Present tense word for went

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One of the big challenges faced by English language learners is the proper way to use verbs.

If you didn’t grow up learning the
rules of English grammar, you might find yourself confused about verb tenses one particularly challenging verb to learn is “go” and its different variations “goes”, “going”, “went” and “gone”.

Common meanings of the word “go”

“Go”, “goes”, “going”, “went”, or “gone” are verbs, words that describe an action. “Go” is the main verb, while the others are its tenses. 

According to the Cambridge Dictionary, the verb “go” means to travel. It’s used to describe the act of moving from one place to another. 

It is also used to describe being in the process of moving. Such as when we say “go up” stairs, someone is moving up the stairs.

You can also use “go” if you want to say you are leaving. “I have to go” is a common English phrase that is used to take your leave or
say goodbye. 

These are the three most common ways that native English speakers use the word “go”. Simple enough right? What trips many people up is when we bring the tenses in it.

Go: Present Tense

Mostly, go is used in the present tense, so it is something that is happening now. It can be used with first-person and second-person pronouns and in singular or plural.

Go: Future Tense

“Go” can also be used when you are talking in the future tense. The future tense means that you are describing an action that will be taking place in the future.

If you are going to visit the store in the evening, you say:

I will go to the store.

If it is Steve’s turn to go to the store later, you will say:

Steve will go to the store.

“Go” in the future tense can also be used with first person, second person, and third-person pronouns, both singular and plural.

Goes: Third-person singular, present tense

Goes is the
present tense, third-person singular of the verb “go”. 

Since “goes” is a verb in the present tense, you use it when you are describing an action that is happening now. However, since it is the third-person singular, you can only use it if you are describing someone else’s actions.

For example, if you are on your way to the store and someone asks you what you are doing, you use “go”, like so:

I go to the store.

However, if you want to say that Steve is about to go to the store, you use “goes” because you’re talking about an action that someone else is taking.

Steve goes to the store.

You can also use “goes” with third-person singular pronouns.

He/She goes to the store

Going: The Present Participle 

A present participle is a word that is formed from a verb with the suffix “-ing” attached. A present participle is either used as an adjective or in verb tenses.

So, “go” plus “ing” is “going”. There aren’t really any common examples of going being used as an adjective, but it is used in plenty of verb tenses. We’ll look at the different verb tenses that “going” can take below

Going: Present Continuous Tense

The present continuous tense, means your describing an action that is ongoing or that you are in the midst of performing. 

“Going” can be used here in the first, second, and third person and singular or plural 

Going: Past Continuous 

“Going” is also used in
the past continuous tense. Past continuous is also known as past progressive and you use it to describe a continuing action or when you want to say that something happened at a particular point in the past.  

Going can also be used in the first, second, and third person and singular and plural. 

Going: Future Continuous

Also known as future progressive,
the future continuous tense is used when you want to say that something is going to happen in the future and will continue for an expected length of time. 

Going in the future continuous tense can also be used in the first, second, and third person and singular and plural.

Going: Perfect Progressive 

The
perfect progressive tense is used to describe actions that were:

• Repeated over a certain time period

• Continuing in the present and/or

• Will continue in the future

Going: Past Perfect

You use
the past perfect tense if you want to talk about an action that took place in once or many times before another point in the past. 

Going: Future Perfect

This tense is used when you are talking about an action that will be completed between now and some point in the future. 

Going: A Conditional Verb

Going can also be used as a conditional verb, which is used to create conditional sentences. Conditional sentences describe unlikely or hypothetical situations.

When used as a conditional verb, you can use “going” in the present or the perfect tense.

Present Tense:

Perfect Tense:

Went: The Past Tense

When we want to say that an action took place in the past and is finished, we use a verb in the past tense. 

The past tense of “go” is “went”. So, going back to our example about the store. If someone asked where you were, you can say: 

I went to the store

If you want to say that Steve has come from the store:

Steve went to the store

This works with first, second, and third-person pronouns as well, in the singular and plural.

