Pronunciation symbols in word

Phonics Blends

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A pronunciation respelling for English is a notation used to convey the pronunciation of words in the English language, which do not have a phonemic orthography (i.e. the spelling does not reliably indicate pronunciation).

There are two basic types of pronunciation respelling:

• «Phonemic» systems, as commonly found in American dictionaries, consistently use one symbol per English phoneme. These systems are conceptually equivalent to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) commonly used in bilingual dictionaries and scholarly writings but tend to use symbols based on English rather than Romance-language spelling conventions (e.g. ē for IPA /i/) and avoid non-alphabetic symbols (e.g. sh for IPA /ʃ/).
• On the other hand, «non-phonemic»^[1] or «newspaper»^[2] systems, commonly used in newspapers and other non-technical writings, avoid diacritics and literally «respell» words making use of well-known English words and spelling conventions, even though the resulting system may not have a one-to-one mapping between symbols and sounds.

As an example, one pronunciation of Arkansas, transcribed in the IPA, could be respelled är′kən-sô′^[3] or AR-kən-saw in a phonemic system and ar-kuhn-saw in a non-phonemic system.

Development and use[edit]

Pronunciation respelling systems for English have been developed primarily for use in dictionaries. They are used there because it is not possible to predict with certainty the sound of a written English word from its spelling or the spelling of a spoken English word from its sound. So readers looking up an unfamiliar word in a dictionary may find, on seeing the pronunciation respelling, that the word is in fact already known to them orally. By the same token, those who hear an unfamiliar spoken word may see several possible matches in a dictionary and must rely on the pronunciation respellings to find the correct match.^[4]

Traditional respelling systems for English use only the 26 ordinary letters of the Latin alphabet with diacritics, and are meant to be easy for native readers to understand. English dictionaries have used various such respelling systems to convey phonemic representations of the spoken word since Samuel Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language in 1755, the earliest being devised by James Buchanan us be featured in his 1757 dictionary Linguæ Britannicæ Vera Pronunciatio,^[5] although most words therein were not respelled but given diacritics;^[6] since the language described by Buchanan was that of Scotland, William Kenrick responded in 1773 with A New Dictionary of the English Language, wherein the pronunciation of Southern England was covered and numbers rather than diacritics used to represent vowel sounds;^[7] Thomas Sheridan devised a simpler scheme, which he employed in his successful 1780 General Dictionary of the English Language, a much larger work consisting of two volumes;^[8][9] in 1791 John Walker produced A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary, which achieved a great reputation and ran into some forty editions.^[10][11] Today, such systems remain in use in American dictionaries for native English speakers,^[12] but they have been replaced by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in linguistics references and many bilingual dictionaries published outside the United States.^[13]

The pronunciation which dictionaries refer to is some chosen «normal» one, thereby excluding other regional accents or dialect pronunciation. In England this standard is normally the Received Pronunciation, based upon the educated speech of southern England. The standard for American English is known as General American (GA).

Sophisticated phonetic systems have been developed, such as James Murray’s scheme for the original Oxford English Dictionary, and the IPA, which replaced it in later editions and has been adopted by many British and international dictionaries. The IPA system is not a respelling system, because it uses symbols not in the English alphabet, such as ð and θ. Most current British dictionaries^[14] use IPA for this purpose.

Traditional respelling systems[edit]

The following chart matches the IPA symbols used to represent the sounds of the English language with the phonetic symbols used in several dictionaries, a majority of which transcribe American English.

These works adhere (for the most part) to the one-symbol-per-sound principle. Other works not included here, such as Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language (unabridged, 2nd ed.), do not adhere and thus have several different symbols for the same sound (partly to allow for different phonemic mergers and splits).

The full titles of abbreviated column headings in the following table are viewable in interactive media (as opposed to hard copy), using the pointer. To see the full titles, hover over the abbreviations. On touchscreens, a long press and cancel may show them.

Consonants
IPA	K&K	APA	NOAD	AHD	RHD	WBO	MECD	DPL	DPN	TBD	NBC	MWCD	COD[a]	POD	Cham	CPD	SD	AB	Dictcom	BBC	Google	Mac	Wikipedia	Examples
tʃ	tʃ	č	ᴄʜ	ch	c͡h	ch	ch	ch	ch	ch	ch	ch	ch	ch	ch	ch	ch	ch	ch	ch, tch	ch	ch	ch, tch	church
ɡ[b]	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g, gh	game
h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	hh	h	h	h	h	h	hat
hw[c]	hw	hw	(h)w	hw	hw	hw	hw			hw		hw		hw	(h)w		w		hw				wh	which
dʒ	dʒ	ǯ	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	jh	j	j	j	j	j	judge
x	x	x	ᴋʜ	KH	ᴋ͡ʜ	kh				H		k	(χ)	kh	hh	xh			ᴋʜ	kh			kh	loch (Scottish and Irish) Buch (German)
ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ɴɢ	ng	n͡g	ng	ng	ŋ	ng	ng	ng	ŋ	ng	ng	ng	ng	ng	ng	ng	ng (ng-g, nk)	ng	ng	ng	thing
s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s, ss	sauce
ʃ	ʃ	š	sʜ	sh	s͡h	sh	sh	sh	sh	sh	sh	sh	sh	sh	sh	sh	sh	sh	sh	sh	sh	sh	sh	ship
θ	θ	θ	ᴛʜ	th	t͡h	th	th	th	th	th	th	th	th	th	th	th	th	th	th	th	th	th	th	thin
ð	ð	ð	ᴛʜ	th	th̸	th	th	th	t̷h	TH	th:	th	dh	th	dh	dh	TH	dh	th	dh	dh	dh	this
j	j	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	yes
ʒ	ʒ	ž	ᴢʜ	zh	z͡h	zh	zh	zh	zh	zh	zh	zh	zh	zh	zh	zh	zh	zh	zh	zh	zh	zh	zh	vision
The following letters have the same values in all systems listed: b, d, f, k, l, m, n, p, r[d], t, v, w, z.
Vowels
IPA	K&K	APA	NOAD	AHD	RHD	WBO	MECD	DPL	DPN	TBD	NBC	MWCD	COD[a]	POD	Cham	CPD	SD	AB	Dictcom	BBC	Google AmE, BrE	Mac	Wikipedia	Examples
æ	æ	æ	a	ă	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	ă	a	a	a	a	ae	a	a (arr)	a	a	a (arr)	cat
eɪ	e	e(y)	ā	ā	ā	ay	ay	ā	ay	ā	ay	ā	ā	ay	ā	eh	ay, a_e	ey	ey	ay	ei	ay	ay	day
ɛər	ɛr	εr	e(ə)r	âr	âr	air	air	–	–	âr	air	er	ār	air	ār, er[e]	air	air	eh r	air	air	ehr, euh	air	air	hair
ɑː	ɑ	a	ä	ä	ä	ah	aa	ä	aw, o	ä	ah	ä, ȧ	ah	aa	ä	ah	ah	aa	ah	aa	aa	ah	ah	father
ɑːr	ɑr	ar	är	är	är	ahr	aar	är	–	är	ahr	är	a͡r	aar	är	ar	aa r	ahr	ar	aar, aa	ar	arm
ɛ	ɛ	ε	e	ĕ	e	eh	e	e	ɛ	e	e	e	ě	e	e	e	e	eh	e	e (err)	e/eh	e	e (err)	let
iː	i	i(y)	ē	ē	ē	ee	ee	ē	ē	ē	ee	ē	ē	ee	ē	ee	ee	iy	ee	ee	ee	ee	ee	see
ɪər	ɪr	ιr	i(ə)r	îr	ēr	ihr	eer			ir	ier	ir	ēr	eer	ēr		ihr	iy r	eer	eer	eer, eeuh	ear	eer	here
ɪ	ɪ	ɪ	i	ĭ	i	ih	i	i	i	i	i	i	ǐ	i	i	i	i	ih	i	i (irr)	i	i	i (irr)	pit
aɪ	aɪ	ay	ī	ī	ī	y	ī	ī	y	ī	igh	ī	ī	ī	ī	ai	eye, i_e, ye	ay	ahy	y	ai	uy	y, eye[f]	by
ɒ	ɑ	a	ä	ŏ	o	o	o	ä	o	o	ah	ä	ǒ	o	o	o	o	aa	o	o (orr)	aa, o	o	o (orr)	pot
oʊ	o	o(w)	ō	ō	ō	oh	ō	ō	ō	ō	oh	ō	ō	ō	ō	oh	oh, o_e	ow	oh	oh	ow	oh	oh	no
ɔː	ɔ	ɔ	ô	ô	ô	aw	aw	ô	aw, o	ô	aw	ȯ	aw	aw	ö	aw	aw	ao	aw	aw	aa, aw	aw	aw	caught
ɔːr	ɔr	ɔr	ôr	ôr						ôr	awr	ȯr			ör	or	ao r	awr	or	or, aw	or	north
or	o(w)r								ōr, ör[g]	awr, ohr	ohr	force
ɔɪ	ɔɪ	ɔy	oi	oi	oi	oy	oy	oi	oy	oi	oi	ȯi	oi	oy	oi	oy	oi	oy	oi	oy	oy	oy	oy	noise
ʊ	ᴜ	ᴜ	o͝o	o͝o	o͝o	u	o͝o	oo	u	u̇	oo	u̇	o͝o	o͝o	ŭ[h]	uu	u	uh	oo	uu	u	oo	uu	took
ʊər	ᴜr	ᴜr	o͝or	o͝or	o͝or	ur	oor			u̇r	oor	u̇r	oor		oor		oor	uh r	oor	oor	oor, uor	oouh	oor	tour
uː	u	u(w)	o͞o	o͞o	o͞o	oo	oo	o͞o	ū	ü	oo:	ü	o͞o	o͞o	oo[h]	oo	oo	uw	oo	oo	oo	ooh	oo	soon
aʊ	aᴜ	aw	ou	ou	ou	ow	ow	ou	ow	ou	ow	au̇	ow	ow	ow	ow	ou	aw	ou	ow	aw	ow	ow	out
ʌ	ʌ	ʌ	ə	ŭ	u	uh	u	u	ꭒ	u	uh	ə	ǔ	u	u	u	uh	ah	uh	uh	uh	u	u	cut
ɜːr	ɜr	ər	ər	ûr	ûr	ur	ur	ʉr	er	ėr	er	ər	e͡r	ər	ûr	ur	ur	er	ur	ur	ur, uh	er	ur	word
ə	ə	ə	ə	ə	ə	uh	ə	ə	e	ə	uh	ə	a, e, i, o, u	ə	ə	uh	uh	ah	uh	uh	uh	uh	ə	about
ər	ɚ	ər	ər	ər	ər	uhr	ər	ər	er	ər	er	ər	er	ər	ər	ur	er	er	uhr	r, uh	ər	butter
juː	ju	yu	yo͞o	yo͞o	yo͞o	yoo	yoo	yo͞o	yū	yü	yoo:	yü	ū	yo͞o	ū		yoo	y uw	yoo	yoo	yoo	yooh	ew	view
Stress
IPA	K&K	APA	NOAD	AHD	RHD	WBO	MECD	DPL	DPN	TBD	NBC	MWCD[i]	COD[a]	POD	Cham	CPD	SD	AB	Dictcom	BBC	Google	Mac	Wikipedia	Examples
ˈa	ˋa	á	ˈa	a′						a′	A	ˈa	a·	á	a’	a	a	1	a	A	a	(‘)a	A	primary stress
ˌa	ˊa	à	ˌa	a′						a′	a	ˌa	(a·)	a		a	2	a	a	a	.a	secondary stress
a		a	a						a	a		a	0	a[j]	a	a	tertiary stress

