Phonetic analysis of the word

Test. Phonetic transcription and phonetic analysis

Be careful! You have 10 minutes to complete the test. The grading system is 5 points. Scoring of the test — 3,4,5 points, depending on the complexity of the question. The order of tasks and answer options in the test is random. You will be able to familiarize yourself with the mistakes and correct answers after passing the test. Good luck!

Indicate where is true and where is false.

Answer options

• when transcribing, stress must be indicated
• during phonetic analysis, the ratio of letters and sounds is indicated
• for phonetic parsing, we use capital letters, but for transcription, we do not
• transcription is a recording of speech using letters

Select the character that is used in phonetic transcription.

Word transcription. Phonetic parsing of a word

The ability to analyze a word from the point of view of its pronunciation will help the student understand cases of inconsistency between what we hear and what we write, help systematize knowledge about phonetics and spelling (in particular, about the principles of spelling), teach to pronounce and write words correctly. The most common type of such analysis is phonetic analysis, which requires information about the sounds of speech.

Phonetic analysis begins with the correct spelling of a word, dividing it into syllables, and stressing.

Then you need to write the word as it sounds, that is, make its transcription.

In order not to be mistaken, you need to pronounce the word out loud, paying attention to how it is and remember the basic rules:

For example, the word FROST:

mo-roz, the stress falls on the second syllable.

It remains to count the number of sounds and letters.

In this word, it is the same: letters 5 and sounds 5.

Phonetic parsing plan

Thus, phonetic analysis is done according to the following plan:

1. Writing a word, dividing into syllables, stressing.
2. Transcription.
3. Characteristics of sounds.
4. Explanation of cases of mismatch of sounds and letters, changes in sounds.
5. Counting the number of letters and sounds, explanation in case of mismatch.

Correspondence tables of letters and sounds for phonetic parsing

With the help of phonetic analysis, one can illustrate cases of stunning and voicing of consonants, explain the need to check unstressed vowels by placing them in a strong position (under stress), consider examples of mismatch in the number of sounds and letters, etc.

Phonetic parsing examples

Police — mi-li-qi-i

7 letters, 8 sounds; the letter I denotes 2 sounds, since it is located after the vowel.

As if

5 letters, 4 sounds; sounds D and T merge into a long [t¯], sound D is deafened.

Examples of tasks with elements of phonetic analysis

Possible entertaining tasks that help to awaken the interest of schoolchildren in phonetics and spelling, attentiveness to spelling.

For example: determine what words will turn out if you pronounce the sounds of which they are composed in reverse order? Code, arab, spruce, paradise, ice.

(Answers: current, steam, lei, yar, roofing paper).

To complete the assignment, children need to write down the transcription of the word and then read it in reverse: paradise — [paradise] — [yar] — yar.

Or a task of this type: determine how many times soft consonants are found in the sentence “Don’t work — you won’t get bread”.

(Answer 5: [n ‘] — 2 times, [d’] [l ‘] [b’] — 1 time).

To complete this task, students need to write down a transcription of the entire sentence. It must be remembered that in the flow of speech, sounds affect each other, change. For example, HOW would [kagby] sound, that is, the sound [k] becomes voiced under the influence of the subsequent voiced [b]. Similar tasks can be found in the Russian language Olympiads.

Text transcription rules

Correct division into syllables helps to wrap words from one line to another, but it must be remembered that division into syllables does not always coincide with dividing a word into parts for hyphenation. The transfer rules are presented in the table:

Word wrap rules

Source: http://olgadyachenko.ru/foneticheskij-razbor-slova-transkripciya.html

How to make a transcription of English words, sentences and whole texts

Modern robots (programs) read English words very well

I recently added transcriptions to the 500 and 3000 common English dictionaries, spending a lot of time on it. I want to tell you exactly how I did it without spending an eternity on it. If you suddenly need to make a transcription of English words, texts, this advice will help you.

We make transcription using online dictionaries

In «Lingvo» you can not only see the transcription and meanings, but also listen to the word

When composing a transcription on a computer, and not by hand, the problem is that phonetic characters that are not on the keyboard need to be found somewhere and somehow typed.

If you need to transcribe several words, the easiest way is to find them in an online dictionary, for example, Lingvo Online, and copy / paste the transcription from there. It is much faster and easier than searching for symbols in a text editor or copying them from somewhere one by one.

But difficulties arise when there are tens, hundreds or even thousands of such words, as it was in my case. You can’t do without a special program.

Lingorado — transcription of English words and texts in a few clicks

There are quite a few online tools where you can copy English words, click OK and get the transcription, I’ve tried a few and my favorite is lingorado.com.

It works like this:

• Add words or text to the window (there is only one).
• Select transcription settings such as British or American, output only transcription or text with transcription, etc.
• Click the Show Transcription button.
• You can also listen to the pronunciation of the text (the robot reads well).

Depending on the selected settings, the program will issue a transcription, text + transcription, or even “transcription in Russian letters” (may name from Vitya).

But these are all small things, what I liked the most about this program is that it can cope with the main difficulty of transcribing: in English, the same spelling word can be pronounced differently, its meaning depends on it.

For example, the word progress can be read with stress on the first syllable [ˈPrəʊgrəs], and maybe with an emphasis on the last [prəʊˈgrɛs]… In the first case it is the noun «progress», in the second — the verb «to progress». Word wind can be pronounced like [wɪnd] — the wind, or maybe how [waɪnd] — twist. And there are quite a few such nuances.

Most sites that convert text into transcription ignore these nuances. That is, if you hammer in the words progress and wind, they are transcribed in one way, and you will not even know that there is another option. Lingorado has taken this nuance into account. If there are words with different pronunciation options, their transcription will be highlighted in blue.

The word «progress» can be pronounced in two ways — and they will be two different words.

Hovering over the blue word, you will see a hint where it will be written, what are the options for its pronunciation and how they differ. If you click on the blue word, the transcription will change to another version.

Words can also be highlighted in red — this means that the given word is absent in the dictionary base of the program. Here you will have to look for it manually in the online dictionary, but from my own experience I will say that this rarely happens.

The only drawback I see is that the parentheses in the transcription are either added to each word, or not added at all. That is, the phrase “be afraid of” is transcribed either like this:

biː əˈfreɪd ɒv

either like this:

[biː] [əˈfreɪd] [ɒv]

And if you need it like this:

[biː əˈfreɪd ɒv]

will have to dig deeper manually, removing unnecessary parentheses.

