From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Doctor explains x-ray to patient
A professional is a member of a profession or any person who works in a specified professional activity. The term also describes the standards of education and training that prepare members of the profession with the particular knowledge and skills necessary to perform their specific role within that profession. In addition, most professionals are subject to strict codes of conduct, enshrining rigorous ethical and moral obligations.[1] Professional standards of practice and ethics for a particular field are typically agreed upon and maintained through widely recognized professional associations, such as the IEEE.[2] Some definitions of «professional» limit this term to those professions that serve some important aspect of public interest[3] and the general good of society.[4][5]
In some cultures, the term is used as shorthand to describe a particular social stratum of well-educated workers who enjoy considerable work autonomy and who are commonly engaged in creative and intellectually challenging work.[6][7][8][9]
Trades[edit]
In narrow usage, not all expertise is considered a profession. Occupations such as skilled construction and maintenance work are more generally thought of as trades or crafts. The completion of an apprenticeship is generally associated with skilled labour, or trades such as carpenter, electrician, mason, painter, plumber and other similar occupations.
Theory[edit]
In his study The Rise of Professional Society historian Harold Perkin characterizes professional society; «Where pre-industrial society was based on passive property in land and industrial society on actively managed capital, professional society is based on human capital created by education and enhanced by strategies of closure, that is, the exclusion of the unqualified.» Specifically, it is the management of human capital, and not just specialized skill which Perkin argues is a mark of the professional classes, at one point going so far as to compare it to a modern form of feudalism.[10]
Although professional training appears to be ideologically neutral, it may be biased towards those with higher class backgrounds and a formal education. In his 2000 book, Disciplined Minds: A Critical Look at Salaried Professionals and the Soul-Battering System that Shapes Their Lives, Jeff Schmidt observes that qualified professionals are less creative and diverse in their opinions and habits than non-professionals, which he attributes to the subtle indoctrination and filtering which accompanies the process of professional training. His evidence is both qualitative and quantitative, including professional examinations, industry statistics and personal accounts of trainees and professionals.[11]
A key theoretical dispute arises from the observation that established professions (e.g. lawyers, medical doctors, architects, civil engineers, surveyors) are subject to strict codes of conduct. Some have thus argued that these codes of conduct, agreed upon and maintained through widely recognized professional associations, are a key element of what constitutes any profession.[12] Others have argued that strict codes of conduct and the professional associations that maintain them are merely a consequence of ‘successful’ professionalization, rather than an intrinsic element of the definition of professional (ism); this implies that a profession arises from the alignment between a shared purpose (connected to a ‘greater good’), a body of knowledge, actual behavior in terms of actions and decisions, and expectations held by societal stakeholders.[13]
Etymology[edit]
The etymology and historical meaning of the term professional is from Middle English, from profes, adjective, having professed one’s vows, from Anglo-French, from Late Latin professus, from Latin, past participle of profitēri to profess, confess, from pro- before + fatēri to acknowledge; in other senses, from Latin professus, past participle. Thus, as people became more and more specialized in their trade, they began to ‘profess’ their skill to others, and ‘vow’ to perform their trade to the highest known standard. With a reputation to uphold, trusted workers of a society who have a specific trade are considered professionals. Ironically, the usage of the word ‘profess’ declined from the late 1800s to the 1950s, just as the term ‘professional’ was gaining popularity from 1900 to 2010.[14][15] Notably, in American English the rise in popularity of the term ‘professional’ started at the beginning of the 20th century[16] whereas in British English it started in the 1930s and grew fastest in the 1960s and 1970s.[17]
Guilds and licensing practices[edit]
The notion of a professional can be traced to medieval European guilds, most of which died off by the middle of the nineteenth century, the exception being the scholars guild, or university.[18]
With most guilds formally abolished outside of the realm of academia, establishing exclusivity and standards in a trade (i.e. the successful professionalization of a trade) had to be achieved via other means such as licensing practices, of which might begin as an informal process established by voluntary professional associations, but then eventually become law due to lobbying efforts. Paralleling or soon after the fall of guilds professional associations began to form in Britain and the US. In the US a number of interested parties sought to emulate the model of apprenticeship which European guilds of the Middle Ages had honed to achieve their ends of establishing exclusivity in trades[19] as well as the English concept of a gentleman which had come to be associated with higher income and craftsmanship.[18][20] Examples are the Lazzaroni who lobbied to create the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and professional associations who lobbied to create the American Medical Association (AMA). According to Miller et al., «Lazzaroni opposed reforms for no apparent reason other than that they were proposed by scientists outside of their tight knit group.».[21] In his seminal work The Transformation of American Medicine (1982) Paul Starr argues that a significant motivation in the development of the AMA was to gain authority over unlicensed practitioners so as to minimize competition among medical practitioners, thereby enhancing the earning power and prestige of medical professionals. The licensing process Starr argues, was unnecessarily prolonged and the costs were artificially enhanced with the specific aim of deterring potential practitioners from entering the field. In his book, The Early Development of Medical Licensing Laws in the United States, 1875–1900, Ronald Hamowy wrote:
«The American Medical Association (AMA) was established as a permanent national organization at Philadelphia in 1847 at a convention attended by some 230 delegates representing more than forty medical societies and twenty-eight schools. From its inception, one of its primary aims was the upgrading of medical education and a concomitant reduction in the number of physicians. Its committee on raising medical standards reported at its first meeting that «the large number of Medical Colleges throughout the country, and the facility with which the degree is obtained, have exerted a most pernicious influence» on the profession. With the object of ameliorating this situation, recommendations were carried calling for a specified minimum preliminary education as a prerequisite for admission to a medical college, a lengthening of the period of study for graduation from a medical school, including compulsory clinical instruction at a hospital prior to the issuance of a diploma, and professional participation in some licensing scheme for physicians. Indeed, so important was the issue of education considered by the AMA that one of its first acts was the establishment of a Committee on Medical Education…»
As technology progressed throughout the twentieth century, the successful professionalization of a given field was increasingly made possible through the idea of specialization.[10]
As was the case with guilds who claimed to establish exclusivity in a trade in the name of serving the public good, there are often subtle dichotomies present in the idea professionalizing a field, whether in the name of serving some notion of the public good or as a result of specialization. For example, while defenders of guilds have argued that they allowed markets to function by ensuring quality standards, Sheilagh Ogilvie has instead argued that markets of the Middle Ages flourished when guilds were abolished and that there is much evidence to support the notion that individuals prefer a wide variety of products of varying quality and price to being granted protections which they did not ask for, and which artificially constrain consumer options.[19] With regard to modern forms of professional specialization, does specialization which accompanies advances in technology naturally result in exclusivity, or have our licensing systems and laws been artificially engineered with the intention of limiting the number of individuals who reach the point of specialization?