Gone: Past Participle

“Gone” is the past participle of “go”. A
past participle is a word formed by a verb with one of the following suffixes: -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n. 

You can use “gone” in the present perfect tense, the past perfect tense, and the future perfect tense.

Gone: Present Perfect

 A verb in the present perfect tense refers to an action or state that:

• Happened at an indefinite time in the past

• Started in the past and continued to the present

The present perfect tense is formed by placing have/has in front of the past participle of the verb. So, in the case of “gone”, it is “has/have gone”.

Gone: Past Perfect

You use can use “gone” in the past perfect tense if you want to talk about something that was completed in the past. 

Gone: Future Perfect

Gone can also be used in the future perfect tense. The future perfect tense is used if you are talking about an action that will be done before another action happens.

For example, if you want to say you will be going to the store while Steve is in school:

I will have gone to the store by the time Steve gets back from school.

The future perfect tense of “go” is formed by taking the past participle “gone” and adding either “will” or “shall” and “have” before it.

So, you could also have said:

I shall have gone to the store by the time Steve gets back from school

Conclusion

If you really want to learn how to properly use these different verbs and more, you need to practice using them in daily speech. Practice makes perfect after all.

The best way to practice and memorize the rules for when you should use “go”, “goes”, “going”, “went”, or “gone”, it to work on using them in conversation with an online native English-speaking tutor. Your tutor can provide you real-time corrections on your verb usage and your pronunciation and accent. This will help ensure that, when you need to use these words in a conversation, you can confidently “go” to the right one. 

3 формы глагола с транскрипцией

Base Form Инфинитив	Past Simple 2-ая форма	Past Participle 3-ая форма (Причастие прошедшего времени)	Gerund Герундий
go	went	gone	going
[ɡəʊ]	[went]	[ɡɔːn]	[ˈɡəʊɪŋ]
[ɡəʊ]	[ˈwent]	[ɡɒn]	[ˈɡəʊɪŋ]

Тренажёр спряжения для запоминая форм

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Спряжение go в английском языке во всех временах, лицах и числах

Simple Tense — Простое (неопределенное) время

Present Simple
Простое настоящее

• I go
• you go
• he, she goes
• we go
• you go
• they go

Past Simple
Простое прошедшее

• I went
• you went
• he, she went
• we went
• you went
• they went

Future Simple
Простое будущее

• I will go
• you will go
• he, she will go
• we will go
• you will go
• they will go

Continuous Tense — Длительное время

Present Simple Continuous
Настоящее длительное

• I am going
• you are going
• he, she is going
• we are going
• you are going
• they are going

Past Simple Continuous
Прошедшее длительное

• I was going
• you were going
• he, she was going
• we were going
• you were going
• they were going

Future Simple Continuous
Будущее длительное

• I will be going
• you will be going
• he, she will be going
• we will be going
• you will be going
• they will be going

Perfect Tense — Совершенное время

Present Perfect
Настоящее совершенное

• I have gone
• you have gone
• he, she has gone
• we have gone
• you have gone
• they have gone

Past Perfect
Прошедшее совершенное

• I had gone
• you had gone
• he, she had gone
• we had gone
• you had gone
• they had gone

Future Perfect
Будущее совершенное

• I will have gone
• you will have gone
• he, she will have gone
• we will have gone
• you will have gone
• they will have gone

Perfect Continuous Tense — Длительное совершенное время

Present Perfect Continuous
Настоящее совершенное длительное

• I have been going
• you have been going
• he, she has been going
• we have been going
• you have been going
• they have been going

Past Perfect Continuous
Прошедшее совершенное длительное

• I had been going
• you had been going
• he, she had been going
• we had been going
• you had been going
• they had been going

Future Perfect Continuous
Будущее совершенное длительное

• I will have been going
• you will have been going
• he, she will have been going
• we will have been going
• you will have been going
• they will have been going

Conditional — Условное наклонение

Present

• I would go
• you would go
• he, she would go
• we would go
• you would go
• they would go

Perfect

• I would have gone
• you would have gone
• he, she would have gone
• we would have gone
• you would have gone
• they would have gone

