Put down the corresponding verbs translate every word caster

Методическое пособие для преподавателей и студентов специальностей
технического профиля

по дисциплине «Английский язык»

      Содержание

      Введение                                                                                                                 4

Пояснительная
записка                                                                                                 5

Тема № 1. Why do people build?                                                                                   
6

Тема № 2 Excavation                                                                                                     
8

Тема № 3 Foundation                                                                                                          10

Тест № 1                                                                                                                         
12

Тема № 4 Construction materials                                                                                 
15

Тема № 5 Wood                                                                                                              
17

Тема № 6  Timber                                                                                                            19

Тема № 7  Metals                                                                                                               
22

Тема № 8  Ferrous and non-ferrous metals                                                                      
24

Тема № 9 Stell, aluminum. Alumina                                                                                 
25

Тема № 10 Brick. Terracotta. Ceramic
tiles                                                                    29

Тест № 2                                                 
                                                                           32

Тема № 11 Concrete                                                                                                        
36

Тест № 3                                                                                                                         
39

Тексты для
аудирования                                                                                                 
46

     Заключение                                                                                                              
50

     Список литературы
                                                                                                  51

Введение

Данное
методическое пособие предназначено для студентов средних профессиональных
учебных заведений, в программу которых входит изучение современных отраслей
машиностроения.

Целью
пособия является обучение студентов технических  специальностей чтению и
переводу (в том числе с использованием словаря) литературы по разным отраслям
машиностроения. Кроме того, пособие имеет целью обучение элементарных умениям
говорения. Для достижения этих целей в пособии предусмотрена регулярная,
учебная деятельность по созданию словаря активной лексики, включающего
употребительные в данной  специальности термины и слова общетехнического
значения. Кроме того, предусмотрена учебная деятельность, направленная на
формирование основ потенциального словаря.

Основное
внимание уделено задаче формирования у обучаемых адекватный словарный минимум,
который позволит извлекать полезные для практики сведения из
информативно-несущих источников. Предусмотрены задания и на формирование умений
устного общения на освещаемую в разделе тему.

Задания,
построенные в форме вопросов и ответов, служат для контроля и самоконтроля
степени усвоения лексики и структур.

Заключительный
раздел пособия включает текстовые материалы для чтения и задания на извлечение
информации из них и устное обсуждение. По уровню языковой  и понятийной
сложности материалы этих частей пособия можно условно  разделить на две группы.
В первую входят краткие статьи описательного характера, несложные по содержанию
и по характеру синтаксических построений. Статьи построены на широко
употребляемой лексике — популярной отраслевой терминологии и частотных словах 
общетехнического значения.

 Кроме
чтения и перевода текстовых материалов разной понятийной и языковой сложности,
в число задач этих разделов входит развитие и углубление навыков устной речи по
темам специальности.

Пояснительная записка

Настоящее
пособие предназначено для преподавателей английского языка и студентов специальностей
технического профиля, написано в соответствии с требованиями программы по
английскому языку для обучающихся средних специальных учебных заведений.

 
 Цель пособия – подготовить студентов к чтению и переводу со словарем
английского языка на русский оригинальной литературы средней трудности.

  В
текстах содержится лексика и грамматические структуры, характерные для языка
технической литературы. Разнообразие тематики дает возможность осуществления
межпредметных связей: время изучения того или иного текста может быть
согласовано с изучением соответствующего раздела из курса специальных
дисциплин.

 К
текстам даются упражнения, цель которых — закрепление лексического и
грамматического материала.

Система
лексических упражнений предусматривает:

1)
нахождение в текстах ответов на вопросы;

2)
дополнение предложений по смыслу;

3)
перевод словосочетаний;

4)
перевод текстов со словарем и др. 

Данное
пособие рассчитано на тех, кто уже имеет базовую начальную подготовку по
английскому языку: знает фонологическую систему, знаком с основными
грамматическими категориями, владеет определенным объемом лексических единиц и
речевыми моделями, которые позволяют вести общение в ситуациях
социально-бытовой сферы.

Основной
целью пособия является развитие речевой деятельности в профессиональной сфере
общения речевые модели, формы,  языковые средства дают возможность овладеть
способами реализации таких интенций, как обоснование, аргументация,
доказательство, выражение собственного мнения, описание и т.п.

В
основу пособия положен принцип коммуникативно-деятельностного обучения, поэтому
в центре внимания находится материал, направленный на формирование
коммуникативной компетенции в сфере профессионального общения.

Перед
основным текстом предлагаются вопросы и задания, способствующие введению в
тему, определяют цель и задачи урока; задания направленные на проверку
понимания прочитанного текста. Система упражнений способствует активному
усвоению лексики и грамматического материала. Заключительным этапом являются
задания условно-коммуникативного или коммуникативного характера. 

Тема № 1.

Why
do people build?

№ 1.

   We
build because we need shelter. We need shelter from sun, rain, wind, and snow.
Not much that modern people do takes place outdoors. Our activities mostly take
place indoors. For these activities we need air that warmer or cooler than air
outdoors. We may also need less light by day and more light by night than is
provided by nature.

   It
is a well-known fact that modern people in many countries also need services.      Modern
services must provide energy, water, communications, and dispose of waste.
Sanitary accommodation is also necessary and very important. For sanitary
accommodation people must ventilation. It is important to note that all
services and accommodations are preplanned and located on a site plan. A site
plan must be prepared and provided for every building and every construction.

   In
order to have shelter provided with modern services and accommodation,  people
all over the world use many different construction materials and arrange them
into different constructions.  Since prehistoric times these constructions have
served as shelter and accommodation for a man, a group of people, a family, a
few families, many families, an organization, or an enterprise.

   What
are the branches modern civil construction has? Among the branches the main
ones are housing construction, construction of industrial enterprises,
construction of railroads, highways, subways, construction of bridges, dams,
ports, canals, construction of different sporting facilities. Among them there
are stadiums, aquaparks, swimming pools, sporting complexes, and others.

№ 2.
Read and translate the following questions. Put them to your groupmate.

1.                          
Why do people
need shelter?

2.                          
What king of
services and accommodation do modern people need and use?

3.                          
What branches of
modern civil construction do you know?

4.                          
Do you attend any
sporting facilities? What sporting facilities do you attend? How often do you
attend them? Do you attend them regularly?

5.                          
Do you want to
take part in modern civil construction?

6.                          
What branches of
modern civil construction are you interested in?

№ 3.
Translate the following examples.

Much
air, less light, few people, more waste, little energy, a few buildings, fewer
sites, many shelters, little sunshine.

№ 4.
Put down the corresponding English words.

1. They stayed (в помещении) __________ (из—за) __________ the
rainy weather.

2. People build houses (так как) __________ they need (убежище) ______________.

3. People’s activity
takes place both (в доме)___________________ and  ( на улице)_______________.

4. Sanitary accommodation
(избавление от отбросов) __________ are provided by modern
services.

5. Accommodations are (планируются заранее)_________________ and located on a site plan.

Тема № 2.

Excavation

№ 1.

   What
does construction of a building start with? Construction of any building
usually starts with excavation. Excavation is a process necessary for the
construction of every modern building.

   It
is a well-known that there exist different kinds of soil. It is also a
well-known fact the structure of the upper stratum of the soil is of great
importance for excavation. The foundation of a building should never be placed
on organic soils because of this kind are easily decomposed. They are
decomposed because water and wind change their structure. So, if the upper stratum
of soil is organic, it must be removed from the construction area in order to
guard the foundation of the building against water and wind erosion. Further
excavation may take place only after the upper organic stratum has been
removed. In colder climates the foundations of buildings should be placed below
the level to which the ground freezes in winter.

 What
are the major parts of a building? Modern buildings have three major parts.
These are the superstructure, the substructure, and the foundation. The
superstructure is the above-ground part of a building; the substructure- its
below- ground part. As to the third part-foundation-its function is of great
importance as it serves to transfer the loads a building into the upper stratum
of earth- its soil.

№ 2.
Have a talk with your groupmate. Use the questions given below.

1.                          
How many major
parts does a modern building usually have?

2.                          
What are the
major parts of a building?

3.                          
How is the above-
ground (below- ground) part of a building called?

4.                          
What is the
function of a foundation?

5.                          
Which part of
soil is of great importance for excavation?

6.                          
Which part of
organic soil must be removed from the building area?

7.                          
Why must it be
removed?

8.                          
In what climatic
zones should the foundations be placed below the freezing point?

9.                          
Have you ever
watched the process of removing the upper stratum of soil from the building
area?

№ 3.
Give the Russian equivalents of the following words.

Remove-
______________________________

Rebuild-
______________________________

Re-
transfer- ______________________________

Destabilize—
______________________________

Dewater—
______________________________

Deactivation—
______________________________

Supervisor—
______________________________

Superheating—
______________________________

Substratum—
______________________________

Subpanel—
______________________________

Degas—
______________________________

Subsoil—
______________________________

№ 4.
Choose and put down the attributes opposite in the meaning to the given ones.
Translate the combinations.

Attributes:
above- ground, substructure of a building, above, warm, inorganic, lower,
unnecessary

Model:
below- ground and above- ground parts

Upper
and ____________________ strata

Organic
and ____________________ soils

Cold
and ____________________ climate

Below
and ____________________ the level of freezing

Necessary
and ____________________ details

Тема
№ 3.

Foundation.

№ 1.

   It
is a well-known fact that every building needs permanent stability. In order to
have stability, buildings should have foundations. We know that the function of
a foundation is to transfer the loads of a building into the soil. Foundations
keep the walls and the floors of buildings from direct contact with the soil.
They guard the walls and the floors against the action of the weather- rain,
snow, and wind. They also guard buildings against sinking that may cause cracks
in the walls. Foundation design is very special. It may be both rather complex
or very simple. It is a common practice that for very small buildings
foundation design is usually mush simpler than for large ones. Why is it so?
Firstly, because foundations loads of small buildings are usually low.

   What
kinds of loads are supported by foundations? A foundation may support different
kinds of loads. Among them there are dead loads and live loads. The dead load
of a building includes the weights of the ceilings, the frame, the floor, roofs
and the walls. Besides, every modern building is know to have water,
electricity, heating, ventilation and dispose of waste systems and,
accordingly, their equipment. The dead load also includes the weights of this
electrical and mechanical equipment and the weight of the foundation itself. As
to the live load, it includes the sum of the weights of the people and other
living beings, the furnishings, and equipment they use. The live load also
includes snow, ice, and water of the roof.

№ 2. Translate
the following questions.

1.                          
For what reason
does every building need stability?

2.                          
What functions of
a foundation do you know?

3.                          
What may cause
cracking in the walls of buildings?

4.                          
What are the
loads supported by foundations?

5.                          
What parts does
dead load (live load) include?

№ 3.
Translate the given Russian words into the English ones.

1. Foundations keep both
the (стены и пол) __________ from the contact with the (почва) _______________.

2. Sinking may cause (трещины) __________ in the walls of a building.

3. Foundation design may
be both (весьма сложный) __________________ and (весьма простой) __________.

4. The foundations (поддерживаю) ______________ both dead loads and
(динамический вес) ______________ of buildings.

5. The dead load (включает в себя) __________________ the (вес) __________ of electrical and mechanical (оборудование) _____________

№ 4.
Distribute the words given below into two columns: nouns, verbs.

Model: 
Nouns                           Verbs

             
Crack                             Found

Precontrol,
include, frame, react, reaction, equip, equipment, crack, found, foundation,
cause, support, flop, sink, wall, transfer.

Тест № 1

Can
you choose the correct variant without consulting the articles «Why Do People
Build?», «Excavation», «Foundation»? In case you fail to do it, we recommend
you to repeat the corresponding material.