In certain cases the want to specialize can have adverse and bias effects on an industry. In his seminal work From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America (1994) Walter Trattner argues that social workers began to emphasize individualized casework at the expense of alternative methods which utilize holistic methods to address social issues.[23]
The granting of degrees through universities in many cases serves as one major component of licensing practices, but there are numerous legal stipulations and in some cases even informal social norms which also act in this capacity. Nevertheless, the university system constitutes one of the last remaining widely spread guild (or quasi-guild) and continues to serve as an indispensable means for the professionalization of fields of work. While it is true that most guilds disappeared by the middle of the nineteenth century, the scholars guild persisted due to its peripheral standing in an industrialized economy. In the words of Elliot Krause, «The university and scholars’ guilds held onto their power over membership, training, and workplace because early capitalism was not interested in it…».[18]
See also[edit]
- Amateur
- Centre for the Study of Professions
- Organizational culture
- Professional boundaries
- Professional services
- Professional sports
- Semi-professional
References[edit]
- ^ Postema, Gerald J. (1980). «Moral responsibility in professional ethics». N.Y.U. L. Rev. 55. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ^ «IEEE.org Index Page». IEEE.ORG. IEEE.ORG. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ^ Harvey, L.; Mason, S.; Ward, R. (1995). Role of Professional Bodies in Higher Education Quality Monitoring. Birmingham: Quality in Higher Education Project. ISBN 1-85920-108-3.
- ^ Sullivan, William M. (2nd ed. 2005). Work and Integrity: The Crisis and Promise of Professionalism in America. Jossey Bass.
- ^ Gardner, Howard and Shulman, Lee S., The Professions in America Today: Crucial but Fragile. Daedalus, Summer 2005. (pgs. 13–14)
- ^ Gilbert, D. (1998). The American class structure: In an age of growing inequality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Press.
- ^ Beeghley, L. (2004). The structure of social stratification in the United States. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
- ^ Eichar, D. (1989). Occupation and Class Consciousness in America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-26111-4
- ^ Ehrenreich, B. (1989). Fear of falling: The inner life of the middle class. New York: Harper Perennial.
- ^ a b Perkin, Harold (1989). The Rise of Professional Society; England Since 1885. Routledge Inc.
- ^ Schmidt, J. (2000). Disciplined Minds – A Critical Look at Salaried Professionals and the Soul-Battering System that Shapes their Lives. Rowman & Littlefield, pp.293.
- ^ Barker, Richard (July 1, 2010). «The Big Idea: No, Management Is Not a Profession». Harvard Business Review (July–August 2010). Retrieved 16 October 2019 – via hbr.org.
- ^ Romme, G. (2016). The Quest for Professionalism: The Case of Management and Entrepreneurship. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Oxford University Press. 28 January 2016. ISBN 978-0-19-873773-5. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
- ^ «Simple Definition of profess». merriam-webster.com. Merriam Webster. 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ^ «Google Books NGram Viewer». books.google.com/ngrams. 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
- ^ «Google Books NGram Viewer (American English)». books.google.com/ngrams. 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
- ^ «Google Books NGram Viewer (British English)». books.google.com/ngrams. 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
- ^ a b c Krause, Elliot (1996). Death of Guilds: Professions, States, and The Advance of Capitalism, 1930 to The Present. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
- ^ a b Ogilvie, Sheilagh (2019). The European Guilds: An Economic Analysis. Princeton University Press.
- ^ Perkin, Harold (1993). The Rise of Professional Society. Routledge, London and New York.
- ^ Miller, Lillian (1972). The Lazzaroni: Science and Scientists in The Mid Nineteenth Century America. Smithsonian Institution Press.
- ^ Trattner, Walter (1994). From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America, 5th Edition. The Free Press.
External links[edit]
-
1
professional
professional [prəˊfeʃnǝl]
1) име́ющий профе́ссию или специа́льность;
2) профессиона́льный
1) профессиона́л
2) спортсме́н-профессиона́л
Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > professional
-
2
professional
professional pilot
пилот — профессионал
professional pilot license
свидетельство профессионального пилота
English-Russian aviation dictionary > professional
-
3
professional
Персональный Сократ > professional
-
4
professional
1.
прил.
Chris, you’re a nurse, so can I ask your professional opinion on bandaging ankles? — Крис, ты медсестра, позволь узнать твое профессиональное мнение по поводу того, как перевязывать лодыжку.
Both doctors have been charged with professional misconduct. — Оба врача были обвинены в халатном исполнении своих обязанностей.
See:
2)
эк. тр.
имеющий профессию [специальность], профессиональный
She’s a professional photographer. — Она профессиональный фотограф.
See:
The quality of my work is professional. — Качество моей работы соответствует профессиональному уровню.
See:
2.
сущ.
1)
общ.
профессионал, специалист
the help of professionals such as lawyers, accountants and financial planners — помощь профессионалов, таких как юристы, бухгалтера и специалисты по финансовому планированию
See:
3)
воен.
кадровый военнослужащий
* * *
1) профессионал; специалист, в отличие от технического персонала;
2) лицо, принадлежащее к одной из интеллектуальных профессий (юристы, доктора).* * *
Англо-русский экономический словарь > professional
-
5
professional
1. n профессионал; человек интеллигентного труда или свободной профессии
2. n спортсмен-профессионал
3. n кадровый военнослужащий
4. n инструктор по физкультуре, спорту; преподаватель физкультуры
5. a профессиональный
professional skill — профессиональное мастерство; производственная квалификация
6. a имеющий профессию или специальность; профессиональный
Синонимический ряд:
1. capable (adj.) able; acknowledged; capable; competent; efficient; licensed; on the ball; thorough; well qualified
2. skilled (adj.) adept; experienced; expert; learned; masterful; proficient; skilled; trained
3. expert (noun) adept; artist; artiste; authority; doyen; expert; genius; maestro; master; master-hand; maven; passed master; past master; pro; proficient; specialist; swell; veteran; virtuoso; whiz; wiz; wizard
Антонимический ряд:
amateur; awkward; inept; novice
English-Russian base dictionary > professional
-
6
professional
1. [prəʹfeʃ(ə)nəl]
1. 1) профессионал; человек интеллигентного труда свободной профессии
2) спортсмен-профессионал
to turn /to go/ professional — стать профессионалом; перейти в профессионалы
2. кадровый военнослужащий
3. инструктор по физкультуре, спорту (); преподаватель физкультуры ()
2. [prəʹfeʃ(ə)nəl]
1. профессиональный
professional skill — профессиональное мастерство; производственная квалификация
professional etiquette /courtesy/ — профессиональная этика
professional advice — совет /консультация/ специалиста
2. имеющий профессию специальность; профессиональный
professional politician — профессиональный политический деятель, профессиональный политик
professional and amateur companies — труппы актёров-профессионалов и любителей
professional cricketer [golfer] — профессиональный игрок в крикет [в гольф]
professional man [woman] — человек /лицо/ свободной профессии
НБАРС > professional
-
7
professional
[prə’feʃ(ə)n(ə)l]
1.прил.
1)
а) профессиональный, имеющий отношение к профессии
б) профессиональный, нелюбительский
Ant:
2.
сущ.