Present Continuous

• I would be going
• you would be going
• he, she would be going
• we would be going
• you would be going
• they would be going

Perfect Continuous

• I would have been going
• you would have been going
• he, she would have been going
• we would have been going
• you would have been going
• they would have been going

Imperative — Повелительное наклонение

Imperative

• you go
• we Let’s go
• you go

Проспрягать другие глаголы

warrant, appoint, fuel, count, enshrine, express, interconnect, investigate, protect, promote, assess, offload, grant, smell, dance, designate, revise, filter, bait, cure, settle, raise, bring, bolt, ache, store, amend

The Key to the Present Tenses: Adverbs of Time

The use of the present tenses is described in this material. Expressions in the groups «Adverbs of time» below include adverbs, adverbial phrases, prepositions and conjunctions that are often used with these tenses. General information on English tenses and their adverbs of time is provided in Key to English Tenses. A list of tense forms for memorization is provided in Formulas of Tenses in the section Grammar.

SIMPLE PRESENT

Form: Base form of the verb: I/we/you/they do. Base form of the verb + s/es: he/she/it does. The verb BE: I am; he/she/it is; we/you/they are.

Meaning 1: Habitual, regular action in the present.

Adverbs of frequency: usually; regularly; every day; every week; every year; often; frequently; sometimes; occasionally; seldom; rarely; never (i.e., zero regularity); always (i.e., regularly, usually); on Fridays; on weekends.

I usually work till eight.

He writes two letters every day.

We always go to this store.

He plays tennis on Saturdays.

It often rains in my hometown.

They seldom go to the movies.

Meaning 2: Stating a fact, general truth, profession, state or condition.

Adverbs of time: Usually without adverbs of time.

The sun rises in the east.

Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

What does she do? – She works as a teacher.

He lives in Moscow and works at a hospital.

She plays the piano well.

She likes oranges and bananas.

Their house is very small.

Note: The rules of adding the ending s/es to form the third person singular in the simple present tense are described in Adding the Ending s/es to Nouns and Verbs in the section Writing.

Note: Actions according to schedule

The simple present is used instead of the simple future for future actions according to schedule / timetable (for example, about public transportation, movies, stores, banks).

The show starts in two hours.

The train arrives at six tomorrow.

The department store opens at 9:00 a.m.

I work next Saturday.

Note: Clauses of time and condition

The simple present is used instead of the simple future in subordinate clauses of time and condition because the future tense is not allowed in these clauses. (See Word Order in Complex Sentences in the section Grammar.)

He will go there when he finishes his work.

If I find this book, I will give it to you.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Form: BE + present participle (I am doing; he/she/it is doing; we/you/they are doing).

Meaning 1: The action is going on at the present moment, at the moment of speaking.

Adverbs of time: now; right now; at the moment.

You are reading this material now.

I’m drinking coffee at the moment.

Usually, he sits by the window, but now he is sitting near the front door.

Look! An eagle is flying.

Listen! Music is playing.

Meaning 2: The action is going on at the present time but not necessarily at the moment of speaking.

Adverbs of time: now; at present; at the present time; at the moment; this year.

He is writing a new novel now.

He is teaching at Redwood this year.

What is she doing these days? – She is working for a newspaper.

I am studying economics at a business school.

They are building their own house.

Prices are rising again.

Her health is getting better.

Note: The rules of adding «ing» to verbs are described in Adding the Endings ed, ing to Verbs in the section Writing.

Note: Stative verbs

Verbs expressing mental or emotional state, mental or sense perception, possession, and other types of state or condition are generally not used in the continuous tenses. Such verbs are called stative verbs or nonprogressive verbs because they do not express any action or process of action (as opposed to action verbs).

Stative verbs: understand, know, remember, forget, doubt, believe, suppose, think (in the meaning «assume, suppose»), mean, recognize, realize, like, love, hate, want, need, prefer, smell (in the meaning «to give off a particular scent»), taste (i.e., to have a particular flavor), hear, see, feel, appear, seem, look (in the meaning «appear, seem»), be, belong, own, possess, have (in the meaning «possess»), cost, owe, include, contain, weigh, and some others.