1. Mush what we do takes place

a)
Indoors

b)
Outdoors

2. We need more light

a) By
day                  

                           
That is provided by nature.

b) By
night

3.
Every construction serves as accommodation

a) For
people and enterprises

b) For
people, families, organizations and enterprises

4.
Sporting facilities include

a) Stadiums
and swimming pools

b)
Stadiums, aquaparks, swimming pools, sporting complexes

5.
The superstructure of a building is

a) Its
above-ground part

b) Its
below-ground part

6.
The substructure of a building is

a) Its
below-ground part

b) Its
above-ground part

7.
The foundation of a structure transmits its loads

a) Into
the lower strata of earth

b) Into
the upper stratum of earth

8. a) Organic structure of soil

              
                                  Must be removed from the building areas.

 b)
Inorganic structure of soil

9.
The upper stratum of earth is removed in order to guard the foundation

a) From
rain and sun

b) From
water and wind erosion

10.  In
the cold climatic zones foundations should be placed

a)
Below the level of freezing

b)
Above the level of freezing

11.
Foundations should not be placed

a) On
organic soils

b) On
inorganic soils

12.
Foundations keep the walls and the floors

a) From
indirect contact with the soil

b) From
direct contact with the soil

13.
Sinking may cause

a)
Cracks in the walls

b)
Cracks in the roofs and the floors

14.
Foundation design is

a) Of
little importance

                                             
for constructions

b) Of
primary importance

15.
For large (small) buildings foundation design is

a)
Rather simple

b)
Rather complex

16.
Water, electricity, ventilation, and dispose of waste systems

a) Form
live loads

b) Form
dead loads

17.
Live loads include the weights of

a) The
people, the furnishings and equipment

b)
Water, electricity and ventilation systems

18.
Shallow and deep foundations

a)
Differ in their cost

b) Have
the same cost

19.
Shallow foundations are generally

a) More
expensive

                                  
than deep ones

b) Less
expensive

20.
Civil construction includes

a)
Industrial and precast concrete types of construction

b)
Industrial and military types of construction

Тема № 4.

Construction
materials.

№ 1. Read and translate the article.

   Materials
used for construction purposes possess different properties. They differ in
durability, strength, weight, fire-and decay-resistance and, naturally, cost.

Wood,
timber, brick, stone, concrete, metals, and plastics belong to the most popular
building materials used nowadays. They all have their advantages and
disadvantages that are taken into account when designing a structure.

   Wood
belongs to naturally growing materials. It is known to be the oldest
construction material and is still widely used for different purposes. Wood is
popular since it has low weight and is easy to work. Besides, it grows naturally
and is cheap. But its usage is limited because of its disadvantages: it easily
burns and decays. As to stone, it also belongs to the oldest building
materials. Among its advantages there are strength, high heat insulation and
fire-resistance.

Brick
belongs to artificial construction materials. It has been used in many
countries and in different climates. In modern times bricks vary widely with
the method of production and temperature of burning.

   Concrete
is known to be one of the most popular building materials. It is produced by
mixing cement, gravel, water, and sand in the proper amounts.

 № 2.
Put these questions to groupmate.

1.                          
Into what groups
can construction materials be divided?

2.                          
What are the
advantages (disadvantages) of wood, stone, metals?

3.                          
What two groups
are metals divided into?

4.                          
What is the
difference between ferrous non-ferrous metals?

№ 3.
Which of the materials listed below are natural, artificial?

Metal,
stone, brick, concrete, gravel, wood, sand, timber, iron.

№ 4.
Which of the properties of construction materials may be classified as
advantageous? Disadvantageous?

High
cost                        fire-resistance                 
non-fire-resistance

Low
resistance                low cost                           high strength

High
weight                    durability                        
corrosion-resistance

Heavy
weight                  hardness                           softness

№ 5.
Which of words given below are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs? Translate every
word.

Height,
high, deepen, depth, deeply, strength, strengthen, strong, long, highly,
lengthen, length, hard, hardly, harden, hardness.

Тема № 5.

Wood.

№ 1.
Read the article

   Wood
has been a highly used building material since prehistoric times. Among other
highly used construction materials there are concrete, steel, brick, stone, and
plastics. They all differ in their properties and in the methods of usage.        Construction
materials are known to differ in strength, hardness, fire-and
corrosion-resistance durability, and, naturally, cost.

   Being
the oldest building material, wood is also known to be the only naturally
growing organic material. Is wood strong? Hardly so, because wood always
contains some water which decreases its strength. But after the wood is cut,
the water content starts to evaporate and as the water content decreases the
strength of cut wood and its hardness start to increase. It is a well-known
fact that the drier is the cut wood the greater is its strength and hardness.   

   Trees
are known to grow naturally, which makes wood a constantly renewable natural
resource. Among other advantages of wood there are its low cost, low weight,
and high workability. But, as any other construction material, wood has its
disadvantages. The main ones are the following-it is not fire-resistant, it
easily burns. Besides, it easily decays.

№ 2.
Translate the following sentences. Mind the Complex Subject.

1.                          
Water content is
known to decrease in the cut wood.

2.                          
Wood as a
structural material is considered to be highly used because of its low weight,
low cost, and high workability.

3.                          
Use of concrete
for building purposes is announced to be constantly increasing all over the
world.

4.                          
The strength and
hardness of cut wood are known to increase as its water content evaporates.

№ 3.
Give the English equivalents of the Russian words.

1. Small (полосы) __________________ of wood are (склеены) ____________________ together.

2. Wood in panel form is
more (предпочтителен) __________________ for some
construction (цеди) ______________ than (доски) __________

3. (фанерные) __________________panels are made
up of (тонкие) ___________________ (деревянные) ___________________ veneers.

№ 4.
Translate the following combinations into Russian.

Wood
veneers                         laminated wood

Strip
of land                            strips of wood glued together

Тема № 6.

Timber.

№ 1.
 Read and translate the article.

   Timber
belongs to one of the oldest building materials. It has been from ancient times
and is still produced from cut wood. Timber has always been highly usable in
construction because of its many advantages. To these belong its strength,
light weight, cheapness, and high workability. Its other advantage is that it
belongs to natural resources and is naturally renewable. It is the more so that
about a third of the world is still considered to be covered with forests. Besides,
timber is resistant to corrosion produced by chemical substances in the modern
polluted atmosphere.     One more advantage of timber is that it can be used
for many construction purposes. But, naturally, timber has disadvantages and
the main ones are that it is not fire-resistant and it easily decays;
especially if it is not impregnated. Besides, freshly cut timber contains water
that may cause great structural defects. Removal of water from timber is a
necessary procedure that should take place before timber is used in practice.
It increases strength and work-ability of the material and, of course, its
durability.

   What
is timber mainly used for? Because of its many advantages it is highly used for
producing window and floor frames, for flooring and roofing and for other
various woodwork. The two main types of timber are hardwoods and softwoods.    Of
them, hardwoods are popular as materials used for decorative purposes:
veneering in furniture and paneling. As to softwoods, they are mainly used for
producing window and door frames and other kinds woodwork.

№ 2. Translate the following questions.

1.                          
What structural
materials does timber belong to?

2.                          
What is it
produced from?

3.                          
What are the main
advantages (disadvantages) of timber?

4.                          
Why is removal of
water from timber useful for construction purposes?

5.                          
What are the two
main types of timber?

6.                          
What are softwoods
(hardwoods) used for?

7.                          
How much of the
world’s land surface is considered to be covered with forests?

8.                          
What countries
are rich (poor) in forests?

№ 3. 
Read the examples. Translate them into English.

Surface
area- площадь поверхности

Floor
boards- настил

Floor
timber- половая балка

Roof
iron- кровельное железо

Roof
ventilation- потолочный вентилятор

Roofer-
кровельщик

№ 4.
Choose and put down the English equivalents to the Russian word combinations
given below.

Model: загрязненный воздух— polluted air

Surface
waters, floor frame, roofer, chemical pollution, decorative purposes, surface
cracks, strips of land, chemically polluted air, floor boards, roof iron,
laminated panel.

Слоистая
панель- ___________________

Кровельщик-
___________________

Поверхностные
трещины- __________________

Полоски
земли- ___________________

Химически
загрязненный воздух- ___________________

Декоративные
цели- ___________________

Химическое
загрязнение- ___________________

Шпангоут-
___________________

Поверхностные
воды- __________________

Настил-
__________________

Кровельное
железо- __________________

Тема № 7.

Metals.

№ 1.
Read and translate the article.

From
the History of Metals.

   Metals
began to be widely used as construction materials not so long ago. Before the
beginning of the nineteenth century metals played little structural role in the
process of building. Mostly they served for joining parts of buildings. The
ancient Greeks and Romans are known to use bronze for joining slabs of stone.

   It
was only in the eighteenth century when the first all-metal structure was built
in Europe. It was a cast-iron bridge across the river Severn in more than two
centuries after its construction, it still carries heavy modern traffic across
the Severn.

   In
the first half of the nineteenth century cast iron and wrought iron were
introduced and used for industrial construction in Europe and North America.
Steel was not widely used, being considered a rare and expensive building
material.    Inexpensive steel first began to be produced and used only with
the invention of the Bessemer process, in the 1850s. From that period on, metal
started to be used as rather popular and useful building material. The famous
Eiffel Tower of Paris was constructed of wrought iron in 1889. By that period
several steel frame skyscrapers had already been build in the United States.
That was the beginning of the new era; a new highly useful and popular
construction material had been born and introduced into building industry.

№ 2.
Answer the questions given below. Try to do it without consulting the text of
the article.

1.                          
For what purposes
were metals mostly used before the beginning of the nineteenth century?

2.                          
What did ancient
Greeks and Romans use bronze for?

3.                          
When and where
was the first all-metal structure built? What can you say about its present-day
condition?

4.                          
What kinds of
iron were introduced in the first half of the nineteenth century?

5.                          
Why was steel as
a building material unpopular for a long period?

6.                          
What is the
essence of the Bessemer process?

7.                          
What was the
global result of its invention?

8.                          
What material is
the famous Eiffel Tower constructed of?

9.                          
In what country
were the first skyscrapers built?

10.                     
Are they good to
live in? Would you like to live in a skyscraper?

№ 3.
Put down the corresponding verbs. Translate every word.

Model:
cutter-to cup; фреза—резать

Caster-to
_____________; ______________-____________________

Joiner-to
_______________; _______________-_________________

Turner-to
______________; _______________-__________________

Iron
worker-to _______________; _______________-_____________

Inventor-to
_______________; _______________-________________

Introduction-to
________________; ______________-_____________

Invention-to
______________; ______________-_________________

Protection-to
______________; ______________-________________

Elimination-to
_____________; ______________-________________

Тема
№ 8.

Ferrous
and non-ferrous metals

№ 1.
Read and translate the article.

    All
metals, with the exception of mercury (ртуть), are hard-and fire-resistant. The common properties of metals being
hardness and high fire-resistance, they are widely used in modern construction.

   Metals
are divided into two main groups: ferrous and non-ferrous. Iron, steel and
their various alloys belong to the group of ferrous metals, while the main
component of non-ferrous metals is not iron.

   All
metals have some common properties: they can be pulled, forged, and melted.
They are also good conductors of electricity.

Ferrous
metals are commonly used for construction of supporting members. Steel and
other ferrous metals serve as reinforcement in ferroconcrete constructions.

   As
to non-ferrous metals, their advantage is their being light. Metals possess
high resistance.

№ 2.
State parts of speech. Translate the words.

Except,
forge, meltable, meltability, ferrous, fusible, support, light, conduct,
conductor, conductivity.

Тема № 9.

Stell,
aluminum. Alumina

№ 1.
Read and translate the article.

   What
is steel as a construction material? Steel may be classified as iron with the
controlled amount of carbon. The amount of carbon in steel is generally less
than 1.7 per cent. Ordinary structural steel should contain less than three
tenth of one per cent carbon. This king of steel also contains small amounts of
phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and silicon. Like iron and its alloys,
steel belongs to ferrous metals. It is a hard substance. Accordingly, it can be
pulled, forged, and melted. Generally, steel, this strong metal, like other
metals, is a good conductor of electricity. Alloyed steel and stainless steel
are corrosion-resistant kinds of steel.    Corrosion-resistant materials are
known to be widely used for plant equipment, furnaces, valves, etc.

   It
should be noted that steel frames as a whole and their separate parts should be
carefully designed: their function is to able to carry the loads imposed on
them and supported by them.

№ 2.
Translate the terminological combinations.

Ordinary
steel ______________________________________

Ordinary
structural steel _____________________________________

Controlled
amount _______________________________________

Controlled
amount of carbon ___________________________________

Alloyed
steel ___________________________________

Corrosion-resistant
alloyed steel ____________________________________

Steel
frames __________________________________

Carefully
designed steel frames ___________________________________

Stainless
steel ____________________________________

Plant
equipment produced of stainless steel _______________________________

Sheet
steel ________________________________

Generally
used sheet steel __________________________________

№ 3. Translate the following questions.

