One word for time management

Time management is the process of deciding on the order in which you will do tasks, and making sure that they are done on schedule. [business]

What is time management in simple words?

Time management is the process of organizing and planning how to divide your time between different activities. Get it right, and you’ll end up working smarter, not harder, to get more done in less time – even when time is tight and pressures are high. The highest achievers manage their time exceptionally well.

Is time management one word or two?

“She showed excellent time management skills.”

This sentence can be read only as intended, but because “time management” is not awarded status as a standing phrase by being honored with a dictionary entry, it should be treated like any other temporary phrasal adjective: “She showed excellent time-management skills.”

How would you describe management in one word?

1 regulation, administration; superintendence, care, charge, conduct, guidance, treatment.

What is a short word for management?

What is the abbreviation of management? A variety of abbreviations are short for management, including: Mgmt. The most commonly used abbreviation is mgmt.

37 related questions found

What is a good word for manage?

  • supervise.
  • oversee.
  • operate.
  • handle.
  • regulate.
  • control.
  • govern.
  • conduct.

What is time management skills?

Time management skills include the ability to set goals, focus, organize, prioritize, communicate and delegate. Time management skills in events are particularly important, as Tony Robbins can attest to. You want to be efficient, productive and ensure you create happy customers – or guests.

What are the two words for time?

The ancient Greeks had two different words for the concept of time — “chronos” and “kairos”. The word “chronos” (you probably recognize this one as the root for the English words “chronological” and “chronicle”) refers to measured, ticking, quantitative time.

Why time management is important?

The benefits of time management include greater clarity, greater capability, and greater confidence. When you are clear on the best use of your time, you become more focused and productive. Good time management helps you achieve bigger goals, reduces procrastination, and increases productivity.

What is a word for good timing?

Use the adjective opportune to describe especially good timing.

What is the best time management?

10 tips for mastering time management at work

  • Know how you’re spending your time.
  • Stick to a daily schedule.
  • Prioritize.
  • Tackle the most difficult task first.
  • Batch-process similar tasks.
  • Set reasonable time limits.
  • Learn when to say no.
  • Avoid multitasking.

What is another word for time taking?

dilatory. draggy. inactive. long-delayed. long-drawn-out.

What is time management as a student?

Time management for students (and everyone else) is about making your day purposeful. It is about taking control of the time you have and optimizing it for focus, productivity, and above all, balance.

What is time management question answer?

Time management is the ability to spend time wisely and prioritize tasks while at the same time avoiding distractions.

What are the 4 types of time management?

The 4 Ds are: Do, Defer (Delay), Delegate, and Delete (Drop). Placing a task or project into one of these categories helps you manage your limited time more effectively and stay focused on what matters most to you.

What kind of word is time?

Time is a noun with a number of meanings. In some senses it is countable, and in others it is uncountable.

How do you explain time in words?

For example, “It’s ten past three”, or 3:10. Or another example, “It’s twenty after eight”, or 8:20. With minutes 31 – 59, we say to (the next hour). For example, when it’s 10:40, we say “It’s twenty to eleven” (Eleven minus twenty minutes).

How do you say time in words?

1) Say the hour first and then the minutes. ( Hour + Minutes)

  1. 6:25 — It’s six twenty-five.
  2. 8:05 — It’s eight O-five (the O is said like the letter O)
  3. 9:11 — It’s nine eleven.
  4. 2:34 — It’s two thirty-four.

How do you write time management?

Time to Write: 5 Tricks of Effective Time Management — article

  1. During an ordinary day, note how you spend your time. …
  2. Change how you spend your time by delegating tasks. …
  3. Set your time goals realistically. …
  4. Be consistent: write down when you’re going to write.

How can I improve my time management?

Top 15 Time Management Skills

  1. Make a Plan. Effective time management isn’t achieved randomly. …
  2. Create a Priority List Rather Than a To-Do List. …
  3. Start Early. …
  4. Breakdown Every Task Into Small Chunks. …
  5. Practice Decision Making. …
  6. Delegate tasks. …
  7. Set SMART Goals. …
  8. Set Up Deadlines.

How to learn time management?

Top 6 time management tips

  1. Create a plan. Start the day with a clear plan of the tasks you need to complete. …
  2. Limit distractions. …
  3. Establish a personalised routine. …
  4. Take a break. …
  5. Focus on one task. …
  6. Be organised.

Which similar words?

synonyms for which

  • that.
  • whatever.
  • and that.
  • whichever.

What type of word is managing?

verb (used with object), man·aged, man·ag·ing. to bring about or succeed in accomplishing, sometimes despite difficulty or hardship: She managed to see the governor.

What is the power word for manage?

Manage (as in managing a team of people): coordinate, direct, guide, head, pilot, supervise.

Do you want to talk about time management at work? Read the text and learn useful time management vocabulary in English.


The Productivity Paradox

Don’t we all struggle with time management?

My friend, who is a big fan of podcasts, recommended a new podcast to me: The Productive Life.

So, I listened to a few episodes. The tips were valuable, but after a few episodes, I started thinking: “Am I really listening to a podcast on being productive instead of being productive?”

It’s ironic. 

What did I learn? 

  • Confidence comes from action.
  • Show up consistently.
  • Stick to a schedule and call it a day at 5 p.m.
  • Avoid multitasking.
  • Prioritize one project at a time. 

motivation to learn Business English

*Note: This article may contain affiliate links, which means we may receive a small commission, at no cost to you, if you make a purchase through a link.

Here’s the thing: For the most important things, we already know what to do. 

Sometimes, it’s easy to put off the most important tasks and get distracted.

We can spend our time learning techniques to do the tasks just a little bit better, faster, …

But what really matters is action.

The most important projects require hard work and hustle.

Is listening to a podcast about language learning techniques as effective as studying a language?

It depends. 

You can read articles or listen to podcasts in English and learn the language at the same time.

The best way to learn a language is through interesting content and a personalized process.

Reading and listening will help you speak English fluently. 

But if you carry out too much research instead of being productive, it can be unfavorable.