1) профессионал, специалист; человек интеллектуального труда, свободной профессии
3) тренер, инструктор
••
Англо-русский современный словарь > professional
-
8
professional
профессиональный ; кадровый ; принадлежащий к свободным профессиям ; ? professional accountant ; ? professional association ; ? professional classes ; ? professional duties ; ? professional employee ; ? professional selection ; ? professional skill ;
Англо-Русский словарь финансовых терминов > professional
-
9
professional
I [prə’feʃ(ə)nəl]
n
профессионал, специалист
He is a professional in this field. — Он специалист в этой области
II [prə’feʃ(ə)nəl]
adj
It was a professional piece of work. — Работа была выполнена профессионально
— professional writer
— professional advice
— give a highly professional performanceEnglish-Russian combinatory dictionary > professional
-
10
professional
профессионал; профессиональный
English-Russian big medical dictionary > professional
-
11
professional
•• pro, professional
•• Professional 1. a person working or performing for payment. 2. someone highly skilled (Oxford American Dictionary).
•• Слово professional чаще всего относится к людям нескольких престижных в США профессий – врачам, юристам, журналистам, специалистам по рекламе. Дантисты и учителя средней школы на эту категорию уже, пожалуй, «не тянут». Professional редко употребляется в принятом у нас значении настоящий профессионал. В этом случае говорят: He is a real pro. Вниманию любителей спорта: русское слово профи – не из английского языка! Это наше собственное изобретение. Его эквивалент в английском языке – опять-таки pro (хотя это слово и не передает забавного впечатления, производимого нашей «смесью французского с нижегородским»). Наконец, prof – профессор (шутливо-иронически).
English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > professional
-
12
professional
Англо-русский синонимический словарь > professional
-
13
professional
[prəˈfeʃənl]
professional имеющий профессию или специальность; the professional classes адвокаты, учителя salaried professional специалист на твердом окладе
English-Russian short dictionary > professional
-
14
professional
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > professional
-
15
professional
(
ЛДП
— не только профессиональный!)
1) отраслевой
training program to develop professional skills курсы повышения квалификации;
professional training program курсы повышения квалификации
English-Russian dictionary of scientific and technical difficulties vocabulary > professional
-
16
professional
The new dictionary of modern spoken language > professional
-
17
professional
n
профессионал, специалист; кадровый служащий
Politics english-russian dictionary > professional
-
18
professional
1) профессиональный
2) имеющий профессию или специальность; the professional classes адвокаты, учителя и т. п.
1) профессионал
2) спортсмен-профессионал
* * *
1 (a) профессиональный
2 (n) квалифицированный специалист; лицо свободной профессии; повышение квалификации; профессионал; человек интеллигентного труда
* * *
* * *
[pro’fes·sion·al || prə’feʃnl]
профессионал, спортсмен-профессионал
профессиональный, имеющий профессию, имеющий специальность* * *
профессионал
профессионален
профессиональный
* * *
1. прил.
1) профессиональный
2) имеющий профессию/специальность
2. сущ.
1) профессионал; человек интеллектуального труда или свободной профессии
2) спортсмен-профессионал
3) тренерНовый англо-русский словарь > professional
-
19
professional
English-Russian military dictionary > professional
-
20
professional
a
профессиональный; кадровый
English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > professional
Страницы
- Следующая →
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
См. также в других словарях:
-
professional — I (stellar) adjective admirable, businesslike, choice, commendable, excellent, exemplary, foremost, highest quality, illustrious, incomparable, laudable, model, paramount, praiseworthy, preeminent, prime, principal, sterling, superb, superior,… … Law dictionary
-
Professional — Pro*fes sion*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a profession, or calling; conforming to the rules or standards of a profession; following a profession; as, professional knowledge; professional conduct. Pride, not personal, but professional. Macaulay.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
-
professional — or pro [prō fesh′ə nəl, prəfesh′ə nəl] adj. 1. of, engaged in, or worthy of the high standards of a profession ☆ 2. designating or of a school, esp. a graduate school, offering instruction in a profession 3. earning one s living from an activity … English World dictionary
-
professional — ► ADJECTIVE 1) relating to or belonging to a profession. 2) engaged in an activity as a paid occupation rather than as an amateur. 3) worthy of or appropriate to a professional person; competent. ► NOUN 1) a professional person. 2) a person… … English terms dictionary
-
Professional — Pro*fes sion*al, n. A person who prosecutes anything professionally, or for a livelihood, and not in the character of an amateur; a professional worker. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
-
professional — [adj] skilled, trained able, ace, acknowledged, adept, competent, crackerjack*, efficient, experienced, expert, finished, knowing one’s stuff*, known, learned, licensed, on the ball*, polished, practiced, proficient, qualified, sharp, skillful,… … New thesaurus
-
Professional — (engl.) wird in der Turfsprache ein jeder genannt, der im Rennsport entweder als Trainer, Reiter, Fahrer oder Stallmann eine berufsmäßige und besoldete Stellung bekleidet … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
-
Professional — Professional,der:⇨Berufssportler … Das Wörterbuch der Synonyme
-
professional — ▪ I. professional pro‧fes‧sion‧al 1 [prəˈfeʆnəl] adjective [only before a noun] 1. connected with a job requiring advanced education and special training: • professional qualifications • professional trade associations • providers of business… … Financial and business terms
-
Professional — This article is about people called professionals. For the movie, see The Professional or Leon. For the TV series, see The Professionals.A professional is a person in a profession that requires certain types of skilled work requiring formal… … Wikipedia
-
professional — pro|fes|sion|al1 W1S2 [prəˈfeʃənəl] adj ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(job)¦ 2¦(well trained)¦ 3¦(paid)¦ 4¦(team/event)¦ 5 professional person/man/woman etc 6 professional liar/complainer etc ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1.) ¦(JOB)¦ [only before noun] … Dictionary of contemporary English
Asked by: Blake Purdy
Score: 4.6/5
(67 votes)
A professional is a member of a profession or any person who earns a living from a specified professional activity.
What it means to be a professional?
Professionalism involves being reliable, setting your own high standards, and showing that you care about every aspect of your job. It’s about being industrious and organized, and holding yourself accountable for your thoughts, words and actions.
What are the 5 qualities of a professional?
What are the 5 qualities of a professional?
- Professional appearance.
- Reliable.
- Ethical behavior.
- Organized.
- Accountable.
- Professional language.
- Separates personal and professional.
- Positive attitude.
What is professional in simple words?
A professional is someone who has a specialised job which only very well trained people can perform, such as Doctors, lawyers, and teachers. … «His behaviour was always professional» (meaning: he behaved in a proper way, like someone of his profession should).
What is an example of a professional?
The definition of a professional is someone who works in a particular field. An example of a professional is someone who plays football in the NFL. … A business graduate school is an example of something professional. A certified public accountant is an example of someone professional.
24 related questions found
What are the 5 professions?
Professions & Occupations
- Accountant — a person that works with the money and accounts of a company.
- Actor /Actress — a person that acts in a play or a movie.
- Architect — a person that designs building and houses.
- Author — They write books or novels.
- Baker — They make bread and cakes and normally work in a bakery.
Which jobs are considered professional?
Professional jobs include:
- teachers.