1.                          
What group of
metals does steel belong to?

2.                          
What substances
can steel contain?

3.                          
What amount of
carbon does steel generally contain?

4.                          
What materials
can be used for producing plant equipment?

5.                          
What is the
construction purpose of steel frames? For what reason must they be carefully
designed?

№ 1.
Read and translate the article.

   Aluminum
is a considerably new structural material. For a long period it was considered
to be rather expensive since its production required the use of electric power.
Because of its relatively high cost, aluminum was not very popular as a
construction material till the middle of the twentieth century. But now the
situation is absolutely different.

   Aluminum
and aluminum-based alloys are extremely popular and are widely used in various
forms for construction purposes.

The
advantages of aluminum, compared with other popular metals, are its high strength
combined with lightness. High-purity aluminum (about 99% pure) is soft and
ductile but its great disadvantage is that it is not strong enough. At the same
time it has high corrosion resistance and is used in construction of buildings
as bright foil for heat insulation, roofing, exterior and interior
architectural ornamentation.

   And
what about aluminum alloys? They are much more advantageous than pure
substance, Aluminum alloys are mush harder and stronger than pure aluminum.
Besides, pure aluminum is rather difficult to cast while many of its alloys are
extremely easily cast. Pure aluminum is easily alloyed with other metals. And
these combinations possess a great variety of usage. For example, when alloyed
with copper, aluminum possesses additional strength. Unfortunately, it is mush
less corrosion resistive than alloys with manganese, chromium, or magnesium and
silicon.

   One
more advantage of aluminum is that it can be easily remelted over and over
again.

   Aluminum
combined with oxygen forms a new oxide. Its name is alumina.   Alumina is a
colourless crystallic substance. It is glass hard solid and extremely durable.

   It
should be also noted that being an excellent conductor aluminum is widely used
in power engineering. It serves for long-distance transfer of electric power. 

№ 2.
Put down the combinations with the opposite.

Model: 
powerful transfer-powerless transfer

Short
distance- ______________________

Cheap
foil- ____________________

Interior
ornamentation- ____________________

Unnecessary
details- _______________________

Comparable
amounts- _______________________

Dirty
surfaces- _____________________

Pure
atmosphere- ____________________

№ 3.
Which of the qualities listed below can be classified as advantages
(disadvantages) of materials used for construction purposes?

Ductability,
poor conductance, low durability, high corrosion resistance, high purity, low
strength, high cost, low cost, excellent conductance, hardness, workability,
poor purity, high strength.

№ 4. 
Have a talk with your groupmate. Use the questions given below.

1.                          
Why was aluminum
unpopular for a long period?

2.                          
What good
qualities does aluminum possess?

3.                          
Where is aluminum
in the form of bright foil used?

4.                          
What are the
advantages of aluminum alloys?

5.                          
Can aluminum be
remelted?

6.                          
In what way is
alumina produced?

7.                          
What are its
properties?

8.                          
What does
aluminum serve in power engineering for?

Test
№ 10

Brick.
Terracotta. Ceramic tiles.

Text
№ 1.

Read
and translate the article.

Brick,
stone, and timber are known are to be the oldest building materials. Bricks
belong to artificial (man-made) materials. Their production started in
prehistoric times. Since then they have been produced and tested in all types
of climate and in many countries. Thousands of years ago the builders in Egypt
already knew the advantages of bricks and used them for construction. In those
days the production of bricks was quite different from the modern one: bricks
were produced not by burning but by drying in the sun, there being much sunshine
in Egypt all the year round. Bricks work was also popular in Rome, there being
very few growing forests and as a result little timber there.

   In
modern times bricks can be made of concrete, mortar, of burnt clay and of a
combination of some other substances. For example, different types of clay and
shale can be used as raw materials. Accordingly, bricks produced nowadays have
different sizes, shapes, colours, and textures. Bricks also vary with the
method of fabrication and temperatures of burning. It should be noted that some
types of brick, such as, for example, salmon bricks are underburnt and highly
porous.   Naturally, their strength is extremely poor. This property of salmon
bricks should be taken into account when choosing brick material for
construction. But there exist many other types of brick that are extremely
strong and almost glass hard. Between these extremes there lie some other types
of bricks with different properties. Bricks properties are of great importance
and should be taken into account while choosing material for construction
purposes.    

№ 2.
Put these questions to your groupmate.

1.                          
What building
materials are considered to be the oldest ones?

2.                          
What natural
(man-made) materials are used for construction nowadays?

3.                          
Is bricks a newly
produced or an ancient building material?

4.                          
In what countries
are rich (poor) in raw materials?

5.                          
What properties
of bricks should be taken into account when choosing material for building
purposes?

№ 3.
Choose and put down the correct variant.

1. Shale and clay belong
to (natural, man-made) __________ materials.

2. (Metal and glass,
clay and mortar) ___________________ are used for fabricating bricks.

3. In (prehistoric,
modern) ______________ times bricks (are, were) __________ made by (drying
in the sun, burning) __________.

4. Russia is extremely (rich,
poor) ____________ in raw materials.

5. There were (many,
few) _________ growing forests in Rome in prehistoric times.

6. Bricks (are
extremely different, do not differ) _________________ in size, colour, and
texture.

№ 4.
Translate the following combination into Russian.

Extremely
strong and glass hard bricks __________________

Underburnt
and highly porous bricks____________________

Clay
and shale used as raw materials ____________________

Bricks
produced by drying in the sun ____________________

Bricks
made of mortar and burnt clay ____________________

Few
forests and little timber ____________________________

Many
forests and much timber __________________________

Polluted
atmosphere and polluted soil _____________________

Eco-friendly
production and eco-friendly usage ______________

(eco—friendly-экологически благополучный)

Тест № 2.

Can
you choose the correct variant without consulting the articles «Construction
Materials», «Wood», «Brisk»? In case you fail to do so, we recommend you to
repeat the corresponding material.

1.                          
High cost and low
fore-resistance are classified as

a)                            
advantages

                                
of construction materials

b)                           
disadvantages

2.                          
Cement, brick,
and concrete may serve as examples of

a)                               
natural materials

b)                              
artificial
materials

3.                          
Durability,
strength, and high fire-resistance are properties

a)                            
of stone

b)                           
of wood

4.                          
Iron, steel, and
alloys belong to

a)                            
ferrous metals

b)                           
non-ferrous
metals

5.                          
One of the
advantages of cast iron is

a)                            
its cheapness

b)                           
its high cost

6.                          
Aluminum is

a)                            
a good conductor
of electricity

b)                           
a poor conductor
of electricity

7.                          
Wood is
considered to be

a)                            
the only
naturally renewable material

b)                           
one of the
naturally renewable materials

8.                          
In cut wood water
content is

a)                               
constantly
increasing

b)                              
constantly
decreasing

9.                          
Steel, brick, and
concrete

a)                               
differ in their
properties

b)                              
have the same
structural properties

10.                     
The drier is the
cut wood

a)                            
the lower is its
strength

b)                           
the greater is
its strength

11.                     
Large structural
members are produced by glueing together

a)                               
large strips of
wood

b)                              
small strips of wood

12.                     
Wood panels are

a)                               
mush easier to
install than boards

b)                              
mush more
difficult to install than boards

13.                     
Plywood panels
are made up of

a)                               
thin  wooden
veneers glued together

b)                              
thick wooden
veneers glued together

14.                     
Timber is
material that is

a)                               
artificially
renewed    

b)                              
naturally renewed

15.                     
Removal of
moisture from timber

a)                               
increases its
strength, hardness, and workability

b)                              
decreases its
strength, hardness, and workability

16.                     
Birch and oak
belong to

a)                               
hardwoods

b)                              
softwoods

17.                     
Hardwoods are
widely used

a)                               
for sanitary
purposes

b)                              
for decorative
purposes

18.                     
In ancient Egypt
bricks were produced

a)                               
by burning

b)                              
by drying in the
sun

19.                     
Russian is

a)                               
poor in raw
materials

b)                              
extremely rich in
raw materials

20.                     
Overburned  brick

a)                               
should not be used
in construction

b)                              
can be used for
construction purposes

21.                     
Underburned brick
is

a)                               
highly porous

b)                              
glass hard

22.                     
Bricks are
produced of

a)                               
sand and water

b)                              
mortar and burned
clay

23.                     
Many/Few growing
forests serve for producing

a)                               
mush timber

b)                              
little timber

24.                     
The properties of
building materials

a)                               
are of no
importance for building purposes

b)                              
should be taken
into account    

25.                     
Ceramic tiles are

a)                               
modern products

b)                              
ancient products

26.                     
World’s modern
atmosphere is

a)                               
clean and fresh

b)                              
highly polluted
by chemical waste

27.                     
The colour of
ceramic tiles

a)                               
does not depend
on the colour of clay

b)                              
depends on the
colour of the clay they are made up of

28.                     
Ceramic tiles are
applied by means of

a)                               
glue

b)                              
some adhesive
substance

29.                     
They are applied
with an extremely

a)                               
thin mortar joint

b)                              
thick mortar

30.                     
The properties of
terracotta are

a)                               
different from
the properties of brick

b)                              
similar to the
properties of brick

Translate
the following sentences.

1.                          
Construction of
the bridge is expected to begin next spring.

2.                          
Salmon brick
being under burnt and highly porous, it cannot be recommended for wide use.

3.                          
Design work is
known to be finished by this fall (autumn)

4.                          
Terracotta exists
in a wide variety of colour, their colour depending on the colour of glaze they
are covered with.

5.                          
Safety zones are
said to be built in the nearest future.

6.                          
Brick, stone, and
timber being the oldest construction materials, they have been and are widely
used all over the world.

Тема № 11

Сoncrete.

№ 1.
Read and translate the article.  

   Concrete
is considered to be a universal material for construction. Different kinds of
concrete can be used practically for every building purpose. The raw materials
for producing concrete can be found in every part of the world. The main
property that makes concrete so popular is that it can be formed into strong
monolithic slabs. Another good quality is its relatively low cost. Besides,
Concrete is known to be fire-and decay-resistant.

   Concrete
is produced by combining coarse and fine aggregates, Portland cement, and
water. Coarse aggregate is generally gravel or crushed stone, and fine
aggregate is sand. Cement, sand, gravel, and water are taken in proportional
amounts and mixed. The quality of concrete depends mostly on the quality of the
cement used. The process of production consists in pouring the mixed components
into forms and holding them there until they harden. The process of hardening
generally lasts for about 28 days.

   There
exist different ways of producing concrete. It can be produced by mixing the
ingredients and pouring the mixture into position on the very site of building.
Concrete can also be produced in a factory, and used as a material for
manufacturing prefabricated blocks. Accordingly, there exit the so-called
in-situ (cast-in-place) concrete and precast concrete.

   Concrete,
as any other building material, has not only advantages but also disadvantages.
Its main disadvantage is that it has no form of its own. Also, it does not
possess useful tensile strength. Because of these qualities, in modern times
construction concrete is very frequently combined with different metals. Most
common of them are iron and steel.

   The
introduction of metal into the structure of concrete is highly advantageous. It
strengthens the material and helps to realize its limitless construction and
architectural potential. It should be noted that the use of ferro-concrete
started only in the nineteenth century and is still gaining popularity.

№ 2.
Translate the following questions into Russian.

1.                                                       
What properties
make concrete a highly used construction material?

2.                                                       
What two types of
aggregate are used for producing concrete?

3.                                                       
Is sand a coarse
or fine aggregate?

4.                                                       
What ingredients
does the quality of concrete depend upon?

5.                                                       
How long does the
process of hardening the mixed components last?

6.                                                       
What is the
difference between the so-called in-situ and precast concrete?

7.                                                       
What quality is
considered to be the main disadvantage of concrete?

8.                                                       
For what reason
is tensile strength considered to be an important quality?

9.                                                       
For what purpose
are metals introduced into the structure of concrete?

10.                                                  
 What metals is
concrete frequently combined with?

11.                                                  
When did the use
of ferro-concrete start?

12.                                                  
Would you like to
live in a wooden or concrete building? Why?  

№ 3.
Read the terminological combinations. Translate them from Russian.

Concrete
slab- бетонная плита

Slab
roof- кровля из плит

Tensile strength— прочность на растяжение

Site of foundation— пласт под фундаментом

Slab
covering- настил из плит

№ 4.
Translate the following combinations into Russian.

The
very site of construction                             Proportionally divided
amounts

Carefully
mixed aggregates                               The very site of production

№ 5.
Combine the given attributes a) with the given nouns; b) follow the Russian
combinations.