Title abbreviations[edit]

• IPA – Compromise dialect-neutral English pronunciation using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), as used in Wikipedia.
• K&K – General American pronunciation using symbols largely corresponding to those of the IPA in A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English (also referred to as Kenyon and Knott) (1944 [1953]), John S. Kenyon, Thomas A. Knott. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster.
• APA – Americanist phonetic notation, used primarily in linguistics literature in the U.S.
• NOAD – New Oxford American Dictionary (2001, 2005, 2010). New York: Oxford University Press. (Diacritical transcription).
• AHD – American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000). Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. Also used by the Columbia Encyclopedia.
• RHD – Random House Dictionary of the English Language (1966).
• WBO – World Book Online (1998).
• MECD – Microsoft Encarta College Dictionary.
• DPL – Dictionary of Pronunciation, Abraham Lass and Betty Lass.
• DPN – Dictionary of Pronunciation, Samuel Noory.
• TBD – Thorndike Barnhart Dictionary.
• NBC – NBC Handbook of Pronunciation.
• MWCD – Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary.
• COD – The Concise Oxford Dictionary (1964 [1974]), 5th edition, E. McIntosh, ed. Oxford: OUP. (This notation was used up to the 7th edition; newer editions use the IPA.)
• POD – The Pocket Oxford Dictionary (2006), 2nd edition, E. Jewell, Oxford: OUP.
• Cham – The Chambers Dictionary (2003).
• CPD – The Chambers Paperback Dictionary (2012).
• SD – Scholastic Dictionary.
• AB – ARPABET, a commonly used computerized encoding of English pronunciation. It is used by the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary.
• Dictcom – Dictionary.com uses a custom phonetic alphabet.[1]
• BBC – BBC Phonetic Respelling.[2]
• Google – Google’s pronunciation dictionary.
• Mac — Macquarie Dictionary’s «say» respelling system.
• Wikipedia – Wikipedia Pronunciation Respelling Key, used in some Wikipedia articles to spell out the pronunciations of English words.

Notes[edit]

Pronunciation without respelling[edit]

Some dictionaries indicate hyphenation and syllabic stress in the headword. A few have even used diacritics to show pronunciation «without respelling» in the headwords.

The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 1st through 4th edition, used a mix of two systems.^[18] Some editions of Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary have offered a method for teachers to indicate pronunciation without respelling as a supplement to the respelling scheme used in the dictionary. Pronunciation without respelling is also sometimes used in texts with many unusual words, such as Bibles,^[19][20][21] when it is desirable to show the received pronunciation. These will often be more exhaustive than dictionary respelling keys because all possible digraphs or readings need to have a unique spelling.

Concise Oxford Dictionary’s system without respelling

COD variant	IPA
ph	/f/
kn (initial)	/n/
wr (initial)	/r/
g, dg	/dʒ/ (before e, i, y) /ɡ/ otherwise (hard and soft g)
c	/s/ (before e, i, y) /k/ otherwise (hard and soft c)
ai, ay	/eɪ/
air	/ɛər/
ae, ea, ee, ie	/iː/
ė, ie (final), ey	/ɪ/
ear, eer, ier	/ɪər/
aw	/ɔː/
oy	/ɔɪ/
ou	/aʊ/
i͡r, u͡r	/ɜr/
eu, ew	/juː/

Henry Adeney Redpath’s table of signs in the King James Bible^[20][21][22]

Symbol	Original gloss	Approximate IPA equivalent*
—	syllable boundary (always added; original hyphens become –)	/./
-́	syllable boundary after stress*	/ˈ/ or /ˌ/ before syll.
ä	ah, arm, father	/ɑː/
ă	abet, hat, dilemma	/æ, ə‡/
ā	tame	/eɪ/
â	fare	/ɛə†/
ạ	call	/ɔː/
ĕ	met, her, second	/ɛ, ɜ†, ə‡/
ē	mete	/iː/
ë	a in tame	/eɪ/
ī	fine	/aɪ/
ĭ	him, fir, plentiful	/ɪ, ɜ†, i‡, ə‡/
î	machine	/iː/
ị	peculiar	/j/
ō	alone	/oʊ/
ŏ	on, protect	/ɒ, ə‡/
ô	nor	/ɔː/
o̱	son	/ʌ, ə‡/
ū	tune	/juː/
û	rude	/uː/
ŭ	us	/ʌ, ə‡/
u̇	turner	/ɜ†/
ȳ	lyre	/aɪ/
y̆	typical, fully	/ɪ, i‡/
a͞a	a of am	/æ/
a͡a	a of fare	/ɛə/
ǣ, a͞e	mediæval	/iː/
a͡i	aisle	/aɪ/
a͟i	hail	/eɪ/
a͞o	o of alone	/oʊ/
a͡u	maul	/ɔː/
e͡e	heed	/iː/
e͡i	i of fine	/aɪ/
e͡u	neuter	/juː/
e͡w	lewd	/juː/
o͡i	oil	/ɔɪ/
c̣	celestial	/s/
c͟h	character	/k/
c͞i	delicious	/ʃ/
ġ	giant	/dʒ/
ṡ	his	/z/
s͞i	adhesion	/ʒ/
T͞h	Thomas	/t/
t͞i	attraction	/ʃ/
* IPA symbols interpreted by Wikipedia. † This reading or symbol is only obtained or used before «r». ‡ This reading is only obtained in unstressed syllables.

International Phonetic Alphabet[edit]

The International Phonetic Alphabet is a standardized method of phonetic transcription developed by a group of English and French language teachers in 1888. In the beginning, only specialized pronunciation dictionaries for linguists used it, for example, the English Pronouncing Dictionary edited by Daniel Jones (EPD, 1917). The IPA, used by English teachers as well, started to appear in popular dictionaries for learners of English as a foreign language such as the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (1948) and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1978).

IPA is very flexible and allows for a wide variety of transcriptions between broad phonemic transcriptions which describe the significant units of meaning in language and phonetic transcriptions which may indicate every nuance of sound in detail.