How to quickly watch the transcription of English words in the browser

In conclusion, I will give one more little advice. If you often read English in a browser, the easiest way to see the transcription and translation of an unfamiliar word is with a dedicated translator plugin. My favorite is “LeoTranslator” (works with Chrome browser).

It works like this:

• We click on the word with the mouse.
• A window appears with translation, transcription and pronunciation.
• Words can be added to the personal vocabulary layer to repeat later.

Click on the picture to learn more about the plugin

The LeoTranslator plugin works in conjunction with the Lingualeo service. Words saved with it are saved in your Lingualeo account (if you have one, of course).

Source: https://langformula.ru/transkripciya-anglijskih-slov/

Polish language. Pronunciation and transcription

Pronunciation and transcription (notes on the phrasebook)

Note. When writing, we replace special Polish characters with combinations of a Latin letter and a stroke or comma. And in the transcription, wherever a comma should be in the Polish text, we put a semicolon.

Thus, we write: 
  — A, — C ‘- E, — L’ — N ‘- O’ — S ‘ 
The letters zet and zet are written in the same way:, — Z ‘.

Pronunciation

    We only present here the basic rules that are designed to help those who do not know Polish to start speaking. In fact, the Polish pronunciation is much more difficult, and without hearing live speech it is impossible to learn how to pronounce hissing and nasal sounds correctly.

Vowels

The vowel «A» is always pronounced like the Russian semi-stressed A

The vowel «O» is always pronounced as the Russian syllable O.

The vowel «U» has a double letter image: «U» — «O ‘» and is pronounced like the Russian U.

The vowel «E» is pronounced like a Russian stressed E.
at the beginning of the word — «ie». in the middle of the word — “ie”. The vowel «I» is pronounced like the Russian I.

The vowel «I» at the beginning of the word does not change, in contrast to the Russian language, its quality, ie. not pronounced as Ы after words ending in solid consonants; in the middle of a word softens the previous consonant.

The vowel «Y» is always pronounced like the Russian Y. , in transcription after w, w, u we write I.

Nasal vowels: «A,», «E,».

There are nasal vowels in Polish. These sounds are absent in Russian. The vowels «A,», «E,» (nasal) in transcription are denoted according to pronunciation, namely: (nasal) 

o «, e» before g, k, ch, w, f, z, s, z ‘, s’

he, en — before d, t, dz, c, dz ‘, cz

ohm, uh — before b, p

on, en — before dz, s’.

The vowel «A,» sounds like an average between «OU» and «OH» («YOU» and «YON») (while H is not read, as in English endings -ing). After soft consonants it is read as «YON» (with a nasal «H»), after hard consonants — «OH» (with a nasal «N.» It retains its nasal character at the end of words.

The vowel «E,» sounds like an average between «EU» and «EN» («EU» and «EN») (the rules are the same as for A,). In colloquial speech, «E,» at the end of words is pronounced as pure E.

Consonants

The consonants «B», «P», «D», «T», «G», «K», «W», «F», «M», «N» are pronounced simply like Russian B, P, D , T, G, K, V, F, M, N.

The consonant «G» is always pronounced (also in the ending of the genitive case of adjectives and pronouns) as G (eg dobrego [dobego], and not softened, as in Russian [dobevo].

The consonants «C», «Z», «S» before the vowels a a, e e, o o ‘uy and before the consonants are pronounced as Russian Ts, Z, S.

The consonant «N» = «CH», which has a double written image, is always pronounced like the Russian H.

The consonant «L ‘» (L with an apostrophe) sounds like a cross between B and Y (very similar to the pronunciation of English W). Does not match vowel I.

The consonant «L» corresponds to the Russian ЛЬ and does not combine with the vowel Y. (The pure sound Л in Polish does not occur — either В-У or ЛЬ.)

The consonant «Z ‘» (Z with a dot), «RZ» (g), which has a double written image, corresponds to the Russian J. This sound is not combined with I.

The consonant «SZ» is pronounced like the Russian Ш and does not combine with the vowel I.

The consonant «DZ» (ДЗ) is a voiced correspondence of the consonant «C» and is pronounced together.

The consonant «СZ» (Ч) differs from the Russian Ch in that this sound is always solid and does not combine with I. Therefore, in the transcription of Ch it should be read approximately like Ch in the Russian word «is better, and not as in the words» often, person «And others. (For the Russian language, it is rather difficult to imagine how» CH «can be solid. )

The consonant «DZ ‘» (Z with a dot), in the DZ transcription, is a voiced correspondence of the consonant «CZ», pronounced together and does not combine with I.

In the Polish language there is often a combination of the consonant «SZ» — with the consonant «CZ» — «SZCZ» in the transcription of Sh. They do not merge into one sound and are pronounced firmly (eg Deszcz — [deshch]). The combination «Z’DZ ‘» (both Z with a dot) is a voiced match of the combination «SZCZ». The sound «J» corresponds to the Russian J.

In the transcription, after the vowels, we write И, and at the beginning of the word, as in Russian, e, e, yu, i. In the transcription of words such as, for example, racja, kolizja, komisja,

«Cja» is designated as qya [ratsya]

«Zja» — zya [coliseum]

«Sja» — sya [komisya].

The softness of consonants

The consonants «B», «P», «G», «K», «W», «F», «CH», «M», just like in Russian, can be soft and hard. These consonants can only be soft before vowels. They cannot be soft at the end of a word or syllable:

Before the vowels A, O, E, U (O ‘), the softness of the consonants is indicated by the letter «I», which in this case is only a sign of the softness of the consonant. These letter combinations are transcribed as: E, Yo, Yu, Z

The consonant «N ‘» (N with an apostrophe) is pronounced like the Russian Hb (dzien’ [dzhen]).

The consonant «S ‘» (S with an apostrophe), in the transcription of u, is softer (as far as possible) than the Russian U, almost as approximately the same as the first midrange in the word «happiness». The consonant «Z» (Z with an apostrophe) (ЗЬ) is a voiced correspondence of the consonant «S ‘».

The consonant «C ‘» (C with an apostrophe) (CH) is pronounced a little softer than the Russian TH
(pisac [pisach]).

This consonant is pronounced approximately the same way as the Russian consonant Ч in the words «often, person», etc. 

The consonant «DZ ‘» (Z with an apostrophe) is a voiced correspondence of the consonant «C» and is pronounced together. In the Polish language, there is a combination of consonants «S ‘» and «C'» — «S’C ‘». In this combination, both consonants are pronounced clearly and do not merge.