Model: дробленый гравий- crushed gravel

a)                          
crushed, coarse,
fine

b)                         
sand, gravel,
aggregate

Дробленый
песок- ________________________________________

Крупный
гравий- _________________________________________

Мелкозернистый
заполнитель- ______________________________

Тест № 3.

Choose
the correct variant.

1.                          
Devices intended
for light framing are made of

a)                            
sheet metal

b)                           
metal plate

2.                          
Devices made of
metal plate are used

a)                               
for heavy timber

b)                              
for light framing

3.                          
Wood fasteners
include

a)                               
nails and bolts

b)                              
nails, screws,
bolts, anchors

4.                          
Steel used for
nails

a)                               
is uncoated steel

b)                              
is coated steel

5.                          
The main property
of finish nails is

a)                               
that they have
flat heads

b)                              
that they are
headless

6.                          
Finish nails

a)                               
differ in length
from common nails

b)                              
are the same length
as common nails

7.                          
Nails of a
corrosion-resistant type

a)                               
cannon be exposed
to moisture

b)                              
can be exposed to
rain, snow and fog

8.                          
Nails are popular
for fastening wood since

a)                               
they are simple
to insert

b)                              
they require no
predrilling of holes

9.                          
Screws have

a)                               
only flat heads

b)                              
round, flat, and
raised heads

10.                     
Screws are

a)                               
little used in
light framing

b)                              
much used in
light framing

11.                     
Screws

a)                               
cannot be
reinserted

b)                              
can be reinserted

12.                     
The roof serves

a)                               
for ornamental
purposes

b)                              
for protecting
the interior of the building

13.                     
The pitched roofs

a)                               
do not dry
themselves quickly of water

b)                              
dry themselves
quickly of water

14.                     
The covering of
pitched roofs consists of

a)                               
small individual
units

b)                              
large heavy units

15.                     
The advantages of
flat roofs are

a)                               
that they can
cover very broad buildings

b)                              
that they can
serve as balconies and decks

16.                     
Thatched roofing
is mostly used

a)                               
for country
buildings

b)                              
for roofs in big
cities

c)                               
for historically
restorated buildings

17.                     
The action of
snow load and wind pressure

a)                               
is the same on
flat roofs and pitched ones

b)                              
is quite different
on flat roofs and pitched ones

18.                     
The snow load on
flat roofs

a)                               
is at the minimum

b)                              
is at the maximum

19.                     
When the pitch of
the roof increases

a)                               
the weight of the
snow load decreases

b)                              
the weight of the
snow load increases

20.                     
In modern constructions
the variants of the ceilings

a)                               
limited

b)                              
limitless

21.                     
Nowadays ceilings
are produced of

a)                               
artificial
materials

b)                              
both natural and
artificial materials

22.                     
Ceilings may be
attached to

a)                            
wood joists

b)                           
wood joists,
steel joists, and wood rafters

23.                     
Suspended
ceilings are produced of

a)                               
various boards
made of fibers

b)                              
gypsum, board,
plaster and boards made of fibers

24.                     
Mechanical and
electrical systems

a)                               
can be subject to
frequent change and damage

b)                              
are never subject
to frequent change and damage

          Articles for reading and translating

  Steam
Vents

   For
a steam system to work properly, air must be eliminated from the piping and
radiators. This process is accomplished with vent valves.

Radiator
vents are located on the opposite side of where steam enters a radiator in
one-pipe system.

   Main
steam vents are located on the end of the main supply line in one-and two-pipe
systems; they are located in vertical risers in two-pipe systems.

   Main
steam vents are located on the end of the main supply line in one and two-pipe
systems; they are located in vertical risers in two-pipe systems.

Traps

   The
trap’s job is to separate steam from condensate. The following are two of the
more common types of traps found today:

   Thermostatic
radiator trap- Located on the bottom of the radiator in a two-pipe system, this
trap, actuated by steam pressure, keeps steam in the radiator while regulating
the discharge of air and condensate.

   Float
and thermostatic trap-Typically located at the end of a supply main in a two-pipe
gravity return system, this trap prevents steam from reaching the dry return
piping. The thermostat in the trap will allow the discharge of air until it
senses steam. Condensate is discharged and regulated by way of the float. The
two functions act independently of each other.

Controls

   Low-water
cutoff- A safety control that monitors the water level in a boiler via an
electronic probe or float. If the water drops below a predetermined safe
operating level, the control turns off the burner and prevents the boiler from
overheating.

  Automatic
water feeder- This safety automatically adds water to the boiler if the water
drops below a safe operating level.

Read,
translate the articles and enjoy the pictures of construction masterpieces.

1.
Wood

   It
is a well-known fact that in prehistoric times the great part of the world’s
land surface was covered with forests. In places, where trees grew, man used
wood to build homes for himself and his dependents.

   The durability
of wood and its use can be demonstrated, for example, by the existence of such
buildings as churches of Scandinavia.

   In
Russia, where sub-zero temperatures are quite common, wood has been widely used
for both houses and churches because of its property of insulation against
cold. Many old Russian churches wooden, even to the onion-shaped domes with
which they are decorated.

2.
Russia. Kolomenskoye

   Kolomenskoye,
a gem of old Russian construction and architecture, was an estate of the tsars.
It is situated on the tall banks of the Moskva River. It is the site of the
famous church of the Ascension of Christ (1532). Its height, beauty, and
brightness have delighted many generations. Some other 16^th-and 17^th-centure
buildings still exist in Kolomenskoe. A museum has been established with
valuable collections of   Russian tiles, carvings in wood and examples of the
ancient Russian timber houses, including the little house of Peter I moved from
its original site in Archangelsk.

3.
Sweden. Stockholm.

The
Royal Palace

   The
Royal Palace in Stockholm is one of the largest and mast living palaces in
Europe. It houses a historical collection of European and Swedish art from the
Middle Ages through to the present day. Built in the Italian baroque style, the
palace was completed in 1754.

  The
Royal Palace is the residence of His Majesty the King of Sweden. It is also the
place of official functions and receptions. In between official receptions, the
Royal Apartments are open to the general public.

4.
Plastics

   Materials
other than reinforced concrete are also being widely used in modern
construction for prefabrication. The plastics that were unknown only a few
decades ago have become extremely important and widely used for construction
purposes.  The plastics being used nowadays possess many advantages. First of
all they extremely light and their tensile strength is greater than that of
many metals.   Besides, they are weather-resistant and resistant to attacks by
industrial fumes and to a great number of chemical substances. Some of the
examples of the constructive use of plastic materials have been been domes
housing radar antennae and electronic equipment. Such domes built in America
and Canada are as high as 116 feet.

   The panels of the domes are made of polystyrene and
polyurethane foam and are protected by glass cloth cemented to the fume panels
with epoxy resin. Some other dome structures are made from panels of thin
sheets of reinforced fiberglass. Up till that time fiber-glass was familiar as
a roofing material. Now it is becoming more and more popular in the manufacture
of panels. The methods by which plastic shapes are produced has led to a new
approach to constructional and architectural forms. 

5.
Canada. “Habitat”

   Multiple
housing known as “Habitat” may serve as an example of unfamiliar forms of
design. These new forms may be said to have the most stimulating effect on the
development of construction and architecture. They provide the answer to
problems that are still unsolved.

Тексты для аудирования.

1. FUEL
ECONOMY

   Vapor
retarders have received increased attention and are becoming extremely popular
in connection with the problem of fuel economy.

   A
vapor retarder is a membrane of metal foil, plastic or paper. It is placed on
the warm side of thermal insulation. Its function consists in keeping water
vapor from entering the insulation and condensing into liquid. As thermal
insulation levels increase, the role of vapor retarders increases also. That is
reason for high-quality vapor retarders being widely installed in constructions
of different types.

2.
WINDOWS

   Windows
were formerly made on the job site by highly skilled carpenters, but are now
produced almost exclusively in factories. Some manufacturers make a range of
standard sized from which the designer can select, while others build windows
to order. The rationale for factory production in either case is one of higher
efficiency, lower cost, and most importantly, better quality. Windows need to
be made to a very high standard of precision if they are to operate easily and
maintain a high degree of weathertightness over a period of many years. In cold
climates especially, a loosely fitted window with single glass and a frame that
is highly conductive of heat will significantly increase heating fuel
consumption for a building, cause noticeable discomfort to the people in the
building, and create large quantities of condensate to stain and decay finish
materials in and the window.

TYPES
OF WINDOWS

  Figure
6 illustrates in diagrammatic form the window types used most commonly in Wood
Light frame buildings. Fixed windows are the least expensive and the least
likely to leak air or water because they have no openable components.
Single-hung and double-hung windows have one or two moving sashes, which are
the frames in which the glass is mounted. The sashes slide up and down in
tracks in the frame of the window. In older windows the sashes were held in
position by cords and counterweights, but today’s double-hung windows rely on a
system of springs to counter-balance the weight of the sashes. A sliding window
is essentially a single-hung window on its side, and shares with single-hung
and double-hung windows the advantage that the sashes are always securely held
in tracks in the frame. This allows the sashes to be more lightly built than
those in projected windows.

3.
CONCRETE (A BIT OF HISTORY)

   The
ancient Romans discovered a mineral on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius. The
mineral when mixed with limestone and burned, produced cement, that hardened
underwater as well as in the air. This cement was harder and stronger than the
ordinary lime mortar they had been using. As time passed, the new material not
only became the preferred type for use in all their building projects but
changed the character of Roman construction. Masonry of stone or brick was used
to construct only the surfaces of masonry piers and walls but the interiors
were filled with large amounts of the new type of mortar.

   We
now know that mortar continued the main ingredient of modern Portland cement.
Thus, one can say that the Romans were the inventors of concrete constructions.

   With
the fall of the Roman Empire, knowledge of concrete construction was lost.  But
in the eighteenth century English inventors began experimenting with both
natural and artificially produced cements. In 1824 an artificial cement, named  Portland
cement, was patented. This type of cement soon became very popular and the name
Portland is in common use in the present day.

4.
CLIMATIC AND WEATHER CONDITIONS

   Orientation
and construction of buildings should receive special attention in places where
environmental and climatic factors have a significant effect.   Structural
design, style and materials should be compatible with local climatic and
weather conditions. For example, flat roofs should be avoided in areas with
frequent rainfalls. Snow and wind are variable loads that should be taken into
account while designing a structure and its roof. Tall buildings are not
recommended in places where strong winds, humidity or fog are likely and bring
damage.

   Solar
radiation can be also unpleasant, but if it is controlled, it can bring many
advantages. Among these advantages there may be water heating through solar
panels.

   Local
industries and their disposition should be also taken into account and
controlled as atmospheric and pollution may be highly injurious and bring mush
harm.  

   Location
and coordination of all services must also be preplanned and located on a site
plan, worked out in accordance with the local climatic conditions. Sanitary
accommodation is of primary importance. All conveniences must have ventilation,
a cover, partitions and doors with suitable fasterings.

Answer
the questions

1.                                                       
Why should flat
roofs avoided in areas with frequent rainfalls?

2.                                                       
Which variable
loads should be taken into account?

3.                                                       
For what reasons
are tall buildings not recommended in areas where winds and fogs are frequent?

4.                                                       
What advantages
can solar radiation bring?

5.                                                       
For what reasons
should local industries be controlled?

Заключение

 Методические
принципы построения определялись конкретными задачами, вытекающими из его
основной цели — научить читать иностранный текст по специальности с
непосредственным пониманием читаемого, т.е. не прибегая к его анализу и
переводу. Доминирующая роль в пособии отводится развитию и умений и навыков
различных подвидов чтения.

 
Задача развития навыков устной речи решается в пособии лишь частично, в плане
профессиональной направленности речи, что обусловлено тематикой текстов.

 В
соответствии с поставленными целями упражнения построены и расположены так,
чтобы научить студентов самостоятельно работать с иностранным текстом,
обеспечить извлечение заключенной в тексте информации с постепенным (от
упражнения к упражнению) ее уточнением и детализацией. С этой целью
предусматриваются упражнения, развивающие умение выделять основные мысли,
положения, факты и группировать их по принципу общности; упражнения на
конкретизацию основной информации; упражнения на тематические обобщения,
подводящие к умению аннотировать и реферировать текст; лексические и
словообразовательные упражнения, развивающие языковую догадку; упражнения по
технике перевода для уточнения понимания читаемого.

