Pick up from the list a suitable word for each gap

Fill each gap with a suitable word from the box:
1. ​spend (2), get, start, gained, enjoy, leave, take
​Most people … a third of their lives at work. So it is important for people to … their work. And enjoying work means choosing the right career in the first place.
​People in Britain can … work at the age of sixteen, though many young people stay at school after this age. When young people … school at the age of sixteen they can … a low-paid job working in a shop or a factory. At the sametime they can … one day a week at a college of further education. Many young people wishing to … a practical skill — for example, car mechanics, hairdressers etc. — do this. At the end of their college training they… a qualification. It is a good beginning to … a career because such young people have … practical experience in their job which is important for their promotion.
2. ​abilities, to liquidate, to communicate, respect, conditions, fostering, industry, praised, relationship, to shape, to regard, attitude, capacity.
1) One of the most important tasks of the Revolution was … illiteracy in Russia.
2) Russian school creates the best possible … education for the younger generation.
3) We must envisage the … of feeling of patriotism.
4) To make his work more successful a teacher should … his pupils’ interests.
5) Together with educations pupils learn how … with each other.
6) His report was good and the teacher … him.
7) I … him for his broad erudition and knowledge.
Thanks to his … he could prepare for exams in a short period of time.
9) What is your … to this new teaching method?
10) Many films tell about … between teachers and pupils.
11) Children’s …can be developed in the course of studies.
12) The teacher helps … a child’s character
13) Psychologists say that there is no limit to the … of our memory

                                                
TASK 2 READING (20 points)

1. Read fragments
from stories about famous illusionists. For answers to questions choose the
names designated by letters A-E. “0” is the example for you.

1. John Henry Anderson was a Scottish magician who performed
   in Europe and the United States in the early 19^th century. His
   favourite trick was bullet-catching, but his best remembered for pulling a
   rabbit from a hat. He didn’t think of the trick first, but he made it
   popular and there have been variations on it ever since.
2. Robert Houdin was born in France in 1805. He was originally
   trained as a clockmaker. He first appeared as a magician in Paris in 1845.
   He used common objects to create illusions rather than complicated pieces
   of machinery. He was known as the father of magic and it was from him that
   Harry Houdini took his name years later.
3. Howard Thurston was from Ohio. He started by touring and
   doing card tricks. In 1908 he met the magician, Harry Kellar. Kellar sold
   him his tricks and Thurston turned them into a 3-hour long magic show. He
   toured with it for over 20 years. He was well-known for illusions such as
   the “floating lady”.
4. Harry Houdini was born Erik Weisz in Budapest, Hungary.
   Before taking up magic, he worked in a circus. His world-wide fame
   came from his amazing escapes. One of his most incredible escapes was from
   a box that was locked, roped, weighted then lowered into water. Late in
   his career he went to Hollywood and made films, performing his own stunts.
5. David Copperfield was born in 1956
   in America. He began performing at the age of twelve. He is noted for his
   ability to make objects disappear, something he has done frequently whilst
   on the air, watched by millions. He once made the Statue of Liberty,
   America’s most famous landmark disappear. He also walked through the Great
   Wall of China. From the late 1970s, he was on TV in The Magic Show of
   David Copperfield.

Who

1. was born in
   Scotland? __A__
2. made a famous
   trick he didn’t invent?_____
3. performed
   illusions with large objects?_____
4. acted in
   films?____
5. pulled
   objects from a hat?_____
6. performed in
   France and gave his name to another magician?___

1.       
Read the text and
do the tasks below. (15 points)

A Trip by
Plane

An American
farmer wanted to make an air trip. There was an airport close to his farm. So
one morning he came there to ask if he could make an air trip.

«You
see,» he said to one of the pilots, «I have never flown before, but I
would like to.» The pilot told him that the price of the trip was 10
dollars for a ten-minute trip. «Oh, it’s a dollar a minute,» the
farmer said. «Can’t you reduce the price?» The pilot thought for a
minute and then said, «I won’t take any money if you don’t say a word
during the whole trip.» The farmer agreed.

«By the way,» said the
pilot, «you may take your wife too.» The farmer was happy.

The next
day at three o’clock the farmer and his wife arrived at the airport. Soon they
were up in the air. The plane    flew at a high speed, it went up and down very
quickly, but since  the passengers didn’t say a word.           

«You
are brave people,» said the pilot. «I thought you would be afraid to
fly.»

“Well,” said the farmer, “I am glad, I will not have to pay
for the trip, as I didn’t have to say a word, but I wanted to speak to you when
my wife fell out of the plane”

A   Write
down whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).

6.     
The farmer didn’t like the price of the trip.

7.      It was a trip on the ship.

8.     
The farmer decided to take his wife because it could make
the price of the trip less.

9.     
The price was 10 dollars for each minute.

10.  The passengers kept silent when they were in the air.

11.  The farmer’s wife was quite well after the trip.

B   Answer
the following questions.