The simple present is used instead of the present continuous with stative verbs.

I see a large dog in the yard.

I understand what you mean.

She prefers bright colors.

He wants to buy a new car.

This flower smells terrible.

This car costs a lot.

The house belongs to his mother.

Some stative verbs, for example, «look, think, see, feel, appear, smell, taste, have, weigh», are also used as action verbs, which means that as action verbs they can be used in the continuous tenses, with a difference in meaning. Compare these sentences:

She looks good now. (stative verb)

She is looking at him now. (action verb)

I think he is a good writer. (stative verb)

Quiet! I’m thinking. (action verb)

The soup tastes good. (stative verb)

She is tasting the soup now. (action verb)

This box weighs three kilograms. (stative verb)

He is weighing the apples. (action verb)

He has a nice house near a large park. (stative verb)

We are having dinner now. (action verb)

Note: Preplanned actions

The present continuous is used instead of the simple future for future actions according to people’s plans, i.e., preplanned or prearranged future actions. The phrase «be going to» is widely used in speech and writing to show a preplanned future action.

She’s leaving on Tuesday.

She’s going to leave on Tuesday.

I’m having dinner with Tom tomorrow.

I’m going to have dinner with Tom tomorrow.

He is going to a concert this evening.

We are going to buy a summer house this year.

The phrase «be going to» can be used in reference to events if the situation clearly indicates that they are going to happen.

Look at those dark clouds. It is going to rain soon.

Watch out! That red car is going to turn right.

PRESENT PERFECT

Form: HAVE + past participle (I/we/you/they have done; he/she/it has done).

Meaning 1: The action has just ended.

Adverbs of time: already; just; yet (in questions and negative sentences).

I have just done it.

She has already talked to him.

He hasn’t returned from work yet.

Have they arrived yet? – Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.

Meaning 2: Reporting how often something has happened by now.

Adverbs of time: ever; never; once; twice; several times; always; often; sometimes.

I have never seen this film.

Have you ever been to Mexico?

He has visited his aunt twice already.

I have often seen her in the library.

I have sometimes thought of starting my own business.

Meaning 3: The result of past actions by the present moment.

Adverbs of time: by now; by the present moment; up to now; so far; before (i.e., by the present moment); since; lately.

He has written ten letters by now.

So far, she has read fourteen novels by Stephen King.

Up to now, I haven’t found this book.

She hasn’t seen him lately.

I’ve seen this movie before.

He has worked in several companies since he graduated from college.

Meaning 4: The action has lasted for some time by now.

Adverbs of time: for an hour; for a week; for a long time; for five years; for years; in years; since; lately.

I have known him for a year by now.

I haven’t seen him in years.

He has lived here for six years.

He has been very busy lately.

She has collected coins since she was a child.

In this meaning, the present perfect may be used instead of the present perfect continuous in certain cases. (See «Note: Present perfect and present perfect continuous» at the end of this material.)

Note: Present perfect and simple past

The present perfect tense is difficult for Russians. We mix it up with the simple past tense. The main difference between these tenses is that the present perfect expresses an action that comes up to the present moment and always has a connection with the present moment, while the simple past expresses a completed past action that started and ended in the past and has no connection with the present moment.

She has worked as a teacher for two years. (This is the situation by the present moment; she is still a teacher.)

She worked as a teacher for two years. She worked as a teacher from 1995 to 1997. (It was in the past; she is no longer a teacher.)

If the time of the action is indicated as «today, this morning, this month», etc., the present perfect is used if this period of time is not over yet at the moment of speaking; the simple past is used if the period of time is over or if the time of the action within the period is indicated as specific time in the past.

Present perfect: I haven’t seen him today. (Today is not over yet.) I have talked to him this morning. (It’s still morning.)

Simple past: I saw him today in the morning. (The morning is over.) I talked to him at ten o’clock today. (Today is not over yet, but ten o’clock is in the past.)