По
своему характеру и пол форме ряд упражнений построен по принципам текста с
опорой на контекстуальную догадку и с использованием элемента подсказки (т.е.
не столько тренирующие упражнения, сколько обучающие, стимулирующие логическое
мышление). Используются различные способы сигнализации понимания читаемого.
Применительно к различным видам упражнений широко используются известные формы
заданий текстов: выбор правильного — неправильного варианта, сочетаемость,
расположение в заданной последовательности и множественный выбор. По наполнению
упражнения построены на предложениях, взятых из текстов ,и выполнение их
является по существу многократным чтением текста с конкретно поставленной в
каждом случае новой задачей. К каждому тексту предусматриваются также
упражнения, имеющие целью развития умения дать мотивированный ответ.

Литература

1.
Горбунова Е.В., Гришина М.М. «Современный город» 2-ое издание- М.: Высшая
школа, 2014.

2.
Иванов В.Ф. «Конструкция зданий и сооружений» М.: Издательство по
строительству, 2012.

3.
Носенко И.А. «Пособие по английскому языку»; М.: Высшая школа, 2014.

4.
Пономоренко В.И. «Сборник текстов на английском языке». М.: «Высшая школа»,
2012.

5.
Луговая А.Л. английский язык для строительных специальностей средних
профессиональных учебных заведений. Учебное пособие Москва «Высшая школа», 2013.

6.
Дубинина Г.А. Английский язык. Практикум для развития навыков профессионального
ориентированного речевого общения. Издательство «Экзамен».  Москва, 2014.

Ответ:

1. They stayed indoors because of the rainy weather.

2. People build houses because they need shelter.

3. People’s activity takes place both indoors and outdoors.

4. Sanitary accommodations for getting rid of rubbish are provided by modern services.

5. Accommodations are planned in advance and located on a site plan.

1. Они оставались в помещении из-за дождливой погоды.

2. Люди строят дома, так как им нужно убежище.

3. Деятельность людей происходит как в помещении, так и на открытом воздухе.

4. Санитарные помещения для избавления от мусора предоставляются современными службами.

5. Размещение запланировано заранее и расположено на плане участка.

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

 «Арзамасский коммерческо-технический техникум»

О.Г. Горлова

Методическое пособие для преподавателей и студентов специальностей технического профиля

по дисциплине «Английский язык»

Арзамас

2016

Одобрено методическим объединением социально-экономических

и гуманитарных дисциплин

Протокол № ____ от «___»___________ 20___г.

Горлова О.Г.

Методическое пособие для преподавателей и студентов специальностей технического профиля по дисциплине «Английский язык» – Арзамас: ГБПОУ АКТТ, 2016. – 62 с.

Методическое пособие содержит материал: «Why do people build?», «Excavation», «Foundation», «Construction materials», «Wood», «Timber», «Metals», «Ferrous and non-ferrous metals», «Stell, aluminium. Alumina», «Brick. Terracotta. Ceramic tiles», «Concrete»; 3 проверочных теста и тексты для аудирования.

Методическое пособие предназначено для преподавателей и студентов специальностей технического профиля.

© Арзамасский коммерческо-технический

    техникум, 2016

      Содержание

      Введение                                                                                                                 4

Пояснительная записка                                                                                                 5

Тема № 1. Why do people build?                                                                                    6

Тема № 2 Excavation                                                                                                      8

Тема № 3 Foundation                                                                                                          10

Тест № 1                                                                                                                          12

Тема № 4 Construction materials                                                                                  15

Тема № 5 Wood                                                                                                               17

Тема № 6  Timber                                                                                                            19

Тема № 7  Metals                                                                                                                22

Тема № 8  Ferrous and non-ferrous metals                                                                       24

Тема № 9 Stell, aluminum. Alumina                                                                                  25

Тема № 10 Brick. Terracotta. Ceramic tiles                                                                    29

Тест № 2                                                                                                                             32

Тема № 11 Concrete                                                                                                         36

Тест № 3                                                                                                                          39

Тексты для аудирования                                                                                                  46

     Заключение                                                                                                               50

     Список литературы                                                                                                   51

Введение

Данное методическое пособие предназначено для студентов средних профессиональных учебных заведений, в программу которых входит изучение современных отраслей машиностроения.

Целью пособия является обучение студентов технических  специальностей чтению и переводу (в том числе с использованием словаря) литературы по разным отраслям машиностроения. Кроме того, пособие имеет целью обучение элементарных умениям говорения. Для достижения этих целей в пособии предусмотрена регулярная, учебная деятельность по созданию словаря активной лексики, включающего употребительные в данной  специальности термины и слова общетехнического значения. Кроме того, предусмотрена учебная деятельность, направленная на формирование основ потенциального словаря.

Основное внимание уделено задаче формирования у обучаемых адекватный словарный минимум, который позволит извлекать полезные для практики сведения из информативно-несущих источников. Предусмотрены задания и на формирование умений устного общения на освещаемую в разделе тему.

Задания, построенные в форме вопросов и ответов, служат для контроля и самоконтроля степени усвоения лексики и структур.

Заключительный раздел пособия включает текстовые материалы для чтения и задания на извлечение информации из них и устное обсуждение. По уровню языковой  и понятийной сложности материалы этих частей пособия можно условно  разделить на две группы. В первую входят краткие статьи описательного характера, несложные по содержанию и по характеру синтаксических построений. Статьи построены на широко употребляемой лексике — популярной отраслевой терминологии и частотных словах  общетехнического значения.

 Кроме чтения и перевода текстовых материалов разной понятийной и языковой сложности, в число задач этих разделов входит развитие и углубление навыков устной речи по темам специальности.

Пояснительная записка

Настоящее пособие предназначено для преподавателей английского языка и студентов специальностей технического профиля, написано в соответствии с требованиями программы по английскому языку для обучающихся средних специальных учебных заведений.

   Цель пособия – подготовить студентов к чтению и переводу со словарем английского языка на русский оригинальной литературы средней трудности.

  В текстах содержится лексика и грамматические структуры, характерные для языка технической литературы. Разнообразие тематики дает возможность осуществления межпредметных связей: время изучения того или иного текста может быть согласовано с изучением соответствующего раздела из курса специальных дисциплин.

 К текстам даются упражнения, цель которых — закрепление лексического и грамматического материала.

Система лексических упражнений предусматривает:

1) нахождение в текстах ответов на вопросы;

2) дополнение предложений по смыслу;

3) перевод словосочетаний;

4) перевод текстов со словарем и др.  

Данное пособие рассчитано на тех, кто уже имеет базовую начальную подготовку по английскому языку: знает фонологическую систему, знаком с основными грамматическими категориями, владеет определенным объемом лексических единиц и речевыми моделями, которые позволяют вести общение в ситуациях социально-бытовой сферы.

Основной целью пособия является развитие речевой деятельности в профессиональной сфере общения речевые модели, формы,  языковые средства дают возможность овладеть способами реализации таких интенций, как обоснование, аргументация, доказательство, выражение собственного мнения, описание и т.п.

В основу пособия положен принцип коммуникативно-деятельностного обучения, поэтому в центре внимания находится материал, направленный на формирование коммуникативной компетенции в сфере профессионального общения.

Перед основным текстом предлагаются вопросы и задания, способствующие введению в тему, определяют цель и задачи урока; задания направленные на проверку понимания прочитанного текста. Система упражнений способствует активному усвоению лексики и грамматического материала. Заключительным этапом являются задания условно-коммуникативного или коммуникативного характера.  

Тема № 1.

Why do people build?

№ 1.

   We build because we need shelter. We need shelter from sun, rain, wind, and snow. Not much that modern people do takes place outdoors. Our activities mostly take place indoors. For these activities we need air that warmer or cooler than air outdoors. We may also need less light by day and more light by night than is provided by nature.

   It is a well-known fact that modern people in many countries also need services.      Modern services must provide energy, water, communications, and dispose of waste. Sanitary accommodation is also necessary and very important. For sanitary accommodation people must ventilation. It is important to note that all services and accommodations are preplanned and located on a site plan. A site plan must be prepared and provided for every building and every construction.

   In order to have shelter provided with modern services and accommodation,  people all over the world use many different construction materials and arrange them into different constructions.  Since prehistoric times these constructions have served as shelter and accommodation for a man, a group of people, a family, a few families, many families, an organization, or an enterprise.

   What are the branches modern civil construction has? Among the branches the main ones are housing construction, construction of industrial enterprises, construction of railroads, highways, subways, construction of bridges, dams, ports, canals, construction of different sporting facilities. Among them there are stadiums, aquaparks, swimming pools, sporting complexes, and others.

№ 2. Read and translate the following questions. Put them to your groupmate.

1. Why do people need shelter?
2. What king of services and accommodation do modern people need and use?
3. What branches of modern civil construction do you know?
4. Do you attend any sporting facilities? What sporting facilities do you attend? How often do you attend them? Do you attend them regularly?
5. Do you want to take part in modern civil construction?
6. What branches of modern civil construction are you interested in?

№ 3. Translate the following examples.

Much air, less light, few people, more waste, little energy, a few buildings, fewer sites, many shelters, little sunshine.

№ 4. Put down the corresponding English words.

1. They stayed (в помещении) __________ (из-за) __________ the rainy weather.

2. People build houses (так как) __________ they need (убежище) ______________.

3. People’s activity takes place both (в доме)___________________ and  ( на улице)_______________.

4. Sanitary accommodation (избавление от отбросов) __________ are provided by modern services.

5. Accommodations are (планируются заранее)_________________ and located on a site plan.

Тема № 2.

Excavation

№ 1.

   What does construction of a building start with? Construction of any building usually starts with excavation. Excavation is a process necessary for the construction of every modern building.

   It is a well-known that there exist different kinds of soil. It is also a well-known fact the structure of the upper stratum of the soil is of great importance for excavation. The foundation of a building should never be placed on organic soils because of this kind are easily decomposed. They are decomposed because water and wind change their structure. So, if the upper stratum of soil is organic, it must be removed from the construction area in order to guard the foundation of the building against water and wind erosion. Further excavation may take place only after the upper organic stratum has been removed. In colder climates the foundations of buildings should be placed below the level to which the ground freezes in winter.

 What are the major parts of a building? Modern buildings have three major parts. These are the superstructure, the substructure, and the foundation. The superstructure is the above-ground part of a building; the substructure- its below- ground part. As to the third part-foundation-its function is of great importance as it serves to transfer the loads a building into the upper stratum of earth- its soil.

№ 2. Have a talk with your groupmate. Use the questions given below.

1. How many major parts does a modern building usually have?
2. What are the major parts of a building?
3. How is the above- ground (below- ground) part of a building called?
4. What is the function of a foundation?
5. Which part of soil is of great importance for excavation?
6. Which part of organic soil must be removed from the building area?
7. Why must it be removed?
8. In what climatic zones should the foundations be placed below the freezing point?
9. Have you ever watched the process of removing the upper stratum of soil from the building area?

№ 3. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words.

Remove- ______________________________

Rebuild- ______________________________

Re- transfer- ______________________________

Destabilize— ______________________________

Dewater— ______________________________

Deactivation— ______________________________

Supervisor— ______________________________

Superheating— ______________________________

Substratum— ______________________________

Subpanel— ______________________________

Degas— ______________________________

Subsoil— ______________________________

№ 4. Choose and put down the attributes opposite in the meaning to the given ones. Translate the combinations.

Attributes: above- ground, substructure of a building, above, warm, inorganic, lower, unnecessary

Model: below- ground and above- ground parts

Upper and ____________________ strata

Organic and ____________________ soils

Cold and ____________________ climate

Below and ____________________ the level of freezing

Necessary and ____________________ details

Тема № 3.

Foundation.

№ 1.

   It is a well-known fact that every building needs permanent stability. In order to have stability, buildings should have foundations. We know that the function of a foundation is to transfer the loads of a building into the soil. Foundations keep the walls and the floors of buildings from direct contact with the soil. They guard the walls and the floors against the action of the weather- rain, snow, and wind. They also guard buildings against sinking that may cause cracks in the walls. Foundation design is very special. It may be both rather complex or very simple. It is a common practice that for very small buildings foundation design is usually mush simpler than for large ones. Why is it so? Firstly, because foundations loads of small buildings are usually low.