12. 
What kind of trip did the farmer want to make?

13.  Did he find the trip cheap or expensive?

14.  What was the price of the trip?

15.  On what condition did the pilot agree to change the price of the trip?

16.  Who joined the farmer?

17.  Did the plane fly slowly or quickly?

18.  Did the passengers speak much during the trip?

19.  Did the farmer pay for the trip?

20.  What happened to his wife in the air?

TASK 3 
USE OF ENGLISH (30 points)

1. Fill
in the gaps, using a suitable word from a box. Use each word only once. “0” is
the example for you.. In the box there is a superfluous word which does not
need to be used. (6 points)

 

Valentine’s Day

There are different (0) stories about St. Valentine.
One story says that Valentine was a roman

(1) ___________ who lived about 1800 years ago. At that time
Roman (2) ____________ were not allowed to marry. Valentine disobeyed the law
and secretly married young (3) __________. Valentine was then sent to prison.
He died in (4) __________ on February 14
in 270 AD. The soldiers took him and buried him at a (5) ___________ in Rome.
If you go to Rome, you can see where he is buried. Valentine’s Day is a day
when people give Valentine cards, (6) ___________ and flowers to people they
love.

2. Choose the right variant (10 points)

1. The Volga is …river in the
territory of Russia.

            a) long     b)
longer     c) the longest

      2. … birthday is it next week?

                  a) Whose    b) Whom        c) Who

      3. Perhaps they …a new house next year.

                  a) will buy      b) buy             c)
shall buy

      4. Two years … Derry bought a car.

                  a) ago       b) for            c) since

      5. My favourite subject at school is … Biology.

                  a) the        b) a           c) –

      6. Do you get … letters every day?

                  a) much     b) many     c) a many

      7. George plays …the violin rather well.

                  a) —             b) on          c) in

      8. My elder sister is afraid … height.

                  a) —             b) of           c) with

      9. Jean always stays in fashion. People like ….

                  a) hers          b) she          c) her

     10. When a student, Mike spent two years in … Germany.

                  a) a              b) the         c) –

3. Choose the right variant (10 points)

1. Jess was
   watching / watched TV when the TV suddenly was
   breaking / broke.
2.  While Dad was
   listening / listened to music in the car, he was
   driving / drove into the back of a bus!
3. My parents were
   walking / walked home yesterday when they were seeing
   / saw an asteroid in the sky.
4. Oliver climbed
   / was climbing a mountain when he was dropping /
   dropped his MP3 player in a river.
5. Madonna sang/
   was singing when we got/ were getting to the
   concert.

4. Choose the right variant (4 points)

1. Maria is very
   proud of / good at science, so she wants to be a doctor.
2. You have to
   be worried about / interested in helping people if you want
   to be a firefighter.
3. David wasn’t
   very proud of / good at failing his exams.
4. You shouldn’t
   get interested in / upset about not getting an interview.

TASK 4      
WRITING (20 points)

Write to your foreign friend
the letter how you spent summer holidays (80-100 words).

TASK 5    
SPEAKING (20 points)

1. Dialogue
   (10 points)

Put the phrases of
the dialogue into the correct order

A)  1. Yes, sure.
Thank you.

2. That’s
exactly what I want.

3. Can I have
a look at this magazine?

4. I think this
article about clothes is interesting.

5. Yes, of
course. I read quickly.

B)   1. Oh, yes,
it is. It tells you how to choose the best clothes for
you.

2. See you
tomorrow then.

3. Yes, sure.
What would you like to read?

4.  Do you
think you will give it back to me tomorrow?

5. You can
also read an article about music.

1. Monologue
   (10 points)

Speak on your hobbies.

ОЛИМПИАДА ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ ДЛЯ 7 КЛАССА (
ШКОЛЬНЫЙ ТУР)

5 апреля 2012

I. Reading.

Read the text and use the sentences (A-H) to complete the gaps.
There are two extra sentences you will not need.

Dogs
help people get well.

Joan Gray is a nurse. Often her patients are people who have now
returned home from hospital but are not ready to go back to work. She also
spends a lot of her time visiting people still in hospital. 1(   
).

They look forward to seeing her, especially because she doesn’t
go alone. She takes her dog, Bertie, with her. Joanne says that Bertie makes
her patients feel better. Bertie started going to work with Joanne four years
ago and she is sure that he has made a real difference. » Bertie is
brilliant with people», she says. » For example, he helps patients
who cannot use their arms very well. 2(   ).

He can also help patients who are very nervous or depressed.
They tell me they feel calmer and happier when he is with them.

Joanne realized several years ago how much her patients enjoyed
seeing an animal. “I used to have a cat that I took with me sometimes on my
visits. My patients always asked me about him and all said they loved seeing
him. 3(   ). It’s easier to take a dog to see
someone.

Research shows that pets can reduce stress and help people get
better more quickly from all sorts of illnesses. 4(   ). For
instance, one man in hospital didn’t want to talk to anyone but he spoke to
Bertie. He told him he hated the hospital food and didn’t like the people in
the beds next to him. So the hospital was then able to get him the food he
liked. 5(   ).

Not all dogs are suitable for visiting sick people. Some dogs
are afraid of people they don’t know. 6(   ).

But the right dog can help people get better.

A. Joanne can give lots of examples of this.

B. That’ why I got Bertie.

C. There are many other dogs like Bertie.

D. They want to touch him and this makes them try harder to
move

     their arms.

E. Joanne’s visits are very important to all her patients.

F. Others are too friendly.

G. Of course, not everyone likes dogs.

H. They also arranged to move him to a different bed.

II. USAGE.

Choose the correct word for each gap from the list. Write the
word in the correct space. Use each word once.

First
day at a Language school

I am studying English at a language school in London. I can
remember my first day very…… (1). My friend took……(2) to
the school and said goodbye. I felt a bit nervous but I went to the school
office and asked where I ……. (3) to go. The secretary, ………..(4)
name is Debbie, showed me to a classroom. There……(5) four other
students and a teacher in the room. The teacher ….. ( 6) some
questions and gave ….(7) all a little test.