Thus, though the action in the present perfect started or happened in the past, it is always viewed as «by now; up to now» (that is, always in connection with the present moment), so the exact time of the past action is never indicated. If the time of the past action is indicated, the simple past is used. Compare:

Present perfect: I have already done it. I have seen him before. I have been there twice.

Simple past: I did it yesterday. I saw him about a month ago. I was there in 2006.

In everyday speech, especially in American English, the simple past may be used instead of the present perfect in some cases.

He has already eaten. He already ate.

We advise you not to do it. Generally, such things mislead you and make it more difficult to develop stable grammar. First, make your grammar correct and stable; only after that change it a little if you wish.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Form: HAVE + BEEN + present participle (I/we/you/they have been doing; he/she/it has been doing).

Meaning 1: The action has been going on for some time by now and is still going on.

Adverbs of time: for an hour; for a week; for a long time; for five years; for years; all day; all morning; since.

How long have you been waiting?

I’ve been waiting for about an hour.

I’ve been writing my report since morning.

It has been raining all day.

He has been living here for three years.

She has been working as a teacher for seven years already.

Meaning 2: The action has been going on lately. Additional context may indicate whether the action has been finished by now.

Adverbs of time: Usually without adverbs of time.

They have been working hard lately.

I have been thinking about buying a new car.

Oh, hello, Anton! We have just been talking about you.

It has been snowing hard, and our garden is still full of snow.

His clothes are wet because he has been playing in the rain.

Her eyes are red. Has she been crying again?

Note: Present perfect and present perfect continuous

Stative verbs are used in the present perfect tense instead of the present perfect continuous.

How long have you known Anna?

I’ve known her for many years.

She has been here since ten o’clock.

He has loved her ever since they met.

Some stative verbs can be used in the continuous tenses in some cases, including the present perfect continuous tense. (See «Present Continuous, Note: Stative verbs» above.)

He has been feeling much better lately.

She has been seeing him for two years.

In the meaning «the action has lasted for some time by now», the present perfect may be used instead of the present perfect continuous with those verbs which already express continued action in their lexical meaning, for example, «live, sleep, teach, walk, work». (Adverbial modifiers of time indicating periods of time are required with the present perfect tense in such cases.)

The difference between these tenses in such cases is not very big: the present perfect stresses the result of some continued activity by now, while the present perfect continuous stresses the duration of such activity by now. Compare:

He has been living here for years.

He has lived here for years.

He has been teaching history since 1995.

He has taught history since 1995.

She has been sleeping for two hours already.

She has slept for two hours already.

However, the difference in meaning between the two tenses may be significant in some cases. For example:

What have you been doing since I left?

What have you done since I left?

As it is often difficult for language learners to decide whether this or that verb conveys the same meaning if used in the present perfect instead of the present perfect continuous, it is advisable to apply the rules more strictly and to use the tense that is indicated in textbooks as the most appropriate for such cases.

Употребление времён группы Present описывается в данном материале. Выражения в группах «Adverbs of time» ниже включают в себя наречия, наречные сочетания, предлоги и союзы, которые часто употребляются с этими временами. Общая информация по английским временам и их наречиям времени дана в материале Key to English Tenses. Список форм времён для запоминания дан в материале Formulas of Tenses в разделе Grammar.

Простое настоящее

Форма: Базовая форма глагола: I/we/you/they do. Базовая форма глагола + s/es: he/she/it does. Глагол BE: I am; he/she/it is; we/you/they are.

Значение 1: Обычное, регулярное действие в настоящем.

Наречия частоты действия: обычно; регулярно; каждый день; каждую неделю; каждый год; часто; часто; иногда; иногда; редко; редко; никогда (т.е. нулевая регулярность); всегда (т.е. регулярно, обычно); по пятницам; по выходным.

Я обычно работаю до восьми.

Он пишет два письма каждый день.

Мы всегда ходим в этот магазин.

Он играет в теннис по субботам.

В моем родном городе часто идёт дождь.

Они редко ходят в кино.