   What kinds of loads are supported by foundations? A foundation may support different kinds of loads. Among them there are dead loads and live loads. The dead load of a building includes the weights of the ceilings, the frame, the floor, roofs and the walls. Besides, every modern building is know to have water, electricity, heating, ventilation and dispose of waste systems and, accordingly, their equipment. The dead load also includes the weights of this electrical and mechanical equipment and the weight of the foundation itself. As to the live load, it includes the sum of the weights of the people and other living beings, the furnishings, and equipment they use. The live load also includes snow, ice, and water of the roof.

№ 2. Translate the following questions.

1. For what reason does every building need stability?
2. What functions of a foundation do you know?
3. What may cause cracking in the walls of buildings?
4. What are the loads supported by foundations?
5. What parts does dead load (live load) include?

№ 3. Translate the given Russian words into the English ones.

1. Foundations keep both the (стены и пол) __________ from the contact with the (почва) _______________.

2. Sinking may cause (трещины) __________ in the walls of a building.

3. Foundation design may be both (весьма сложный) __________________ and (весьма простой) __________.

4. The foundations (поддерживаю) ______________ both dead loads and (динамический вес) ______________ of buildings.

5. The dead load (включает в себя) __________________ the (вес) __________ of electrical and mechanical (оборудование) _____________

№ 4. Distribute the words given below into two columns: nouns, verbs.

Model:  Nouns                           Verbs

              Crack                             Found

Precontrol, include, frame, react, reaction, equip, equipment, crack, found, foundation, cause, support, flop, sink, wall, transfer.

Тест № 1

Can you choose the correct variant without consulting the articles «Why Do People Build?», «Excavation», «Foundation»? In case you fail to do it, we recommend you to repeat the corresponding material.

1. Mush what we do takes place

a) Indoors

b) Outdoors

2. We need more light

a) By day                  

                            That is provided by nature.

b) By night

3. Every construction serves as accommodation

a) For people and enterprises

b) For people, families, organizations and enterprises

4. Sporting facilities include

a) Stadiums and swimming pools

b) Stadiums, aquaparks, swimming pools, sporting complexes

5. The superstructure of a building is

a) Its above-ground part

b) Its below-ground part

6. The substructure of a building is

a) Its below-ground part

b) Its above-ground part

7. The foundation of a structure transmits its loads

a) Into the lower strata of earth

b) Into the upper stratum of earth

8. a) Organic structure of soil

                                                 Must be removed from the building areas.

 b) Inorganic structure of soil

9. The upper stratum of earth is removed in order to guard the foundation

a) From rain and sun

b) From water and wind erosion

10.  In the cold climatic zones foundations should be placed

a) Below the level of freezing

b) Above the level of freezing

11. Foundations should not be placed

a) On organic soils

b) On inorganic soils

12. Foundations keep the walls and the floors

a) From indirect contact with the soil

b) From direct contact with the soil

13. Sinking may cause

a) Cracks in the walls

b) Cracks in the roofs and the floors

14. Foundation design is

a) Of little importance

                                              for constructions

b) Of primary importance

15. For large (small) buildings foundation design is

a) Rather simple

b) Rather complex

16. Water, electricity, ventilation, and dispose of waste systems

a) Form live loads

b) Form dead loads

17. Live loads include the weights of

a) The people, the furnishings and equipment

b) Water, electricity and ventilation systems

18. Shallow and deep foundations

a) Differ in their cost

b) Have the same cost

19. Shallow foundations are generally

a) More expensive

                                   than deep ones

b) Less expensive

20. Civil construction includes

a) Industrial and precast concrete types of construction

b) Industrial and military types of construction

Тема № 4.

Construction materials.

№ 1. Read and translate the article.

   Materials used for construction purposes possess different properties. They differ in durability, strength, weight, fire-and decay-resistance and, naturally, cost.

Wood, timber, brick, stone, concrete, metals, and plastics belong to the most popular building materials used nowadays. They all have their advantages and disadvantages that are taken into account when designing a structure.

   Wood belongs to naturally growing materials. It is known to be the oldest construction material and is still widely used for different purposes. Wood is popular since it has low weight and is easy to work. Besides, it grows naturally and is cheap. But its usage is limited because of its disadvantages: it easily burns and decays. As to stone, it also belongs to the oldest building materials. Among its advantages there are strength, high heat insulation and fire-resistance.

Brick belongs to artificial construction materials. It has been used in many countries and in different climates. In modern times bricks vary widely with the method of production and temperature of burning.

   Concrete is known to be one of the most popular building materials. It is produced by mixing cement, gravel, water, and sand in the proper amounts.

 № 2. Put these questions to groupmate.

1. Into what groups can construction materials be divided?
2. What are the advantages (disadvantages) of wood, stone, metals?
3. What two groups are metals divided into?
4. What is the difference between ferrous non-ferrous metals?

№ 3. Which of the materials listed below are natural, artificial?

Metal, stone, brick, concrete, gravel, wood, sand, timber, iron.

№ 4. Which of the properties of construction materials may be classified as advantageous? Disadvantageous?

High cost                        fire-resistance                  non-fire-resistance

Low resistance                low cost                           high strength

High weight                    durability                         corrosion-resistance

Heavy weight                  hardness                           softness

№ 5. Which of words given below are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs? Translate every word.

Height, high, deepen, depth, deeply, strength, strengthen, strong, long, highly, lengthen, length, hard, hardly, harden, hardness.

Тема № 5.

Wood.

№ 1. Read the article

   Wood has been a highly used building material since prehistoric times. Among other highly used construction materials there are concrete, steel, brick, stone, and plastics. They all differ in their properties and in the methods of usage.        Construction materials are known to differ in strength, hardness, fire-and corrosion-resistance durability, and, naturally, cost.

   Being the oldest building material, wood is also known to be the only naturally growing organic material. Is wood strong? Hardly so, because wood always contains some water which decreases its strength. But after the wood is cut, the water content starts to evaporate and as the water content decreases the strength of cut wood and its hardness start to increase. It is a well-known fact that the drier is the cut wood the greater is its strength and hardness.  

   Trees are known to grow naturally, which makes wood a constantly renewable natural resource. Among other advantages of wood there are its low cost, low weight, and high workability. But, as any other construction material, wood has its disadvantages. The main ones are the following-it is not fire-resistant, it easily burns. Besides, it easily decays.

№ 2. Translate the following sentences. Mind the Complex Subject.

1. Water content is known to decrease in the cut wood.
2. Wood as a structural material is considered to be highly used because of its low weight, low cost, and high workability.
3. Use of concrete for building purposes is announced to be constantly increasing all over the world.
4. The strength and hardness of cut wood are known to increase as its water content evaporates.

№ 3. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words.

1. Small (полосы) __________________ of wood are (склеены) ____________________ together.

2. Wood in panel form is more (предпочтителен) __________________ for some construction (цеди) ______________ than (доски) __________

3. (фанерные) __________________panels are made up of (тонкие) ___________________ (деревянные) ___________________ veneers.

№ 4. Translate the following combinations into Russian.

Wood veneers                         laminated wood

Strip of land                            strips of wood glued together

Тема № 6.

Timber.

№ 1.  Read and translate the article.

   Timber belongs to one of the oldest building materials. It has been from ancient times and is still produced from cut wood. Timber has always been highly usable in construction because of its many advantages. To these belong its strength, light weight, cheapness, and high workability. Its other advantage is that it belongs to natural resources and is naturally renewable. It is the more so that about a third of the world is still considered to be covered with forests. Besides, timber is resistant to corrosion produced by chemical substances in the modern polluted atmosphere.     One more advantage of timber is that it can be used for many construction purposes. But, naturally, timber has disadvantages and the main ones are that it is not fire-resistant and it easily decays; especially if it is not impregnated. Besides, freshly cut timber contains water that may cause great structural defects. Removal of water from timber is a necessary procedure that should take place before timber is used in practice. It increases strength and work-ability of the material and, of course, its durability.

   What is timber mainly used for? Because of its many advantages it is highly used for producing window and floor frames, for flooring and roofing and for other various woodwork. The two main types of timber are hardwoods and softwoods.    Of them, hardwoods are popular as materials used for decorative purposes: veneering in furniture and paneling. As to softwoods, they are mainly used for producing window and door frames and other kinds woodwork.

№ 2. Translate the following questions.

1. What structural materials does timber belong to?
2. What is it produced from?
3. What are the main advantages (disadvantages) of timber?
4. Why is removal of water from timber useful for construction purposes?
5. What are the two main types of timber?
6. What are softwoods (hardwoods) used for?
7. How much of the world’s land surface is considered to be covered with forests?
8. What countries are rich (poor) in forests?

№ 3.  Read the examples. Translate them into English.

Surface area- площадь поверхности

Floor boards- настил

Floor timber- половая балка

Roof iron- кровельное железо

Roof ventilation- потолочный вентилятор

Roofer- кровельщик

№ 4. Choose and put down the English equivalents to the Russian word combinations given below.

Model: загрязненный воздух- polluted air

Surface waters, floor frame, roofer, chemical pollution, decorative purposes, surface cracks, strips of land, chemically polluted air, floor boards, roof iron, laminated panel.

Слоистая панель- ___________________

Кровельщик- ___________________

Поверхностные трещины- __________________

Полоски земли- ___________________

Химически загрязненный воздух- ___________________

Декоративные цели- ___________________

Химическое загрязнение- ___________________

Шпангоут- ___________________

Поверхностные воды- __________________

Настил- __________________

Кровельное железо- __________________

Тема № 7.

Metals.

№ 1. Read and translate the article.

From the History of Metals.

   Metals began to be widely used as construction materials not so long ago. Before the beginning of the nineteenth century metals played little structural role in the process of building. Mostly they served for joining parts of buildings. The ancient Greeks and Romans are known to use bronze for joining slabs of stone.

   It was only in the eighteenth century when the first all-metal structure was built in Europe. It was a cast-iron bridge across the river Severn in more than two centuries after its construction, it still carries heavy modern traffic across the Severn.

   In the first half of the nineteenth century cast iron and wrought iron were introduced and used for industrial construction in Europe and North America. Steel was not widely used, being considered a rare and expensive building material.    Inexpensive steel first began to be produced and used only with the invention of the Bessemer process, in the 1850s. From that period on, metal started to be used as rather popular and useful building material. The famous Eiffel Tower of Paris was constructed of wrought iron in 1889. By that period several steel frame skyscrapers had already been build in the United States. That was the beginning of the new era; a new highly useful and popular construction material had been born and introduced into building industry.

№ 2. Answer the questions given below. Try to do it without consulting the text of the article.

1. For what purposes were metals mostly used before the beginning of the nineteenth century?
2. What did ancient Greeks and Romans use bronze for?
3. When and where was the first all-metal structure built? What can you say about its present-day condition?
4. What kinds of iron were introduced in the first half of the nineteenth century?
5. Why was steel as a building material unpopular for a long period?
6. What is the essence of the Bessemer process?
7. What was the global result of its invention?
8. What material is the famous Eiffel Tower constructed of?
9. In what country were the first skyscrapers built?
10. Are they good to live in? Would you like to live in a skyscraper?

№ 3. Put down the corresponding verbs. Translate every word.

Model: cutter-to cup; фреза-резать

Caster-to _____________; ______________-____________________

Joiner-to _______________; _______________-_________________

Turner-to ______________; _______________-__________________

Iron worker-to _______________; _______________-_____________

Inventor-to _______________; _______________-________________

Introduction-to ________________; ______________-_____________

Invention-to ______________; ______________-_________________

Protection-to ______________; ______________-________________

Elimination-to _____________; ______________-________________

Тема № 8.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metals

№ 1. Read and translate the article.

    All metals, with the exception of mercury (ртуть), are hard-and fire-resistant. The common properties of metals being hardness and high fire-resistance, they are widely used in modern construction.

   Metals are divided into two main groups: ferrous and non-ferrous. Iron, steel and their various alloys belong to the group of ferrous metals, while the main component of non-ferrous metals is not iron.

   All metals have some common properties: they can be pulled, forged, and melted. They are also good conductors of electricity.

Ferrous metals are commonly used for construction of supporting members. Steel and other ferrous metals serve as reinforcement in ferroconcrete constructions.

   As to non-ferrous metals, their advantage is their being light. Metals possess high resistance.

№ 2. State parts of speech. Translate the words.

Except, forge, meltable, meltability, ferrous, fusible, support, light, conduct, conductor, conductivity.

Тема № 9.

Stell, aluminum. Alumina

№ 1. Read and translate the article.