 After …….(8) test I went to the school
cafe ……..(9) lunch with Anne and Meshad, two of the new
students. We talked about ….. (10) homes and why we were
studying…… ( 11) England. At two o’clock I went to my
first lesson. I did …….(12) feel nervous in class because
everyone was friendly. I sat next to a boy …… (13) came
from Venezuela.

Now , after three months, I…….(14) still very
happy here. I really love living in London……….( 15) I will be
happy to go home next month to see my family.

III. USAGE.

Decide which answer (A, B, C, D) best fits each space.

The
Threat to the Environment

Nowadays people are more aware that wildlife all over the world
is in (1).……. Many species of animals (2)……….
, and could easily become (3).……….. if we do not make an
effort to protect them. There are many reasons for this. In some cases, animals(4)..…..for
their fur or for other valuable parts of their bodies. Some birds,(5)……..
as parrots, (6).…… alive, and sold as pets. For many animals
and birds, the problem is that their habitat- the place where they (7).…….-
is disappearing. More (8)…….. is used for farms, for houses or
industry, and there are fewer open spaces than there once were. Farmers use
powerful chemicals to help them grow better crops, but these chemicals(9).……..the
environment and harm wildlife. The most successful animals on earth -human
beings- will soon be the only ones left, unless we (10)…… solve
this problem.

1	A. danger	B. treat	C. problem	D. vanishing
2	A. are threatened	B. are threatening	C. were threatening	D. threatened
3	A. disappearing	B. vanished	C. empty	D. extinct
4	A. hunted	B. are hunted	C. are hunting	D. hunt
5	A. like	B. such	C. or	D. where
6	A. caught	B. will be caught	C. are caught	D. catch
7	A. are living	B. live	C. lived	D. have lived
8	A. land	B. earth	C. soil	D. area
9	A. will pollute	B. polluted	C. are polluting	D. pollute
10	A. can	B. will be able to	C. will	D. may

IV. QUIZ

Choose the correct answer.

1. What’s the name of the London underground?

     A.
Metro                B.
Tube           C. Subway

2.What London street is famous for shops?

     A.  Oxford
Street       B. Fleet Street 
   C. Lombard Street 

3. Which animal can look at the Queen?

     A. a dog                B. 
a cat           C. a
lion

4. Who wrote ‘Winnnie-the-Pooh’?

     A. L.
Carroll          
   B. O. Wilde   C.   C.
Milne

5. What is English marmalade?

      A. apple
jam            B. orange
jam     C. sweets

6. Robert Burns is a ………… poet.

      A. American   
        B. English         C. Scottish

7. What is the name of a man the monument to whom stands in 

    Trafalgar Square? 

      A.
Nelson       
       B.
Chaplin         C. Scott

8. What is the capital of Australia?

      A.
Sydney       
       B. Canberra       C.
Melbourne 

9. The capital of Northern Ireland is…….. .

      A. Dublin         
      B. Cardiff          C. Belfast

10. The kilt is ……….. .

      A. a
skirt         
      B. a shirt        
  C. a pair of trousers.

Fun Reading Show

Knowing how to read is very important. Reading helps you(1) H(understand things). Many people want to get more children, adults, and families to read.

A special program was created to help others (2) B(learn about reading). This program is a tour that (3) E(travels a lot) . It gets people watching it to be a part of it.

The program puts on a show that (4) D(is 20 minutes long). It has two funny people putting on a show. They go to school all over California (5) A(and perform).

One of the things they do is a game show with someone in the audience. That person has to answer questions about books (6) F(and reading). They (7) C(win a prize) if they get the questions right.

The show is a part of a program that (8) I (goes to different places). It wants to get as many people involved in reading as they can. They are planning to travel to many different places.

I’ve
tried
it,
it’s
not
complicated.
I
paid
a
dollar
for
the
first
chapter
of
Stephen
King’s
book
and
another
dollar
because
I
wanted
to
read
the
next
chapter.
But
then
I
thought…there’s
the
time
on
the
Internet
trying
to
get
to
the
site,
there’s
time
taken
to
download
it
and
all
that
time
I’m
paying
just
for
being
on
the
Internet.
Then
there’s
the
printing
costs
because
I
don’t
like
reading
off
a
computer
screen.
It’s
not
cheap.
And
besides
I
like
the
look
and
the
feel
of
books
and
the
fact
that
you
can
take
them
anywhere
and
who’s
going
to
steal
a
paperback?

And
another
thing.
Paper
lasts
from
50
to
500
years.
Most
electronic
storage
media
are
obsolete
in
ten
to
twenty
years.
Magnetic
tape
stretches,
CDs
delaminate.
Printed
books
are
still
the
best
way
to
preserve
knowledge.

Key
to Progress Tests

KEY
UNITS 1-5

Taskl

1. 3.5″floppy
   drive

2. keyboard

3. clock

4. processor

5. ROM

6. monitor

7. cache

8. RAM

Task
2

1. The
   computer is turned off and the case (is) opened.

2. The
   new motherboard is checked to ensure it fits the system case.

3. Wires
   and cables are disconnected and (are) labelled with tape.

4. All
   external peripherals are unplugged.

5. The
   add-in cards are taken out.

6. The
   screws holding the motherboard are removed.

7. The
   motherboard is lifted carefully from the case.

8. The
   CPU and memory are added to the new motherboard.

9. The
   new motherboard is inserted.

10. The
    screws are replaced.

11. Cards
    and cables are replaced.

12. The
    computer and monitor are switched on.

Task3

Not
only is computing equipment getting
smaller,
it is getting more sophisticated. Computers
are
part of many machines and devices
that
once required continual human
supervision
and control. Today, computers in security
systems
result in safer environments,
computers
in cars improve energy efficiency,
and
computers in phones provide features
such
as call forwarding, call monitoring, and call answering.