(In fact, this is the easiest combination to pronounce: ЩЧ (czes’c ‘- [cheschch]).

) The softness of consonants at the end of words and before consonants is denoted in Polish by N ‘, S’, Z ‘, C’, DZ ‘, in transcription we write nn, sch, zh, h, dj, and before vowels to soften in Polish we write i (ia, ie, io, iu), in transcription I, e, e, y.

At the end of words, voiced ones are pronounced dully.

Emphasis

This is the only thing with which you will never have problems — in Polish, the stress is always on the penultimate syllable. (Exceptions are complex reflexive verbs, which are almost absent in our phrasebook).

Phrasebook notes

We tried to make the transcription as close as possible to real pronunciation. Connoisseurs may find some inaccuracies, but we have done everything that can be written in Russian letters.

For a person who wants to learn basic phrases in a short time, our phrasebook is completely suitable. Those who seriously study Polish should make certain adjustments to the transcription.

Source: http://www.polska.ru/jezyk/wymowa.html

How to pronounce the sound th, or The devil is not so terrible as he is painted

Readers of our constant phonetic column have repeatedly asked in the comments to make out the interdental sound th. This is not at all surprising: th is one of the most common sounds in the English language, while in Russian (and in many others) this sound simply does not exist.

How to pronounce it? How to fix common mistakes? How to “train your mouth” to pronounce correctly? Today we will answer these questions with videos, exercises, tongue twisters, words and examples from songs.

What sound do the letters th

Let’s just make a reservation right away that th is not a sound. This is a combination of letters that can be read as two sounds: voiceless / θ /, as in a word thanks, and voiced / ð /, as in the word that. It is with these signs that the interdental “th sounds” are denoted in transcription. But in the article I will sometimes write “th sound” for convenience.

Both sounds, both ringing and deaf, articulated the same (lips and tongue are in the same position). Therefore, we will build the work as follows:

1. First, let’s learn the correct position of the mouth for both sounds;
2. Then we will analyze possible mistakes and find out how to fix them;
3. Then we will work out each sound separately on tongue twisters and words.

How to pronounce th in english

Yes, we do not have these sounds. But we have the concept of lisping. Do you remember the sloth Sid from the Ice Age: “No, I фwhetherфwho is young фto die! ”. In the English explanatory dictionary, the word «lisp» (to lisp) is interpreted as «a speech defect in which s and z sound like th in think and this, respectively.»

This video is just talking about the lisp. I recommend for viewing: simple and humorous.

That is, it turns out that we need to pronounce Russian / s / lisp for a deaf / θ / and Russian / z / — for a voiced / ð /. How is it «lisping»? Say the word «composition» right now. When pronouncing the sound / c /, your tongue is behind your teeth. Now put your tongue between teeth (th sound — interdental) and say “composition” again. You will get a semblance of a voiceless th, as in the word thick.

Now do the same, but with the word «gap». As a result, you will get a semblance of a voiced th, as in the word then.

Why do I say «likeness»? Because the Russians / s — z / are not identical to the English ones / s — z /, which means that their lisp will be slightly different. Therefore, let’s still dwell in more detail on the position of the articulatory apparatus.

How to pronounce th sound in english

Language sprawled and tense, and its tip is between the upper and lower teeth, forming a narrow flat gap between incisal edge of upper teeth and the surface of the anterior edge of the tongue.

To learn the ideal setting of the articulation apparatus, I suggest you watch the video. It shows three life hacks:

2:08 — how to put the articulation apparatus in the ideal position: open your mouth, put your tongue on top of your lower teeth so that the tip is directly behind your lower lip and slowly lower your upper teeth onto your tongue — try to pronounce the voiceless variant th, as in think.

2:52 — how to feel the necessary tension of the tongue: we take a straw and put it between the tongue and upper teeth — this way you will feel how strong the tension should be on the tongue.

3:36 — how far to stick your tongue forward: put your finger perpendicular to your lips (as when we ask you to be quieter) and stick your tongue out. The tongue should lightly touch the finger — this is the limit.

And do not forget to repeat the sentences and words after the leader! This sound takes practice and more practice.

Interdental sound pronunciation th: video.

How to pronounce th sound in russian

Now that you have figured out what position the articulation apparatus should be in, let’s laugh together at the typical mistakes of Russian speakers in order to avoid them in practice (which, by the way, will go right after this point).

Possible mistakes:	How to fix:
Replacing the voiceless / θ / with / s / (think we pronounce “sync”); Replacing the voiced / ð / with / z / (then we pronounce it like “zen”).	Do not bend the front back of your tongue up. + The tip of the tongue should be between the teeth, and not at the base of the lower front teeth (and not at the alveoli, as for English sz) .Consider exercises for the contrast of words, for example: mouth / maʊθ / — mouse / maʊs /, thing / θɪŋ / — sing / sɪŋ /, with / wɪð / — whizz / wɪz /.
Replacing the voiceless / θ / with / f / (pronounce three like “fri”); Replacing the voiced / ð / with / in / (pronounce breathe like “brive”).	Expose your teeth, especially the lower ones, as when brushing them, so that the lower lip does not come into contact with the upper teeth and does not come close to them. /.
Replacing the voiceless / θ / with the sound / t / (pronounced thick as “tick”); Replacing the voiced / ð / with / d / (pronounce this as “diz”).	Do not press the front of the tongue against the upper teeth: it is lowered down, and the tip is between the teeth. Read the exercises for the contrast of words, for example: thick / θɪk / — tick / tɪk /.
Stunning the voiced variant of th / ð / ⇒ replacement with the voiceless variant / θ / at the end of a word. It can happen out of habit, because in Russian, voiced consonants at the end of a word are pronounced dull.	Remember that in English, voiced sounds at the end of a word are not stunned! Rebuke exercises for contrast of words, for example: teeth / tiːθ / — teethe / tiːð /.

See, it’s not all that difficult.

Source: https://corp.lingualeo.com/ru/2017/02/02/kak-proiznositsya-zvuk-th/

English transcription translation and pronunciation

›Language learning› Translation and reading ›English transcription, translation and pronunciation of frequently used words

We come across a discrepancy in the spelling and pronunciation of English words already in the first lessons, when we independently begin to read small texts and translate them. Therefore, along with the alphabet and the simplest vocabulary, novice students need to get acquainted with such a concept as English transcription.