The IPA transcription conventions used in the first twelve editions of the EPD was relatively simple, using a quantitative system indicating vowel length using a colon, and requiring the reader to infer other vowel qualities. Many phoneticians preferred a qualitative system, which used different symbols to indicate vowel timbre and colour. A. C. Gimson introduced a quantitative-qualitative IPA notation system when he took over editorship of the EPD (13th edition, 1967); and by the 1990s, the Gimson system had become a de facto standard for phonetic notation of British Received Pronunciation (RP).

Short and long vowels in various IPA schemes for RP

word	quant.	qual.	Gimson
rid	rid	rɪd	rɪd
reed	riːd	rid	riːd
cod	kɔd	kɒd	kɒd
cord	kɔːd	kɔd	kɔːd

The first native (not learner’s) English dictionary using IPA may have been the Collins English Dictionary (1979), and others followed suit. The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (OED2, 1989) used IPA, transcribed letter-for-letter from entries in the first edition, which had been noted in a scheme by the original editor, James Murray.

While IPA has not been adopted by popular dictionaries in the United States,^{[citation needed]} there is a demand for learner’s dictionaries which provide both British and American English pronunciation. Some dictionaries, such as the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary and the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English provide a separate transcription for each.

British and American English dialects have a similar set of phonemes, but some are pronounced differently; in technical parlance, they consist of different phones. Although developed for RP, the Gimson system being phonemic, it is not far from much of General American pronunciation as well. A number of recent dictionaries, such as the Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary, add a few non-phonemic symbols /ʳ i u ᵊl ᵊn/ to represent both RP and General American pronunciation in a single IPA transcription.

Adaptations of the Gimson system for American English

/ɒ/	Pronounced [ɑː] in General American.
/e/	In American English falls between [e] and [æ] (sometimes transcribed /ɛ/)
/əu/	This traditional transcription is probably more accurately replaced by /ou/ in American English.
/r/	Regular r is always pronounced
/ʳ/	Superscript r is only pronounced in rhotic dialects, such as General American, or when followed by a vowel (for example adding a suffix to change dear into dearest)
/i/	Medium i can be pronounced [ɪ] or [iː], depending on the dialect
/ɔː/	Many Americans pronounce /ɔː/ the same as /ɒ/ ([ɑː])
/ᵊl/	Syllabic l, sometimes transcribed /l/ or /əl/
/ᵊn/	Syllabic n, sometimes transcribed /n/ or /ən/

Clive Upton updated the Gimson scheme, changing the symbols used for five vowels. He served as pronunciation consultant for the influential Concise Oxford English Dictionary, which adopted this scheme in its ninth edition (1995). Upton’s reform is controversial: it reflects changing pronunciation, but critics say it represents a narrower regional accent, and abandons parallelism with American and Australian English. In addition, the phonetician John C Wells said that he could not understand why Upton had altered the presentation of price to prʌɪs.^[23]

Upton outlined his reasons for the transcription in a chapter of A Handbook of Varieties of English. He said that the PRICE-vowel represented how the starting point could be anything from centralised front to centralised back.^[24] The change in the NURSE vowel was intended as a simplification as well as a reflection that nɜːs was not the only possible realisation in RP.^[25] The other alterations were intended to reflect changes that have occurred over time.

Upton’s reform

word	Gimson	Upton
bet	bet	bɛt
bat	bæt	bat
nurse	nɜːs	nəːs
square	skweə	skwɛː
price	praɪs	prʌɪs

The in-progress 3rd edition of the Oxford English Dictionary uses Upton’s scheme for representing British pronunciations. For American pronunciations it uses an IPA-based scheme devised by Prof. William Kretzschmar of the University of Georgia.

Comparison[edit]

Comparison of the IPA variants for English

Lexical sets	RP	GA
Jones (1909, 1917)[26][27]	Gimson (1962, 1967)[28][29]	Upton (1995)[30]	Kenyon&Knott (1944)[31]	Roach et al. (1997)[32]
FLEECE	iː	iː	iː	i	iː
KIT	i	ɪ	ɪ	ɪ	ɪ
DRESS	e	e	ɛ	ɛ	e
TRAP	æ	æ	a	æ	æ
START	ɑː	ɑː	ɑː	ɑr~ɑː[i]	ɑːr
PALM	ɑː	ɑː	ɑː	ɑ	ɑː
LOT	ɔ	ɒ	ɒ	ɑ~ɒ[i]	ɑː
THOUGHT	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔ	ɔː
NORTH	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔr~ɔə[i]	ɔːr
FOOT	u	ʊ	ʊ	ᴜ	ʊ
GOOSE	uː	uː	uː	u	uː
STRUT	ʌ	ʌ	ʌ	ʌ	ʌ
NURSE	əː	ɜː	əː	ɝ~ɜ[i]	ɝː
LETTER	ə	ə	ə	ɚ~ə[i]	ɚ
COMMA	ə	ə	ə	ə	ə
FACE	ei	eɪ	eɪ	e	eɪ
GOAT	ou	əʊ	əʊ	o	oʊ
PRICE	ai	aɪ	ʌɪ	aɪ	aɪ
MOUTH	au~ɑu[ii]	aʊ	aʊ	aᴜ	aʊ
CHOICE	ɔi	ɔɪ	ɔɪ	ɔɪ	ɔɪ
NEAR	iə	ɪə	ɪə	ɪr~ɪə[i]	ɪr
SQUARE	ɛə	eə	ɛː	ɛr~ɛə[i]	er
CURE	uə	ʊə	ʊə	ᴜr~ᴜə[i]	ʊr
Notes	^ a b c d e f g h Kenyon & Knott provided alternative variants for Eastern and Southern pronunciation: /ɑː ɒ ɔə ɜ ə ɪə ɛə ᴜə/ for general /ɑr ɑ ɔr ɝ ɚ ɪr ɛr ᴜr/, respectively.[31] ^ In his earlier works, Jones used /ɑu/ for this diphthong.[26]

Dictionaries for English-language learners[edit]

For many English language learners, particularly learners without easy Internet access, dictionary pronunciation respelling are the only source of pronunciation information for most new words. Which respelling systems are best for such learners has been a matter of debate.

In countries where the local languages are written in non-Latin, phonemic orthographies, various other respelling systems have been used. In India, for example, many English bilingual dictionaries provide pronunciation respellings in the local orthography. This is the case for several Indian languages, including Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam, and Tamil. To reduce the potential distortions of bilingual phonemic transcription, some dictionaries add English letters to the local-script respellings to represent sounds not specified in the local script. For example, in English-Tamil dictionaries, the sounds /b/ and /z/ need to be specified, as in this respelling of busy: «bபிzஸி«.^[33]

Because these respellings primarily use symbols already known to anyone with minimal literacy in the local language, they are more practical to use in such contexts than the IPA or the Latin respelling systems with diacritics. Another advantage of local-script respellings for English learners is that they retain the «flavour» of local English speech, allowing learners to make connections between their spoken and written English experiences. However, these systems also have limitations. One limitation is that they do not illuminate the English writing system. Like the IPA, they represent phonemes differently from the ways in which the phonemes are normally spelled. So these notations do not guide readers to infer the regularities of English spelling. Also, the practicality of these systems for learning English locally may be offset by difficulties in communication with people used to different norms such as General American or Received Pronunciation.

Children’s dictionaries[edit]

Most beginner dictionaries are picture dictionaries, or word books. For preliterate native speakers of a language, the pictures in these dictionaries both define the entry words and are the «keys» to their pronunciation. Respellings for English begin to appear in dictionaries for novice readers. Generally, US-based dictionaries contain pronunciation information for all headwords, while UK-based dictionaries provide pronunciation information only for unusual (e.g., ache) or ambiguously spelled (e.g., bow) words.^{[34][clarification needed]}

As the normal age of literacy acquisition varies among languages, so do the age-range designations of children’s books. Generally, age ranges for young children’s books in English lag behind those of languages with phonemic orthographies by about a year. This corresponds to the slow pace of literacy acquisition among English speakers as compared to speakers of languages with phonemic orthographies, such as Italian.^[35] Italian children are expected to learn to read within the first year of elementary school, whereas English-speaking children are expected to read by the end of third grade. Pronunciation respellings begin to appear in dictionaries for children in third grade and up.

There seems to be very little research on which respelling systems are most useful for children, apart from two small studies done in the 1980s and 1990s. Both studies were limited to traditional respelling systems without diacritics (setting aside both the IPA and the Webster-based systems used in American dictionaries). Both studies found that in such systems, word respellings may be cumbersome and ambiguous, as in this respelling of psychology: «suy-kol-uh-jee».

The authors of the two studies proposed alternative systems, though there were no follow-up studies. Yule’s «cut system» leaves out extra letters, adds specific spellings for sounds with variable spellings, and adds accents to show long vowels, as in this respelling of occasion: o-cà-zhon.^[36] Fraser advocated a «non-phonemic» approach using a small set of common spelling patterns in which words would be respelled chunk by chunk, rather than phoneme by phoneme, as in this respelling of persiflage (IPA: /ˈpərsɪˌflɑʒ/): per-sif-large.^[37] According to both authors, the reduced vowel (schwa) does not need to be shown in a respelling so long as syllabification and syllable stress are shown.