Значение 2: Констатация факта, общеизвестной истины, профессии, положения или состояния.

Наречия времени: Обычно без наречий времени.

Солнце всходит на востоке.

Вода кипит при 100 градусах по Цельсию.

Чем она занимается? – Она работает учителем.

Он живёт в Москве и работает в больнице.

Она хорошо играет на пианино.

Она любит апельсины и бананы.

Их дом очень маленький.

Примечание: Правила прибавления окончания s/es для образования 3 лица ед. числа во времени simple present описаны в материале Adding the Ending s/es to Nouns and Verbs в разделе Writing.

Примечание: Действия по графику

Simple present употребляется вместо simple future для будущих действий согласно графику / расписанию (например, об общественном транспорте, фильмах, магазинах, банках).

Представление начинается через два часа.

Поезд приходит завтра в шесть.

Универмаг открывается в девять утра.

Я работаю в следующую субботу.

Примечание: Придаточные времени и условия

Simple present употребляется вместо simple future в придаточных предложениях времени и условия, так как будущее время не разрешено в этих придаточных предложениях. (См. Word Order in Complex Sentences в разделе Grammar.)

Он пойдёт туда, когда закончит свою работу.

Если я найду эту книгу, я дам её вам.

Настоящее продолженное

Форма: BE + причастие настоящего времени (I am doing; he/she/it is doing; we/you/they are doing).

Значение 1: Действие продолжается (длится) в настоящий момент, в момент говорения.

Наречия времени: сейчас; прямо сейчас; в данный момент.

Вы читаете этот материал сейчас.

Я пью кофе в данный момент.

Обычно он сидит у окна, но сейчас он сидит около входной двери.

Смотрите! Орел летит.

Слушайте! Музыка играет.

Значение 2: Действие продолжается в настоящее время, но не обязательно в момент говорения.

Наречия времени: сейчас; в настоящее время; в данный момент; в этом году.

Он пишет новый роман сейчас.

Он преподает в Редвуде в этом году.

Чем она занимается в эти дни? – Она работает в газете.

Я изучаю экономику в школе бизнеса.

Они строят свой собственный дом.

Цены снова поднимаются.

Её здоровье улучшается.

Примечание: Правила прибавления «ing» к глаголам описаны в материале Adding the Endings ed, ing to Verbs в разделе Writing.

Примечание: Глаголы состояния

Глаголы, выражающие умственное или эмоциональное состояние, умственное или чувственное восприятие, обладание и другие виды состояния, обычно не употребляются в продолженных временах. Такие глаголы называют глаголами состояния или непродолженными глаголами, т.к. они не выражают действия или процесса действия (в противоположность глаголам действия).

Глаголы состояния: понимать, знать, помнить, забыть, сомневаться, верить, полагать, думать (в значении «полагать»), значить, признать / узнать, осознавать, любить, любить, ненавидеть, хотеть, нуждаться в, предпочитать, пахнуть (т.е. издавать определённый запах), быть на вкус (т.е. иметь определённый вкус), слышать, видеть, чувствовать, казаться, выглядеть, быть, принадлежать, владеть, обладать, иметь, стоить, быть в долгу перед, включать в себя, содержать, весить и некоторые другие.

Simple present употребляется вместо present continuous с глаголами состояния.

Я вижу большую собаку во дворе.

Я понимаю, что вы имеете в виду.

Она предпочитает яркие цвета.

Он хочет купить новый автомобиль.

Этот цветок пахнет ужасно.

Этот автомобиль очень дорого стоит.

Дом принадлежит его матери.