Multimedia
systems
are
known for their educational
and
entertainment value —
which
we call edutainment. Multimedia
combines
text with sound, video,
animation,
and graphics, which greatly enhances
the
interaction between user and machine
and
can make information more
interesting
and appealing to people. Expert
systems
software enables
computers
to’think’like experts. Medical diagnosis expert systems, for

example,car
help
doctors pinpoint a patient’s illness, suggest further tests, and
prescribe
appropriate drugs.

KEY
UNITS 6-10

Taskl
1	checking
2	to type
3	to changing
4	work
5	to hack into
6	phoning
7	to scroll
8	paying
9	to learn
10	switching off
Task 2

1 After
entering the selection criteria, click on the Find button.

OR
After you enter the selection criteria, click on the Find button.

OR
Before clicking on the Find button, enter the selection criteria.

OR
Before you click on the Find button, enter the selection criteria.

OR
Enter the selection criteria; then click on the Find button.

1. Each
   MP3 file has a tag which permits extra information to be stored.

2. If
   you forget to save regularly, you risk losing data.

3. Start
   the search by clicking on the Find button.

4. The
   user is aware of the effects of different applications programs
   but/;however, operating systems are invisible to most users.

5. Each
   side of a DVD has two layers, giving enormous storage capacity.

OR
Each side of a DVD has two layers which gives enormous storage
capacity.

1. The
   supervisor program remains in memory, therefore it is referred to
   as resident.

2. DVD
   drives read DVD disks (by) using blue laser light.

3. Input
   and output operations are invoked by applications programs
   but/although/;however, they are carried out by the operating
   system.

4. If
   you use a simple password, a hacker may guess it easily.

Task3

MP3
is a set of standards for compressing
and
storing digital
audio
and video. Whereas CDs and WAV
files
require about 11
MB
for one minute of sound, MP3
files
give you the same sound
quality
in a format
which
requires only about 1MB
for
each minute
so
a single track takes only three to five megabytes.

Computers
store sound as digital information.They do this by sampling
—
taking
a sample of the sound thousands of times per
second.
CDs
store
information in a format called CD-DA.This samples 44,000
times
per second
and
is broadly similar to WAV.

MP3
files depend on the fact that our brains
do
not detect all sounds.
An
MP3 encoder removes from a WAV file
all
but the parts we don’t hear.
Sounds
above 16kHz are inaudible
for
most people so these can be removed.
Quieter
sounds masked by loud sounds of a similar frequency
are
also removed.The result is an MP3 file which is much smaller
than
the WAV original.

KEY
UNITS 11-15

Taskl

1. Avoid
   leaving the email subject line blank.

2. Never
   send very large attachments without asking the recipient’s
   permission.

3. You
   must not use the same password all the time.

4. Don’t
   use capital letters; it’s considered shouting.

5. Before
   joining a new online group, you should observe for a while.

6. It’s
   a good idea to check out the FAQ page before you ask questions.

7. Never
   email any information you want to keep secure.

8. You
   had better not leave a running machine unattended.

9. I
   recommend you delete flames. Don’t start a flame war.

10. You
    should not borrow from someone’s website
    without asking permission.

Task
2

1
Telnet
is
an Internet service enabling users to log on to their computers at a
distance.

1. FTP
   is
   an Internet service used to download files from a server.

2. IRC
   is
   an Internet service allowing users to chat in real time.

3. The
   Web
   is
   an Internet service making webpages available to millions of users
   worldwide.

4. The
   Internet
   is
   a huge number of computers linked together.

5. A
   LAN
   is
   usually a network connecting computers over a small distance such as
   within a company.

6. CMC
   is
   communication using computers.

7. A
   search
   engine is
   an Internet search tool consisting of databases of information that
   can be searched using keywords or phrases.

8. Subject
   directories are
   hierarchically organised indexes categorised into subject areas.

9. A
   gateway
   is
   a collection of hardware and software enabling a network to
   communicate with a dissimilar network.

Task3

No
search engine covers the entire Web.The scale is too enormous. Meta
search tools may cover forty per cent at best.
When
you use a search engine,
you
are searching a database.
Keyword
search engines build their own database
of
search items.They depend on
search
robots which browse
the
Web stopping at each site to find keywords
to
add to their indexes. Most of them index
every
word they find in a document. These search
engines
can produce a huge number of hits
for
any keyword you enter but many may have no relevance to your search.

Because
search engines can only find Web
pages
that are linked
to
other websites or Usenet news
articles,
they cannot find sites
which
stand alone. In addition, they cannot
evaluate
in any way the material they find.The result can be that you have a
large amount of irrelevant and inappropriate hits and may miss
the
most helpful site.

Searching
for phrases or a combination
of
key words is more effective than searching for single
words.
Most search engines offer advanced search facilities which
can
be used to combine and exclude
words
and phrases from your search.