Read the text above again. Did you find the seven words and phrases about time in the text above? I will explain them in detail below.

Read more: How to remember new business words in English

prioritize business English vocabulary

1) productivity

Am I listening to a podcast on being productive instead of being productive?

Fewer distractions at home may increase your productivity.

What is the meaning of productive?

2) multitask

Avoid multitasking.

When you’re working under pressure, it’s important to be able to multitask and prioritize.

The meaning of multitasking

meaning of multitasking in English

3) hustle

Important projects require hard work and hustle.

You have to be in the right place at the right time and hustle every day.

What is the meaning of hustle?

4) prioritize

You must learn to prioritize to be successful at your new job.

Prioritize one project at a time. 

How to use and pronounce ‘prioritize’

priority English vocabulary

5) put off

It’s easy to put off the most important tasks and get distracted.

I put off working on the project due to personal issues.

Meaning: 

This is a phrasal verb. ‘To put something off’ means to postpone the deadline or an event until a later time. We delay the work for some time.

phrasal verb: to put off something

learn to speak English fluently

6) carry out

phrasal verb: to carry something out

Don’t carry out too much research instead of being productive.

He was carrying out orders.

Meaning: 

The phrasal verb ‘carry out’ means to complete something, especially something that you have said you would do. It means that you do a task that someone gave you.

Learn more English phrasal verbs for business

7) call it a day

idiom: to call it a day

Stick to a schedule and call it a day at 5 p.m.

You can’t just call it a day and go home like most employees.

Meaning:

As an entrepreneur, you often work late and stop working for the day later than others. Normal workers call it a day and go home from work at around 5 p.m. every night.

Useful English Idioms For Business You Should Know

Если постоянно заваливает работой и домашними делами, возможно, стоит пересмотреть подход к планированию. Управление временем — целая наука. Рассказываем, как работает тайм-менеджмент и как управлять своим временем

Что такое тайм-менеджмент

Экономист Питер Друкер писал, что менеджмент будет все больше выходить за рамки коммерческих предприятий, где появился в попытке организовать производство вещей.

Тайм-менеджмент — это техники и методы для управления временем. Это самоорганизация и управление собой. Тайм-менеджмент помогает человеку или компании планировать время и экономить ресурсы.

Например, если завалило работой, а вы не знаете, за что браться в первую очередь, следует расставить приоритеты. Матрица Эйзенхауэра помогает разобраться, какие задачи срочные и важные, а какие просто отвлекают. Не стоит забывать и про знаменитое «правило Парето», согласно которому всего 20% усилий приносят 80% результата и наоборот.

Чем больше задуманного мы успеваем сделать, тем лучше качество нашей работы и жизни в целом. А в условиях цифровой трансформации и ускорения изменений, четкое распоряжение временем помогает сохранять фокус на целях, не отклоняться от курса и в конечном итоге не стать «сбитым летчиком» на рынке труда.

Принципы тайм-менеджмента

Практически все существующие методы управления временем состоят из трех компонентов: приоритизации, планирования и структурирования.

  1. Приоритизация. Чтобы выполнить задачу, нужно определить, насколько она срочная, сложная и важная, и только потом приступить к ее выполнению.
  2. Планирование. Чтобы выполнить задачу, нужно разобраться, когда ее следует сделать и сколько времени на это уйдет.
  3. Структурирование. Чтобы выполнить задачу, нужно понять, как отслеживать ее выполнение и результаты.

Большая часть техник тайм-менеджмента опирается на структурирование и приоритизацию, и только малая часть — сложная комбинация всех трех принципов. Мы разберем 15 лучших методов тайм-менеджмента: от простых техник к сложным системам управления.

Лучшие методы тайм-менеджмента

1. Подготовка с вечера

Подготовка с вечера подойдет тем, кому трудно вставать рано утром — совет психолога Ника Уигнала [1]. Записывайте рабочие и личные задачи на завтра в конце рабочего дня. Так вы поймете свою нагрузку заранее и распределите задачи без утренней спешки. Можно готовить вечером план задач, рабочую одежду или обед с собой, если вы работаете вне дома.

План задач на завтра можно составлять в блокноте на бумаге или в приложении

План задач на завтра можно составлять в блокноте на бумаге или в приложении

2. Хотя бы N минут

Метод помогает справиться с прокрастинацией — откладыванием задач «на потом», даже если это важные или срочные дела. Если вы не хотите ничего делать, попробуйте начать хотя бы с нескольких минут на задачу: пять или десять. По мнению Джулии Мюллер, профессора Университета Лейпцига, так у человека останется право передумать, и оно повышает чувство контроля над ситуацией. Он перестает думать, что его принуждают делать что-то, чего он делать совершенно не хочет [2], поэтому дальнейшая работа идет легче.

Фото:РБК Тренды

3. Дедлайны

Ставьте четкие сроки сдачи работы — дедлайны. Понятные сроки стимулируют работать быстрее и помогают справиться с прокрастинацией. Исследователи Массачусетского технологического института выяснили, что даже самостоятельно установленные дедлайны помогают сдвинуть дела с мертвой точки [3]. При этом такие сроки работают хуже внешних дедлайнов, которые ставит руководитель или конкурсная комиссия. В личных делах внешним куратором может быть друг, коллега или родственник.

4. Поедание «лягушки»

Бизнес-тренер Брайан Трейси предлагает съедать «лягушку» каждое утро [4]— делать самую сложную и неприятную задачу самой первой. С утра мозг меньше нагружен информацией, поэтому вам будет проще справиться с трудным делом. После такой задачи все остальные покажутся пустяковыми и на них по-прежнему останутся силы.

5. Мелкие задачи

Это полная противоположность предыдущему методу. Делайте мелкие задачи — на 1–2 минуты — первыми, по возможности в тот же момент. Например, проверьте почту и оборудование, отправьте запросы или раздайте задачи. Это правило взято из метода Getting Things Done (GTD) бизнес-тренера Дэвида Аллена [5].