Некоторые глаголы состояния, например, «look, think, see, feel, appear, smell, taste, have, weigh», также употребляются как глаголы действия, что значит, что как глаголы действия они могут употребляться в продолженных временах, с изменением в значении. Сравните эти предложения:

Она хорошо выглядит сейчас. (глагол состояния)

Она смотрит на него сейчас. (глагол действия)

Я думаю, он хороший писатель. (глагол состояния)

Тихо! Я думаю. (глагол действия)

Суп на вкус хороший. (глагол состояния)

Она пробует суп сейчас. (глагол действия)

Эта коробка весит три килограмма. (глагол состояния)

Он взвешивает яблоки. (глагол действия)

У него есть / Он имеет хороший дом возле большого парка. (глагол состояния)

Мы обедаем сейчас. (глагол действия)

Примечание: Запланированные действия

Present continuous употребляется вместо simple future для будущих действий согласно планам людей, т.е. заранее запланированные или заранее подготовленные будущие действия. Фраза «be going to» широко употребляется в устной и письменной речи для показа запланированного будущего действия.

Она уезжает во вторник.

Она собирается уехать во вторник.

Я обедаю с Томом завтра.

Я обедаю с Томом завтра.

Он идёт на концерт сегодня вечером.

Мы собираемся купить дачу в этом году.

Фраза «be going to» может употребляться в отношении событий, если ситуация ясно указывает, что они произойдут.

Посмотри на эти тучи. Скоро пойдёт дождь.

Осторожно! Та красная машина собирается повернуть направо.

Настоящее совершенное

Форма: HAVE + причастие прошедшего времени (I/we/you/they have done; he/she/it has done).

Значение 1: Действие только что закончилось.

Наречия времени: уже; только что; уже, ещё (в вопросах и отрицаниях).

Я только что сделал это.

Она уже разговаривала с ним.

Он ещё не вернулся с работы.

Они уже приехали? – Да, приехали. Нет, не приехали.

Значение 2: Информирование о том, как часто что-то происходило к настоящему моменту.

Наречия времени: когда-либо; никогда; один раз; дважды; несколько раз; всегда; часто; иногда.

Я никогда не видел этот фильм.

Вы когда-нибудь бывали в Мексике?

Он навестил свою тётю уже дважды.

Я часто видел её в библиотеке.

Я иногда думал о том, чтобы начать своё собственное дело.

Значение 3: Результат прошедших действий к настоящему моменту.

Наречия времени: к настоящему моменту; до сих пор; раньше (т.е. к настоящему моменту); с тех пор, как; за последнее время.

Он написал десять писем к настоящему моменту.

К настоящему времени она прочитала четырнадцать романов Стивена Кинга.

До сих пор я не нашёл этой книги.

Она не видела его в последнее время.

Я видел этот фильм раньше.

Он поработал в нескольких компаниях с тех пор, как окончил колледж.

Значение 4: Действие продлилось какое-то время к настоящему моменту.

Наречия времени: в течение часа; в течение недели; в течение долгого времени; в течение пяти лет; много лет; с тех пор, как; за последнее время.

Я знаю его уже год.

Я не видел его много лет.

Он здесь прожил шесть лет.

Он очень занят в последнее время.

Она собирает монеты с тех пор, когда она была ребенком.

В этом значении present perfect может употребляться вместо present perfect continuous в определённых случаях. (См. «Note: Present perfect and present perfect continuous» в конце данного материала.)

Примечание: Present perfect и simple past

Время present perfect трудно для русских. Мы смешиваем его с временем simple past. Главная разница между этими временами в том, что present perfect выражает действие, которое доходит до настоящего момента и всегда имеет связь с настоящим моментом, в то время как simple past выражает завершившееся прошедшее действие, которое началось и закончилось в прошлом и не имеет связи с настоящим моментом.

Она проработала учителем два года. (Такова ситуация к настоящему моменту; она всё ещё учитель.)

Она работала учителем два года. Она работала учителем с 1995 до 1997 года. (Это было в прошлом; она больше не учитель.)

Если время действия указывается как «today, this morning, this month» и т.д., present perfect употребляется, если этот период времени ещё не окончился в момент говорения; simple past употребляется, если этот период времени окончен или если время действия внутри периода указано как определённое время в прошлом.

Present perfect: Я не видел его сегодня. (Сегодня ещё не закончилось.) Я говорил с ним этим утром. (Сейчас всё ещё утро.)