KEY
UNITS 16-20

Taskl

1. to
   find/find

2. getting

3. to
   locate

4. orbiting

5. built

6. to
   calculate

7. using

8. used

9. to
   be broadcast

10. flash

Task
2

1. It
   is possible GPRS phones will revolutionise the way we communicate.

2. GPRS
   phones will certainly provide faster Web access.

3. It
   is probable networks will support GPRS phones efficiently.

4. The
   next generation of mobile phones could be introduced next year.

5. The
   new phones might be a big disappointment.

Task3

1. Ensure
   the PC is disconnected before you remove the case.

2. You
   can widen the picture on your monitor.

3. Hackers
   shut down Hotmail for five hours.

4. Although
   it is not recommended, most people write down their passwords.

5. A
   gateway enables different kinds of networks to communicate.

Task
4

Your
computer could be infected
by
many different viruses.There are probably more
than
30,000
in
existence but only about
200
to
300
are
present in sufficient numbers to be a threat to your PC. We can
divide
viruses
into a small number of basic types.
Boot
sector viruses infect a computer when you boot
it.
File viruses infect executable
files
and the system when the files are mn.These are less common
now
that PCs mainly run Windows.

The
most common viruses now work in the Windows environment
and
are spread using

networks,
including
the Internet. Most are macro-viruses. Melissa is an example. Melissa
spread
using
email. It operated by using
the
Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macrolanguage
to
automate the Microsoft Outlook mail
client
to send itself to the first fifty addresses
in
the Outlook address book. In this way it infected millions of
computers
in
a few days.

A
worm is not a virus
but
it is a malicious
program.
It infiltrates your system’s network software
and
from there infects other systems.

KEY
UNITS 21-25

Taskl

1. You
   must be able to provide leadership to junior team members.

2. Excellent
   communication skills are essential.

3. You
   have to be able to manage a team.

4. You
   need to have/possess a positive and flexible attitude.

5. You
   must have/possess good resource planning skills.

Task
2

1. Laser
   light can
   travel
   faster than an electric current.

2. In
   future, domestic appliances will
   be able to
   report any breakdowns for repair.

3. Marconi
   was
   able to
   send a radio signal across the Atlantic.

4. Professor
   Warwick had a chip fitted into his arm which could
   open
   doors and switch on computers as he approached.

5. Imagine
   being
   able to
   access the Internet from a kitchen appliance.

Task3

1 It
was the Intel Pentium that was introduced in 1993.

OR
What was introduced in 1993
was
the Intel Pentium.

1. It
   was in 2001
   that
   Microsoft launched Windows XP.

2. It
   was the Wap phone that was the first mobile phone to make Internet
   access possible.

3. It
   was Gordon Moore that Moore’s Law is named after.

OR
It was Gordon Moore after whom Moore’s Law is named.

Key
to Progress Tests 133

5 What
we need is an alternative to silicon.

OR
It is an alternative to silicon that we need.

6 It
was the GPRS phone that became available in 2001.

OR
What became available in 2001
was
the GPRS phone.

7 It
is laser light that can switch faster than electric current.

OR
What can switch faster than electric current is laser light,

1. What
   Intel did in 1971
   was
   design the first microprocessor.

2. What
   Wap phone users didn’t like was waiting for Internet access.

OR
It was waiting for Internet access that Wap phone users didn’t like.

10 What
I don’t like is electronic books.

OR
It is electronic books that I don’t like.

Task
4

A
chip is basically millions of switches on a tiny piece
of
silicon. Each switch
is
a transistor. Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Intel, was the first
person
to
predict that the number
of
transistors on a standard size of silicon would
double
every eighteen months.This prediction
became
known

as
Moore’s Law. It’s not a law of physics but
developments
have shown it to be broadly true. With the number of transistors on
a chip
now
approaching fifty million, even
the
most optimistic processor designers are beginning to realise that
limits will soon be reached.

The
problem is that there is a natural limit
on
the number of transistors which can be squeezed onto a chip before
it
melts or the operation of the transistors becomes unpredictable. By
the 2010s, chip designers
expect
that processors will be built with 0.07
micron
technology.That means the distance between
circuits
will be a 700,000th of a millimetre.To reach even that stage will
cost billions of dollars.

So
designers have to look at alternatives
to
silicon. Optical computing works on the principle
that
laser light is faster than an electric current.
Quantum
computers would permit a kind of mega-parallel computing.
Computers
which use superconductivity are another possibility.
Fine­grained
multiprocessing which consists of thousands of simple processors
working together, may be a cheaper
alternative.
Even biological computing using DNA molecules is being considered.

Progress
test —
Units
1
to
5

1
Identify
these items.

1. It’s
   used for reading and writing to removable magnetic disks.

2. It’s
   used to input data through keys like a typewriter.

3. Its
   function is to control the timing of signals in the computer.

A
It’s used to control all the operations in a computer.

1. It’s
   for holding instructions which are needed to start up the computer.

2. It
   displays the output from a computer on a screen.

3. It’s
   a kind of memory which provides extremely fast access for sections
   of a program and its data.

4. Its
   function is to hold data read or written to it by the processor.

2
Convert
these instructions for fitting a new motherboard into a description
in the Present passive.

Example:

Access
the PCs system start-up program and note the hard disk’s parameters.

The
PC’s system start-up program is accessed and the hard disk’s
parameters are noted.