- doctors/surgeons/dentists.
- accountants.
- lawyers.
- engineers.
- architects.
- artists/authors.
- designers.
Who can be called professional?
The term professional refers to anyone who earns their living from performing an activity that requires a certain level of education, skill, or training.
How do you describe a professional person?
The very word professional implies that you are an expert. … Become an expert in the skills and tools necessary to do your job. Always perform to the best of your abilities. Keep your knowledge up to date.
What are professional skills?
Professionals skills are abilities that can help you succeed in your job. A professional skill describes a habit, personality trait or ability that positively affects your performance in the workplace. Having professional skills can benefit people in nearly all job positions, industries and work environments.
What are 10 characteristics of professionalism?
Here are 10 characteristics true professionals possess in the workplace (not in any order of importance).
- A Neat Appearance. …
- Proper Demeanor (in Person and Online) …
- Reliable. …
- Competent. …
- Communicator. …
- Good Phone Etiquette. …
- Poised. …
- Ethical.
How do you look professional?
Let’s dive in.
- BE ORGANIZED. It is impossible to look professional without being organized. …
- PUNCTUALITY. Nothing screams unprofessionalism like someone who does not know how to manage their time. …
- DRESS THE PART.
- BE RELIABLE. …
- BE A GOOD COMMUNICATOR. …
- CONFIDENCE. …
- BE ACCOUNTABLE. …
- MAINTAIN A POSITIVE ATTITUDE.
What makes you a true professional?
Genuine professionals practice good self regulation. This means they stay professional under pressure. They are polite and respectful to the people around them. They show a high degree of emotional intelligence, and are careful to consider the emotions and needs of others.
What is the difference between being a professional and being professional?
to carry out a task or series of duties. You get paid to do certain work. But being professional involves a whole other level of standards and standing out. You can be a professional anything, but not be professional doing it.
How can I be professional in life?
10 Simple Qualities That Can Help You Achieve Professional Success and Satisfaction in Life
- Be authentic.
- Be truthful.
- Challenge yourself.
- Put love first.
- Be thoughtful.
- Be a good human being.
- Practice patience.
- Live your dreams.
Is professionalism a skill?
Communicating effectively and appropriately for the workplace is also an essential part of professionalism. Regardless of the job or industry, professionalism is easy to spot. … This is because professionalism, in and of itself, is not one skill but the blending and integration of a variety of skills.
How do you say someone is very professional?
professional
- competent.
- efficient.
- experienced.
- licensed.
- qualified.
- skillful.
- ace.
- expert.
What is a true professional?
Professionals are the kind of people that others respect. They are the first to be considered for promotions. … Consequently, true professionals possess inner drive, passion and focus—an attitude that helps them establish and achieve their personal and career goals.
How do you use the word professional?
These 15 phrases can help establish you as a positive force in any office environment.
- «Let’s touch base.»
- «Our state-of-the-art technology.»
- «I appreciate your attention to this matter»
- «Should you have questions, please feel free to contact me»
- «I look forward to hearing from you soon.»
What is your professional qualification?
Professional qualifications are vocational training courses that relate to a specific industry or career path. … They are typically regulated and awarded by relevant professional bodies, and are designed to ensure that everyone employed in a particular job meets the minimum required standards of professional expertise.
What is basic level profession?
Explanation: example: if you can start any business in starting it base is good it’s called basic level profession for example of fertilizers can grow his crops and his crops are in a good condition it is mean that its basic level profession is very good.
What is required to be a professional in one sentence?
Answer: you need to work hard and understand whether u r good or not. plzz follow me. Professional means being expert and for being expert u need to love and work hard for that thing .
Which stream has highest salary?
Take a look at the top 10 highest paying jobs in India (in no particular order) as of 2021.
- Data Science. …
- Digital Marketing. …
- Medical Professionals. …
- Machine Learning Experts. …
- Blockchain Developers. …
- Software Engineers. …
- Chartered Accountant. …
- Lawers.
What jobs are most needed?
Top 10 Most In-Demand USA Jobs
- Registered Nurse. …
- Software Engineer. …
- Information Security Analyst. …
- Occupational Therapist. …
- Web Developer. …
- Data Scientist. …
- Operations Manager. …
- Diagnostic Medical Sonographer.
What is the difference between professional and non professional?
As nouns the difference between professional and nonprofessional. is that professional is a person who belongs to a profession while nonprofessional is one who is not a professional; an amateur.
English[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle English professhennalle, professhynalle; equivalent to profession + -al.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /pɹəˈfɛʃənəl/
Noun[edit]
professional (plural professionals)
- A person who belongs to a profession
- A person who earns their living from a specified activity
- (euphemistic) A prostitute
-
There was this nice lady who flirted with me at the bar, but it turned out that she was a professional.
-
- A reputation known by name
- An expert
- 1934, Rex Stout, Fer-de-Lance, 1992 Bantam edition, →ISBN, page 97:
- I have learned that there is a person attached to a golf club called a professional. Find out who fills that post at the Green Meadow Club; […] invite the professional, urgently, to dine with us this evening.
- 1934, Rex Stout, Fer-de-Lance, 1992 Bantam edition, →ISBN, page 97:
- One of four categories of sociologist propounded by Horowitz: a sociologist who is actively concerned with promoting the profession of sociology.