It is this multi-character system that helps to convey the pronunciation of the sounds that make up the word in writing. In today’s lesson, we will analyze the work of these symbols in practice, i.e. we will learn how the English transcription should sound correctly, the translation and pronunciation of the most useful words.

At the same time, examples of correct sounding will be presented in both English and Russian. But first, let’s take a look at a few useful rules.

The principle of working with transcription

Recording. Make it a rule that the transcription of English words is always written using square brackets: book — [bʊk] — book.

Stress. To indicate stress, use an apostrophe or, more simply, a stroke icon ‘that precedes the stressed syllable: dictionary — [ˈDɪkʃənrɪ]— dictionary.

Special signs. Dots, colons, parentheses, and resized letters may appear in transcriptional notation.

• Period — English uses this transcriptional character as a syllable separator: undisputed — [ˈɅndɪsˈpjuːtɪd] — undeniable.
• Colon — indicator of a long drawn out sound: water — [‘wɔ: tə] — water.
• Parentheses are an indicator that the sound enclosed in them is not pronounced or pronounced very weakly: happen — [‘hæp(ə) n] — to happen, to happen.
• Changed letter size — not always pronounced sound. You can often find the r sound written in superscript format. It is an indicator that the pronunciation of a word depends on the dialect or other circumstances, for example, the following word: car — [kɑːr] — a car. By the way, the British pronunciation of words is indicated by the abbreviation UK, and the American — US.

Repeated symbols. Depending on the studied dialect, the recording of transcription signs may also differ. However, only their spelling is excellent, these sounds are pronounced in the same way. Here are pairs of such identical symbols: [ɒ] = [ɔ], [e] = [ɛ], [ʊ] = [u], [əʊ] = [ɔu], [h:] = [ə:], [eə] = [ɛə].

Armed with these rules, let’s begin our acquaintance with the transcription and pronunciation of the English language.

English transcription translation and pronunciation of popular words

It is not a novelty for a Russian person that words are not spoken the way they are written. But the sometimes very large-scale discrepancy that occurs in the English language will amaze even the most unimpressive native speakers of the Russian language.

In the following tables, we will study all the transcriptional signs of the English language, working out their correct sound with the help of popular words. Since we still have an initial level of knowledge, we will work with pronunciation in an easy mode, i.e.

additionally decoding English words with Russian letters. In addition, every word will be presented с translationohm into Russian.

So by the end of the study of tables, we will significantly expand our vocabulary and, working with entry-level texts, we can already do without dictionaries and online translators.

Let’s start with practicing vowel sounds, as they are the most «capricious» in pronunciation. Stretch out a short sound a little — and that’s it, you have already said not a ship, but a sheep. Therefore, be careful and monitor the quality of the pronunciation of each sound.

Vowel sounds
Sound	Word and transcription	Russian pronunciation	Transfer
[ɑː] Lingering a, approximately like a shock a in Russian. fellаand

Source: https://speakenglishwell.ru/anglijskaya-transkriptsiya-perevod-i-proiznoshenie/

We translate English text into transcription

You can immediately get a transcription of your English text here.

Recently I needed a transcription of not a single word, but a complete text. This is about the poem «The Chaos», which I wrote about earlier. Trying to read it without transcription is a dead number. Even native speakers of English are not overwhelmed by this or that word.

I’ve watched a dozen videos, and each has at least one word incorrectly pronounced. By the way, adult educated Englishmen confessed to me that it is a common thing for them to see a new word and do not know how to pronounce it.

What can we say about us studying.

Automatic online transcription

The benefits of parsing the entire poem with transcription are obvious — you may not remember all the readings, but you will get an idea of ​​all the diversity. With this in mind, I went to the Internet, looking for an online service that would help me quickly transcribe all the text. It turned out to be not so easy, since there are many transcription systems, and we need the IPA we are used to.

Or some services process the entire text, but give out a transcription of the American pronunciation, but I would like to see the British one. And the machine translation of a text into transcription itself is quite difficult, since the pronunciation of a word can change depending on the context and adjacent words. For example, «read» can read both [riːd] and [red].

Or the «r» at the end of a word will only sound if it is followed by a vowel (in British English). Well, and so on.

(Added on 25.03.2013/XNUMX/XNUMX: Since this article was published, this site has its own transcriptor of the English text, which is in many ways more convenient than the service, which is discussed below.)

I ended up stumbling across a website like this: photransedit.com/Online/Text2Phonetics.aspx. True, it only allows you to translate up to 300 characters at a time. But otherwise, he copes with the task.

To get what we usually see in our dictionaries, I turned off the «Syllabic Consonants» and «Intrusive / r /» checkboxes in the settings. The pronunciation that most textbooks in our country are guided by is Received Pronunciation (RP), a kind of British standard. We leave him. However, the site can also show you the American version if that’s what you are targeting or want to compare both pronunciations with each other.

Pronunciation of words in a weak and shock position

The first thing that caught my eye when I saw the result of the transcription was the unusual representation of service verbs, pronouns, etc.:

“You” and “your” look like [ju] and [jə]. “Does” look like [dəz], “has” like [həz], and “will” like [wəl]. “But” — [bət] , “As” — [əz], “and” — [ənd], “just” — [dʒəst].

And «is» and «are» are transformed in places into [z] and [ə].

The site follows the following rule here, which, with reservations, corresponds to English colloquial speech: a word is in the stressed position — and accordingly pronounced without reduction — if it is not a pronoun and at the same time is at the end of the phrase. For example,

I found some. => [aɪ faʊnd sʌm]
I found some coins. => [aɪ faʊnd səm kɔɪnz]

Pronunciation of the words «the», «to» and «is» usually follows its own rules.

• “The” sounds like [ðə] before consonants (the boy, the house) and [ði] before vowels (the egg, the hour).
• «To» sounds [tə] before consonants and [tu] before vowels.
• «Is» sounds [ɪz] after words ending in [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [ʧ], [ʤ]. The weak form [s] is used after words ending in [p], [t], [k], [f], [θ], and the form [z] is used after words ending in a vowel or sounds [b], [d] , [g], [v], [ð], [m], [n], [ŋ], [l], and in American English also [r].

As you can see, this is just a natural process of facilitating pronunciation, like our stunning-voicing of consonants. Therefore, I would not begin to memorize these «rules» in order to specifically speak in accordance with them. Where it is helpful to have an idea of ​​them is when communicating with native speakers, then the number of surprises and listening difficulties caused by «incorrect» pronunciation will not be so discouraging.