6. Автофокус

Метод «автофокуса» подойдет людям, которые часто работают с задачами без дедлайна. Два предыдущих принципа обязывают выбирать дело, и это чувство обязанности вызывает отторжение. Автор метода Марк Форстер считает [6], что сначала следует выписать все дела в единый список, а потом медленно его прочитать, пока не захочется остановиться на одной задаче. Объем задачи не имеет значения, важнее желание сделать ее прямо сейчас. Если получилось завершить дело сегодня — вычеркните его. Не получилось — перенесите в конец списка, и прочитайте его заново.

7. Сделайте это завтра

Автор книги «Сделай это завтра» [7] Марк Форстер рекомендует не браться за срочные задачи сразу, а откладывать их на завтра. Для этого нужно вести закрытые списки дел. В закрытый список невозможно добавить новую задачу, но можно занести в список на следующий день. Такой подход помогает сохранять фокус на текущих делах и делать только свою работу.

Форстер разделяет «свою настоящую работу» и «занятость». Настоящая работа помогает продвигаться в бизнесе или профессии. Здесь вы полноценно применяете свои навыки и знания. Часто выходите из зоны комфорта — делаете то, чего не делали раньше. Работать по-настоящему сложно, такая работа может вызывать небольшое сопротивление.

Занятость появляется, когда вы откладываете настоящую работу ради мелких задач. Деятельность — не то же самое, что действие. Если работа вызывает ощущение перегруженности, но не кажется сложной, — скорее всего, это занятость. Настоящая работа бывает сложной, но не заставляет чувствовать себя «белкой в колесе».

8. Деление большой задачи

Эту технику также называют поеданием салями или слона по кусочкам. Глобальная задача может испугать объемом. Чтобы к ней приступить, следует разложить большую задачу на небольшие этапы, декомпозировать. Например, «запуск нового проекта» звучит громко и давит ответственностью. Но когда в нем появляются конкретные шаги, становится проще: «начать исследование аудитории» → «поговорить с Сашей по пунктам анализа» → «изучить результаты» → «подготовить макет по результатам исследования». Задача «обрастает» конкретикой и уже не кажется невыполнимой миссией.

9. Одна задача в один промежуток времени

Многозадачность в интеллектуальном труде не работает. В 2009 году исследователи из Университета Стенфорда провели эксперимент [8]. Они выяснили, что когда человек делает несколько интеллектуальных дел одновременно, например, читает и разговаривает по телефону, то хуже запоминает и содержание разговора, и прочитанное. При этом не может определить, какая информация была важной, а какую можно было опустить. Если человек работает только над одним делом в один промежуток времени, он лучше справляется с задачей и хорошо запоминает информацию.

10. Методы фиксированного времени

Сюда относят методы работы по таймеру. Если завести привычку работать по таймеру, вы будете знать цену своему времени, работать продуктивнее, научитесь управлять ожиданиями, натренируете силу воли и предотвратите выгорание.

Техника Pomodoro. Метод помидора — это «система 25 минут» Франческо Чирилло. «Помидором» называют отрезок времени в 30 минут — 25 минут на работу и пять минут на отдых. Вы работаете 25 минут, делаете пятиминутный перерыв, затем снова уходите в работу. Через каждые четыре повтора — перерыв 30 минут.

Кстати, таймер называется «помидорным» потому, что Франческо Чирилло вначале использовал небольшой кухонный таймер в виде помидора.

Чаще всего таймер Pomodoro выглядит так

Чаще всего таймер Pomodoro выглядит так

(Фото: bakunin.com)

Метод «90 на 30» Тони Шварца [9] и метод «52 на 17», который появился в результате исследования сервиса The Muse [10], строятся по похожему принципу. Первое значение — время в минутах, которое нужно отводить для работы, второе — время для перерыва.

Можно сказать, что это модификация дедлайнов, но в них жестко ограничивается само время на работу. Обилие коротких перерывов помогает «разгружать мозг», сменить деятельность и отвлечься.

Если хотите попробовать методы на практике, помните, что в них одинаково важны не только промежутки работы, но и промежутки отдыха. Чтобы методы работали, важно отдыхать и возвращаться к задаче в установленное время.

11. Принцип девяти дел

Этот метод основан на иерархии задач. Согласно принципу, в течение дня нужно «закрыть» одну крупную задачу, три задачи поменьше и пять мелких. Подходят дела вроде подготовки к встрече с будущими клиентами, и задачи попроще, например покупка корма питомцу. Так домашние дела не пропадают из вида и входят в расчет собственной нагрузки.

Вариация этого метода — «принцип трех дел» Криса Бейли [11]. Этот метод поможет тем, кто легко погружается в рутину и не уделяет должного внимания своим долгосрочным целям. По мнению Бейли, нужно завершать три дела в день, которые приближают вас к достижению глобальной цели. Например, час в день делать грамматические упражнения на английском или сформировать заявку на стипендию, если ваша глобальная цель — учеба за рубежом.

12. Канбан

Канбан — это метод организации работы, чтобы распределять нагрузку между людьми и делать работу точно в срок. Метод помогает видеть нарастающий темп работы и ничего не забывать. Наравне со Scrum, канбан является одним из ключевых методов системы управления Agile, которую также надо внедрять с умом, чтобы не добиться противоположного результата.

Классический канбан — это таблица с тремя столбцами «Нужно сделать», «В работе» и «Сделано». Но столбцов может быть и больше, например, по количеству этапов в вашем проекте или на производстве, а их названия также могут меняться по усмотрению компании.

Все дела по умолчанию заносятся в первый столбец отдельной строкой или на отдельном стикере, карточке. Потом они перетаскиваются из одного в другой, пока, не попадут в последний столбец. Благодаря такому «перетаскиванию» можно легко отследить прогресс отдельного человека и всей команды.

Фото:Shutterstock

13. Хронометраж

Экономист и автор книг по тайм-менеджменту Глеб Архангельский считает, что в основе планирования — понимание, где время расходуется эффективно, а где не очень. Архангельский предлагает планировать в три этапа.