Derived terms[edit]
- non-professional, nonprofessional
- pseudo-professional, pseudoprofessional
- semi-professional, semiprofessional
- super professional, super-professional, superprofessional
Translations[edit]
person who belongs to a profession
- Armenian: մասնագետ (hy) (masnaget)
- Azerbaijani: peşəkar, professional (az)
- Bulgarian: професионалист m (profesionalist)
- Catalan: professional (ca)
- Chinese:
- Mandarin: 專業人士／专业人士 (zhuānyè rénshì)
- Dutch: beroeps (nl), professional (nl) m
- Esperanto: isto (eo)
- Finnish: ammattilainen (fi)
- Galician: profesional (gl) m or f
- Greek: επαγγελματίας (el) m or f (epangelmatías)
- Hungarian: szakember (hu), szaki (hu)
- Irish: gairmí m
- Italian: professionista (it)
- Japanese: プロフェッショナル (ja) (purofesshonaru), プロ (ja) (puro)
- Kyrgyz: кесипкөй (kesipköy)
- Maori: mātanga, tūngaio
- Mongolian: мэргэжилтэн (mn) (mergežilten), мэргэжлийн хүн (mergežliin xün)
- Portuguese: profissional (pt) m or f
- Romanian: profesionist (ro) m
- Russian: профессиона́л (ru) m (professionál), профессиона́лка (ru) f (professionálka)
- Slovak: odborník (sk) m, odborníčka (sk) f, profesionál m, profesionálka f
- Spanish: profesional (es) m or f, profesionista m or f (Mexico)
- Tagalog: manunungkulan
person who earns their living from a specified activity
- Arabic: مُحْتَرِف m (muḥtarif), مُحْتَرِفَة f (muḥtarifa)
- Egyptian Arabic: محترف m (muḥtaref), محترفة f (muḥtarefa)
- Armenian: մասնագետ (hy) (masnaget)
- Azerbaijani: peşəkar
- Catalan: professional (ca) m or f
- Czech: profesionál (cs) m
- Dutch: beroeps (nl), professional (nl) m
- Finnish: ammattilainen (fi), ammattimies (fi)
- German: Profi (de) m, Professioneller m, Professionelle f
- Greek: επαγγελματίας (el) m or f (epangelmatías)
- Hungarian: profi (hu)
- Polish: zawodowiec (pl) m, profesjonalista (pl) m
- Portuguese: profissional (pt) m or f
- Russian: профессиона́л (ru) m (professionál), профессиона́лка (ru) f (professionálka)
- Slovak: profesionál m, profesionálka f, odborník (sk) m, odborníčka (sk) f
- Spanish: profesional (es) m or f, profesionista m or f (Mexico)
- Swedish: proffs (sv) n
- Thai: มืออาชีพ (mʉʉ-aa-chîip)
expert
- Armenian: մասնագետ (hy) (masnaget)
- Azerbaijani: peşəkar
- Bulgarian: специалист (bg) m (specialist)
- Catalan: professional (ca)
- Chinese:
- Mandarin: 專家／专家 (zh) (zhuānjiā)
- Czech: profesionál (cs) m
- Dutch: deskundige (nl), expert (nl) m
- Finnish: ammattilainen (fi), ekspertti (fi), asiantuntija (fi)
- French: professionnel (fr) m, professionnelle (fr) f
- German: Profi (de) m
- Greek: επαγγελματίας (el) m or f (epangelmatías), επιτηδευματίας (el) m or f (epitidevmatías)
- Hungarian: profi (hu), szakértő (hu), szakember (hu), szaki (hu)
- Japanese: プロフェッショナル (ja) (purofesshonaru), プロ (ja) (puro), 専門家 (ja) (せんもんか, senmonka)
- Kyrgyz: кесипкөй (kesipköy)
- Mongolian: мэргэжилтэн (mn) (mergežilten)
- Polish: profesjonalista (pl) m, zawodowiec (pl) m
- Portuguese: profissional (pt) m or f
- Russian: профессиона́л (ru) m (professionál), профессиона́лка (ru) f (professionálka), специали́ст (ru) m (specialíst), специали́стка (ru) f (specialístka), экспе́рт (ru) m (ekspért)
- Slovak: odborník (sk) m, odborníčka (sk) f
- Swedish: proffs (sv) n, expert (sv) c
Adjective[edit]
professional (comparative more professional, superlative most professional)
- Of, pertaining to, or in accordance with the (usually high) standards of a profession.
-
1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, chapter II, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:
-
His forefathers had been, as a rule, professional men—physicians and lawyers; his grandfather died under the walls of Chapultepec Castle while twisting a tourniquet for a cursing dragoon; an uncle remained indefinitely at Malvern Hill; […].
-
-
2019 March 18, Steven Pifer, Five years after Crimea’s illegal annexation, the issue is no closer to resolution[1], The Center for International Security and Cooperation:
-
The little green men were clearly professional soldiers by their bearing, carried Russian weapons, and wore Russian combat fatigues, but they had no identifying insignia. Vladimir Putin originally denied they were Russian soldiers; that April, he confirmed they were.
-
-
- That is carried out for money, especially as a livelihood.
- (by extension) Expert.
Derived terms[edit]
- non-professional, nonprofessional
- professionalism
- pseudo-professional, pseudoprofessional
- semi-professional, semiprofessional
- unprofessional
Translations[edit]
of, pertaining to, or in accordance with the standards of a profession
- Armenian: մասնագիտական (hy) (masnagitakan)
- Azerbaijani: peşəkar
- Belarusian: прафесіянальны (prafjesijanalʹny)
- Bulgarian: професионален (bg) (profesionalen)
- Catalan: professional (ca)
- Chinese:
- Mandarin: please add this translation if you can
- Czech: profesionální (cs) m
- Danish: professionel
- Dutch: beroeps-, professioneel (nl)
- Esperanto: profesia
- Finnish: ammattimainen (fi), ammatillinen (fi)
- French: professionnel (fr)
- Georgian: please add this translation if you can
- German: professionell (de), Berufs- (de)
- Hungarian: szakmai (hu), professzionális, profi (hu), szakszerű (hu), hozzáértő (hu)
- Irish: gairmiúil
- Italian: professionale (it)
- Khmer: please add this translation if you can
- Maori: ngaio
- Mongolian: мэргэжлийн (mergežliin)
- Norwegian:
- Bokmål: profesjonell (no), faglig, yrkesmessig
- Nynorsk: profesjonell, fagleg, yrkesmessig
- Persian: حرفهای (fa) (herfe-‘i)
- Polish: profesjonalny (pl)
- Portuguese: profissional (pt) m or f
- Romanian: profesional (ro) m or n
- Russian: профессиона́льный (ru) (professionálʹnyj)
- Slovak: profesionálny, odborný
- Spanish: profesional (es)
- Swedish: professionell (sv)
- Thai: please add this translation if you can
- Ukrainian: професі́йний (uk) (profesíjnyj)
- Vietnamese: please add this translation if you can
that is carried out as a livelihood
Catalan[edit]
Etymology[edit]
professió + -al
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Balearic) IPA(key): /pɾo.fə.si.oˈnal/
- (Central) IPA(key): /pɾu.fə.si.uˈnal/
- (Valencian) IPA(key): /pɾo.fe.si.oˈnal/
- Rhymes: -al
Adjective[edit]
professional (masculine and feminine plural professionals)
- professional
Derived terms[edit]
- professionalisme
- professionalment
Noun[edit]
professional m or f (plural professionals)
- professional
Further reading[edit]
- “professional” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “professional”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2023
- “professional” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “professional” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Dutch[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From English professional.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
professional m (plural professionals)
- a professional practicioner of a trade, métier…
- an expert in a (professional) field
[edit]
- professionalism n
Adjective
Do you have any professional experience?
You should seek professional advice.
a golfer who recently turned professional
I was impressed by the calm and professional way she handled the crisis.
The presentation was very professional.
Noun
The bathtub was installed by a professional.
The tournament is open to both amateurs and professionals.
a golfer who recently became a professional
She handled the situation like a professional.
See More
Recent Examples on the Web
Mired in personal and professional ennui, Josh and Melissa (Key and Strong) head back into the woods (ha!
—
Nina Metz, Chicago Tribune, 5 Apr. 2023
Own Your Flaws Nobody wants to feel embarrassed in front of their employees, but in the same way, professional athletes can’t hide their flaws, and neither can leaders.
—Punit Dhillon, Rolling Stone, 4 Apr. 2023
Based on a collection of short stories by Maile Meloy, Kelly Reichardt’s drama is split into three distinct chapters about three Montana women (Laura Dern, Lily Gladstone, and Williams) who are confronted with personal and professional disappointment.
—Wesley Stenzel, EW.com, 3 Apr. 2023
Dillingham played for Overtime Elite, a professional league for 16-to-20-year-olds in Atlanta, last season.