It is clear that the stressed or weak form is determined by the semantic stress, intonation and context, so the computer does not always succeed in choosing the right form. For example, I had to correct the pronunciation of the word «some» in the poem «The Chaos» for a percussive one, since it is part of the enumeration here. And the word «does» occurs in both versions. I also took the liberty of correcting «is» here and there for the full form, because otherwise the size of the verse would break.

The complete phonetic transcription of the poem can be seen alongside the original text on the updated English reading rules page.

Source: http://lingorado.com/english-text-phonetic-transcription/

Five translation and transcription, pronunciation, phrases and sentences. Five translation and transcription, pronunciation, phrases and sentences English 5 translation with transcription

Learn how the English numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 30, 50, 100, 1000, 1000000 are written in words and learn to count in English.

The VoxBook audio course contains many examples of the use of numbers and numbers. So in the novel by Robert Louis Stevenson «Treasure Island» from the famous song:

Fifteen men on the dead man’s chest [fifteen people on the dead man’s chest]
Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum [yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum]!
Drink and the devil had done for the rest
Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!

Below are the numbers in English with transcription and translation. Further, the methods of forming cardinal numbers (Cardinal Numerals) and English counting are discussed in detail.

Table: Numbers in English with transcription from 1 to 1000. Digit Title in Russian Title in English Trans-script

1	one	one
2	two	Two	[ˈTuː]
3	three	three	[θriː]
4	four	four
5	five	five
6	six	six
7	seven	seven	[ˈSevn̩]
8	eight	eight
9	nine	nine
10	ten	th
11	eleven	eleven	[ɪˈlevn̩]
12	twelve	twelve
20	twenty	Twenty	[ˈTwenti]
30	thirty	thirty	[ˈΘɜːti]
40	forty	forty	[ˈFɔːti]
50	fifty	fifty	[ˈFɪfti]
60	sixty	sixty	[ˈSɪksti]
70	seventy	seventy	[ˈSevnti]
80	eighty	eighty	[ˈEɪti]
90	ninety	ninety	[ˈNaɪnti]
100	one hundred	a (one) hundred	[əwʌnˈhʌndrəd]
1000	one thousand	a (one) thousand	[ə wʌn ˈθaʊzn̩d]
1000000	million	million / a (one) million	[ə (wʌn)ˈmɪlɪən]
1000000000	billion	milliard / a (one) milliard (BrE) billion / a (one) billion (AmE)	[ə (wʌn) ˈmɪlɪɑːd] [ə (wʌn) ˈbɪlɪəŋ]

BrE-British English, AmE-American English

Numbers in English 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

The numbers in English from 1 to 12 are i.e. denote the number of items and consist of one word (see table). The spelling of the English numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 must be remembered. All other English numbers are formed on the basis of their top ten.

Numbers in English from 13 to 19

In English, the numbers 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 are.
To form them, the suffix -teen is added to the English digit from 1 to 10 from the third column of the table. As a result, we get the figure needed to count from 13 to 19:

13 thirteen — thirteen [ˌΘɜːˈtiːn]
14 fourteen — fourteen [ˌFɔːˈtiːn]
15 fifteen — fifteen [ˌFɪfˈtiːn]
16 sixteen — sixteen
17 seventeen — seventeen [ˌSevnˈtiːn]
18 eighteen — eighteen [ˌEɪˈtiːn]
19 nineteen — nineteen [ˌNaɪnˈtiːn]

Note that in English numbers 13 and 15, the root 3 three and 5 five are mutated:
3 — 13

Accent of numbers with the -teen suffix.In English, numbers ending in the suffix -teen have two stresses, on the first and on the second syllable (ˌ weak secondary (secondary) stress and ˈ primary stress). Take a look at the transcription in order not to miss the pronunciation:

13 — thirteen [ˌθɜːˈtiːn] 14 — fourteen [ˌfɔːˈtiːn] 15 — fifteen [ˌfɪfˈtiːn]

If a numeral with a -teen suffix is ​​not followed by a noun, then during pronunciation the main stress falls on the -teen suffix: fifteen sixteen

When a numeral with the -teen suffix is ​​the definition of a noun (i.e. it is followed by a noun), then the stress in it falls not on the suffix, but only on its first syllable:
fifteen pencils [ˈfɪftiːn ˈpensl̩z] sixteen boxes [ˈsɪkstiːn ˈbɒksɪz]

In the VoxBook audio course in the tale «The Fish and the Ring» from the English Fairy Tales collection, in which you can hear such an accent (to do this, install the audio course on your computer and listen for yourself):

English numbers 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90

English numbers denoting whole tens of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, are derivatives of cardinal numbers. To form them, the suffix -ty is added to the tens digit from the third column of the table.

As a result, the required number of tens is obtained:

20 twenty — twenty [ˈTwenti]
30 thirty — thirty [ˈΘɜːti]
40 forty — forty [ˈFɔːti]
50 fifty — fifty [ˈFɪfti]
60 sixty — sixty [ˈSɪksti]
70 seventy — seventy [ˈSevnti]
80 eighty — eighty [ˈEɪti]
90 ninety — ninety [ˈNaɪnti]

Please note that in English numbers 20, 30, 40 and 50, the root of 2 two, 3 three, 4 four and 5 five is modified, and in the number 80 the repetition of the letter t disappears:

2 two — 20 ty [ˈtwenti] 3 three — 30 ty [ˈθɜːti] 4 four — 40 ty [ˈfɔːti] 5 five — 50 ty [ˈfɪfti]

8 eight — 80 ty [ˈeɪti]

Accent of numbers with the -ty suffix.In English numbers ending with the suffix -ty, the stress is only on the first syllable. Check out the transcription and pronunciation:

40 — forty [ˈfɔːti] 50 — fifty [ˈfɪfti]

60 — sixty [ˈsɪksti]

English numbers 100, 1000, 1000000

English numbers from 100 to 1000 and 1000000 are presented at the end of the table (see above).

In English, before 100 hundred, 1000 thousand, 1000000 million, either the indefinite article a (which has the value one — one) is put, or the word one is put:

100 one hundred — a (one) hundred [ə wʌn ˈhʌndrəd] (ie a hundred or one hundred)
1000 thousand — a (one) thousand

Please note that the article is not used with other cardinal numbers: Three pencils. Three pencils.

Two girls. Two girls.