The following overlapping issues concerning pronunciation respelling in children’s dictionaries were directly raised by Yule and Fraser: the level of difficulty, the type of notation, the degree of divergence from regular spelling, and pronunciation norms. Yule also raised the question of the types of impact respelling systems could have on children’s literacy acquisition. These issues could be usefully addressed in studies that include American respelling systems as well as the IPA.

An issue that has arisen since the Yule and Fraser studies concerns the utility of pronunciation respellings given the availability of audio pronunciations in online dictionaries. Currently, the advantage of written respellings is that they may be read phoneme by phoneme, in parallel to the way novice readers are taught to «stretch out» words to hear all the sounds they contain, while the audio pronunciations are given only as whole words spoken in real time. When audio pronunciations are made flexible, it will become possible to study and compare the utility of different combinations of pronunciation features in the online children’s dictionaries.

Other uses[edit]

Anglophone press agencies, such as the Voice of America, periodically release lists of respelled given names of internationally relevant people, in order to help news TV and radio announcers and spokespersons to pronounce them as closely as possible to their original languages.

See also[edit]

• English spelling reform
• International Phonetic Alphabet
• International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
• SAMPA
• ARPABET
• English pronunciation of Greek letters
• Help:IPA/English
• Help:Pronunciation respelling key
• Help:IPA/Conventions for English

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Gaskins, Irene; et al. (1997). «Procedures for Word Learning: Making Discoveries About Words». The Reading Teacher. 50 (4): 312–327.
• Emsley, Bert (February 1940). «Progress in Pronouncing Dictionaries». American Speech. 15 (1): 55–59. doi:10.2307/452729. JSTOR 452729.
• Fraser, Helen (1996). «Guy-dance with Pro-nun-see-ay-shon». English Today. 12 (3): 29–37. doi:10.1017/S0266078400009135. S2CID 143626641.
• Fraser, Helen (1997). «Dictionary Pronunciation Guides for English». International Journal of Lexicography. 10 (3): 181–208. doi:10.1093/ijl/10.3.181.
• Students’ Deluxe Dictionary (New ed.). Coimbatore: Deluxe Publishers. n.d.
• Landau, Sidney I. (2001). Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78040-7.
• Oxford Junior Illustrated Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2011.
• Seymour, P.H.K.; et al. (2003). «Foundation Literacy Acquisition in European Orthographies». British Journal of Psychology. 94 (2): 143–147. doi:10.1348/000712603321661859. PMID 12803812. S2CID 9716179.
• Wells, John (2001). «IPA transcription systems for English», at University College London Department of Phonetics and Linguistics site. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
• Yule, Valerie (1991). «Pilot Experiments in Cutting Surplus Letters». Archived from the original on 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2011-08-09.
• Windsor Lewis, Jack (December 2003). «IPA vowel symbols for British English in dictionaries». Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (2): 143–152. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001257. S2CID 144393808. Retrieved 2007-11-29.
• Upton, Clive (2004). «Received Pronunciation». In Schneider, Edgar W (ed.). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1. Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 217–230. ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5.
• Antimoon.com. «Introduction to phonetic transcription», at Antimoon.com. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
• Oxford English Dictionary. «Pronunciation», from the Preface to the Third Edition. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
• Oxford English Dictionary. «Key for Second Edition Entries», from the OED website. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
• Oxford English Dictionary. «Key to New Edition Entries», from the OED website. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
• Merriam-Webster Online, n.d. «Pronunciation Overview», Retrieved 2011-07-23.

External links[edit]

• Merriam-Webster Online, Pronunciation Overview, Pronunciation Guide, Guide to Pronunciation
• Pronunciation Guides in Children’s Dictionaries
• Key to the Pronunciation, Oxford English Dictionary
• The use of Phonetic and other Symbols in Dictionaries: A brief survey
• Pronunciation key, the Free Dictionary
• PhoTransEdit – English Phonetic Transcription Editor : PhoTransEdit is a free tool created to make typing phonetic transcriptions easier. It includes automatic phonemic transcription (in RP and General American) of English texts and an IPA phonetic keyboard to edit them. The transcription can be pasted into other editors (e.g. Microsoft Word) or exported to use it in HTML pages.
• IPA Phonetic Transcription of English text: Online converter of English text into its phonetic transcription using International Phonetic Alphabet (British and American dialects).

Pronunciation guides can be like deciphering a secret code, but you don’t need a decoder ring to make sense of those symbols found in the dictionary. The International Phonetic Association (IPA) created a pronunciation guide that is mostly used by linguists and other language scholars. Although complicated, this guide is vital, and enables people across languages and cultures to understand each other. Let’s take a look at IPA, the most commonly used standard pronunciation guide.

(Note: British and American dictionaries will have different pronunciations to account for the variations in accent. We’ll be talking about American pronunciations here.)

The Building Blocks of Language

Vowels: The vowels in English are “a, e, i, o, u,” and, as you learned in kindergarten, sometimes “y.” These letters can be combined with each other and with consonants to create new sounds. The vowels can change pronunciation depending on what letters they are joined with, but that’s the beauty of a pronunciation guide — each sound has its own symbol.

Consonants: Consonants are all the letters in the alphabet that are not vowels. Do a little arithmetic and that means there are 21 consonants, but there are more than 21 consonants sounds. Some letters make duplicate sounds, like “c” and “k,” depending on how the word is spelled. Sometimes consonant sounds are made when more than one consonant is pronounced together, like “ch” or “sh.”

Diphthongs: Diphthongs are the sounds that are made when two vowels are put together. This can be a simple sound like “oo,” or it can start with one vowel sound and move into another, like the “oa” in broad. Again, a good pronunciation guide will include distinct symbols for each one of these diphthongs.

Syllables: Here’s an easy one. You probably learned how to count out the syllables by clapping your hands. In a pronunciation guide, the syllables are defined by spaces or slashes in between each part, and it makes it easier to sound out each particular syllable.

Stresses: What does it sound like when you put the em-PHA-sis on the wrong syl-LA-ble? Stresses can change based on accent, but a good pronunciation guide will demonstrate exactly where to place the stress, through bolded text or another symbol.

IPA Symbols

IPA, with its funny-looking symbols, can be hard to decipher for the beginning user, but it’s worth the struggle. These symbols and sounds provide clarity and consistency when you’re looking up an unfamiliar word or when learning a new language.

Below are the IPA symbols, followed by example words to demonstrate the pronunciation in American English.

Vowel Pronunciation Symbols

i see, we, happy

ɪ sit, wit, hymn

ɛ ten, bed, dress

æ cat, trap

ɑ hot, odd

ɔ saw, thought, war

ʊ put, foot, good

u too, you, glue

ʌ cup, mud, blood

ə about, standard

eɪ say, weigh, clay

aɪ five, high, try

ɔɪ boy, choice

aʊ now, mouth

oʊ go, low

ər bird, heard, word

ɪr near, leer

ɛr hair, beware, care

ɑr car, charge

ɔr north, course

ʊr tour, lure,

Consonant Pronunciation Symbols

p pen, play

b bad, back

t tea, tap

t̮ butter, water

d did, dime

k cat, kite

g got, game

tʃ chin, match, church

dʒ June, judge, age

f fall, fail, fort

v voice, move

ɵ thin, author, path

ð then, smooth

s so, sister

z zoo, zit

ʃ she, sure, national

ʒ vision, pleasure

h how, whole, head

m man, hammer

n no, know, fun

ŋ sing, anger, finger

l leg, lost, valley

r red, race, wrong

y yes, yak

w wet, when, one, queen

x This consonant sound, called a voiceless velar fricative, isn’t found in English, but it’s the first consonant sound in Chanukah (a Hebrew word), and the last in loch (used in both Gaelic and Scottish).

Note: All IPA symbols and examples are according to the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary.

Now that you have a guide for the IPA pronunciation symbols, try picking up a foreign language dictionary and start practicing.

1 Происхождение

Я собирался составить таблицу замены английских фонетических символов. Используйте эту таблицу подстановки в cnbook для преобразования фонетических символов Kingsoft PowerWord в соответствующие символы Unicode фонетических символов, которые затем могут отображаться правильно. В процессе сортировки таблицы замен я обнаружил, что многие статьи о фонетических символах в Интернете все еще представлены в виде изображений, и многие пользователи сети все еще используют специальные шрифты для ввода и отображения фонетических символов.

Фактически, после использования Unicode мы можем обрабатывать фонетические символы как обычные символы. Итак, я собрал эту статью об английских фонетических символах и Юникоде. В этой статье предполагается, что читатель понимает Unicode. Если вы не знакомы с Unicode, вы можете обратиться к некоторым из моих предыдущих статей:

• Говоря о кодировке символов и Unicode (вкл.)
• Говоря о кодировке символов и Unicode (ниже)
• Поговорите о кодировке Unicode, кратко объясните такие термины, как UCS, UTF, BMP, BOM и т. Д.

