One word for younger brother

Elders? eg. listen to your elders — is an in/famous retort or order. Though theres none i can recall for direct referencing eg call your (older) sister/brother. And elder as a whole, encompasses both peers ie same/close generation and or age group eg siblings,cousins and those further away eg grandparents, parents, parent’s siblings,..

There’s senior vs juniors which can be used somewhat directly. And maybe superiors but both imply an individual rank/relation outside of merely being younger. Not to mention evolved or original meanings ie senior vs young/youth and superior vs inferior. sir/mr/mam/miss is occasionally used in polite/respectful context. Though casually or everyday with peers eg classmates or seniors, would be odd.

All are also very much more known as titles now, than noun or address.

It would be truly impossible to find a real (everyday) equivalent for sure, as age-awareness is inbuilt into their everyday speech incl sentence structures. whilst in english, it’ll be a rare or very telling upbringing to have either younger OR older to address their elder siblings/peers even, as sister/brother.

The differentiation between older and younger siblings is useful in societies where you typically defer to or interact differently with people based on age. This is especially obvious in languages where you might use the same term for ‘older brother’ (etc.) for your actual siblings as well as for people who are just older or younger than you (e.g. Hindi, Korean).

Bit of a contradiction then, no? Hindi checks two of your points but not the third:

1. India is a place where people defer to age.

2. Hindi is a language where you use the same term for actual siblings as well as people who are not related, for example, you could call a random person «brother» to show respect.

3. But Hindi doesn’t distinguish between older brother and younger brother. It uses the same word regardless of age.

Mind you, Hindi has specific names for pretty much every relationship. Instead of the generic «uncle» or «aunt», it has different words for uncles and aunts on the maternal side and the paternal side. And not only that, it has different words based on whether the paternal uncle is your dad’s older brother or his younger brother, whether the aunt is older or younger than the parent she’s sibling to. And not only that, it has different words for all of their spouses. And not only that, you can therefore derive identifiers for their children (different types of cousins) based on how their parents relate to you. And this extends not just to uncles and aunts, but to grandparents as well.

It even extends to relations by marriage, for example, a woman uses different words for her husband’s older brother versus younger brother, and for their wives as well.

But it just so happens that Hindi doesn’t have a distinction for your own brother. It’s the same word — bhai for brother, behen for sister, regardless of any difference in age. Which is what OP asked, and all I can say is that I don’t know why. My initial thought was that perhaps it did have that distinction in the past, but lost it over time. But that doesn’t seem to be the case either — I’m straining to recall obsolete or historical words for brother/sister, but none have the older/younger distinction.

This is unusual for Indian languages, and I’m not even talking about south Indian languages that belong to the Dravidian family. I’m talking about Hindi’s own Indo-European cousins, such as Nepali, which maintains the distinction between older and younger siblings. But not Hindi.

I have a theory for why this is so, but I have done no anthropological research to confirm it. I think Hindi has converted the older/younger difference to the formal versus informal. People who are your age or younger are treated informally, while those older than you are treated formally. And in language, this translates to using first names.

In many families, you’d address a brother or sister who’s younger or almost the same age simply by their first name. But if the brother or sister is much older than you are, you might refer to them by relationship — bhai or behen. In fact, you could make it even more formal by adding a suffix denoting respect, like bhai-sahab or behen-ji, much like Japanese adds —san.

In Hindi, there are two competing themes fighting each other. On one hand, like most Indian cultures, the Hindi belt also has a thing about being extra-respectful to those older than yourself. But on the other hand, extra-respectful means extra-formal, which implies that you must not consider such relationships intimate and familiar, otherwise you wouldn’t be using such formal language. Obviously, this is also something to avoid, because it amounts to keeping other people at a distance by putting a wall of formality in between.

Probably this is the reason why Hindi doesn’t distinguish between older and younger siblings. Your immediate family — your own brothers and sisters — are the closest to you. It’s hard to introduce distance into such close relationships with age-dependent formalisms. It’s less of a problem when talking about uncles and aunts, because they are outside the immediate family, and are a whole generation older.

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