   What is steel as a construction material? Steel may be classified as iron with the controlled amount of carbon. The amount of carbon in steel is generally less than 1.7 per cent. Ordinary structural steel should contain less than three tenth of one per cent carbon. This king of steel also contains small amounts of phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and silicon. Like iron and its alloys, steel belongs to ferrous metals. It is a hard substance. Accordingly, it can be pulled, forged, and melted. Generally, steel, this strong metal, like other metals, is a good conductor of electricity. Alloyed steel and stainless steel are corrosion-resistant kinds of steel.    Corrosion-resistant materials are known to be widely used for plant equipment, furnaces, valves, etc.

   It should be noted that steel frames as a whole and their separate parts should be carefully designed: their function is to able to carry the loads imposed on them and supported by them.

№ 2. Translate the terminological combinations.

Ordinary steel ______________________________________

Ordinary structural steel _____________________________________

Controlled amount _______________________________________

Controlled amount of carbon ___________________________________

Alloyed steel ___________________________________

Corrosion-resistant alloyed steel ____________________________________

Steel frames __________________________________

Carefully designed steel frames ___________________________________

Stainless steel ____________________________________

Plant equipment produced of stainless steel _______________________________

Sheet steel ________________________________

Generally used sheet steel __________________________________

№ 3. Translate the following questions.

1. What group of metals does steel belong to?
2. What substances can steel contain?
3. What amount of carbon does steel generally contain?
4. What materials can be used for producing plant equipment?
5. What is the construction purpose of steel frames? For what reason must they be carefully designed?

№ 1. Read and translate the article.

   Aluminum is a considerably new structural material. For a long period it was considered to be rather expensive since its production required the use of electric power. Because of its relatively high cost, aluminum was not very popular as a construction material till the middle of the twentieth century. But now the situation is absolutely different.

   Aluminum and aluminum-based alloys are extremely popular and are widely used in various forms for construction purposes.

The advantages of aluminum, compared with other popular metals, are its high strength combined with lightness. High-purity aluminum (about 99% pure) is soft and ductile but its great disadvantage is that it is not strong enough. At the same time it has high corrosion resistance and is used in construction of buildings as bright foil for heat insulation, roofing, exterior and interior architectural ornamentation.

   And what about aluminum alloys? They are much more advantageous than pure substance, Aluminum alloys are mush harder and stronger than pure aluminum. Besides, pure aluminum is rather difficult to cast while many of its alloys are extremely easily cast. Pure aluminum is easily alloyed with other metals. And these combinations possess a great variety of usage. For example, when alloyed with copper, aluminum possesses additional strength. Unfortunately, it is mush less corrosion resistive than alloys with manganese, chromium, or magnesium and silicon.

   One more advantage of aluminum is that it can be easily remelted over and over again.

   Aluminum combined with oxygen forms a new oxide. Its name is alumina.   Alumina is a colourless crystallic substance. It is glass hard solid and extremely durable.

   It should be also noted that being an excellent conductor aluminum is widely used in power engineering. It serves for long-distance transfer of electric power.  

№ 2. Put down the combinations with the opposite.

Model:  powerful transfer-powerless transfer

Short distance- ______________________

Cheap foil- ____________________

Interior ornamentation- ____________________

Unnecessary details- _______________________

Comparable amounts- _______________________

Dirty surfaces- _____________________

Pure atmosphere- ____________________

№ 3. Which of the qualities listed below can be classified as advantages (disadvantages) of materials used for construction purposes?

Ductability, poor conductance, low durability, high corrosion resistance, high purity, low strength, high cost, low cost, excellent conductance, hardness, workability, poor purity, high strength.

№ 4.  Have a talk with your groupmate. Use the questions given below.

1. Why was aluminum unpopular for a long period?
2. What good qualities does aluminum possess?
3. Where is aluminum in the form of bright foil used?
4. What are the advantages of aluminum alloys?
5. Can aluminum be remelted?
6. In what way is alumina produced?
7. What are its properties?
8. What does aluminum serve in power engineering for?

Test № 10

Brick. Terracotta. Ceramic tiles.

Text № 1.

Read and translate the article.

Brick, stone, and timber are known are to be the oldest building materials. Bricks belong to artificial (man-made) materials. Their production started in prehistoric times. Since then they have been produced and tested in all types of climate and in many countries. Thousands of years ago the builders in Egypt already knew the advantages of bricks and used them for construction. In those days the production of bricks was quite different from the modern one: bricks were produced not by burning but by drying in the sun, there being much sunshine in Egypt all the year round. Bricks work was also popular in Rome, there being very few growing forests and as a result little timber there.

   In modern times bricks can be made of concrete, mortar, of burnt clay and of a combination of some other substances. For example, different types of clay and shale can be used as raw materials. Accordingly, bricks produced nowadays have different sizes, shapes, colours, and textures. Bricks also vary with the method of fabrication and temperatures of burning. It should be noted that some types of brick, such as, for example, salmon bricks are underburnt and highly porous.   Naturally, their strength is extremely poor. This property of salmon bricks should be taken into account when choosing brick material for construction. But there exist many other types of brick that are extremely strong and almost glass hard. Between these extremes there lie some other types of bricks with different properties. Bricks properties are of great importance and should be taken into account while choosing material for construction purposes.    

№ 2. Put these questions to your groupmate.

1. What building materials are considered to be the oldest ones?
2. What natural (man-made) materials are used for construction nowadays?
3. Is bricks a newly produced or an ancient building material?
4. In what countries are rich (poor) in raw materials?
5. What properties of bricks should be taken into account when choosing material for building purposes?

№ 3. Choose and put down the correct variant.

1. Shale and clay belong to (natural, man-made) __________ materials.

2. (Metal and glass, clay and mortar) ___________________ are used for fabricating bricks.

3. In (prehistoric, modern) ______________ times bricks (are, were) __________ made by (drying in the sun, burning) __________.

4. Russia is extremely (rich, poor) ____________ in raw materials.

5. There were (many, few) _________ growing forests in Rome in prehistoric times.

6. Bricks (are extremely different, do not differ) _________________ in size, colour, and texture.

№ 4. Translate the following combination into Russian.

Extremely strong and glass hard bricks __________________

Underburnt and highly porous bricks____________________

Clay and shale used as raw materials ____________________

Bricks produced by drying in the sun ____________________

Bricks made of mortar and burnt clay ____________________

Few forests and little timber ____________________________

Many forests and much timber __________________________

Polluted atmosphere and polluted soil _____________________

Eco-friendly production and eco-friendly usage ______________

(eco-friendly-экологически благополучный)

Тест № 2.

Can you choose the correct variant without consulting the articles «Construction Materials», «Wood», «Brisk»? In case you fail to do so, we recommend you to repeat the corresponding material.

1. High cost and low fore-resistance are classified as

1. advantages

                                 of construction materials

1. disadvantages

1. Cement, brick, and concrete may serve as examples of

1. natural materials
2. artificial materials

1. Durability, strength, and high fire-resistance are properties

1. of stone
2. of wood

1. Iron, steel, and alloys belong to

1. ferrous metals
2. non-ferrous metals

1. One of the advantages of cast iron is

1. its cheapness
2. its high cost

1. Aluminum is

1. a good conductor of electricity
2. a poor conductor of electricity

1. Wood is considered to be

1. the only naturally renewable material
2. one of the naturally renewable materials

1. In cut wood water content is

1. constantly increasing
2. constantly decreasing

1. Steel, brick, and concrete

1. differ in their properties
2. have the same structural properties

1. The drier is the cut wood

1. the lower is its strength
2. the greater is its strength

1. Large structural members are produced by glueing together

1. large strips of wood
2. small strips of wood

1. Wood panels are

1. mush easier to install than boards
2. mush more difficult to install than boards

1. Plywood panels are made up of

1. thin  wooden veneers glued together
2. thick wooden veneers glued together

1. Timber is material that is

1. artificially renewed    
2. naturally renewed

1. Removal of moisture from timber

1. increases its strength, hardness, and workability
2. decreases its strength, hardness, and workability

1. Birch and oak belong to

1. hardwoods
2. softwoods

1. Hardwoods are widely used

1. for sanitary purposes
2. for decorative purposes

1. In ancient Egypt bricks were produced

1. by burning
2. by drying in the sun

1. Russian is

1. poor in raw materials
2. extremely rich in raw materials

1. Overburned  brick

1. should not be used in construction
2. can be used for construction purposes

1. Underburned brick is

1. highly porous
2. glass hard

1. Bricks are produced of

1. sand and water
2. mortar and burned clay

1. Many/Few growing forests serve for producing

1. mush timber
2. little timber

1. The properties of building materials

1. are of no importance for building purposes
2. should be taken into account    

1. Ceramic tiles are

1. modern products
2. ancient products

1. World’s modern atmosphere is

1. clean and fresh
2. highly polluted by chemical waste

1. The colour of ceramic tiles

1. does not depend on the colour of clay
2. depends on the colour of the clay they are made up of

1. Ceramic tiles are applied by means of

1. glue
2. some adhesive substance

1. They are applied with an extremely

1. thin mortar joint
2. thick mortar

1. The properties of terracotta are

1. different from the properties of brick
2. similar to the properties of brick

Translate the following sentences.

1. Construction of the bridge is expected to begin next spring.
2. Salmon brick being under burnt and highly porous, it cannot be recommended for wide use.
3. Design work is known to be finished by this fall (autumn)
4. Terracotta exists in a wide variety of colour, their colour depending on the colour of glaze they are covered with.
5. Safety zones are said to be built in the nearest future.
6. Brick, stone, and timber being the oldest construction materials, they have been and are widely used all over the world.

Тема № 11

Сoncrete.

№ 1. Read and translate the article.  

   Concrete is considered to be a universal material for construction. Different kinds of concrete can be used practically for every building purpose. The raw materials for producing concrete can be found in every part of the world. The main property that makes concrete so popular is that it can be formed into strong monolithic slabs. Another good quality is its relatively low cost. Besides, Concrete is known to be fire-and decay-resistant.

   Concrete is produced by combining coarse and fine aggregates, Portland cement, and water. Coarse aggregate is generally gravel or crushed stone, and fine aggregate is sand. Cement, sand, gravel, and water are taken in proportional amounts and mixed. The quality of concrete depends mostly on the quality of the cement used. The process of production consists in pouring the mixed components into forms and holding them there until they harden. The process of hardening generally lasts for about 28 days.

   There exist different ways of producing concrete. It can be produced by mixing the ingredients and pouring the mixture into position on the very site of building. Concrete can also be produced in a factory, and used as a material for manufacturing prefabricated blocks. Accordingly, there exit the so-called in-situ (cast-in-place) concrete and precast concrete.

   Concrete, as any other building material, has not only advantages but also disadvantages. Its main disadvantage is that it has no form of its own. Also, it does not possess useful tensile strength. Because of these qualities, in modern times construction concrete is very frequently combined with different metals. Most common of them are iron and steel.

   The introduction of metal into the structure of concrete is highly advantageous. It strengthens the material and helps to realize its limitless construction and architectural potential. It should be noted that the use of ferro-concrete started only in the nineteenth century and is still gaining popularity.

№ 2. Translate the following questions into Russian.

1. What properties make concrete a highly used construction material?
2. What two types of aggregate are used for producing concrete?
3. Is sand a coarse or fine aggregate?
4. What ingredients does the quality of concrete depend upon?
5. How long does the process of hardening the mixed components last?
6. What is the difference between the so-called in-situ and precast concrete?
7. What quality is considered to be the main disadvantage of concrete?
8. For what reason is tensile strength considered to be an important quality?
9. For what purpose are metals introduced into the structure of concrete?
10.  What metals is concrete frequently combined with?
11. When did the use of ferro-concrete start?
12. Would you like to live in a wooden or concrete building? Why?  

№ 3. Read the terminological combinations. Translate them from Russian.

Concrete slab- бетонная плита

Slab roof- кровля из плит

Tensile strength- прочность на растяжение

Site of foundation- пласт под фундаментом

Slab covering- настил из плит

№ 4. Translate the following combinations into Russian.

The very site of construction                             Proportionally divided amounts

Carefully mixed aggregates                               The very site of production

№ 5. Combine the given attributes a) with the given nouns; b) follow the Russian combinations.

Model: дробленый гравий- crushed gravel

1. crushed, coarse, fine
2. sand, gravel, aggregate

Дробленый песок- ________________________________________

Крупный гравий- _________________________________________

Мелкозернистый заполнитель- ______________________________

Тест № 3.