2 Специальный шрифт

В настоящее время многие пользователи сети используют специальные шрифты для ввода и отображения фонетических символов. Например, Ksphonet.ttf из Kingsoft PowerWord. Эти шрифты отображают некоторые общие символы ascii в английские фонетические символы. Например, сопоставьте A сæ. Пользовательский ввод на самом деле A. Пользователи, установившие этот шрифт, могут поэкспериментировать в Word: после ввода буквы A и установки шрифта на «Kingsoft Phonetic Plain» он будет отображаться какæ。

Мы копируем фонетические символы, введенные таким образом, в другие текстовые редакторы, и другие редакторы будут отображать их в текущем шрифте, и они будут отображать исходную форму этих фонетических символов, то есть обычные символы ascii. Например, я видел следующее фонетическое введение ди-джея на веб-сайте:

Таблица английских фонетических символов (English International Phonetic Symbol Table, dj Phonetic Symbol) 
 Гласные Краткие гласные [E] [O] [u] [V] [e] [Q]] 
 Одинарный долгий гласный [i:] [E:] [O:] [u:] [A:] 
 Дифтонг [ei] [ai] [Oi] [au] [Eu] [iE] [CE] [uE] 
 Парные глухие согласные [p] [t] [k] [F] [T] [s] [ts] [S] [tS]  
 Звонкие согласные парами Звонкие согласные [B] [d] [G] [v] [D] [z] [dz] [dr] [Z] [dZ] » 
 Другие согласные [H] [M] [n] [N] [l] [r] [J] [W] » 

Нетрудно догадаться, что редактирование — это прямая копия фонетической транскрипции, которая обычно отображается в Word. Редактор использовал шрифт GWIPA в Word для отображения этих обычных символов как фонетических символов. Но на веб-странице браузер не отображал эти символы шрифтом GWIPA, поэтому были видны исходные символы ascii. Шрифты GWIPA используют следующие отношения сопоставления:

Я составляю таблицу замены в соответствии с этим соотношением сопоставления и конвертирую обычные символы в символы Unicode, соответствующие фонетическим символам, и тогда я могу получить:

Таблица английских фонетических символов (English International Phonetic Symbol Table, dj Phonetic Symbol) 
 Краткий гласный гласный [ə] [ɔ] [u] [ʌ] [e] [æ] 
 Долгий гласный гласный [i:] [ə:] [ɔ:] [u:] [ɑ:] 
 Дифтонг [ei] [ai] [ɔi] [au] [əu] [iə] [ɛə] [uə] 
 Парные глухие согласные [p] [t] [k] [f] [θ] [s] [ts] [ʃ] [tʃ]  
 Звонкие согласные парами Звонкие согласные [b] [d] [g] [v] [ð] [z] [dz] [dr] [ʒ] [dʒ] 
 Другие согласные [h] [ŋ] [n] [N] [l] [r] [j] [w] 

3 Отображение символов Юникода

Не все шрифты могут отображать символы Unicode, соответствующие фонетическим символам. В настоящее время только «Lucida Sans Unicode» поддерживает эти фонетические символы в шрифте Windows по умолчанию. Есть также некоторые символы, которые хорошо поддерживают Unicode, такие как «Arial Unicode MS» и UniFonts, разработанные пользователями сети. Однако эти шрифты должны быть установлены пользователем отдельно. При разработке веб-страницы нельзя предполагать, что пользователи установили эти шрифты.

Поскольку Windows поддерживает некоторые шрифты Unicode по умолчанию (например, «Lucida Sans Unicode»), по сравнению со специальными шрифтами, представленными ранее, использование символов Unicode обеспечивает лучшую переносимость. Что еще более важно, мы используем единую фонетическую кодировку символов.

Текущие браузеры не могут автоматически выбирать шрифты Unicode, поддерживающие фонетические символы, при отображении веб-страниц. Поэтому веб-дизайнерам необходимо использовать css, чтобы предлагать браузерам выбирать шрифты, которые могут поддерживать фонетические символы. Например:

.IPA {
	FONT-FAMILY: "Charis SIL", "Doulos SIL", Gentium, GentiumAlt,
                 "DejaVu Sans", Code2000, "TITUS Cyberbit Basic",
                 "Arial Unicode MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode",
                 "Chrysanthi Unicode"
}

Тег font также можно использовать в ситуациях, когда использовать css неудобно, например:

<font face=»Lucida Sans Unicode» lang=»EN-US»>θ</font>

Обратите внимание на параметр: lang = «EN-US». Без этого параметра некоторые фонетические символы не могут отображаться правильно, например, акценты.ˈсˌ. Параметр lang также следует использовать при применении стилей css.

4 символ IPA

4.1 Обзор

IPA здесь означает «Международный фонетический алфавит». IPA также является аббревиатурой Международной фонетической ассоциации. Символ IPA — это набор стандартных символов, используемых для выражения голоса, составленного этой ассоциацией. Согласно Википедии, в 2008 году символы IPA состояли из 107 букв, 52 диакритических знаков и 4 знаков просодии. Есть вопрос о»The International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode»На веб-странице есть список символов Unicode, соответствующих символу IPA. Есть еще одностраница в ИнтернетеОбеспечивает функцию ввода символов IPA. Просто нажмите на символ на веб-странице, и этот персонаж появится в поле редактирования ниже.

Есть очень известная книга об английском произношении: «English Pronouncing Dictionary», сокращенно EPD. Автор этой книги — Дэниел ДЖОНС, а фонетическая транскрипция ди-джеев, которую я часто вижу сейчас, принадлежит этому ученому. Первое издание EPD было опубликовано в 1917 году, и с тех пор было опубликовано множество выпусков. 14-е издание EPD было впервые опубликовано в 1977 году. В 1988 г. было переиздано 14-е издание EPD, пересмотренное AC Gimson и SM Ransaran. В версии фонетических символов EPD 1988 года использовались символы IPA для замены некоторых традиционных фонетических символов. В будущем система фонетической транскрипции английских словарей в основном будет использовать нотацию IPA в соответствии с версией EPD 1988. Об изменениях фонетических символов мы поговорим позже.

4.2 Специальные символы, необходимые для английской фонетической транскрипции

Поскольку английская система фонетической транскрипции требует некоторых символов, кроме символов ascii, эти символы не имели единой кодировки и соответствующих шрифтов до появления Unicode, и их необходимо было реализовать с помощью специальных шрифтов. Поэтому возникла определенная путаница при вводе и отображении фонетических символов. Итак, какие специальные символы нужны английским фонетическим символам? В следующей таблице перечислены общие специальные символы, необходимые для фонетической транскрипции английского языка.

Фонетические символы	Десятичная кодировка Unicode	Шестнадцатеричное кодирование Unicode
æ	230	00E6
ð	240	00F0
ŋ	331	014B
ɑ	593	0251
ɒ	594	0252
ɔ	596	0254
ə	601	0259
ɛ	603	025B
ɜ	604	025C
ɡ	609	0261
ɪ	618	026A
ʃ	643	0283
ʊ	650	028A
ʌ	652	028C
ʒ	658	0292
ˈ	712	02C8
ˌ	716	02CC
ː	720	02D0
θ	952	03B8

5 английских фонетических символов

5.1 Обзор

Фонетическая транскрипция — это система записи английского произношения. Каждый английский словарь подберет набор таких символов. Редакторы словарей иногда добавляют свои фонетические символы в стандартную систему фонетической транскрипции. Новые добавленные фонетические символы обычно также представлены символом IPA. Например, наиболее распространенные фонетические символы состоят из 20 гласных и 24 согласных, а фонетические символы словаря Коллинза состоят из 27 гласных фонетических символов и 28 согласных фонетических символов. Коллинз добавил несколько фонетических символов, которые лучше передают слово «руаюн» и другие детали, напримерə^r, ə:^r, ɔ:^r, ɑ:^r, ɪə^r, eə^r, ʊə^r, ^ən, ^əl, ^hw

В Интернете есть поговорка, что существует 48 стандартных фонетических символов, то есть четыре согласных, ts, tr, dz и dr, добавляются к 44 общим фонетическим символам. Я не проверил, «стандартом» какой организации является этот стандарт и каков его номер, я могу только сомневаться в этом.

В Интернете существует некоторая путаница в отношении типов английских фонетических символов. Вообще говоря, английские международные фонетические символы, фонетические символы IPA и фонетические символы DJ относительно близки.В этой статье все они называются фонетическими символами IPA, и обсуждаются только 44 общих фонетических символа. Для удобства фонетические символы IPA перед символами IPA называются IPA63, а фонетические символы IPA после символов IPA принимаются как IPA88. Существует также обычная фонетическая транскрипция KK из американского словаря произношения. Аббревиатура KK пришла от авторов Джона С. Кеньона и Томаса А. Нотта. Есть некоторые различия между фонетическими символами KK и фонетическими символами IPA. В следующей таблице показаны различия в символах фонетических символов IPA63, IPA88 и KK.

