One suitable word exercises

1. My
   brother is two years older ……………….. me.

2. The
   train takes just ………………. Long as the bus.

3. I
   thought the second hotel we stayed in was …………….. more
   friendly.

4. Unfortunately
   we are ………………. well-off than we used to be.

5. Do
   you think you could make a ……………… less noise?

6. These
   exercises seem to be getting harder and ………………. .

7. Jean
   didn’t enjoy the match as much as I ……………….. .

2. Put one suitable word in each space, beginning with the letter given.

a)
Is William feeling any b……………….. today?

b)
Everyone ate a lot, but Chris ate the m……………….. .

c)
What’s the l……………….. news about the situation in Egypt?

d)
I‘d feel a lot h………………. if you let me help.

e)
Graham has been sinking d…………….. into debt lately.

f)
It’s 35 degrees today! It must be the h……………….. day so
far this year.

g)
Only $45? Is that all? Oh well, it’s b……………….. than
nothing.

h)
He had to wait a f……………….. two months before he got his
promotion.

i)
Ruth wore her b………………. dress to her sister’s wedding.

j)
Harry has got over the w……………… of his cold.

RELATIVE
CLAUSES

1. Underline
   any relative pronouns that can be left out in these sentences.

1. I
   think that my boss is the person who I admire most.

2. Harry,
   who was tired, went to bed very early.

3. We’re
   taking the train that leaves at 6.00.

4. Have
   you seen the book that I left here on the desk?

5. The
   film that we liked most was the French one.

6. My
   radio, which isn’t very old, has suddenly stopped working.

7. The
   clothes which you left behind are at the reception desk.

8. The
   couple who met me at the station took me out to dinner.

9. Last
   week I ran into an old friend who I hadn’t seen for ages.

10. Don’t
    cook the meat that I put in the freezer – it’s for the dog.

1. Underline
   the most suitable word in each sentence.

1. My
   friend Jack, that/who/whose parents live in Glasgow, invited me to
   spend Christmas in Scotland.

2. Here’s
   the computer program that/whom/ whose I told you about.

3. I
   don’t believe the story that/who/whom she told us.

4. Peter
   comes from Witney, that/who/which is near Oxford.

5. This
   is the gun with that/ whom/which the murder was committed.

6. Have
   you received the parcel whom/whose/which we sent you?

7. Is
   this person who/which/whose you asked me about?

8. That’s
   the girl that/who/whose brother sits next to me at school.

9. The
   meal, that/which/whose wasn’t very tasty, was quite expensive.

10. We
    didn’t enjoy the play that/who/whose we went to see.

1. Put
   a suitable relative pronoun in each space, or leave the space blank
   where possible.

1. My
   bike, ……………… I had left at the gate, had disappeared.

2. The
   shoes ………………. I bought were the ones ………………..
   I tried on first.

3. The
   bag in ……………….. the robbers put the money was found
   later.

4. The
   medicine ……………….. the doctor gave me had no effect at
   all.

5. Peter,
   ……………… couldn’t see the screen, decided to change his
   seat.

6. I
   really liked that tea …………….. you made me this morning.

7. What
   was the name of your friend ………………. Tent we borrowed?

8. The
   flight ……………….. Joe was leaving on was cancelled.

1. Make
   one sentence from each pair of sentences. Use the word given in
   capitals.

1. Brenda
   is a friend. I went on holiday with her. (WHO)

…………………………………………………………………………………..

1. This
   is Mr Smith. His son Bill plays in our team. (WHOSE)

……………………………………………………………………………………….

1. Her
   book was published last year. It became a best seller. (WHICH)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

1. This
   is the bank. We borrow the money from it. (WHICH)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. I
   told you about a person. She is at the door. (WHO)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

1. Jack’s
   car had broken down. He had to take a bus. (WHOSE)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

READ
AND DISCUSS.

Language
was first written down about five and half thousand years ago, in
about 3500 BC. The Sumerians, who lived in Mesopotamia, were the
first people to write down their language. They used symbols called
pictographs to represent everyday objects – a bit like Egyptian
hieroglyphics – and the first actual alphabet was developed around
3500 years ago by the Phoenicians, who lived on the eastern coast of
what is now Syria. Today there are around 65 alphabets in the world.
Interestingly, the shortest of them, the one used in the Solomon
Islands, has only 11 letters. And the longest is the Cambodian, it’s
got 74 letters.

