreadsheet With Conversion from Python Data Classes

That’s a great way for you to wrap up your new knowledge of charts!

Bonus: Working With Pandas

Even though you can use Pandas to handle Excel files, there are few things that you either can’t accomplish with Pandas or that you’d be better off just using openpyxl directly.

For example, some of the advantages of using openpyxl are the ability to easily customize your spreadsheet with styles, conditional formatting, and such.

But guess what, you don’t have to worry about picking. In fact, openpyxl has support for both converting data from a Pandas DataFrame into a workbook or the opposite, converting an openpyxl workbook into a Pandas DataFrame.

First things first, remember to install the pandas package:

Then, let’s create a sample DataFrame:

 1import pandas as pd
 2
 3data = {
 4    "Product Name": ["Product 1", "Product 2"],
 5    "Sales Month 1": [10, 20],
 6    "Sales Month 2": [5, 35],
 7}
 8df = pd.DataFrame(data)

Now that you have some data, you can use .dataframe_to_rows() to convert it from a DataFrame into a worksheet:

10from openpyxl import Workbook
11from openpyxl.utils.dataframe import dataframe_to_rows
12
13workbook = Workbook()
14sheet = workbook.active
15
16for row in dataframe_to_rows(df, index=False, header=True):
17    sheet.append(row)
18
19workbook.save("pandas.xlsx")

You should see a spreadsheet that looks like this:

Example Spreadsheet With Data from Pandas Data Frame

If you want to add the DataFrame’s index, you can change index=True, and it adds each row’s index into your spreadsheet.

On the other hand, if you want to convert a spreadsheet into a DataFrame, you can also do it in a very straightforward way like so:

import pandas as pd
from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="sample.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active

values = sheet.values
df = pd.DataFrame(values)

Alternatively, if you want to add the correct headers and use the review ID as the index, for example, then you can also do it like this instead:

import pandas as pd
from openpyxl import load_workbook
from mapping import REVIEW_ID

workbook = load_workbook(filename="sample.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active

data = sheet.values

# Set the first row as the columns for the DataFrame
cols = next(data)
data = list(data)

# Set the field "review_id" as the indexes for each row
idx = [row[REVIEW_ID] for row in data]

df = pd.DataFrame(data, index=idx, columns=cols)

Using indexes and columns allows you to access data from your DataFrame easily:

>>>

>>> df.columns
Index(['marketplace', 'customer_id', 'review_id', 'product_id',
       'product_parent', 'product_title', 'product_category', 'star_rating',
       'helpful_votes', 'total_votes', 'vine', 'verified_purchase',
       'review_headline', 'review_body', 'review_date'],
      dtype='object')

>>> # Get first 10 reviews' star rating
>>> df["star_rating"][:10]
R3O9SGZBVQBV76    5
RKH8BNC3L5DLF     5
R2HLE8WKZSU3NL    2
R31U3UH5AZ42LL    5
R2SV659OUJ945Y    4
RA51CP8TR5A2L     5
RB2Q7DLDN6TH6     5
R2RHFJV0UYBK3Y    1
R2Z6JOQ94LFHEP    5
RX27XIIWY5JPB     4
Name: star_rating, dtype: int64

>>> # Grab review with id "R2EQL1V1L6E0C9", using the index
>>> df.loc["R2EQL1V1L6E0C9"]
marketplace               US
customer_id         15305006
review_id     R2EQL1V1L6E0C9
product_id        B004LURNO6
product_parent     892860326
review_headline   Five Stars
review_body          Love it
review_date       2015-08-31
Name: R2EQL1V1L6E0C9, dtype: object

There you go, whether you want to use openpyxl to prettify your Pandas dataset or use Pandas to do some hardcore algebra, you now know how to switch between both packages.

Conclusion

Phew, after that long read, you now know how to work with spreadsheets in Python! You can rely on openpyxl, your trustworthy companion, to:

  • Extract valuable information from spreadsheets in a Pythonic manner
  • Create your own spreadsheets, no matter the complexity level
  • Add cool features such as conditional formatting or charts to your spreadsheets

There are a few other things you can do with openpyxl that might not have been covered in this tutorial, but you can always check the package’s official documentation website to learn more about it. You can even venture into checking its source code and improving the package further.

Feel free to leave any comments below if you have any questions, or if there’s any section you’d love to hear more about.

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Editing Excel Spreadsheets in Python With openpyxl

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