Choose the correct variant.

1. Devices intended for light framing are made of

1. sheet metal
2. metal plate

1. Devices made of metal plate are used

1. for heavy timber
2. for light framing

1. Wood fasteners include

1. nails and bolts
2. nails, screws, bolts, anchors

1. Steel used for nails

1. is uncoated steel
2. is coated steel

1. The main property of finish nails is

1. that they have flat heads
2. that they are headless

1. Finish nails

1. differ in length from common nails
2. are the same length as common nails

1. Nails of a corrosion-resistant type

1. cannon be exposed to moisture
2. can be exposed to rain, snow and fog

1. Nails are popular for fastening wood since

1. they are simple to insert
2. they require no predrilling of holes

1. Screws have

1. only flat heads
2. round, flat, and raised heads

1. Screws are

1. little used in light framing
2. much used in light framing

1. Screws

1. cannot be reinserted
2. can be reinserted

1. The roof serves

1. for ornamental purposes
2. for protecting the interior of the building

1. The pitched roofs

1. do not dry themselves quickly of water
2. dry themselves quickly of water

1. The covering of pitched roofs consists of

1. small individual units
2. large heavy units

1. The advantages of flat roofs are

1. that they can cover very broad buildings
2. that they can serve as balconies and decks

1. Thatched roofing is mostly used

1. for country buildings
2. for roofs in big cities
3. for historically restorated buildings

1. The action of snow load and wind pressure

1. is the same on flat roofs and pitched ones
2. is quite different on flat roofs and pitched ones

1. The snow load on flat roofs

1. is at the minimum
2. is at the maximum

1. When the pitch of the roof increases

1. the weight of the snow load decreases
2. the weight of the snow load increases

1. In modern constructions the variants of the ceilings

1. limited
2. limitless

1. Nowadays ceilings are produced of

1. artificial materials
2. both natural and artificial materials

1. Ceilings may be attached to

1. wood joists
2. wood joists, steel joists, and wood rafters

1. Suspended ceilings are produced of

1. various boards made of fibers
2. gypsum, board, plaster and boards made of fibers

1. Mechanical and electrical systems

1. can be subject to frequent change and damage
2. are never subject to frequent change and damage

          Articles for reading and translating

  Steam Vents

   For a steam system to work properly, air must be eliminated from the piping and radiators. This process is accomplished with vent valves.

Radiator vents are located on the opposite side of where steam enters a radiator in one-pipe system.

   Main steam vents are located on the end of the main supply line in one-and two-pipe systems; they are located in vertical risers in two-pipe systems.

   Main steam vents are located on the end of the main supply line in one and two-pipe systems; they are located in vertical risers in two-pipe systems.

Traps

   The trap’s job is to separate steam from condensate. The following are two of the more common types of traps found today:

   Thermostatic radiator trap- Located on the bottom of the radiator in a two-pipe system, this trap, actuated by steam pressure, keeps steam in the radiator while regulating the discharge of air and condensate.

   Float and thermostatic trap-Typically located at the end of a supply main in a two-pipe gravity return system, this trap prevents steam from reaching the dry return piping. The thermostat in the trap will allow the discharge of air until it senses steam. Condensate is discharged and regulated by way of the float. The two functions act independently of each other.

Controls

   Low-water cutoff- A safety control that monitors the water level in a boiler via an electronic probe or float. If the water drops below a predetermined safe operating level, the control turns off the burner and prevents the boiler from overheating.

  Automatic water feeder- This safety automatically adds water to the boiler if the water drops below a safe operating level.

Read, translate the articles and enjoy the pictures of construction masterpieces.

1. Wood

   It is a well-known fact that in prehistoric times the great part of the world’s land surface was covered with forests. In places, where trees grew, man used wood to build homes for himself and his dependents.

   The durability of wood and its use can be demonstrated, for example, by the existence of such buildings as churches of Scandinavia.

   In Russia, where sub-zero temperatures are quite common, wood has been widely used for both houses and churches because of its property of insulation against cold. Many old Russian churches wooden, even to the onion-shaped domes with which they are decorated.

2. Russia. Kolomenskoye

   Kolomenskoye, a gem of old Russian construction and architecture, was an estate of the tsars. It is situated on the tall banks of the Moskva River. It is the site of the famous church of the Ascension of Christ (1532). Its height, beauty, and brightness have delighted many generations. Some other 16th-and 17th-centure buildings still exist in Kolomenskoe. A museum has been established with valuable collections of   Russian tiles, carvings in wood and examples of the ancient Russian timber houses, including the little house of Peter I moved from its original site in Archangelsk.

3. Sweden. Stockholm.

The Royal Palace

   The Royal Palace in Stockholm is one of the largest and mast living palaces in Europe. It houses a historical collection of European and Swedish art from the Middle Ages through to the present day. Built in the Italian baroque style, the palace was completed in 1754.

  The Royal Palace is the residence of His Majesty the King of Sweden. It is also the place of official functions and receptions. In between official receptions, the Royal Apartments are open to the general public.

4. Plastics

   Materials other than reinforced concrete are also being widely used in modern construction for prefabrication. The plastics that were unknown only a few decades ago have become extremely important and widely used for construction purposes.  The plastics being used nowadays possess many advantages. First of all they extremely light and their tensile strength is greater than that of many metals.   Besides, they are weather-resistant and resistant to attacks by industrial fumes and to a great number of chemical substances. Some of the examples of the constructive use of plastic materials have been been domes housing radar antennae and electronic equipment. Such domes built in America and Canada are as high as 116 feet.

   The panels of the domes are made of polystyrene and polyurethane foam and are protected by glass cloth cemented to the fume panels with epoxy resin. Some other dome structures are made from panels of thin sheets of reinforced fiberglass. Up till that time fiber-glass was familiar as a roofing material. Now it is becoming more and more popular in the manufacture of panels. The methods by which plastic shapes are produced has led to a new approach to constructional and architectural forms.  

5. Canada. “Habitat”

   Multiple housing known as “Habitat” may serve as an example of unfamiliar forms of design. These new forms may be said to have the most stimulating effect on the development of construction and architecture. They provide the answer to problems that are still unsolved.

Тексты для аудирования.

1. FUEL ECONOMY

   Vapor retarders have received increased attention and are becoming extremely popular in connection with the problem of fuel economy.

   A vapor retarder is a membrane of metal foil, plastic or paper. It is placed on the warm side of thermal insulation. Its function consists in keeping water vapor from entering the insulation and condensing into liquid. As thermal insulation levels increase, the role of vapor retarders increases also. That is reason for high-quality vapor retarders being widely installed in constructions of different types.

2. WINDOWS

   Windows were formerly made on the job site by highly skilled carpenters, but are now produced almost exclusively in factories. Some manufacturers make a range of standard sized from which the designer can select, while others build windows to order. The rationale for factory production in either case is one of higher efficiency, lower cost, and most importantly, better quality. Windows need to be made to a very high standard of precision if they are to operate easily and maintain a high degree of weathertightness over a period of many years. In cold climates especially, a loosely fitted window with single glass and a frame that is highly conductive of heat will significantly increase heating fuel consumption for a building, cause noticeable discomfort to the people in the building, and create large quantities of condensate to stain and decay finish materials in and the window.

TYPES OF WINDOWS

  Figure 6 illustrates in diagrammatic form the window types used most commonly in Wood Light frame buildings. Fixed windows are the least expensive and the least likely to leak air or water because they have no openable components. Single-hung and double-hung windows have one or two moving sashes, which are the frames in which the glass is mounted. The sashes slide up and down in tracks in the frame of the window. In older windows the sashes were held in position by cords and counterweights, but today’s double-hung windows rely on a system of springs to counter-balance the weight of the sashes. A sliding window is essentially a single-hung window on its side, and shares with single-hung and double-hung windows the advantage that the sashes are always securely held in tracks in the frame. This allows the sashes to be more lightly built than those in projected windows.

3. CONCRETE (A BIT OF HISTORY)

   The ancient Romans discovered a mineral on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius. The mineral when mixed with limestone and burned, produced cement, that hardened underwater as well as in the air. This cement was harder and stronger than the ordinary lime mortar they had been using. As time passed, the new material not only became the preferred type for use in all their building projects but changed the character of Roman construction. Masonry of stone or brick was used to construct only the surfaces of masonry piers and walls but the interiors were filled with large amounts of the new type of mortar.

   We now know that mortar continued the main ingredient of modern Portland cement. Thus, one can say that the Romans were the inventors of concrete constructions.

   With the fall of the Roman Empire, knowledge of concrete construction was lost.  But in the eighteenth century English inventors began experimenting with both natural and artificially produced cements. In 1824 an artificial cement, named  Portland cement, was patented. This type of cement soon became very popular and the name Portland is in common use in the present day.

4. CLIMATIC AND WEATHER CONDITIONS

   Orientation and construction of buildings should receive special attention in places where environmental and climatic factors have a significant effect.   Structural design, style and materials should be compatible with local climatic and weather conditions. For example, flat roofs should be avoided in areas with frequent rainfalls. Snow and wind are variable loads that should be taken into account while designing a structure and its roof. Tall buildings are not recommended in places where strong winds, humidity or fog are likely and bring damage.

   Solar radiation can be also unpleasant, but if it is controlled, it can bring many advantages. Among these advantages there may be water heating through solar panels.

   Local industries and their disposition should be also taken into account and controlled as atmospheric and pollution may be highly injurious and bring mush harm.  

   Location and coordination of all services must also be preplanned and located on a site plan, worked out in accordance with the local climatic conditions. Sanitary accommodation is of primary importance. All conveniences must have ventilation, a cover, partitions and doors with suitable fasterings.

Answer the questions

1. Why should flat roofs avoided in areas with frequent rainfalls?
2. Which variable loads should be taken into account?
3. For what reasons are tall buildings not recommended in areas where winds and fogs are frequent?
4. What advantages can solar radiation bring?
5. For what reasons should local industries be controlled?

Заключение

 Методические принципы построения определялись конкретными задачами, вытекающими из его основной цели — научить читать иностранный текст по специальности с непосредственным пониманием читаемого, т.е. не прибегая к его анализу и переводу. Доминирующая роль в пособии отводится развитию и умений и навыков различных подвидов чтения.

  Задача развития навыков устной речи решается в пособии лишь частично, в плане профессиональной направленности речи, что обусловлено тематикой текстов.

 В соответствии с поставленными целями упражнения построены и расположены так, чтобы научить студентов самостоятельно работать с иностранным текстом, обеспечить извлечение заключенной в тексте информации с постепенным (от упражнения к упражнению) ее уточнением и детализацией. С этой целью предусматриваются упражнения, развивающие умение выделять основные мысли, положения, факты и группировать их по принципу общности; упражнения на конкретизацию основной информации; упражнения на тематические обобщения, подводящие к умению аннотировать и реферировать текст; лексические и словообразовательные упражнения, развивающие языковую догадку; упражнения по технике перевода для уточнения понимания читаемого.

По своему характеру и пол форме ряд упражнений построен по принципам текста с опорой на контекстуальную догадку и с использованием элемента подсказки (т.е. не столько тренирующие упражнения, сколько обучающие, стимулирующие логическое мышление). Используются различные способы сигнализации понимания читаемого. Применительно к различным видам упражнений широко используются известные формы заданий текстов: выбор правильного — неправильного варианта, сочетаемость, расположение в заданной последовательности и множественный выбор. По наполнению упражнения построены на предложениях, взятых из текстов ,и выполнение их является по существу многократным чтением текста с конкретно поставленной в каждом случае новой задачей. К каждому тексту предусматриваются также упражнения, имеющие целью развития умения дать мотивированный ответ.

Литература

1. Горбунова Е.В., Гришина М.М. «Современный город» 2-ое издание- М.: Высшая школа, 2014.

2. Иванов В.Ф. «Конструкция зданий и сооружений» М.: Издательство по строительству, 2012.

3. Носенко И.А. «Пособие по английскому языку»; М.: Высшая школа, 2014.

4. Пономоренко В.И. «Сборник текстов на английском языке». М.: «Высшая школа», 2012.

5. Луговая А.Л. английский язык для строительных специальностей средних профессиональных учебных заведений. Учебное пособие Москва «Высшая школа», 2013.

6. Дубинина Г.А. Английский язык. Практикум для развития навыков профессионального ориентированного речевого общения. Издательство «Экзамен».  Москва, 2014.