In 100 hundred, 1000 thousand and 1000000 million, the endings -s are not put, including when they are preceded by another number other than one, for example:
100 one hundred (one hundred) — one hundred or a hundred 200 two hundred — two hundred 300 three hundred — three hundred 400 four hundred — four hundred 500 five hundred — five hundred 600 six hundred — six hundred 700 seven hundred — seven hundred 800 eight hundred — eight hundred 900 nine hundred — Nine hundred further 1000 thousand (one thousand) — one thousand or a thousand 2000 two thousand — two thousand 3000 three thousand — three thousand 4000 four thousand — four thousand 5000 five thousand — five thousand, etc. 1000000 million (one million) — one million or a million 2000000 two million — two million 3000000 three million — three million 4000000 four million — four million 5000000 five million — five million 6000000 six million — six million, etc.

Thus, the numeral is never given the ending -s, however

However: the word signifying number can refer not only to a numeral (which does not need to have the ending -s), but also to a noun that may already have an ending -s.

For example, 100 hundred, 1000 thousand, and 1000000 million end up with -s when they express an indefinite number of hundreds, thousands, or millions.

In this case, they are nouns, and the following noun (if any) is used with the preposition of:
Three millions of tons of coal. Three Million Tons of Coal. Hundreds of learning ideas.

Source: https://dprvrn.ru/five-perevod-i-transkripciya-proiznoshenie-frazy-i-predlozheniya/

«How to insert English sounds in a Word (in MS Word)?» — English sounds in writing are indicated by transcription signs.
To use transcription characters in programs such as Word, download a special font to your computer PhoneticTM

Using the PhoneticTM font

When the required font is installed, i.e. added to the fonts folder, in MS Word you need to select this font from the list of fonts and enter transcription characters from the keyboard:

Phonetic symbols in PhoteticTM font

another way is to insert Unicode characters

Unicode transcription characters

Vowel sounds
short: ʌ, ə, æ, i, e, o, u
long: ɑ :, ə :, i :, ɔ :, u:
diphthongs: ɑɪ, ​​au, eɪ, əu, ɛə, ɪə, ɔɪ, uə

Consonant sounds: f, h, k, p, s, ʃ, t, θ, ʧ b, d, g, ʒ, ʤ, ð, v, z,

l, m, n, ŋ, r, j, w

You can even insert chess pieces this way!

 ♞ — black horse

(see Phonetic and other characters in the Unicode character table)

1. Virtual keyboard
2. Special layout
3. Text converter
4. Screen keyboard
5. Macros

1)
The site has added a page with a virtual keyboard that allows you to type transcription characters used for teaching English.

You can also save the page with the keyboard to your computer and use it as an independent program. You can go into the source code and tweak it for yourself, the code is very simple. Or write in the comments if you need another option.

2)

There is another way to use the icon keyboard, even better, but here you have to install. This is a special keyboard layout that is installed on your computer system. Download this file: anglofon.zip (295 kB), unpack the archive, run setup.exe.

After the usual (very brief, however) installation, the language EN English (Great Britain) is immediately added to the language panel. The old EN English (USA) can be removed, since here it does not differ in anything except the added function. The layout was created in the official Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator 1.

4, and the development-creation of the layout is your own, so if you need options, write in the comments.

It works like this: the whole keyboard is exactly the same as a regular English keyboard, except for the key where the Russian letter is. This key was selected because the backtick, which is also found on the English keyboard, is practically not used. This key is used here as the so-called dead key. This means this. Click sequentially first on ё (ie, strictly speaking, on «grave accent»), then on 7, you get æ.
Next:

ё t — θ ё 6 — ʌ ё 8 — ɛ ё e — ə ё i — ı ё o — ɔё a — ɑ

ё s — ʃ ё d — ð ё j — ʒ ё n — ŋ ё z — ʤ ё c — ʧё 7 — æ

ё 0 — ɒ ё y — ɪ ё u — ʊ ё 3 — ɜ ё, — ˌ ё ‘- ˈё; — ː

Such is the e-layout turns out. Under Windows XP, select the Lucida Sans Unicode font for text, other fonts draw half of the characters as rectangles. Any regular font can be used under Windows 7.

Since it is now English (UK), spellcheck will by default check the spelling in UK (ie theater will be underlined in red instead of theater, etc.). However, if anyone needs it, it is now easy to change the settings of the language panel, put the American version as a sign and assign a layout with transcription to it.

3)

There are now sites on the Internet that provide such a useful tool: enter text in English, normal spelling, and you get the same text written in transcription. Perhaps nothing else is needed now. The correct site for this topic:

http://www.photransedit.com Там есть и преобразователь текста, и редактор с виртуальной клавиатурой. Сайт англоязычный. Ещё там есть страничка ссылок на разные полезные материалы по теме.

4)

There are on-screen keyboards that work like the normal system on-screen keyboard, but unlike it, they can be configured to enter any Unicode characters. Perhaps the unique is the domestic development «Type it easy».

A free open source program that works fine, and not only as an on-screen keyboard, but you can assign keyboard shortcuts, that is, in fact, use an extended layout of the physical keyboard, which is considered by many as the main mode of operation. The official page of the project, from where you can download it, and watch the discussion, and instructions: http: //myasnick.com/soft/typeiteasy/ (eh, it seems the link does not work, well, it may still work.

Look, maybe it is somewhere else. — 2018) We used it for a long time, everything works. (Works where transcription icons are in principle supported, that is, in Windows XP, you must again use the Lucida Sans Unicode font.)

You can download our preset file: English with phonetics.kbd. (Right-click on the link and select “Save Target As.” — Actually, this is just a small text file with the extension .kbd) You need to put it in the program presets folder, and for this there is a special command in the program menu — “Open folder of presets «. The «English with phonetics» preset immediately appears in the menu, you need to select it, and it will look like this:

The control key (Alt, Win, Ctrl) for input from the physical keyboard is selected in the program settings.

5)

There was also a method that we have been using for a long time, since the beginning of the two thousandth, — creating macros in OpenOffice Writer (you can do the same in Word) and assigning keyboard shortcuts to these macros. It’s pretty straightforward.

The command «record macro» is selected in the menu, then the function of inserting a special character is performed, stopping the recording of the macro. So for every icon. Then, in the settings, a keyboard shortcut is assigned to each macro. I set it up once — and everything worked fine until some kind of system crash.

Everything is also quite convenient. And so, there were no other options.