  • Зафиксировать. В течение нескольких недель раз в один-два часа фиксируйте выполненные задачи и время, которое понадобилось на их выполнение. Дела на две-три минуты можно опустить. Цель этапа — фиксация, стороннее наблюдение за собой.
  • Найти важное. По прошествии этих недель отметьте в той же тетради, когда время было потрачено с пользой, когда можно было сделать задачу быстрее, а когда время пропало впустую.
  • Планировать. Скорректируйте расписание и процесс работы на основе своей статистики.

14. Матрица Эйзенхауэра

Система ведения дел и приоритизации, которую придумал 34-й президент США Дуайт Эйзенхауэр в середине XX века. Все текущие и будущие дела распределяют по четырем категориям матрицы в зависимости от их срочности и важности. Матрицей сложно пользоваться постоянно, но можно периодически к ней возвращаться, если завалило работой и домашними делами. Вот как ей пользоваться.

Матрица Эйзенхауэра

Матрица Эйзенхауэра

  • Важно и срочно — сделать. Это задачи с дедлайнами. Например, завершить проект для клиента, отправить черновик статьи, ответить на важные письма, забрать детей из школы. Если их не сделать, это чревато неприятными последствиями.
  • Важные и несрочные — запланировать. Это дела без крайнего срока, которые, нужны для вашего роста. Например, сходить в спортзал, заняться изучением иностранного языка, пойти на нетворкинг-сессию. Такие дела нужно планировать заранее, чтобы не потерять.
  • Неважные и срочные — делегировать. Рутина, которая не требует специфических навыков. Например, выложить посты в блог, приготовить еду, сделать рассылку для коллег, поставить одежду в стирку. Эти задачи стоит аккуратно и обоснованно делегировать своим сотрудникам или коллегам, чтобы освободить свое время для важных и срочных дел.
  • Неважные и несрочные — удалить. Это занятия, которые не приносят пользы в работе и не помогают достигать цели. Например, листать ленту в соцсетях, играть в видеоигры, смотреть телевизор. Такие дела забирают много времени, поэтому их нужно контролировать или отказаться вовсе.

15. Тайм-менеджмент по хронотипу

Метод подойдет тем, кто хочет составить для себя идеальный распорядок дня. Кандидат медицинских наук и клинический психолог Майкл Бреус считает [12], что существует четыре хронотипа. У каждого из них свое идеальное время для пробуждения, пик продуктивности и режим сна:

  • «Медведи». Им комфортно просыпаться с 7 до 11 утра, пик продуктивности приходится на период с 11 до 18 часов, а отход ко сну должен быть не позднее 23 часов.
  • «Львы». Могут просыпаться без будильника с 5:30 до 10 утра, наиболее продуктивны с 10 до 17, уйти на боковую им лучше до 22:30.
  • «Волки». Очень тяжело встают по утрам, их время с 7:30 до 12 часов, эффективно работают до 20 часов и легко уходят спать в 00:00.
  • «Дельфины». Люди с беспокойным режимом сна, поэтому даже если они встают с 6 до 10, могут легко заснуть обратно. Чтобы уснуть к полуночи, им нужно убрать любые экраны за два часа до сна. Пик их активности — с 10 до 18 часов.

Бреус считает: если подстроить личное и рабочее расписание под собственные биоритмы, качество жизни станет намного лучше. Вы также можете ознакомиться с советами Германа Грефа, Павла Дурова и других бизнес-лидеров о том, как и когда лучше работать и отдыхать.

Приложения для управления временем

Эти приложения пригодятся, чтобы управлять задачами. Они подходят для большинства методов тайм-менеджмента из нашего списка.

  • Focus To-Do — таймер Pomodoro и таск-менеджер одновременно.
  • Trello — канбан-доска для личных нужд и работы в команде.
  • Forest — таймер для телефона: пока вы не трогаете свой смартфон, на его экране растет дерево. Стоит вам разблокировать его в неположенное время, дерево погибает.
  • Notion — база данных для хранения и систематизации практически любой входящей информации.
  • Todoist — планировщик, который можно настроить под разные методы планирования, в том числе матрицу Эйзенхауэра.
  • SingularityApp — таск-менеджер, который умеет переделывать письма из электронной почты в задачи.

Книги по тайм-менеджменту

Эти книги дополняют статью и раскроют техники подробнее.

Many business owners are afraid of the word no, so we replace it with “maybe” or “I’ll think about it”. These are all ways to kick-the-can down the road. Why do we do it? For some us, we want to be nice and saying no is just, well, uncomfortable. I suspect that the bigger reason is that we’re so desperate to grow our business that we’ll do anything to make progress. The problem is that everything we do to improve our business a little might be keeping us from doing the things that can help us a lot.

3 THINGS I’VE LEARNED TO SAY NO TO

Meetings with Vendors

If I took every meeting from a potential new vendor I wouldn’t have to pay for lunch for the next year, but I also wouldn’t have time to run my business. We all know a meeting that will “only take 15 minutes of your time” really takes 30 minutes (or more). This doesn’t take into account the time it takes to get back into the flow of your work after the meeting is over.

Look, I’m not saying you shouldn’t evaluate new vendors. What I’m suggesting is that the best way to do this is with conviction and determination. Is cutting your product costs critical to your business right now? Meet with 12 vendors in 2 weeks. You call them and let them know that your business is up for grabs and this opportunity won’t happen again for another year.

As for my current vendors, unless I’m facing a critical business issue that they can solve, my time is better spent on my top priorities. Building a relationship with them has value, but at what cost?

Special requests from customers

If you’re in a business built on customer service, like Ritz-Carlton, then no isn’t even in your vocabulary. But if you’re in a business that relies on efficiency to be profitable, you need to get comfortable with saying no to customers. My favorite pizza shop won’t deliver to my house because I’m one block outside their delivery zone. It’s is easy to think “They’re crazy! They’re turning down a paying customer!”, but by doing so they’re protecting the quality of their service for everyone inside their delivery zone.