Краткая гласная	IPA63	i	ə	ɔ	u	ʌ	e	æ
IPA88	ɪ	ə	ɒ	ʊ	ʌ	e	æ
KK	ɪ	ə	ɑ	ʊ	ʌ	ɛ	æ
Долгая гласная	IPA63	i:	ə:	ɔ:	u:	ɑ:
IPA88	i:	ɜ:	ɔ:	u:	ɑ:
KK	i	ɜ	ɔ	u	ɑ
Дифтонги	IPA63	ei	ai	ɔi	au	əu	iə	ɛə	uə
IPA88	eɪ	aɪ	ɔɪ	aʊ	əʊ	ɪə	eə	ʊə
KK	e	aɪ	ɔɪ	aʊ	o	ɪr	ɛr	ʊr
Звонкие парные согласные	Глухой согласный	p	t	k	f	θ	s	ʃ	tʃ
Звонкие согласные	b	d	ɡ	v	ð	z	ʒ	dʒ
Другие согласные	h	m	n	ŋ	l	r	j	w

Снимок экрана ниже может выглядеть яснее:

Вот этотстраница в ИнтернетеОбсуждаются изменения фонетических символов IPA до и после использования символов IPA.

5.2 Примеры фонетических символов IPA63, IPA88, KK и фонетических символов Коллинза

Я больше привык к фонетической транскрипции IPA63, потому что привык к ней. Но недавно я пользуюсь словарем Коллинза. Фонетическая транскрипция словаря Коллинза может рассматриваться как расширение IPA88. В дополнение к добавлению некоторых фонетических символов, которые могут лучше выражать американское произношение, словарь Коллинза также добавляетəʊ Написано какoʊ。oʊМожет более точно выражать американское произношение, но больше английских словарей используютəʊ. Есть хорошая фраза об английской фонетической транскрипциистраница в Интернете. Фонетическая транскрипция этой страницы аналогична IPA88 и словарю Коллинза.

Я составил таблицу с примерами фонетических символов IPA63, IPA88, KK и фонетических символов Коллинза.

	Примеры слов	IPA63	Пример IPA63	IPA88	Пример IPA88	KK	KK пример	Collins	Пример Коллинза
Краткая гласная	sit	i	[sit]	ɪ	[sɪt]	ɪ	[sɪt]	ɪ	/sɪt/
about	ə	[əˈbaut]	ə	[əˈbaʊt]	ə	[əˈbaʊt]	ə	/əbaʊt/
forget		[fəˈget]		[fəˈget]		[fəˈgɛt]	ər	/fərget/
hot	ɔ	[hɔt]	ɒ	[hɒt]	ɑ	[hɑt]	ɒ	/hɒt/
good	u	[gud]	ʊ	[gʊd]	ʊ	[gʊd]	ʊ	/gʊd/
luck	ʌ	[lʌk]	ʌ	[lʌk]	ʌ	[lʌk]	ʌ	/lʌk/
yes	e	[jes]	e	[jes]	ɛ	[jɛs]	e	/jes/
man	æ	[mæn]	æ	[mæn]	æ	[mæn]	æ	/mæn/
Долгая гласная	week	i:	[wi:k]	i:	[wi:k]	i	[wik]	i:	/wi:k/
very		[ˈveri:]		[ˈveri:]		[ˈvɛri]	i	/veri/
turn	ə:	[tə:n]	ɜ:	[tɜ:n]	ɜ	[tɜn]	ə:r	/tə:rn/
claw	ɔ:	[klɔ:]	ɔ:	[klɔ:]	ɔ	[klɔ]	ɔ:	/klɔ:/
floor		[flɔ:r]		[flɔ:r]		[flɔr]	ɔ:r	/flɔ:r/
school	u:	[sku:l]	u:	[sku:l]	u	[skul]	u:	/sku:l/
actual		[ˈæktʃuəl]		[ˈæktʃʊəl]		[ˈæktʃuəl]	u	/æktʃuəl/
calm	ɑ:	[kɑ:m]	ɑ:	[kɑ:m]	ɑ	[kɑm]	ɑ:	/kɑ:m/
card		[kɑ:d]		[kɑ:d]		[kɑd]	ɑ:r	/kɑ:rd/
Дифтонги	say	ei	[sei]	eɪ	[seɪ]	e	[se]	eɪ	/seɪ/
bike	ai	[baik]	aɪ	[baɪk]	aɪ	[baɪk]	aɪ	/baɪk/
boy	ɔi	[bɔi]	ɔɪ	[bɔɪ]	ɔɪ	[bɔɪ]	ɔɪ	/bɔɪ/
house	au	[haus]	aʊ	[haʊs]	aʊ	[haʊs]	aʊ	/haʊs/
coat	əu	[kəut]	əʊ	[kəʊt]	o	[kot]	oʊ	/koʊt/
dear	iə	[diə]	ɪə	[dɪə]	ɪr	[dɪr]	ɪər	/dɪər/
care	ɛə	[kɛər]	eə	[keər]	ɛr	[kɛr]	eər	/keər/
tour	uə	[tuər]	ʊə	[tʊər]	ʊr	[tʊr]	ʊər	/tʊər/
Глухой согласный	pay	p	[pei]	p	[peɪ]	p	[pe]	p	/pei/
talk	t	[tɔ:k]	t	[tɔ:k]	t	[tɔk]	t	/tɔ:k/
king	k	[kiŋ]	k	[kɪŋ]	k	[kɪŋ]	k	/kiŋ/
fit	f	[fit]	f	[fɪt]	f	[fɪt]	f	/fɪt/
thin	θ	[θin]	θ	[θɪn]	θ	[θɪn]	θ	/θɪn/
bus	s	[bʌs]	s	[bʌs]	s	[bʌs]	s	/bʌs/
ship	ʃ	[ʃip]	ʃ	[ʃɪp]	ʃ	[ʃɪp]	ʃ	/ʃɪp/
cheap	tʃ	[tʃi:p]	tʃ	[tʃi:p]	tʃ	[tʃip]	tʃ	/tʃi:p/
Звонкие согласные	bed	b	[bed]	b	[bed]	b	[bɛd]	b	/bed/
done	d	[dʌn]	d	[dʌn]	d	[dʌn]	d	/dʌn/
dog	ɡ	[dɔɡ]	ɡ	[dɒɡ]	ɡ	[dɑɡ]	ɡ	/dɒɡ/
voice	v	[vɔis]	v	[vɔɪs]	v	[vɔɪs]	v	/vɔɪs/
then	ð	[ðen]	ð	[ðen]	ð	[ðɛn]	ð	/ðen/
buzz	z	[bʌz]	z	[bʌz]	z	[bʌz]	z	/bʌz/
measure	ʒ	[ˈmeʒə]	ʒ	[ˈmeʒə]	ʒ	[ˈmɛʒə]	ʒ	/meʒər/
bridge	dʒ	[bridʒ]	dʒ	[brɪdʒ]	dʒ	[brɪdʒ]	dʒ	/brɪdʒ/
Другие согласные	home	h	[həum]	h	[həum]	h	[hom]	h	/houm/
mat	m	[mæt]	m	[mæt]	m	[mæt]	m	/mæt /
not	n	[nɔt]	n	[nɒt]	n	[nɑt]	n	/nɒt/
hidden		[ˈhidn]		[ˈhɪdn]		[ˈhɪdn]	ən	/hɪdən/
sing	ŋ	[siŋ]	ŋ	[sɪŋ]	ŋ	[sɪŋ]	ŋ	/sɪŋ/
late	l	[leit]	l	[leɪt]	l	[leɪt]	l	/leɪt/
handle		[ˈhændl]		[ˈhændl]		[ˈhændl]	əl	/hændəl/
run	r	[rʌn]	r	[rʌn]	r	[rʌn]	r	/rʌn/
you	j	[ju:]	j	[ju:]	j	[ju]	j	/ju:/
win	w	[win]	w	[wɪn]	w	[wɪn]	w	/wɪn/
why		[hwai]		[hwaɪ]		[hwaɪ]	hw	/hwaɪ/

6 Ввод фонетических символов

При изучении английского языка я чаще всего копирую фонетические символы в PowerWord, просто создаю таблицу замены для сопоставления исходных обычных символов с символами Unicode, обычно без ручного ввода. Я думаю, что самый простой способ ввести фонетическую транскрипцию — это скопировать и вставить.

В офисном программном обеспечении вы можете использовать опцию автоматической коррекции для ввода фонетических символов. Например, установите Yi для исправления наɪ. Пока вы вводите Yi, пробел, программа автоматически исправляет Yi наɪ. Пока автоматическая коррекция настроена в одном программном обеспечении в офисе, другое программное обеспечение будет использовать эту настройку. Однако автоматическая коррекция офисного ПО идет на слова, то есть Yi нельзя связать с другими буквами. При вводе пробела после него офисная программа исправит его. Это не очень удобно, потому что лишние пробелы нужно удалять для каждого ввода.