—Ryan Black, The Courier-Journal, 3 Apr. 2023
This may be an extreme story, but many of us are more likely to get hit with unexpected curveballs with constant disruptions in our personal and professional lives.
—David Nour, Forbes, 1 Apr. 2023
There’s elation in Sacramento as the Kings snapped the longest playoff drought in professional sports with their win Wednesday against the Trail Blazers.
—Gary Washburn, BostonGlobe.com, 1 Apr. 2023
This weekend is an important one for Valorant esports, with the launch of a new professional league for teams across North America, Latin America, and Brazil.
—Andrew Webster, The Verge, 1 Apr. 2023
The 24/7 news cycle constantly blares distressing news, and people often face difficult personal or professional situations.
—Melanie Radzicki Mcmanus, CNN, 31 Mar. 2023
Public health professionals and legal experts have denounced the lawsuit as unsupported by scientific evidence.
—Perry Stein, Washington Post, 7 Apr. 2023
The recent emergence of drug-resistant and more transmissible Candida auris is raising alarms among health professionals.
—The Conversation, Fortune Well, 6 Apr. 2023
According to many therapists and mental health professionals, sometimes trauma isn’t derived from one-time, extreme life events like a tragic tornado, a school shooting or a car crash.
—Joy Ashford, USA TODAY, 6 Apr. 2023
Inpathy’s co-founder and COO, Kathryn Smith, is a mental health professional.
—Nour Rahal, Detroit Free Press, 3 Apr. 2023
By monitoring and treating sleep conditions, health professionals might also be mitigating the development of asthma, the study authors wrote.
—Madeline Holcombe, CNN, 3 Apr. 2023
Shaw, who turned pro directly out of high school while bypassing the typical college route, has scored five goals in nine games as a professional putting her on a path typically followed by European stars.
—Ivan Carter, San Diego Union-Tribune, 1 Apr. 2023
The federation’s Local 5017 represents 5,000 nurses and health professionals in Oregon and southwest Washington.
—Lynne Terry, oregonlive, 29 Mar. 2023
According to Richardson, the $30,000 will go towards about 400 hours of free counseling for the Black Women’s Mental Health Institute – Community Mental Health Internship Program, which trains 10 interns to become licensed mental health professionals.
—Nicole S. Daniel | Birmingham Times, al, 29 Mar. 2023
See More
These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘professional.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.
«I want to judge my players on their professional behaviour, their professional lives. ❋ Dominic Fifield (2010)
It took 11 years for her to get another pro film credit though the term «professional» applies only loosely to 1993’s straight-to-VHS «Cyborg 2», though she spent time honing her craft in her brother’s film school projects and music videos. ❋ Unknown (2011)
Also, the term professional distance sounds wrong to me, because I believe you have as much validity and professionalism for being in the E.D. as a paid social worker or other paid professional would. ❋ Susan Palwick (2007)
The term professional is used more generally to denote a white collar working person, or a person who performs commercially in a field typically reserved for hobbyists or amateurs. ❋ Unknown (2010)
The term professional is defined as engaging in a specified occupation for pay. ❋ Unknown (2010)
Image via: the L Magazine, I discuss use of the term professional, and how MFA programs have defined the term. ❋ Unknown (2009)
The term professional is not meant to imply a high standard of commitment and attainment: it meant then, as it still does, the pursuit of a trade or calling to the end of paying the rent and buying liquor. ❋ Unknown (2009)
It is no more clearly demonstrated than in their ability to have the word «professional» «exhibiting a courteous, conscientious, and generally business-like manner in the workplace» given a negative connotation by our country’s judiciary when applied to counsel representing class members who object to proposed class action settlements and/or attorneys’ fee requests — the so-called «professional objector.» ❋ Lawrence W. Schonbrun (2011)
If you do fill out the FAFSA and your personal financial situation changes, maybe a lost job, as you suggest, you can ask for what they call a professional judgment review. ❋ Unknown (2010)
Go to the financial aid office, ask for what they call a professional judgment review. ❋ Unknown (2009)
Today, it is so easy to respond to every notice by email that there are what I call professional posters. ❋ Unknown (2009)
One of the essential attributes of a professional is a sense of standards and values. ❋ Unknown (1995)
Finally, if, as will be clearly seen, it is desirable that what we call professional ethics persist and that self-advertisement be discouraged, society must, for its own protection, adopt some other means than epithets to correct the evils of self-advertisement and quackery. ❋ William H. Allen (N/A)
The husband’s — as well, of course, as the wife’s — peculiarities should be what we call a professional secret. ❋ William J. Robinson (N/A)
«And she’s quite what you call a professional beauty, isn’t she?» asked ❋ Ada Leverson (1897)
Bob finally realized his dream of becoming a professional [bowler].
35 year old [white female] professional seeks black male for [bondage] fantasies. Must be discreet. ❋ Mike 8643654578678567743345 (2007)
[Your girl] is [loose]; she [aint nothing] but a professional. ❋ Kevin (2004)
Girls not only give [professionals], but women do to. And if [you don’t] give [your man] a professional, he’ll find someone who will. ❋ Kevin (2004)
Person A: That [Brett] [Hodgson] guy..[what do you think] of him?
Person B: Hes an absolute professional! ❋ Talulah91 (2009)
«In [Dade County] they call’em ‘ANIMALS’
In [Savannah] they call’em ‘PROFESSIONALS’
~by the late [Camoflage] ❋ Creammy_3 (2003)
Brittany thinks she looks professional with her [animal print] [prostiboots] and [vest]. ❋ Angela Parra-Samra (2009)
She [gave] him a professional in a [public bathroom]. ❋ Jhjkl (2008)
«Don’t [worry], [I’m a] professional» ❋ MissBoo (2010)
As a professional with [integrity], I think you should be more [objective] and less [subjective]. ❋ Nuk_ (2017)
I want to [get real] fucked up tonight. [Im thinking] about heading over to 7-11 picking up a [dew] slurppy and making myself a professional. ❋ Mike J Smith (2007)
- Top Definitions
- Quiz
- Related Content
- Examples
- British
This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.
[ pruh—fesh—uh-nl ]
/ prəˈfɛʃ ə nl /
This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.
adjective
following an occupation as a means of livelihood or for gain: a professional builder.
of, relating to, or connected with a profession: professional studies.
appropriate to a profession: professional objectivity.
engaged in one of the learned professions: A lawyer is a professional person.
following as a business an occupation ordinarily engaged in as a pastime: a professional golfer.
making a business or constant practice of something not properly to be regarded as a business: “A salesman,” he said, “is a professional optimist.”
undertaken or engaged in as a means of livelihood or for gain: professional baseball.
of or for a professional person or their place of business or work: a professional apartment; professional equipment.
done by an expert: professional car repairs.
noun
a person who belongs to one of the professions, especially one of the learned professions.
a person who earns a living in a sport or other occupation frequently engaged in by amateurs: a golf professional.
an expert player, as of golf or tennis, serving as a teacher, consultant, performer, or contestant; pro.
a person who is expert at some kind of work: You can tell by her comments that this editor is a real professional.