I learned to say no to customers the hard way. A new customer for my printer cartridge remanufacturing business wanted us to bill them monthly, even though we billed all of our other customers on an order-by-order basis. I agreed because they had the potential to be our biggest customer, but in the end, we lost them as a customer after multiple billing mishaps. If I had just been honest about our billing capabilities they might still be a customer today. The worst part is that I wasted a ridiculous amount of time customizing their billing, all for the pleasure of losing our largest customer.

Networking events

Networking is awesome… when you have time for it. Simply showing up at an event, having a drink and chatting with a few people is not a great use of time. If you’re too busy to follow up with people you meet, you might as well be drinking with your college buddies. I’ve found that when it comes to networking, less is more. Attending a select few events that are highly relevant to my business keeps my schedule manageable and gives me the time I need to follow up and make meaningful connections.

THE ROOT OF THE PROBLEM

Managing your time is difficult when you’re not sure what we need. Maybe this new marketing will work. Maybe a new vendor can save us money. There are a million ways to improve our business and each of these might be able to give us some small gain. These small gains are good, but they may be robbing us of the opportunity to make BIG gains. We need to be focused on the things that can transform our business, not make it incrementally better. When you figure out what you really need, saying no isn’t so tough.

What have you learned to say no to?

Time management is the process of planning and exercising conscious control of time spent on specific activities, especially to increase effectiveness, efficiency, and productivity. It involves of various demands upon a person relating to work, social life, family, hobbies, personal interests, and commitments with the finite nature of time. Using time effectively gives the person «choice» on spending or managing activities at their own time and expediency.[1] Time management may be aided by a range of skills, tools, and techniques used to manage time when accomplishing specific tasks, projects, and goals complying with a due date. Initially, time management referred to just business or work activities, but eventually, the term broadened to include personal activities as well. A time management system is a designed combination of processes, tools, techniques, and methods. Time management is usually a necessity in any project management as it determines the project completion time and scope.

The major themes arising from the literature on time management include creating an environment conducive to effectiveness (in terms of cost-benefit, quality of results, and time to complete tasks or project), setting of priorities, the related process of reduction of time spent on non-priorities, and implementation of goals.

Cultural views of time management[edit]

Differences in the way a culture views time can affect the way their time is managed. For example, a linear time view is a way of conceiving time as flowing from one moment to the next in a linear fashion. This linear perception of time is predominant in America along with most Northern European countries, such as Germany, Switzerland, and England.[2] People in these cultures tend to place a large value on productive time management, and tend to avoid decisions or actions that would result in wasted time.[2] This linear view of time correlates to these cultures being more “monochronic”, or preferring to do only one thing at a time. Generally speaking, this cultural view leads to a better focus on accomplishing a singular task and hence, more productive time management.

Another cultural time view is multi-active time view. In multi-active cultures, most people feel that the more activities or tasks being done at once the better. This creates a sense of happiness.[2] Multi-active cultures are “polychronic” or prefer to do multiple tasks at once. This multi-active time view is prominent in most Southern European countries such as Spain, Portugal, and Italy.[2] In these cultures, the people often tend to spend time on things they deem to be more important such as placing a high importance on finishing social conversations.[2] In business environments, they often pay little attention to how long meetings last, rather the focus is on having high quality meetings. In general, the cultural focus tends to be on synergy and creativity over efficiency.[3]

A final cultural time view is a cyclical time view. In cyclical cultures, time is considered neither linear nor event related. Because days, months, years, seasons, and events happen in regular repetitive occurrences, time is viewed as cyclical. In this view, time is not seen as wasted because it will always come back later, hence there is an unlimited amount of it.[2] This cyclical time view is prevalent throughout most countries in Asia, including Japan and China. It is more important in cultures with cyclical concepts of time to complete tasks correctly, therefore most people will spend more time thinking about decisions and the impact they will have, before acting on their plans.[3] Most people in cyclical cultures tend to understand that other cultures have different perspectives of time and are cognizant of this when acting on a global stage.[4]

Creating an effective environment[edit]

Some time-management literature stresses tasks related to creating an environment conducive to «real» effectiveness. These strategies include principles such as:

  • «get organized» — the triage of paperwork and of tasks,
  • «protecting one’s time» by insulation, isolation, and delegation,
  • «achievement through goal-management and through goal-focus» — motivational emphasis,
  • «recovering from bad time-habits» — recovery from underlying psychological problems, e.g. procrastination.

Also, the timing of tackling tasks is important. As tasks requiring high levels of concentration and mental energy are often done at the beginning of the day when a person is more refreshed. Literature[which?] also focuses on overcoming chronic psychological issues such as procrastination.

Excessive and chronic inability to manage time effectively may result from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).[5] Diagnostic criteria include a sense of underachievement, difficulty getting organized, trouble getting started, trouble managing many simultaneous projects, and trouble with follow-through.[6][page needed] Daniel Amen focuses on the prefrontal cortex which is the most recently evolved part of the brain. It manages the functions of attention span, impulse management, organization, learning from experience, and self-monitoring, among others. Some authors[quantify] argue that changing the way the prefrontal cortex works is possible and offer a solution.[7]

Setting priorities and goals[edit]

Time management strategies are often associated with the recommendation to set personal goals. The literature stresses themes such as:

  • «Work in Priority Order» – set goals and prioritize,
  • «Set gravitational goals» – that attract actions automatically[citation needed].

These goals are recorded and may be broken down into a project, an action plan, or a simple task list. For individual tasks or for goals, an importance rating may be established, deadlines may be set, and priorities assigned. This process results in a plan with a task list, schedule, or calendar of activities. Authors may recommend a daily, weekly, monthly, or other planning periods, associated with different scope of planning or review. This is done in various ways, as follows:

ABCD analysis[edit]

A technique that has been used in business management for a long time is the categorization of large data into groups. These groups are often marked A, B, C and D—hence the name. Activities are ranked by these general criteria:

  • A – Tasks that are perceived as being urgent and important,
  • B – Tasks that are important but not urgent,
  • C – Tasks that are unimportant but urgent,
  • D – Tasks that are unimportant and not urgent.