Друзья, знакомые с кодовой таблицей метода ввода, могут добавить эти фонетические символы в пользовательскую кодовую таблицу.

Я сделал одинАнглийский фонетический вводСтраница. Просто щелкните фонетический символ на веб-странице, и этот символ будет вставлен в поле редактирования ниже. Друзья, кому интересно, могут попробовать.

7 заключительных замечаний

Многие пользователи сети используют специальные фонетические символы для ввода и отображения фонетических символов. Различные фонетические шрифты обычно имеют разные соотношения между обычными и фонетическими символами. Если ридер не установит соответствующий шрифт, он не сможет его правильно прочитать. Использование фонетической транскрипции символов Юникода должно быть стандартным методом решения фонетической транскрипции ввода и отображения. Благодаря единой системе кодирования информации каждый может лучше общаться. Я надеюсь увидеть больше фонетических символов Unicode в Интернете.

Throughout Wikipedia, the pronunciation of words is indicated using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The following tables list the IPA symbols used for English words and pronunciations. Please note that several of these symbols are used in ways that are specific to Wikipedia, and differ from those used by dictionaries.

If the IPA symbols are not displayed properly by your browser, see the links below.

If you are adding a pronunciation using this key, such pronunciations should generally be formatted using the template {{IPAc-en}}. The template provides tooltips for each symbol in the pronunciation. See the template page for instructions.

If there is an IPA symbol you are looking for that you do not see here, see Help:IPA, which is a more complete list. For a table listing all spellings of the sounds on this page, see English orthography § Sound-to-spelling correspondences. For help converting spelling to pronunciation, see English orthography § Spelling-to-sound correspondences.

The words given as examples for two different symbols may sound the same to you. For example, you may pronounce cot and caught the same, do and dew, or marry and merry. This often happens because of dialect variation (see our articles English phonology and International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects). If this is the case, you will pronounce those symbols the same for other words as well.^[1] Whether this is true for all words, or just when the sounds occur in the same context, depends on the merger.^[2] The footnotes explain some of these cases.

Consonants IPA Examples b buy, cab d dye, cad, ladder[3] dj dew[4] dʒ giant, badge ð thy, breathe, father f find, leaf ɡ guy, bag h high, ahead hw whine[5] j[6] yes, hallelujah k kind, sky, crack l lie, ply, gal[7] lj lute[4] m my, smile, cam n nigh, snide, can nj new[4] ŋ sang, sink, singer p pie, spy, cap r[8] rye, try, very s sigh, mass sj consume[4] ʃ shy, cash, emotion t tie, sty, cat, latter[3] tj tune[4] tʃ China, catch θ thigh, path θj enthuse[4] v vie, leave w wine, swine z zoo, has zj Zeus[4] ʒ pleasure, beige[9]   Marginal segments IPA Examples x loch, Chanukah[10] ʔ uh—oh /ˈʔʌʔoʊ/ ɒ̃ bon vivant[11] æ̃ fin de siècle[11] ɜː Möbius (UK only)[12]

Vowels Strong vowels …followed by R[13] IPA Examples IPA Examples ɑː PALM, bra, father ɑːr START ɒ LOT, blockade, cot, bother[14] ɒr moral[15] æ[17] TRAP, tattoo, sang[18] ær marry[19] aɪ PRICE, pie[20] aɪər hire[21] aʊ MOUTH, how[20] aʊər flour[21] ɛ[22] DRESS, prestige, length ɛr merry[19] eɪ FACE ɛər SQUARE, Mary[19][23] ɪ KIT, historic, sing[24] ɪr mirror, Sirius iː FLEECE, pedigree, idea[25] ɪər NEAR, serious[23] oʊ[26] GOAT[24] ɔːr FORCE, hoarse[27] ɔː THOUGHT, audacious, caught[28] NORTH, horse[27] ɔɪ CHOICE ɔɪər coir[21] ʊ FOOT ʊr courier uː GOOSE, cruel[25] ʊər tour, CURE (/ˈkjʊər/)[29][23] ʌ[30] STRUT, untidy, trustee, sung[31] ɜːr NURSE, blurry, urbane, foreword[32] ʌr hurry[33] Weak vowels IPA Examples IPA Examples ə COMMA, abbot, bazaar ər LETTER, forward, history[34] ɪ rabbit, bizarre, Latin[24][35] oʊ motto, retroactive, follower[24][36] i HAPPY, mediocre[37] iə California[38] u fruition[36][37] uə influence[39] Syllabic consonants[34] IPA Examples IPA Examples əl bottle (either [əl] or [l̩]) ən button (either [ən] or [n̩]) əm rhythm (either [əm] or [m̩])   Stress[40] Syllabification IPA Examples IPA Examples ˈ intonation /ˌɪntəˈneɪʃən/ . /ˈhaɪər/ hire, /ˈhaɪ.ər/ higher[41] /ˈtæks.peɪər/ taxpayer ˌ

Notes

• Words in SMALL CAPITALS are the standard lexical sets. Not all of the sets are used here. In particular, we excluded words in the lexical sets BATH and CLOTH, which may be given two transcriptions, the former either with /ɑː/ or /æ/, the latter with /ɒ/ or /ɔː/.
• The length mark ⟨ː⟩ does not mean that the vowels transcribed with it are always longer than those without it. When unstressed, followed by a voiceless consonant, or in a polysyllabic word, a vowel in the former group is frequently shorter than the latter in other environments (see Clipping (phonetics) § English).

This key represents diaphonemes, abstractions of speech sounds that accommodate General American, Received Pronunciation (RP) and to a large extent also Australian, Canadian, Irish (including Ulster), New Zealand, Scottish, South African and Welsh pronunciations. Therefore, not all of the distinctions shown here are relevant to a particular dialect:

• ⟨i⟩ does not represent a phoneme but a variation between /iː/ and /ɪ/ in unstressed positions. Speakers of dialects with happy tensing (Australian English, General American, modern RP) should read it as an unstressed /iː/, whereas speakers of other dialects (e.g. some Northern England English) should treat it the same as /ɪ/. In Scotland, this vowel can be considered the same as the short allophone of /eɪ/, as in take. Before /ə/ within the same word, another possible pronunciation is /j/ as in yet.
• Many speakers of American, Canadian, Scottish and Irish English pronounce cot /ˈkɒt/ and caught /ˈkɔːt/ the same.^[j] You may simply ignore the difference between the symbols /ɒ/ and /ɔː/, just as you ignore the distinction between the written vowels o and au when pronouncing them.
• Most speakers of North American English (with the exception of Eastern New England) do not distinguish between the vowels in father /’fɑ:ðər/ and bother /’bɒðər/, pronouncing the two words as rhymes. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols /ɑ:/ and /ɒ/.
• Speakers of some rhotic dialects, for instance in Ireland and Scotland, may not distinguish between the vowels of near /ˈnɪər/, cure /ˈkjʊər/ and square /ˈskwɛər/ on the one hand and freerunning /ˈfriːrʌnɪŋ/, Q-rating /ˈkjuːreɪtɪŋ/ and dayroom /ˈdeɪruːm/ on the other. If you speak such a dialect, read /ɪər, ʊər, ɛər/ as /iːr, uːr, eɪr/.
• In Northern Ireland, Scotland and many North American dialects the distinction between /ʊr/ as in courier and the aforementioned /ʊər/ and /uːr/ does not exist. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between /ʊr/, /ʊər/ and /uːr/.
  • In Northern Ireland and Scotland this merger occurs in all environments, which means that foot /ˈfʊt/ and goose /ˈɡuːs/ also have the same vowel.^[k][l] If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between /ʊ/ and /uː/ in all contexts.
  • In North America, the /ʊr/ of courier and the /ʊər/ of cure may instead merge with /ɔːr/ as in north or /ɜːr/ as in nurse. No such merger is possible in the case of the sequence which we transcribe as /uːr/ as there is an implied morpheme boundary after the length mark.
  • In North American dialects that do not distinguish between /ʊr/, /ʊər/ and /uːr/ there is also no distinction between the /ɪr/ of mirror and the aforementioned /ɪər/ and /iːr/. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between /ɪr/, /ɪər/ and /iːr/.
  • In many North American dialects there is also no distinction between the vowels in merry /ˈmɛri/, Mary /ˈmɛəri/ and marry /ˈmæri/. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between /ɛr/, /ɛər/ and /ær/. Some speakers keep marry and/or merry separate from the rest, but in the General American accent all three vowels are the same and may not be distinct from /eɪr/ as in dayroom /ˈdeɪruːm/.
  • In rhotic North American English there is no distinction between the vowels in nurse /ˈnɜːrs/ and letter /ˈlɛtər/. If you speak such a dialect, read /ɜːr/ as /ər/. The /ʌr/ of hurry often joins this neutralization; if you have it in your speech, read /ɜːr/, /ər/ and /ʌr/ as /ər/.
• Some speakers from Northern England do not distinguish the vowel of square /ˈskwɛər/ and nurse /ˈnɜːrs/.^[m] If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols /ɛər/ and /ɜːr/.
• In New Zealand English, the vowels of kit /ˈkɪt/ and focus /ˈfoʊkəs/ have the same schwa-like quality.^[n][o] If you are from New Zealand, ignore the difference between the symbols /ɪ/ and /ə/.
• In contemporary New Zealand English and some other dialects, the vowels of near /ˈnɪər/ and square /ˈskwɛər/ are not distinguished.^[p] If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols /ɪər/ and /ɛər/.
• In Northern England English and some varieties of Irish and Welsh English, the vowels of foot /ˈfʊt/ and strut /ˈstrʌt/ are not distinguished.^[q] If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols /ʊ/ and /ʌ/.
• In Welsh English and some other dialects, the vowels of unorthodoxy /ʌnˈɔːrθədɒksi/ and an orthodoxy /ən ˈɔːrθədɒksi/ are not distinguished.^[r] If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols /ʌ/ and /ə/.
• Depending on the dialect, vowels can be subject to various mergers before /l/, so that e.g. fill /ˈfɪl/ and feel /ˈfiːl/ or pull /ˈpʊl/ and pool /ˈpuːl/ may not be distinguished. L-vocalization may trigger even more mergers, so that e.g. cord /ˈkɔːrd/ and called /ˈkɔːld/ may be homophonous as /ˈkɔːd/ in non-rhotic dialects of South East England. See English-language vowel changes before historic /l/ for more information.
• In many dialects, /r/ occurs only before a vowel; if you speak such a dialect, simply ignore /r/ in the pronunciation guides where you would not pronounce it, as in cart /kɑːrt/.
• In other dialects, /j/ (yes) cannot occur after /t, d, n/, etc., within the same syllable; if you speak such a dialect, then ignore the /j/ in transcriptions such as new /njuː/. For example, New York is transcribed /njuː ˈjɔːrk/. For most people from England and for some New Yorkers, the /r/ in /jɔːrk/ is not pronounced; for most people from the United States, including some New Yorkers, the /j/ in /njuː/ is not pronounced and may be ignored. (See yod-dropping.)