If instead of transcription signs you see «crocozyabry», then you do not have a special font installed. For correct display of phonetic symbols, you need to install the PhoneticTM font on the system (on your computer).

Installing a phonetic font is very easy. Here’s a quick guide:

Installing the transcription font on Windows 7, 8, 10

Download the font file to your computer, remember the save folder. Go to this folder, unzip the file and copy it to the WindowsFonts folder on the C drive. Find it in this folder and double-click on it with the left mouse button. In the window that opens, click the button Install… Restart (close and open) your browser (web browser). Everything!

Installing the transcription font on Windows XP

You can go the same way as on Windows 10, or you can take a longer one:

Download and unpack the font file. In the lower left corner of the screen, press the button Start, choose Settingsgo to Control Panel and open the folder Fonts.

In the upper left corner of the screen, press the button File and in the drop-down menu select Install New Font… In the installation window, find the save folder and select the unpacked font file. Click OK. For check restart your browser.

Try this:
basket

After correctly installing the font, all the transcription characters at the top should look the same as in the picture below:

Words: {{searchInputInfo.wordsQuantity}} / {{searchInputInfo.wordsLimit}} | Characters: {{searchInputInfo.charsQuantity}} / {{searchInputInfo.charsLimit}}

• {{ wordData.word}} / {{wordData.transl_data.tString}} {{wordData.googleTranslString}}

  Source: http://word-office.ru/kak-sdelat-transkripciyu-slova-na-angliyskom-v-word.html

  Pronunciation and transcription of Russian words: online translator

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  Phonetic transcription of Russian words

  Mastering phonetics of the Russian language can be challenging even for native Russian speakers, not to mention foreigners. Let’s start with the fact that in dictionaries phonetic transcription of Russian words not specified. In addition, the Russian language has rather complex reading rules with a large number of exceptions.

  The pronunciation of Russian letters varies depending on the accent is the given letter or not (in case vowels), as well as on what consonants surround the given letter. The letter «a», for example, can have 5 pronunciation options!

  With this online translator you can get phonetic transcription Russian text written either Cyrillic letters, or symbols International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

  Phonetic parsing of a word online

  The translator can be used to phonetic parsing of a word online… To produce phonetic parsing of a word, you need:

  1. write down the word.
  2. put stress on a word (the translator knows how to do this).
  3. split the word into syllables.
  4. write down the phonetic transcription of the word (here you will also need a translator).
  5. write down all the letters of the word in a column.
  6. write down to the right of each letter the sound that this letter stands for.
  7. describe the sound: for vowels — stressed or unstressed, for consonants — hard or soft (paired / unpaired), voiceless or voiced (paired / unpaired).
  8. count letters and sounds in a word.

  Let’s make, for example, phonetic analysis of the word «sun»:

  с́-лнце [с́нцые]

  с	с	consonant, solid paired, voiceless paired
  о	о	vowel, stressed
  л	not readable
  н	н	consonant, solid paired, voiced unpaired
  ц	ц	consonant, solid unpaired, voiceless unpaired
  е	ue	vowel, unstressed

  6 letters, 5 sounds.

  Pay attention to the last sound of the word — in school practice it would have been written as «e». Professional linguists refer to it as «ye», tk. this unstressed vowel is pronounced as a cross between the sounds «y» and «e».

  Phonetic transcription will help foreigners learn the pronunciation of Russian words

  Quickly memorize everything rules for reading the Russian language it is quite difficult for foreigners. The translator will help people who are starting the study of the «great and mighty», while they have not yet mastered rules of pronunciation of Russian words.

  When used regularly along with educational audio and video materials, phonetic transcription will allow them to improve their pronunciation and listening skills in Russian.

  Additional information about the translator

  In Russian, there are words that are spelled the same, but are read differently depending on where the stress in the word falls (compare: castle — castle). These words are called «homographs». The transcription of such words is highlighted in green, for example:

  Source: https://easypronunciation.com/ru/russian-phonetic-transcription-converter

  How to spell words correctly using transcription. Phonetic transcription of Russian words

  The transcription reflects the sounding speech in writing and allows you to show the pronunciation norms. One and the same letter denotes several sounds, consequently the phonetic writing is strongly different from the orthographic one. There are several transcription rules that students and their parents can master.

  You will need

  Instructions

  1. Conclude the transcribed word or a phrase in square brackets. When transcribing text to indicate a short pause, use one vertical line, at the end of a phrase and during a long pause — two vertical lines. In words that are larger than one syllable, put stress.

  2. For vowel sounds, use the letters [a], [o], [y], [and], [e], [s]. Often the question arises of how to do transcription words with unstressed sound [o]. Write in transcription the unstressed letter «o» with the sound [a], say, beard — [barad’a].

  3. Letters e, e, yu, i in transcription denote as,,, if they stand at the beginning of a word, later than a soft or hard sign, or later a vowel, as in the word anchor -. Remember that consonants before these vowels are softened, as well as before the vowel sound [and]. In this case, the sound [j] disappears — the transcription of the word «gloss» looks like this: [gl»an’ec]. To indicate the softness of consonants, use the apostrophe, the one that write to the right of the soft letter.

  4. Consider the fact that consonants in words can be voiced or stunned, depending on the further sound, say, tub — [katka], but tub — [kad`ushka]. Remember that loud consonants are invariably deafened at the end of words, therefore, in the words mushroom and tooth, write the final sound as [n].

  5. Designate a long consonant with a horizontal bar above a letter or a colon ([k`a a], [k`ac: a]). Designate the letter u in the transcription as follows: [w ‘:].

  6. If a preposition, particle or conjunction is pronounced with word m together, then in the transcription indicate the phonetic word entirely: downhill [padg’oru], from school [isshk’oly].

  7. Knowing to do and understand transcription may be useful for you when reading encyclopedias and dictionaries, only if there are doubts about the positive pronunciation of words in the Russian language.

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  Transcription and reading rules in English

  Transcription Is a recording of the sound of a letter or word in the form of a sequence of special phonetic symbols.

  The transcription may not be interesting to everyone, but it is undoubtedly useful. Knowing the transcription, you will correctly read the unfamiliar word without assistance. In the classroom, you yourself can read the transcription of a word (for example, from the blackboard) without asking others, thereby facilitating the process of assimilating lexical material, etc.

  At first, there will be errors in the correct reading, tk. there are always some subtleties in pronunciation. But this is just a matter of practice. A little later, if necessary, you can transcribe the words yourself.