1. Turn
   off the computer and open the case.

2. Check
   the new motherboard to ensure it fits the system case.

3. Disconnect
   wires and cables and label them with tape.

4. Unplug
   all external peripherals.

5. Take
   out the add-in cards.

6. Remove
   the screws holding the motherboard.

7. Lift
   the motherboard carefully from the case.

8. Add
   the CPU and memory to the new motherboard.

9 Insert
the new motherboard. 10
Replace
the screws.

1. Replace
   cards and cables.

2. Switch
   on the computer and monitor.

3
Complete
each gap in this text with a suitable word from this list.

a	efficiency	expert
more	and	enables
features	multimedia	computers
enhances	getting	security
devices	environments	human
systems	educational	example
machine	video

Not
only is computing equipment ¹

smaller,
it is getting more sophisticated.

²
are
part of many machines and

³
that
once required continual

⁴
supervision
and control. Today,

computers
in ⁵
systems
result in

safer ⁶,
computers in cars improve

energy ⁷,
and computers in phones

provide ⁸
such
as call forwarding, call

monitoring,
and call answering.

Multimedia ⁹
are
known for their

¹⁰
and
entertainment value —
which

we
call edutainment ¹¹
combines

text
with sound, ¹²,
animation, and

graphics,
which greatly ¹³
the

interaction
between user and ¹⁴
and

can
make information ¹⁵
interesting

and
appealing to people ¹⁶
systems

software ¹⁷
computers
to ‘think’ like

experts.
Medical diagnosis expert systems, for

¹⁸,
can
help doctors pinpoint

¹⁹
patient’s
illness, suggest further

tests, ²⁰
prescribe
appropriate drugs.

Progress
test —
Units
6
to
10

1 Complete
these sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1. Don’t
   switch on without (check) the A drive for a floppy.

2. The
   Caps Lock key allows you (type) all in capitals.

3. You’ll
   have to get used (change) your password each month.

4. Changing
   the motherboard lets your computer (work) faster.

5. They
   tried (hack into) the Pentagon’s computers.

6. You
   can get advice by (phone) their help­line.

7. The
   mouse wheel enables you (scroll) up and down the document.

8. He
   objected to (pay) for long-distance calls to use the Internet.

9 I
want (learn) how to program in XML. 10
Before
(switch off), make sure you have

saved
your work.

2 Link
these pairs in the most appropriate way.

1. Enter
   the selection criteria. Click on the Find button.

2. Each
   MP3
   file
   has a tag.

This
permits extra information to be stored.

1. You
   forget to save regularly. You risk losing data.

2. Start
   the search.

Click
on the Find button.

1. The
   user is aware of the effects of different application programs.
   Operating systems are invisible to most users.

2. Each
   side of a DVD has two layers. This gives enormous storage capacity.

3. The
   supervisor program remains in memory.

It
is referred to as resident.

8 DVD
drives read DVD disks. They use blue laser light.

9
Input
and output operations are invoked by applications programs. They are
carried out by the operating system.

10
You
use a simple password. A hacker may guess it easily.

3
Complete
each gap in this text with a suitable word from this list.

brains	format	minute
second	CDs	frequency
MP3	smaller	compressing
hear	per	sound
digital	inaudible	removed
sounds	file	megabytes
sampling	WAV

MP3
is a set of standards for ¹
and

storing ²
audio
and video. Whereas

CDs
and ³
files
require about 11MB

for
one minute of sound, ⁴
files
give

you
the same ⁵
quality
in a

⁶
which
requires only about 1MB
for

each ⁷
so
a single track takes only

three
to five ⁸.

Computers
store sound as digital

information.
They do this by ….⁹
—

taking
a sample of the sound thousands of

times ¹⁰
second ¹¹
store

information
in a format called CD-DA. This

samples
44,ooo times per ¹²
and
is

broadly
similar to WAV.

MP3
files depend on the fact that our

¹³
do
not detect all ¹⁴.
An

MP3
encoder removes from a WAV ¹⁵

all
but the parts we don’t ¹⁶.
Sounds

above
16kHz are ¹⁷
for
most people

so
these can be ¹⁸.
Quieter sounds

masked
by loud sounds of a similar

¹⁹
are
also removed. The result is an

MP3
file which is much ²⁰
than
the

WAV
original.

_{Progress
test —
Units
11
to
15}

1
Rewrite
these warnings and pieces of advice on netiquette according to the
prompt.

1. Don’t
   leave the email subject line blank. Avoid…

2. You
   must not send very large attachments without asking the recipient’s
   permission. Never…

3. Don’t
   use the same password all the time. …must not…

4. Avoid
   using capital letters; it’s considered shouting. Don’t…

5. Before
   joining a new online group, observe for a while. …should…

6. Check
   out the FAQ page before you ask questions. …good idea…

7. You
   must not email any information you want to keep secure. Never…

8. Don’t
   leave a running machine unattended. …had better not…

9. Delete
   flames. Don’t start a flame war. …recommend…

10
Don’t
borrow from someone’s website without asking permission. …should
not…

2
Complete
these definitions with the correct participle of the verb given in
brackets.

1. Telnet
   is
   an Internet service (enable) users
   to
   log on to their computers at a distance.

2. FTP
   is
   an Internet service (use) to download files from a server.

3. IRC
   is
   an Internet service (allow) users to chat in real time.

4. The
   Web
   is
   an Internet service (make) webpages available to millions of users
   worldwide.

5. The
   Internet
   is
   a huge number of computers (link) together.

6. A
   LAN is usually a network (connect) computers over a small distance
   such as within a company.

7. ШС
   is
   communication (use) computers.

8. A
   search
   engine is
   an Internet search tool (consist of) databases of information that
   can be searched using keywords or phrases.