QUIZ
CAN YOU ANSWER THESE COMMON GRAMMAR DEBATES?
There are grammar debates that never die; and the ones highlighted in the questions in this quiz are sure to rile everyone up once again. Do you know how to answer the questions that cause some of the greatest grammar debates?
Which sentence is correct?
OTHER WORDS FROM professional
pro·fes·sion·al·ly, adverbin·ter·pro·fes·sion·al, adjectivepseu·do·pro·fes·sion·al, adjective
Words nearby professional
profert, profess, professed, professedly, profession, professional, professional association, professional corporation, professional foul, professionalism, professionalize
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023
Words related to professional
competent, efficient, experienced, licensed, qualified, skillful, artist, expert, pro, specialist, ace, adept, crackerjack, sharp, slick, there, artiste, authority, brain, egghead
How to use professional in a sentence
-
It finds some resilience among home, local and professional services, as well as automotive.
-
All perfectly positive words and something we should all strive for in our professional lives.
-
While FDASIA was a step toward supply chain transparency, it still leaves the patients and health-care professionals without information that could be critical.
-
It’s about understanding the world of professional money and the mind-set of professional investors, from the perspective of those who’ve been through the process, so that you know what to expect when you walk in the room, for better or for worse.
-
Commonly used by SEO professionals to gain an advantage when it comes to ranking in the search engines or from business owners who have a company name that is closely linked to the services they offer or area they work in.
-
Texas offers not just place to its actual or potential new residents, but professional possibilities.
-
Yet Texas does not foreclose professional opportunities for him.
-
In fact, I publicly vowed to abstain from The Ball in 2012, but professional responsibilities and curiosity got the better of me.
-
Soon thereafter, Bentivolio was asked to play Santa in downtown Milford and became a professional.
-
“By no means are we Grade A professional consultants,” Goff said.
-
My father, who was a professional cricketer, was smashed up by an accident, and I had three horrible years in employment in shops.
-
True, she had taken a lively interest in all her brother’s curates, but it was always a professional interest and purely Platonic.
-
For these plays were not the work of a professional writer, but the recreation of a (temporary) professional soldier.
-
They require frequent cleaning with a long wire and a bit of tow, and in some large towns there are professional pipe-cleaners.
-
In conversing with professional gentlemen, never question them upon matters connected with their employment.
British Dictionary definitions for professional
adjective
of, relating to, suitable for, or engaged in as a profession
engaging in an activity for gain or as a means of livelihood
- extremely competent in a job, etc
- (of a piece of work or anything performed) produced with competence or skill
undertaken or performed for gain or by people who are paid
noun
a person who belongs to or engages in one of the professions
a person who engages for his livelihood in some activity also pursued by amateurs
a person who engages in an activity with great competence
an expert player of a game who gives instruction, esp to members of a club by whom he is hired
Derived forms of professional
professionally, adverb
Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
English poet and literary critic (1822-1888)
Arabian philosopher born in Spain; wrote detailed commentaries on Aristotle that were admired by the Schoolmen (1126-1198)
Arabian physician and influential Islamic philosopher; his interpretation of Aristotle influenced St. Thomas Aquinas; writings on medicine were important for almost 500 years (980-1037)
German publisher of a series of travel guidebooks (1801-1859)
Austrian physician who developed a rotational method for testing the middle ear (1876-1936)
Danish physician who discovered Bartholin’s gland (1585-1629)
United States publisher and editor who compiled a book of familiar quotations (1820-1905)
United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)
(Roman Catholic Church) Anglo-Saxon missionary who was sent to Frisia and Germany to spread the Christian faith; was martyred in Frisia (680-754)
French educator who lost his sight at the age of three and who invented a system of writing and printing for sightless people (1809-1852)
United States literary critic and historian (1886-1963)
Australian physician and bacteriologist who described the bacterium that causes undulant fever or brucellosis (1855-1931)
United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)
United States educator famous for writing a book about how to win friends and influence people (1888-1955)
English nurse who remained in Brussels after the German occupation in order to help Allied prisoners escape; was caught and executed by the Germans (1865-1915)
United States poet and critic (1916-1986)
Czech educational reformer (1592-1670)
United States physician who specialized in diseases of the intestines; he was the first to describe regional ileitis which is now known as Crohn’s disease (1884-1983)
United States lawyer famous for his defense of lost causes (1857-1938)
French philosopher and critic (born in Algeria); exponent of deconstructionism (1930-2004)
United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952)
United States librarian who founded the decimal system of classification (1851-1931)
English physician who first described Down’s syndrome (1828-1896)
Dutch physician who discovered that beriberi is caused by a nutritional deficiency (1858-1930)
French physician who described cardiac anomalies including Fallot’s tetralogy (1850-1911)
German educator who founded the kindergarten system (1782-1852)
English painter and art critic (1866-1934)
Canadian literary critic interested in the use of myth and symbolism (1912-1991)
United States educator who established the first free school in the United States for the hearing impaired (1787-1851)
English court physician noted for his studies of terrestrial magnetism (1540-1603)
English actor and dramatist and critic and director noted for his productions of Shakespearean plays (1877-1946)
English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood; he later proposed that all animals originate from an ovum produced by the female of the species (1578-1657)
United States lawyer involved in several famous court trials (1881-1954)
United States lawyer and politician who formulated a production code that prescribed the moral content of United States films from 1930 to 1966 (1879-1954)
English essayist and literary critic (1778-1830)
medical practitioner who is regarded as the father of medicine; author of the Hippocratic oath (circa 460-377 BC)
English physician who first described Hodgkin’s disease (1798-1866)
United States lawyer who was director of the FBI for 48 years (1895-1972)
United States educator and theologian (1802-1887)
United States publisher who founded a printing shop that became an important book publisher (1823-1895)
United States physician who first described Huntington’s chorea
United States educator who was president of the University of Chicago (1899-1977)
Dutch physician who opened the first birth control clinic in the world in Amsterdam (1854-1929)
English physician who pioneered vaccination; Jenner inoculated people with small amounts of cowpox to prevent them from getting smallpox (1749-1823)
United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812; the poem was later set to music and entitled `The Star-Spangled Banner’ (1779-1843)
United States physician who first described the XXY-syndrome (born in 1912)
United States educator who founded the first private school for Black students in Augusta, Georgia (1854-1933)
16th President of the United States; saved the Union during the American Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)
Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873)
United States pharmacologist (born in Germany) who was the first to show that acetylcholine is produced at the junction between a parasympathetic nerve and a muscle (1873-1961)
United States educator and president of Harvard University (1856-1943)
United States physician who in 1863 founded a medical school for women (1813-1888)
United States publisher of magazines (1898-1967)
United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)
Scottish physician who discovered that elephantiasis is spread by mosquitos and suggested that mosquitos also spread malaria (1844-1922)
United States educator who compiled the McGuffey Eclectic Readers (1800-1873)
United States journalist and literary critic (1880-1956)