There
are somewhere in the region of 4000 languages in the world today.
We’ll never find out the exact figure. The most spoken is Mandarin
Chinese. It has about a billion speakers. English is next with about
half a billion speakers and Hindi, Spanish and Russian are not too
far behind. These five languages account for half of all the
conversations in the world!

The
latest thinking is that English is the biggest language, largely due
to the number of technical and scientific words it contains. There
are at least a million words in English. Most native speakers only
use about 10,000 words.

According
to recent research, where tens of thousands of hours of conversation
have been fed into computers and analyzed, the most used word in
English is “the”. We think, “be” is the most used verb in
English. And the most common noun is “thing”.

Modern
English, which is about 500 years old, is a mixture of mainly Romance
and Germanic languages. Greek and Arabic have also provided English
with many words. For example, “sugar” comes from Arabic. And,
surprisingly, so does “alcohol”. In fact many, many words have
been” borrowed” from other languages. For instance, “coffee”
comes from Turkish and “chess’, the game, is a Persian word.
“Ketchup” comes from the Malay language, a traditional Malaysian
sauce. “Shampoo” is actually a Hindi word, from India.

By
the way, Papua New Guinea has got the most languages – over eight
hundred and fifty separate languages, but India has got dozens of
languages. The bank notes there have got thirteen languages written
on them. They’re the main languages. Most people there speak at
least two or three languages.

What’s
the highest number of languages spoken by one person? There was a
Frenchman who spoke 31 different languages. All of them fluently!

Discuss.
What facts do you find interesting, amusing, worth to know, shocking?

Ask
questions about the facts mentioned in the text.

ESPERANTO.

What
would the world be like if everyone spoke the same language? Would we
understand each other better and be more sympathetic to each other’s
causes? I’m talking about sharing the same second language –
Esperanto.

What
are the facts about this artificial language? Well, it was invented
in 1887 by a Polish doctor, Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof. The vocabulary
comes mainly from Western European languages, and the grammar is
similar to Slavic languages. It sounds like Italian.

From
the learner’s point of view, it has the advantage that there are no
exceptions to the rules. It is spoken all over the world by
approximately eight million people, and there are many who would like
Esperanto to be the official second language of the world.

Esperanto
means “hopeful”, and it was Zamenhof’s hope that a common
language would promote a friendship and an understanding amongst all
people of the world. His inspiration is summed up by the Esperanto
term ‘interna ideo” which means central idea, and it is an idea
of human peace and justice.

There
are many advantages of Esperanto as a world language. The advantages
of the world being able to talk freely to each other about business,
politics, culture, sport, hobbies are obvious. The costs of
translation at any international conference are staggering.

The
main advantage is that Esperanto is a neutral language. It doesn’t
have the national, political, and cultural bias that all others of
course have. If everybody has to learn a second language, then
everybody is equal.

Esperanto
is a very easy language to learn. The tense system has none of the
complications of English, and the grammar is based on just sixteen
rules which have no exceptions. There are only five vowel sounds. The
most remarkable thing is that after a very short time learners find
that they can express quite sophisticated ideas, the same sort of
things that they would want to say in their own language.

Esperanto
is taught in many schools in Hungary and China. It has such internal
logic that it could become the international computer language, and
that would really establish it.

Discuss
the advantages of Esperanto as a world language.

What
do you think of Zamenhof’s “interna ideo”?

Would
you rather be learning Esperanto than English? Why / why not?

ENGLISH
AS AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE – NO PROBLEM, OK?

The
British and the Americans like to talk about the differences between
British and American English. There are a few small differences in
the grammar and there are a few words that are different on either
side of the Atlantic, but the big difference is the accent. Some
British films have subtitles in America because people can’t
understand what the actors are saying, and some American TV series
(The Sopranos, for example) are difficult for the British to
understand.

However,
if you listen to Standard English (the language that TV newsreaders
use, for example) in Britain or the US, there are no problems of
understanding at all. The problems are with the different kinds of
American and British English. These different dialects and accents
depend on people’s social class and the geographical area where
they live. It is possible, for example, that a middle-class speaker
from the south of England will find it difficult to understand a
working class speaker from the north. In the same way, a wealthy
Californian may not understand a working-class New Yorker. All of
these people have accents, but the middle class accents are usually
closer to Standard English.