  Transcription is directly related to reading rules… In English, not everything that is seen (letter combinations) is read (as in Russian and Spanish, for example).

  When textbooks (mostly Russian) tell about the rules of reading, much attention is paid to the type of syllable. Usually about five of these types are described. But such a detailed theoretical presentation of the rules of reading does not greatly facilitate the fate of a beginner, and may even mislead him. It must be remembered that a good knowledge of the rules of reading is a great merit of practice, not theory.

  Your attention will be presented the basic rules for reading individual letters and letter combinations. «Behind the scenes» will remain some phonetic moments that are difficult to convey in writing.

  A little patience! Both transcription and reading rules are easy to learn in a short time… Then you will be surprised: «How easy it has become to read and write!»

  However, do not forget that, despite its widespread distribution, the English language does not cease to be a LANGUAGE, full of exceptions, stylistic and other delights. And at any stage of language learning, and especially at the initial stage, often look into the dictionary.

  Symbols. Consonant Sounds	Sound pronunciation (similar Russian)	Symbols. Vowel sounds	Sound pronunciation (similar Russian)
  [b]	[b]	Single sounds
  [d]	[d]	[Λ]	[a] — short
  [f]	[f]	[a:]	[a] — deep
  [3]	[f]	[i]	[and] — short
  [d3]	[j]	[i:]	[and] — long
  [g]	[ G ]	[o] 1	[o] — short
  [h]	[ NS ]	[o:]	[o] — deep
  [k]	[ To ]	[u]	[y] — short
  [l]	[l]	[u:]	[y] — long
  [m]	[m]	[e]	as in the word «plaid»
  [n]	[n]	[ε:]	as in the word «honey»
  [p]	[ NS ]	Diphthongs2
  [s]	[ with ]	[əu] 3	[ OU ]
  [t]	[ T ]	[au]	[ay]
  [v]	[ v ]	[ei]	[ Hey ]
  [z]	[h]	[oi]	[ Oh ]
  [t∫]	[h]	[ai]	[ay]
  [∫]	[ NS ]
  [r]	Soft [r] as in the word Russian
  [ O	The sign of softness as in the Russian letter Ё (Christmas tree)
  Sounds without analogies in Russian
  [θ]	[æ]
  [ð]
  [ŋ]	Nasal, in French style, sound [n]	[ə] 4	[neutral sound]
  [w]

  Notes:

  1. In many school textbooks and in some Russian dictionaries, this sound is designated as [o]. But, in modern English dictionaries, this sound is usually denoted as shown in the table.

  2. Diphthong Is a complex sound with two sounds. In most cases, a diphthong can be «split» into two sounds, but not in writing.

     Since in many cases one of the constituent sounds of the diphthong, if used separately, will have a different designation. For example diphthong [au]: there is no transcriptional mark like [a] separately.

     Therefore, most diphthongs are indicated not by a set of different transcription symbols, but by their own sign.

  3. In many school textbooks and in some Russian dictionaries, this sound is designated as [ou], which is more descriptive. But, in modern English dictionaries, this sound is usually denoted as shown in the table.

  4. This sign often denotes unstressed vowel sounds in transcription, regardless of the letters (combinations) that this sound give.

  English words have several types of syllables. However, to understand the whole system, it is necessary to remember and distinguish between the following two types: open and closed.

  Open syllable ends in a vowel: game,, stone — a vowel in a word is read in the same way as in the alphabet.

  Closed syllable ends in a consonant: pen, cat, bus — a vowel in a syllable gives a different sound.

  Stress in transcription and words is indicated by a vertical bar before the stressed syllable.

  Single vowel sounds

  Sound	Rules
  [e]	usually gives the letter e in a closed syllable: get [get], vet [vet] as well as the combination of letters ea: dead [ded], pleasure [´ple3ə] Note: the same combination of letters often gives the sound [i:] (see below)
  [i]	usually gives the letter i in the closed syllable: hit [hit], kill [kil] and also the letter y in the closed syllable: gym [d3im], cylinder [´silində] Note: the same letters in an open syllable give the sound [ai] (see below)
  [i:]	occurs in the following letter combinations: e + e (always): meet [mi: t], deep [di: p]; letter e in an open syllable: tree [tri:], Steve [sti: v]; in letter combination e + a : meat [mi: t], beam [bi: m] Note: the same letter combination (ea) often gives the sound [e] (see above)
  [o]	usually gives the letter o in a closed syllable: pot [pot], lottery [´lotəri], and also the letter a in a closed syllable after w: wasp [wosp], swan [swon]
  [o:]	occurs in the following letter combinations: o + r: corn [ko: n], fortress [´fo: trəs]; more [mo:] almost always in a + u: fauna [´fo: nə], taunt [to: nt]; the exception is only a few words, for example, aunt Consonant (except w) + a + w: dawn [do: n], hawk [ho: k]. always in the combination of letters a + ll: tall [to: l], small [smo: l] The letter combination a + ld (lk) also gives this sound: bald [bo: ld], talk [to: k] Not often, but you can find the combination of letters ou + r, giving this sound: pour [po:], mourn [mo: n].
  [æ]	usually gives the letter a in a closed syllable: flag [flæg], married [´mærid]
  [Λ]	usually gives the letter u in a closed syllable: dust [dΛst], Sunday [´sΛndei]. Also: ouble: double [dΛbl], trouble [trΛbl] ove: glove [glΛv], dove [dΛv] Note: there are also exceptions : move [mu: v] — (see below); flood [flΛd], blood [blΛd] — (see above)
  [a:]	occurs in the following letter combinations: a + r: dark [da: k], farm [fa: m] (see note) regularly the letter a in a closed syllable: last [la: st], father [fa: ðə] — therefore it is necessary to check with the dictionary, because a closed syllable traditionally gives the sound [æ] as in cat [kæt]; consonant + alm also gives this sound stably: palm [pa: m], calm [ka: m] + note Note: 1. very rarely a + r gives the sound [o:] warm [wo: m]; 3. Rarely: salmon [sæmən]
  [u] [u:]	the length of this sound in most cases varies for historical reasons rather than spelling. That is, for each word, it is determined individually. This difference in longitude does not carry a huge meaningful load, as in other sounds. And in oral speech, it does not need to be specially emphasized. This sound occurs in the following cases: always o + o: foot [fut], boot [bu: t], took [tuk], moon [mu: n]

  Source: https://www.study.ru/article/fonetika-angliyskogo/transkripciya-i-pravila-chteniya