Austrian physician who tried to treat diseases with a form of hypnotism (1734-1815)
Italian educator who developed a method of teaching mentally handicapped children and advocated a child-centered approach (1870-1952)
United States politician and educator (1927-2003)
United States publisher (born in Australia in 1931)
United States educator (born in Canada) who invented the game of basketball (1861-1939)
English nurse remembered for her work during the Crimean War (1820-1910)
United States newspaper publisher (1858-1935)
German musician who developed a widely used system for teaching music to children (1895-1982)
Swiss physician who introduced treatments of particular illnesses based on his observation and experience; he saw illness as having an external cause (rather than an imbalance of humors) and replaced traditional remedies with chemical remedies (1493-1541)
educator who founded the first kindergarten in the United States (1804-1894)
English educator who invented a system of phonetic shorthand (1813-1897)
English literary critic who collaborated with C. K. Ogden and contributed to the development of Basic English (1893-1979)
English physician who in retirement compiled a well-known thesaurus (1779-1869)
British physician who discovered that mosquitos transmit malaria (1857-1932)
physician and American Revolutionary leader; signer of the Declaration of Independence (1745-1813)
British art critic (1819-1900)
United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood; she challenged Gregory Pincus to develop a birth control pill (1883-1966)
French philosopher and physician and organist who spent most of his life as a medical missionary in Gabon (1875-1965)
Tennessee highschool teacher who violated a state law by teaching evolution; in a highly publicized trial in 1925 he was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow (1900-1970)
United States physician and suffragist (1847-1919)
Scottish obstetrician and surgeon who pioneered in the use of ether and discovered the anesthetic effects of chloroform (1811-1870)
English poet and critic (1909-1995)
United States educator who was the teacher and lifelong companion of Helen Keller (1866-1936)
English physician (1624-1689)
United States poet and critic (1899-1979)
United States composer and music critic (1885-1966)
United States literary critic (1905-1975)
United States writer and literary critic (1885-1950)
United States educator who was born a slave but became educated and founded a college at Tuskegee in Alabama (1856-1915)
United States educator who in 1865 (with Ezra Cornell) founded Cornell University and served as its first president (1832-1918)
United States frontier missionary who established a post in Oregon where Christianity and schooling and medicine were available to Native Americans (1802-1847)
United States educator who was an early campaigner for higher education for women (1787-1870)
Finnish physician who first described vascular hemophilia (1870-1949)
United States literary critic (1895-1972)
American Revolutionary leader and educator (born in Scotland) who signed of the Declaration of Independence and was president of the college that became Princeton University (1723-1794)
United States drama critic and journalist (1887-1943)
Spanish missionary and Jesuit who establish missionaries in Japan and Ceylon and the East Indies (1506-1552)
United States surgeon remembered for his studies of digestion (1785-1853)
French surgeon and biologist who developed a way to suture and graft blood vessels (1873-1944)
English surgeon who discovered Cowper’s gland (1666-1709)
United States heart surgeon who in 1966 implanted the first artificial heart in a human patient (born in 1908)
United States Army surgeon who suppressed yellow fever in Havana and in the Panama Canal Zone (1854-1920)
English surgeon who was the first to use antiseptics (1827-1912)
English surgeon (1755-1824)
United States physician who proved that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes (1851-1902)
French neurologist who tried to use hypnotism to cure hysteria (1825-1893)
United States neurologist noted for his study of the brain and pituitary gland and who identified Cushing’s syndrome (1869-1939)
British pathologist who isolated and purified penicillin, which had been discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming (1898-1968)
Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939)
Danish pediatrician (1830-1916)
United States psychiatrist (1885-1952)
German psychiatrist (1883-1969)
German neurologist noted for his studies of sexual deviance (1840-1902)
United States pathologist (born in Austria) who discovered human blood groups (1868-1943)
French otologist who first described a form of vertigo now known as Meniere’s disease and identified the semicircular canals as the site of the lesion (1799-1862)
United States psychiatrist who with his sons founded a famous psychiatric clinic in Topeka (1862-1953)
United States psychiatrist and son of Charles Menninger (1893-1990)
United States psychiatrist and son of Charles Menninger (1899-1966)
English pathologist who discovered the cause of trichinosis (1814-1899)
United States gynecologist and devout Catholic who conducted the first clinical trials of the oral contraceptive pill (1890-1984)
United States pathologist who discovered viruses that cause tumors (1879-1970)
Dutch ophthalmologist who introduced the Snellen chart to study visual acuity (1834-1908)
United States pediatrician whose many books on child care influenced the upbringing of children around the world (1903-1998)
United States psychiatrist (1892-1949)
French neurologist (1857-1904)
United States endocrinologist (1892-1970)
German pathologist who recognized that all cells come from cells by binary fission and who emphasized cellular abnormalities in disease (1821-1902)
German neurologist best known for his studies of aphasia (1848-1905)
English physician who was a pioneer in the study of the brain (1621-1675)
United States psychoanalyst (born in Austria) who was the first to specialize in the psychoanalysis of small children (1882-1960)
Austrian born psychoanalyst who lived in the United States; advocated sexual freedom and believed that cosmic energy could be concentrated in a human being (1897-1957)
a professional who is intent on furthering his or her career by any possible means and often at the expense of their own integrity
a professional whose work is consistently of high quality
a person who is professionally engaged in the analysis and interpretation of works of art
someone who educates young people
a person who helps in identifying or preventing or treating illness or disability
a professional person authorized to practice law; conducts lawsuits or gives legal advice
a professional person trained in library science and engaged in library services
someone who practices a learned profession
a person engaged in publishing periodicals or books or music
a young upwardly mobile professional individual; a well-paid middle-class professional who works in a city and has a luxurious life style
an educator who works at a college or university
a lawyer who pleads cases in court
an unethical lawyer who incites accident victims to sue
a critic of paintings
a British or Canadian lawyer who speaks in the higher courts of law on behalf of either the defense or prosecution
someone (not necessarily a licensed physician) who sets broken bones
a woman who is a careerist
a man who is a careerist
a librarian who classifies publication according to a categorial system
a practitioner (of medicine or psychology) who does clinical work instead of laboratory experiments
a lawyer who specializes in the business of conveying properties
the lawyer representing the defendant
a lawyer specializing in actions for divorce or annulment
a critic of theatrical performances
someone skilled in the use of electricity to remove moles or warts or hair roots
a practitioner of the affected elegant style of the Spanish poet Gongora
a practitioner of homeopathy
a public lecturer at certain universities
a critic of literature
a person trained to assist medical professionals
someone who practices medicine
a critic of musical performances
a critic who writes a column for the newspapers
one skilled in caring for young children or the sick (usually under the supervision of a physician)
a health professional trained in the art of preparing and dispensing drugs
the educator who has executive authority for a school
a government official who conducts criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state
a lawyer who represents indigent defendants at public expense
an attorney appointed by a court to investigate and report on a case
any person (or institution) who acts as an educator
a British lawyer who gives legal advice and prepares legal documents
a person whose occupation is teaching
a lawyer who specializes in defending clients before a court of law