9
Subject
directories are
hierarchically organised indexes (categorise) into subject areas.

10
A
gateway
is
a collection of hardware and software (enable) a network to
communicate with a dissimilar network.

3
Complete
each gap in this text with a suitable word from this list.

best	engine	keywords
search	browse	entire
linked	single	cannot
exclude	miss	sites
combination	hits	news
Web	database	index
on	which

No
search engine covers the ¹
Web.

The
scale is too enormous. Meta search tools

may
cover forty per cent at ².
When

you
use a search ³,
you are searching

a
database. Keyword search engines build their

own ⁴
of
search items. They depend

⁵
search
robots which ⁶
the

Web,
stopping at each site to find ⁷
to

add
to their indexes. Most of them ⁸

every
word they find in a document. These

⁹
engines
can produce a huge number

of ¹⁰
for
any keyword you enter but

many
may have no relevance to your search.

Because
search engines can only find

¹¹
pages
that are ¹²
to

other
websites or Usenet ¹³
articles,

they
cannot find ¹⁴
which
stand

alone.
In addition, they ¹⁵
evaluate
in

any
way the material they find. The result can be that you have a large
amount of irrelevant

and
inappropriate hits and may ¹⁶
the

most
helpful site.

Searching
for phrases or a ¹⁷
of

key
words is more effective than searching for

¹⁸
words.
Most search engines offer

advanced
search facilities ¹⁹
can
be

used
to combine and ²⁰
words
and

phrases
from your search.

_{Progress
test —
Units
16
to
20}

1 Put
the verbs in brackets in the correct form in this description of GPS

GPS
helps drivers ¹
(find) the

quickest
route and prevents walkers

²
(get) lost. It allows mapmakers

³
(locate) a feature exactly. GPS is

made
up of satellites ⁴
(orbit) the

earth
combined with mapping software

⁵
(build) into receivers. The receivers

pick
up signals from at least three satellites

and
use that information ⁶
(calculate)

their
exact position. To prevent terrorists

⁷
(use) the system for missile control,

the
US Defense Department ⁸
(use)

to
build in some error but this is no longer done. GPS is the basis for
car navigation systems. If the driver goes off route, the

system
causes warnings ⁹

(broadcast)
in the car or makes a light
¹⁰
(flash) on and off.

2 Rewrite
each of these statements using the certainty expression in brackets
to produce a statement of similar meaning.

1. GPRS
   phones may revolutionise the way we communicate, (possible)

2. It
   is certain GPRS phones will provide faster Web access, (certainly)

3. Networks
   will probably support GPRS phones efficiently, (probable)

4. It
   is possible the next generation of mobile phones will be introduced
   next year, (could)

5. The
   new phones could be a big disappointment, (might)

3
Rewrite
each of these statements by replacing the words in italics with
ел-/-ел
or phrasal verbs of a similar meaning.

1. Make
   sure the
   PC is disconnected before you remove the case.

2. You
   can make
   the
   picture on your monitor wider.

1. Hackers
   closed
   Hotmail
   for five hours.

2. Although
   it is not recommended, most people record
   their
   passwords.

3. A
   gateway makes
   it possible for different
   kinds of networks to communicate.

4
Complete
each gap in this text with a suitable word from this list.

about	divide	mail
software	addresses	environment
malicious	spread	boot
executable	more	types
common	infected	networks
using	computers	macrolanguage
run	virus

Your
computer could be ¹
by many

different
viruses. There are probably

²
than 30,000 in existence but only

³
200 to 300 are present in sufficient

numbers
to be a threat to your PC. We can

⁴
viruses into a small number of basic

⁵.
Boot sector viruses infect a

computer
when you ⁶
it. File viruses

infect ⁷
files and the system when the

files
are ⁸.
These are less ⁹

now
that PCs mainly run Windows.

The
most common viruses now work in the
Windows ¹⁰
and are spread using

¹¹₉
including the Internet. Most are

macro-viruses.
Melissa is an example. Melissa

¹²
using email. It operated by

¹³
the Visual Basic for Applications

(VBA) ¹⁴
to automate the Microsoft

Outlook ¹⁵
client to send itself to the

first
fifty ¹⁶
in the Outlook address

book.
In this way it infected millions of

¹⁷
in a few days.

A
worm is not a ¹⁸
but it is a

¹⁹
program. It infiltrates your

system’s
network ²⁰
and from there

infects
other systems.

Progress
test — Units 21 to 25

1
Make
each of these essential specifications for an IT Team Leader into a
sentence using the words given in brackets.

1. Ability
   to provide leadership to junior team members, (must)

2. Excellent
   communication skills, (essential)

3. Ability
   to manage a team, (have to)

4. Positive
   and flexible attitude, (need to)

5. Good
   resource planning skills, (must)

2
Fill
in the blanks with the correct form of can
or
be
able to, whichever
is correct.

1 Laser
light travel faster than an

electric
current

2 In
future, domestic appliances

report
any breakdowns for repair.

3 Marconi send
a radio signal

across
the Atlantic.

4 Professor
Warwick had a chip fitted into his

arm
which open doors and switch

on
computers as he approached.

5 Imagine to
access the Internet

from
a kitchen appliance.