On the other hand, there are some distinctions which you might make but which this key does not encode, as they are seldom reflected in the dictionaries used as sources for Wikipedia articles:

• The vowels of kit and bit, distinguished in South Africa.^[s] Both of them are transcribed as /ɪ/ in stressed syllables and as /ɪ/ or /ə/ in unstressed syllables.
• The difference between the vowels of fir, fur and fern, maintained in some Scottish and Irish English but lost elsewhere.^[t] All of them are transcribed as /ɜːr/.
• The vowels of north and force, distinguished in Scottish English, Irish English and by a minority of American speakers.^[t] Both of them are transcribed as /ɔːr/.
• The vowels of pause and paws, distinguished in Cockney and by some Estuary English speakers.^[u] Both of them are transcribed as /ɔː/ when the spelling does not contain ⟨r⟩ and /ɔːr/ or /ʊər/ (depending on the word) when it does.
• The vowels of manning and Manning, distinguished in some parts of the United States (see /æ/ raising). Both of them are transcribed as /æ/.
• The difference between the vowels of pain and pane found in some English, Welsh, and Newfoundland dialects. Both of them are transcribed as /eɪ/.
• The difference between the vowels of holy and wholly found in Cockney and many Estuary English speakers.^[v] Both of them are transcribed as /oʊ/.
• Any allophonic distinctions, such as:
  • The vowels of bad and lad, distinguished in many parts of Australia and Southern England. Both of them are transcribed as /æ/.
  • The vowels of spider and spied her, distinguished in many parts of Scotland,^[w] plus many parts of North America. Both of them are transcribed as /aɪ/.
  • The vowels of rider and writer, distinguished in most parts of Canada and many parts of the United States. Both of them are transcribed as /aɪ/.
  • The vowels of powder and pouter distinguished in most parts of Canada and some parts of the United States. Both of them are transcribed as /aʊ/.
  • Allophonic vowel length (including the Scottish vowel length rule), as in knife /ˈnaɪf/ vs. knives /ˈnaɪvz/. Phonemic vowel length, which exists in some dialects and involves pairs such as /ɛ/ vs. /ɛər/ and /ə/ vs. /ɜːr/ is also not marked explicitly. /i/ and /u/ do not represent phonemes; see above.
  • Flapping in words such as better, which we write /ˈbɛtər/, rather than /ˈbɛdər/.
  • Glottalization in words such as jetlag and, in some accents, daughter, which we write /ˈdʒɛtlæɡ/ and /ˈdɔːtər/, rather than /ˈdʒɛʔlæɡ/ and /ˈdɔːʔər/. In this system, /ʔ/ is used only for paralanguage or in loanwords where it occurs phonemically in the original language.
  • L-vocalization in words such as bottle and Alps, which we write /ˈbɒtəl/ and /ˈælps/, rather than /ˈbɒtʊ/ and /ˈæwps/.
  • The difference between allophones of /ə/ in balance ([ə]) vs. the ones in about and Russia (and, in non-rhotic dialects, better), both of which may be closer to /ʌ/ in dialects with the foot-strut split (that is, [ɐ]) vs. the one in button (the syllabicity of the following consonant). All are transcribed as /ə/ in our system.
  • The difference between the phonetic realization of English sounds (mostly vowels) in various dialects. Let’s pick some grapes for Betty should be transcribed /lɛts ˈpɪk səm ˈɡreɪps fər ˈbɛti/ regardless of the variety of English and everyone should interpret that transcription according to their own dialect. Thus, a person from South East England will read it as something like [lɛʔs ˈpʰɪk səm ˈɡɹɛɪps fə ˈbɛtˢɪi], a Scot as [ɫɛts ˈpʰɪk səm ˈɡɾeps fɚ ˈbɛte], whereas someone from New Zealand will interpret that transcription as [ɫɪts ˈpʰək səm ˈɡɹæɪps fə ˈbɪɾi]. Because we are transcribing diaphonemes rather than phones (actual sounds), it is irrelevant that, for example, the vowel in let’s as pronounced by someone from New Zealand overlaps with how people with England and Scotland typically pronounce the first vowel in pick, or that the Scottish realization of /r/ after /ɡ/ overlaps with the New Zealand realization of /t/ between vowels. In other words, the symbol ⟨ɛ⟩ does not stand specifically for the open-mid front unrounded vowel in our system but any vowel that can be identified as the vowel in let’s, depending on the accent. This is also why we use the simple symbol ⟨r⟩ for the second sound in grapes.

Other words may have different vowels depending on the speaker.

The pronunciation of the /æ/ vowel in most dialects of Scotland, Northern Ireland, Northern England and Wales has always been closer to [a]. Received Pronunciation has moved away from the traditional near-open front realization [æ] towards almost fully open front realization [a], and both the Oxford English Dictionary and the 2014 edition of Gimson’s Pronunciation of English transcribe the vowel in lad, bad, cat, trap with /a/.^[x]

For more extensive information on dialect variations, you may wish to see the IPA chart for English dialects.

Note that place names are not generally exempted from being transcribed in this abstracted system, so rules such as the above must be applied in order to recover the local pronunciation. Examples include place names in much of England ending -‍ford, which although locally pronounced [-‍fəd] are transcribed /-‍fərd/. This is best practice for editors. However, readers should be aware that not all editors may have followed this consistently, so for example if /-‍fəd/ is encountered for such a place name, it should not be interpreted as a claim that the /r/ would be absent even in a rhotic dialect.

If you feel it is necessary to add a pronunciation respelling using another convention, then please use the conventions of Wikipedia’s pronunciation respelling key.

• To compare the following IPA symbols with non-IPA American dictionary conventions that may be more familiar, see Pronunciation respelling for English, which lists the pronunciation guides of fourteen English dictionaries published in the United States.
• To compare the following IPA symbols with other IPA conventions that may be more familiar, see Help:IPA/Conventions for English, which lists the conventions of eight English dictionaries published in Britain, Australia, and the United States.

• If your browser does not display IPA symbols, you probably need to install a font that includes the IPA (for good, free IPA fonts, see the download links in the articles for Gentium and the more complete Charis SIL; for a monospaced font, see the complete Everson Mono)
• For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
• Help:IPA/Conventions for English
• Help:Pronunciation respelling key
• Pronunciation respelling for English

• Getting JAWS 6.1 to recognize «exotic» Unicode symbols – for help on getting the screen reader JAWS to read IPA symbols
• IPA Reader – web-based IPA synthesizer using Amazon Polly
• Phoneme Synthesis – web-based IPA synthesizer using eSpeak