Each group is then rank-ordered by priority — to further refine the prioritization, some individuals choose to then force-rank all «B» items as either «A» or «C». ABC analysis can incorporate more than three groups.[8]

Pareto analysis[edit]

The Pareto principle is the idea that 80% of consequences come from 20% of causes. Applied to productivity, it means that 80% of results can be achieved by doing 20% of tasks.[9] If productivity is the aim of time management, then these tasks should be prioritized higher.[10]

The Eisenhower Method[edit]

A basic «Eisenhower box» to help evaluate urgency and importance. Items may be placed at more precise points within each quadrant.

The «Eisenhower Method»[11] or «Eisenhower Principle» is a method that utilizes the principles of importance and urgency to organize priorities and workload. This method stems from a quote attributed to Dwight D. Eisenhower: «I have two kinds of problems, the urgent and the important. The urgent are not important, and the important are never urgent.»[12] Eisenhower did not claim this insight for his own, but attributed it to an (unnamed) «former college president.»[13]

Using the Eisenhower Decision Principle, tasks are evaluated using the criteria important/unimportant and urgent/not urgent,[14][15] and then placed in according quadrants in an Eisenhower Matrix (also known as an «Eisenhower Box» or «Eisenhower Decision Matrix»[16]). Tasks in the quadrants are then handled as follows.

  1. Important/Urgent quadrant tasks are done immediately and personally,[17] e.g. crises, deadlines, problems.[16]
  2. Important/Not Urgent quadrant tasks get an end date and are done personally,[17] e.g. relationships, planning, recreation.[16]
  3. Unimportant/Urgent quadrant tasks are delegated,[17] e.g. interruptions, meetings, activities.[16]
  4. Unimportant/Not Urgent quadrant tasks are dropped,[17] e.g. time wasters, pleasant activities, trivia.[16]

POSEC method[edit]

POSEC is an acronym for «Prioritize by Organizing, Streamlining, Economizing and Contributing». The method dictates a template which emphasizes an average individual’s immediate sense of emotional and monetary security. It suggests that by attending to one’s personal responsibilities first, an individual is better positioned to shoulder collective responsibilities.[18]

Inherent in the acronym is a hierarchy of self-realization, which mirrors Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

  1. Prioritize your time and define your life by goals.
  2. Organize things you have to accomplish regularly to be successful (family and finances).
  3. Streamline things you may not like to do, but must do (work and chores).
  4. Economize things you should do or may even like to do, but they’re not pressingly urgent (pastimes and socializing).
  5. Contribute by paying attention to the few remaining things that make a difference (social obligations).

Elimination of non-priorities[edit]

Time management also covers how to eliminate tasks that do not provide value to the individual or organization.

The software executive Elisabeth Hendrickson asserts[19] that rigid adherence to task lists can create a «tyranny of the to-do list» that forces one to «waste time on unimportant activities».

Part of setting priorities and goals is the emotion «worry,» and its function is to ignore the present to fixate on a future that never arrives, which leads to the fruitless expense of one’s time and energy. It is an unnecessary cost or a false aspect that can interfere with plans due to human factors. The Eisenhower Method is a strategy used to compete with worry and dull-imperative tasks.[20] Worry as stress is a reaction to a set of environmental factors; understanding this is not a part of the person gives the person possibilities to manage them. Athletes under a coach call this management as «putting on the game face.»[21]

Change is hard, and daily life patterns are the most deeply ingrained habits of all. To eliminate non-priorities in study time, it is suggested to divide the tasks, capture the moments, review task handling method, postpone unimportant tasks (understanding that a task’s current relevancy and sense of urgency reflect the wants of the person rather than the task’s importance), manage life balance (rest, sleep, leisure), and cheat leisure and nonproductive time (hearing audio taping of lectures, going through presentations of lectures when in a queue, etc.).[22]

Certain unnecessary factors that affect time management are habits, lack of task definition (lack of clarity), over-protectiveness of the work, the guilt of not meeting objectives and subsequent avoidance of present tasks, defining tasks with higher expectations than their worth (over-qualifying), focusing on matters that have an apparent positive outlook without assessing their importance to personal needs, tasks that require support and time, sectional interests, and conflicts, etc.[23] A habituated systematic process becomes a device that the person can use with ownership for effective time management.

Implementation of goals[edit]

«To do» redirects here. For the auxiliary use of the verb «to do» in the English language, see Do-support.

A task list (also called a to-do list or «things-to-do») is a list of tasks to be completed, such as chores or steps toward completing a project. It is an inventory tool which serves as an alternative or supplement to memory.

Task lists are used in self-management, business management, project management, and software development. It may involve more than one list.

When one of the items on a task list is accomplished, the task is checked or crossed off. The traditional method is to write these on a piece of paper with a pen or pencil, usually on a note pad or clip-board. Task lists can also have the form of paper or software checklists.

Writer Julie Morgenstern suggests «do’s and don’ts» of time management that include:

  • Map out everything that is important, by making a task list.
  • Create «an oasis of time» for one to manage.
  • Say «No».
  • Set priorities.
  • Don’t drop everything.
  • Don’t think a critical task will get done in one’s spare time.[24]

Numerous digital equivalents are now available, including personal information management (PIM) applications and most PDAs. There are also several web-based task list applications, many of which are free.

Task list organization[edit]

Task lists are often diarized and tiered. The simplest tiered system includes a general to-do list (or task-holding file) to record all the tasks the person needs to accomplish and a daily to-do list which is created each day by transferring tasks from the general to-do list. An alternative is to create a «not-to-do list», to avoid unnecessary tasks.[24]

Task lists are often prioritized in the following ways.