3 Rewrite
these sentences to emphasise the words in italics.

1. The
   Intel Pentium was
   introduced in 1993.

2. Microsoft
   launched Windows XP In
   2001.

3. The
   Wap phone was
   the first mobile phone to make Internet access possible.

4. Moore’s
   Law is named after Gordon
   Moore.

5. We
   need an
   alternative to silicon.

6. The
   GPRS phone became
   available in 2001.

7. Laser
   light can
   switch faster than electric current.

8. Intel
   designed
   the first microprocessor in
   1971.

9. Wap
   phone users didn’t like waiting
   for Internet access.

10
I don’t like electronic
books.

4 Complete
each gap in this text with a suitable word from this list.

alternatives	chip	limit
prediction	before	computing
number	principle	between
current	person	soon
but	designers	piece
switch	cheaper	even
possibility	would

A
chip is basically millions of switches on a tiny

¹
of silicon. Each ²
is a

transistor.
Gordon Moore, the co-founder of

Intel,
was the first ³
to predict that

the ⁴
of transistors on a standard size

of
silicon ⁵
double every eighteen

months.
This ⁶
became known as

Moore’s
Law. It’s not a law of physics

⁷
developments have shown it to be

broadly
true. With the number of transistors on

a ⁸
now approaching fifty million,

⁹
the most optimistic processor

designers
are beginning to realise that limits
will ¹⁰
be reached.

The
problem is that there is a natural

¹¹
on the number of transistors which

can
be squeezed onto a chip ¹²
it

melts
or the operation of the transistors becomes unpredictable. By the
2010s, chip

¹³
expect that processors will be built

with
0.07 micron technology. That means the

distance ¹⁴
circuits will be a

700,000th
of a millimetre. To
reach even that stage will cost billions of dollars.

So
designers have to look at ¹⁵
to

silicon.
Optical computing works on the

¹⁶
that laser light is faster than an

electric ¹⁷.
Quantum computers

would
permit a kind of mega-parallel

¹⁸.
Computers which use

superconductivity
are another ¹⁹.

Fine-grained
multiprocessing, which consists of thousands of simple processors
working

together,
may be a ²⁰
alternative.

Even
biological computing using DNA molecules is being considered.

©
Oxford University Press PHOTOCOPIABLE

Oxford
English for

A) What is stress?
Stress can affect anyone at any time. It is the body’s response to a situation which is challenging or threatening. This response can be helpful at times: positive stress 1) help you to meet deadlines or survive physical danger 2) by producing motivation and energy. However, when you are under intense pressure, you may experience the symptoms of negative stress.
Что такое стресс?
Стресс может затронуть любого в любое время. Это реакция организма на ситуацию, которая является сложной или угрожающей. Этот ответ может быть полезен время от времени: положительный стресс помогает вам соблюдать крайние сроки или переживать физическую опасность путем создания мотивации и энергии. Однако, когда вы находитесь под сильным давлением, вы можете испытывать симптомы негативного стресса.
B) What causes stress?
Apart from a major trauma like an accident or the death of someone close, not many events are stressful in themselves. Stress arises when you see a situation as threatening or 3) difficult to deal with or when you have very high expectations. For example, organising a surprise party may 4) make you feel anxious because you don’t want anything to go wrong, whereas others may enjoy planning it and 5) keep it secret.
Что вызывает стресс?
Помимо серьезных травм, таких как несчастный случай или смерть кого-то близкого, не многие события являются напряженными сами по себе. Стресс возникает, когда вы видите ситуацию как угрозу или с ней трудно справиться или когда у вас очень высокие ожидания. Например, организация неожиданной вечеринки может заставить вас почувствовать беспокойство, потому что вы не хотите, чтобы что-то пошло не так, в то время как другие могут получать удовольствие от планирования и держать это в секрете.
C) What are the symptoms of stress?
People who suffer from stress often complain of headaches, sweaty hands or ‘butterflies’ in the stomach. Lack of sleep, 6) feeling tired and bad-tempered, and not 7) being able to concentrate are also common symptoms.
Каковы симптомы стресса?
Люди, страдающие от стресса, часто жалуются на головные боли, потные руки или «бабочки» в желудке. Отсутствие сна, чувство усталости и плохое настроение, и невозможность сосредоточиться также являются распространенными симптомами.
D) What can you do to reduce stress? — Что вы можете сделать, чтобы уменьшить стресс?
First, work out what is causing it. Knowing what causes stress for you can help you to cope with it better. Here are some strategies 9) of coping. — Во-первых, разберитесь что вызывает его. Знание того, что вызывает стресс для вас, может помочь вам справиться с этим лучше. Вот несколько стратегий преодоления.
о Don’t take on more than you know you can do: learn to turn 10) down some of the requests people make. — Не принимайте больше, чем вы знаете, что можете сделать: научитесь отклонять некоторые запросы, которые люди делают.
о Take regular breaks: go for a walk, 11) work out at the gym, listen to music. — Делайте регулярные перерывы: прогуляйтесь, тренируйтесь в спортзале, слушайте музыку.
о Eat a balanced diet and avoid 12) drinking alcohol and smoking. — Ешьте сбалансированную пищу и избегайте употребления алкоголя и курения.
о Share your thoughts and fears with friends and family members: this may be difficult at first if you are not used to 13) speak about your feelings, but studies have shown that socially active people are better 14) at dealing with stress. — Поделитесь своими мыслями и опасениями с друзьями и членами семьи: сначала это может быть сложно, если вы не привыкли к говорить о своих чувствах, но исследования показали, что социально активные люди лучше справляются со стрессом.
о 15) Try to find humour or absurdity in stressful situations. Laughing reduces stress. — Попытайтесь найти юмор или абсурд в стрессовых ситуациях. Смех снижает стресс.