With
so many different Englishes, it is difficult for learners of the
language. What sort of English should they learn? Is American English
better than British English, or the other way round? The answer
depends on their reasons for learning English. If they are learning
English for their work, the choice will probably be easy. But for
many students, it doesn ‘t matter. What matters is that they
understand and are understood.

The
world is changing and English is no longer the property of the
British, Americans or Australians. Most English that you hear and see
around the world is spoken or written by non-native speakers –
between, for example, a Greek and a German, or between a Russian and
an Italian. English is the main language of business, academic
conferences and tourism, of popular music, home computers and video
games. English has become the Latin of the modern world.

Because
of this, the question of American or British English is becoming less
and less important. More and more people now talk about English as an
International language – a language that is not American or
British. It has hundreds of different accents, but if people can
understand what you are saying, no problem. OK?

ANSWER:

Does
the writer think that it is better to learn American or British
English?

Which
accents in your language do you find difficult to understand?

What
do other people think of your accent?

What
is the best accent in your language for a student to learn?

CREATIVE
WRITING

a.
Write about a well-known personality.

b.
Describe your personality.

Translate
the sentences using the active vocabulary:

1. Мне
   часто приходится иметь дело с клиентами,
   которые не говорят по-русски, поэтому
   мне приходится говорить на иностранных
   языках.

2. Клэр
   работает в инвестиционном банке, который
   находится в Лондоне. Раньше она работала
   в парижском отделении банка.

3. Многие
   ученые предсказывают, что большинство
   мировых языков исчезнет в ближайшие
   сто лет.

4. Изучение
   иностранного языка может оказаться
   гораздо труднее чем вы думаете.

5. Изучение
   испанского языка – это самое интересное
   и полезное из всего, чем я когда-либо
   занималась.

6. Японский
   язык гораздо труднее испанского.

7. Китай
   производит электротовары, текстиль и
   одежду, которые продаются во всем мире.

8. Для
   американских студентов самим легким
   языком для изучения является испанский,
   а китайский — самым сложным.

9. Американцам
   легче учить европейские языки чем
   азиатские.

10. Во
    время переговоров важно помнить о языке
    тела, то есть жестах, позах, выражении
    лица, зрительном контакте и т.д.

11. Камень
    Розетта может быть использован как
    словарь для проверки значения слов
    древних языков.

12. Знание
    иностранного языка дает больше
    возможностей при трудоустройстве.

Принимая
участие в совещании, дискуссии

1. Цель
   нашего совещания сегодня – это …..

2. Мария,
   вы хотите начать?

3. Минуту,
   Мария, можно мне кое-что спросить?

4. Извините,
   я не совсем вас понимаю. Объясните, что
   вы имеете в виду под …

5. Все
   согласны?

6. ОК.
   Давайте перейдем к следующей теме.

7. Думаю,
   это все. Вы хотите обсудить что-то еще?

8. Суммируя
   все выше сказанное…

9. Хорошо.
   Закончим на сегодня.

UNIT
4

CONSUMER
TRENDS

Word
list:

1. spending
   habits/power, consumer spending

2. to
   save money

3. a
   retail outlet

4. household
   expenditure

5. single-person
   household, single women

6. birth
   rate, divorce rate, rate of growth

7. life
   expectancy

8. dependent
   child

9. disposable
   income

10. elderly
    people

11. round
    the clock

12. to
    boom

13. to
    increase sales by …%

14. on
    the way home

15. to
    expand opening hours

16. consumption
    of foods

17. increase
    in, growth, rise

18. to
    move into an apartment

19. to
    wave at smb.

20. to
    fall, a dramatic fall, decline

21. to
    grow dramatically

22. to
    be left behind

23. to
    enter workforce

24. to
    earn money

25. housing
    costs

26. domestic
    / overseas travel

27. car
    ownership

28. cinema
    attendance

29. newspaper
    circulation

30. current
    trends

31. shellfish

32. seasonal
    promotions

33. a
    variety of beers

34. a
    selection of snacks

35. live
    news broadcasts

36. poached
    salmon

37. grilled
    sirloin steak

38. to
    cater for all tastes

39. dairy
    products

40. criteria
    (ethical criteria)