  • A daily list of things to do, numbered in the order of their importance and done in that order one at a time as daily time allows, is attributed to consultant Ivy Lee (1877–1934) as the most profitable advice received by Charles M. Schwab (1862–1939), president of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation.[25][26][27]
  • An early advocate of «ABC» prioritization was Alan Lakein, in 1973. In his system «A» items were the most important («A-1» the most important within that group), «B» next most important, «C» least important.[8]
  • A particular method of applying the ABC method[28] assigns «A» to tasks to be done within a day, «B» a week, and «C» a month.
  • To prioritize a daily task list, one either records the tasks in the order of highest priority, or assigns them a number after they are listed («1» for highest priority, «2» for second highest priority, etc.) which indicates in which order to execute the tasks. The latter method is generally faster, allowing the tasks to be recorded more quickly.[24]
  • Another way of prioritizing compulsory tasks (group A) is to put the most unpleasant one first. When it’s done, the rest of the list feels easier. Groups B and C can benefit from the same idea, but instead of doing the first task (which is the most unpleasant) right away, it gives motivation to do other tasks from the list to avoid the first one.

A completely different approach which argues against prioritizing altogether was put forward by British author Mark Forster in his book «Do It Tomorrow and Other Secrets of Time Management». This is based on the idea of operating «closed» to-do lists, instead of the traditional «open» to-do list. He argues that the traditional never-ending to-do lists virtually guarantees that some of your work will be left undone. This approach advocates getting all your work done, every day, and if you are unable to achieve it, that helps you diagnose where you are going wrong and what needs to change.[29]

Various writers have stressed potential difficulties with to-do lists such as the following.

  • Management of the list can take over from implementing it. This could be caused by procrastination by prolonging the planning activity. This is akin to analysis paralysis. As with any activity, there’s a point of diminishing returns.
  • To remain flexible, a task system must allow for disaster. A company must be ready for a disaster. Even if it is a small disaster, if no one made time for this situation, it can metastasize, potentially causing damage to the company.[30]
  • To avoid getting stuck in a wasteful pattern, the task system should also include regular (monthly, semi-annual, and annual) planning and system-evaluation sessions, to weed out inefficiencies and ensure the user is headed in the direction he or she truly desires.[31]
  • If some time is not regularly spent on achieving long-range goals, the individual may get stuck in a perpetual holding pattern on short-term plans, like staying at a particular job much longer than originally planned.[32]

Software applications[edit]

Many companies use time tracking software to track an employee’s working time, billable hours, etc., e.g. law practice management software.

Many software products for time management support multiple users. They allow the person to give tasks to other users and use the software for communication and to prioritize tasks.

Task-list applications may be thought of as lightweight personal information manager or project management software.

Modern task list applications may have built-in task hierarchy (tasks are composed of subtasks which again may contain subtasks), may support multiple methods of filtering and ordering the list of tasks, and may allow one to associate arbitrarily long notes for each task.[citation needed]

In contrast to the concept of allowing the person to use multiple filtering methods, at least one software product additionally contains a mode where the software will attempt to dynamically determine the best tasks for any given moment.[33]

Time management systems[edit]

Time management systems often include a time clock or web-based application used to track an employee’s work hours. Time management systems give employers insights into their workforce, allowing them to see, plan and manage employees’ time. Doing so allows employers to manage labor costs and increase productivity. A time management system automates processes, which eliminates paperwork and tedious tasks.

GTD (Getting Things Done)[edit]

Getting Things Done was created by David Allen. The basic idea behind this method is to finish all the small tasks immediately and a big task is to be divided into smaller tasks to start completing now. The reasoning behind this is to avoid the information overload or «brain freeze» which is likely to occur when there are hundreds of tasks. The thrust of GTD is to encourage the user to get their tasks and ideas out and on paper and organized as quickly as possible so they’re easy to manage and see.

Pomodoro[edit]

Francesco Cirillo’s «Pomodoro Technique» was originally conceived in the late 1980s and gradually refined until it was later defined in 1992. The technique is the namesake of a Pomodoro (Italian for tomato) shaped kitchen timer initially used by Cirillo during his time at university. The «Pomodoro» is described as the fundamental metric of time within the technique and is traditionally defined as being 30 minutes long, consisting of 25 minutes of work and 5 minutes of break time. Cirillo also recommends a longer break of 15 to 30 minutes after every four Pomodoros. Through experimentation involving various workgroups and mentoring activities, Cirillo determined the «ideal Pomodoro» to be 20–35 minutes long.[34][self-published source?]

[edit]

Time management is related to the following concepts.

  • Project management: Time management can be considered to be a project management subset and is more commonly known as project planning and project scheduling. Time management has also been identified as one of the core functions identified in project management.[35]
  • Attention management relates to the management of cognitive resources, and in particular the time that humans allocate their mind (and organize the minds of their employees) to conduct some activities.
  • Timeblocking is a time management strategy that specifically advocates for allocating chunks of time to dedicated tasks in order to promote deeper focus and productivity.

Organizational time management is the science of identifying, valuing and reducing time cost wastage within organizations. It identifies, reports and financially values sustainable time, wasted time and effective time within an organization and develops the business case to convert wasted time into productive time through the funding of products, services, projects or initiatives as a positive return on investment.

See also[edit]

  • Action item
  • African time
  • Attention management
  • Calendaring software
  • Chronemics
  • Flow (psychology)
  • Gantt chart
  • Goal setting
  • Interruption science
  • Maestro concept
  • Opportunity cost
  • Order
  • Polychronicity
  • Precommitment
  • Procrastination
  • Professional organizing
  • Prospective memory
  • Punctuality
  • Self-help
  • Task management
  • Time and attendance
  • Time perception
  • Time to completion
  • Time-tracking software
  • Time value of money
  • Work activity management
  • Workforce management
  • Workforce modeling

Books:

  • First Things First (book)
  • The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

Systems:

  • Getting Things Done
  • Pomodoro Technique

Psychology/Neuroscience/Psychiatry

  • Habit
  • Self-control
  • Impulsivity
  • Inhibitory control
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

References[edit]