Simple past: Я видел его сегодня утром. (Утро закончилось.) Я говорил с ним в десять часов сегодня. (Сегодня ещё не закончилось, но десять часов уже в прошлом.)

Таким образом, хотя действие в present perfect началось или произошло в прошлом, оно всегда рассматривается как «к настоящему времени; до сих пор» (то есть всегда в связи с настоящим моментом), поэтому точное время прошедшего действия никогда не указывается. Если время прошедшего действия указано, употребляется simple past. Сравните:

Present perfect: Я уже сделал это. Я видел его раньше. Я был там дважды.

Simple past: Я сделал это вчера. Я видел его примерно месяц назад. Я был там в 2006 году.

В разговорной речи, особенно в американском английском, может употребляться simple past вместо present perfect в некоторых случаях.

Он уже поел.

Советуем вам не делать этого. Как правило, такие вещи сбивают с толку и затрудняют выработку стабильной грамматики. Сначала сделайте свою грамматику правильной и стабильной; только после этого слегка изменяйте её, если пожелаете.

Настоящее совершенное продолженное

Форма: HAVE + BEEN + причастие настоящего времени (I/we/you/they have been doing; he/she/it has been doing).

Значение 1: Действие продолжалось (длилось) какое-то время к настоящему моменту и всё ещё длится.

Наречия времени: в течение часа; в течение недели; в течение долгого времени; в течение пяти лет; много лет; весь день; всё утро; с тех пор, как.

Как долго вы уже ждёте?

Я жду уже примерно час.

Я пишу свой доклад с утра.

Сегодня весь день идёт дождь.

Он живёт здесь уже в течение трёх лет.

Она работает учителем уже в течение семи лет.

Значение 2: Действие длительно продолжалось в последнее время. Дополнительный контекст может указывать, закончено ли действие к настоящему моменту.

Наречия времени: Обычно без наречий времени.

Они много работали (работают) в последнее время.

Я (уже долго) думаю о том, чтобы купить новый автомобиль.

Ой, привет, Антон! Мы (как раз) только что говорили о тебе.

Шёл сильный снег (долго), и наш сад всё ещё полон снега.

Его одежда мокрая, потому что он играл под дождем.

У неё глаза красные. Она опять плакала?

Примечание: Present perfect и present perfect continuous

Глаголы состояния употребляются во времени present perfect вместо present perfect continuous.

Как долго вы уже знаете Анну?

Я знаю её много лет.

Она находится здесь с десяти часов.

Он любит её с тех пор, как они познакомились.

Некоторые глаголы состояния могут употребляться в продолженных временах в некоторых случаях, в том числе во времени present perfect continuous. (См. «Present Continuous, Note: Stative verbs» выше.)

Он чувствует себя гораздо лучше в последнее время.

Она встречается с ним уже два года.

В значении «действие продлилось какое-то время к настоящему моменту», present perfect может употребляться вместо present perfect continuous с теми глаголами, которые и так выражают продолжительное действие в своем лексическом значении, например, «live, sleep, teach, walk, work». (Обстоятельства времени, указывающие периоды времени, требуются с временем present perfect в таких случаях.)

Разница между этими временами в таких случаях не очень большая: present perfect подчеркивает результат какого-то длительного действия к настоящему моменту, в то время как present perfect continuous подчеркивает длительность такого действия к настоящему моменту. Сравните:

Он живёт здесь уже много лет.

Он прожил здесь много лет.

Он преподаёт историю с 1995 года.

Он преподаёт историю с 1995 года.

Она спит уже в течение двух часов.

Она уже проспала два часа.

Тем не менее, разница в значении между этими двумя временами может быть значительной в некоторых случаях. Например:

Что вы делали (т.е. Чем вы занимались) с тех пор, как я уехал?

Что вы сделали с тех пор, как я уехал?

Поскольку для изучающих язык часто бывает трудно решить, передает ли тот или иной глагол то же значение, если его употребить в present perfect вместо present perfect continuous, целесообразно применять правила более строго и употреблять то время, которое указано в учебниках как наиболее подходящее для таких случаев.