  1. ^ Stella Cottrell (2013). The Study Skills Handbook. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 123+. ISBN 978-1-137-28926-1.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Communications, Richard Lewis, Richard Lewis. «How Different Cultures Understand Time». Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  3. ^ a b Pant, Bhaskar (2016-05-23). «Different Cultures See Deadlines Differently». Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  4. ^ Duranti, Giancarlo; Di Prata, Olvers (2009). «Everything is about time: does it have the same meaning all over the world?».
  5. ^ «NIMH » Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder». www.nimh.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-12-29. Retrieved 2018-01-05.
  6. ^
    Hallowell, Edward M.; Ratey, John J. (1994). Driven To Distraction: Recognizing and Coping with Attention Deficit Disorder from Childhood Through Adulthood. Touchstone. ISBN 9780684801285. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
  7. ^ Amen, Daniel G. (1998). Change your brain, change your life : the breakthrough program for conquering anxiety, depression, obsessiveness, anger, and impulsiveness (1st ed.). New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-2997-7. OCLC 38752969.
  8. ^ a b Lakein, Alan (1973). How to Get Control of Your Time and Your Life. New York: P.H. Wyden. ISBN 0-451-13430-3.
  9. ^ «The 80/20 Rule And How It Can Change Your Life». Forbes. Archived from the original on 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  10. ^ Ferriss, Timothy. (2007). The 4-hour workweek : escape 9-5, live anywhere, and join the new rich (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-307-35313-9. OCLC 76262350.
  11. ^ «Eisenhower’s Urgent/Important Principle: Using Time Effectively, Not Just Efficiently». www.mindtools.com. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
  12. ^ Dwight D. Eisenhower (August 19, 1954). Address at the Second Assembly of the World Council of Churches. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Evanston, Illinois. (retrieved 31 March 2015.)
  13. ^ Background on the Eisenhower quote and citations to how it was picked up in media references afterwards are detailed in: O’Toole, Garson (9 May 2014). «What Is Important Is Seldom Urgent and What Is Urgent Is Seldom Important». Quote Investigator. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015.
  14. ^ Fowler, Nina (September 5, 2012). «App of the week: Eisenhower, the to-do list to keep you on task». Venture Village.
  15. ^ Drake Baer (April 10, 2014),
    «Dwight Eisenhower Nailed A Major Insight About Productivity» Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, Business Insider, (accessed 31 March 2015)
  16. ^ a b c d e McKay; Brett; Kate (October 23, 2013). «The Eisenhower Decision Matrix: How to Distinguish Between Urgent and Important Tasks and Make Real Progress in Your Life». A Man’s Life, Personal Development. Archived from the original on 2014-03-22. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  17. ^ a b c d «The Eisenhower Method». fluent-time-management.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-03.
  18. ^ «The POSEC Method Of Time Management». Time-Management-Abilities.com. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
  19. ^ Hendrickson, Elisabeth. «The Tyranny of the «To Do» List». Sticky Minds. Archived from the original on 2007-03-27. Retrieved October 31, 2005. — an anecdotal discussion of how to-do lists can be tyrannical
  20. ^ Phillip Brown (2014). 26 Words That Can Change Your Life: Nurture Your Mind, Heart and Soul to Transform Your Life and Relationships. BookB. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-0-9939006-0-0.
  21. ^ Richard Walsh (2008). Time Management: Proven Techniques for Making Every Minute Count. Adams Media. pp. 232–238. ISBN 978-1-4405-0113-5.
  22. ^ Richard Walsh (2008). Time Management: Proven Techniques for Making Every Minute Count. Adams Media. pp. 161–163. ISBN 978-1-4405-0113-5.
  23. ^ Patrick Forsyth (2013). Successful Time Management. Kogan Page Publishers. pp. 90–93. ISBN 978-0-7494-6723-4.
  24. ^ a b c Morgenstern, Julie (2004). Time Management from the Inside Out: The Foolproof System for Taking Control of Your Schedule—and Your Life (2nd ed.). New York: Henry Holt/Owl Books. p. 285. ISBN 0-8050-7590-9.
  25. ^ Mackenzie, Alec (1972). The Time Trap (3rd ed.). AMACOM — A Division of American Management Association. pp. 41–42. ISBN 081447926X.
  26. ^ LeBoeuf, Michael (1979). Working Smart. Warner Books. pp. 52–54. ISBN 0446952737.
  27. ^ Nightingale, Earl (1960). «Session 11. Today’s Greatest Adventure». Lead the Field (unabridged audio program). Nightingale-Conant. Archived from the original on 2013-01-08.
  28. ^ «Time Scheduling and Time Management for dyslexic students». Dyslexia at College. Archived from the original on 2005-10-26. Retrieved October 31, 2005. — ABC lists and tips for dyslexic students on how to manage to-do lists
  29. ^ Forster, Mark (2006-07-20). Do It Tomorrow and Other Secrets of Time Management. Hodder & Stoughton Religious. p. 224. ISBN 0-340-90912-9.
  30. ^ Horton, Thomas. New York The CEO Paradox (1992)
  31. ^ «Tyranny of the Urgent» essay by Charles Hummel 1967
  32. ^ «86 Experts Reveal Their Best Time Management Tips». Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  33. ^ Partho (18 February 2009). «Top 10 Time Management Software for Windows». Gaea News Network. Archived from the original on 2017-01-12. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
  34. ^ Cirillo, Francesco (November 14, 2009). The Pomodoro Technique. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1445219943.[self-published source]
  35. ^ Project Management Institute (2004). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide). ISBN 1-930699-45-X.

Further reading[edit]

  • Allen, David (2001). Getting things done: the Art of Stress-Free Productivity. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-88906-8.
  • Fiore, Neil A (2006). The Now Habit: A Strategic Program for Overcoming Procrastination and Enjoying Guilt- Free Play. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1-58542-552-5.
  • Le Blanc, Raymond (2008). Achieving Objectives Made Easy! Practical goal setting tools & proven time management techniques. Maarheeze: Cranendonck Coaching. ISBN 978-90-79397-03-7.
  • Secunda, Al (1999). The 15 second principle : short, simple steps to achieving long-term goals. New York: New York : Berkley Books. p. 157. ISBN 0-425-16505-1.

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