41. code
    of conduct

42. energy-efficient
    appliances

43. growth
    markets

44. market
    share

45. organic
    food

46. a
    sweatshop

47. ethical
    consumers/ awareness / issues

48. green
    household products

49. environmentally-friendly
    cleaning products

50. responsible
    tourism

51. with
    regard to

52. labour
    conditions, child labour

53. turnover

54. per
    annum

55. to
    do market research

56. to
    design a programme

57. to
    list in a brochure

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A) What is stress?
Stress can affect anyone at any time. It is the body’s response to a situation which is challenging or threatening. This response can be helpful at times: positive stress 1) help you to meet deadlines or survive physical danger 2) by producing motivation and energy. However, when you are under intense pressure, you may experience the symptoms of negative stress.
Что такое стресс?
Стресс может затронуть любого в любое время. Это реакция организма на ситуацию, которая является сложной или угрожающей. Этот ответ может быть полезен время от времени: положительный стресс помогает вам соблюдать крайние сроки или переживать физическую опасность путем создания мотивации и энергии. Однако, когда вы находитесь под сильным давлением, вы можете испытывать симптомы негативного стресса.
B) What causes stress?
Apart from a major trauma like an accident or the death of someone close, not many events are stressful in themselves. Stress arises when you see a situation as threatening or 3) difficult to deal with or when you have very high expectations. For example, organising a surprise party may 4) make you feel anxious because you don’t want anything to go wrong, whereas others may enjoy planning it and 5) keep it secret.
Что вызывает стресс?
Помимо серьезных травм, таких как несчастный случай или смерть кого-то близкого, не многие события являются напряженными сами по себе. Стресс возникает, когда вы видите ситуацию как угрозу или с ней трудно справиться или когда у вас очень высокие ожидания. Например, организация неожиданной вечеринки может заставить вас почувствовать беспокойство, потому что вы не хотите, чтобы что-то пошло не так, в то время как другие могут получать удовольствие от планирования и держать это в секрете.
C) What are the symptoms of stress?
People who suffer from stress often complain of headaches, sweaty hands or ‘butterflies’ in the stomach. Lack of sleep, 6) feeling tired and bad-tempered, and not 7) being able to concentrate are also common symptoms.
Каковы симптомы стресса?
Люди, страдающие от стресса, часто жалуются на головные боли, потные руки или «бабочки» в желудке. Отсутствие сна, чувство усталости и плохое настроение, и невозможность сосредоточиться также являются распространенными симптомами.
D) What can you do to reduce stress? — Что вы можете сделать, чтобы уменьшить стресс?
First, work out what is causing it. Knowing what causes stress for you can help you to cope with it better. Here are some strategies 9) of coping. — Во-первых, разберитесь что вызывает его. Знание того, что вызывает стресс для вас, может помочь вам справиться с этим лучше. Вот несколько стратегий преодоления.
о Don’t take on more than you know you can do: learn to turn 10) down some of the requests people make. — Не принимайте больше, чем вы знаете, что можете сделать: научитесь отклонять некоторые запросы, которые люди делают.
о Take regular breaks: go for a walk, 11) work out at the gym, listen to music. — Делайте регулярные перерывы: прогуляйтесь, тренируйтесь в спортзале, слушайте музыку.
о Eat a balanced diet and avoid 12) drinking alcohol and smoking. — Ешьте сбалансированную пищу и избегайте употребления алкоголя и курения.
о Share your thoughts and fears with friends and family members: this may be difficult at first if you are not used to 13) speak about your feelings, but studies have shown that socially active people are better 14) at dealing with stress. — Поделитесь своими мыслями и опасениями с друзьями и членами семьи: сначала это может быть сложно, если вы не привыкли к говорить о своих чувствах, но исследования показали, что социально активные люди лучше справляются со стрессом.
о 15) Try to find humour or absurdity in stressful situations. Laughing reduces stress. — Попытайтесь найти юмор или абсурд в стрессовых ситуациях. Смех снижает стресс.

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7. Modal Verbs Expressing Habit

1. We can use will (for the present) and would (for the past) to talk about characteristic behaviour or habits, or about things that are or were always true: • Every day Dan will come home from work and turn on the TV. • During the war, people would eat all kinds of things that we don’t eat now. • A baby will recognise its mother’s voice soon after it is born. • Early passenger planes wouldn’t hold more than 30 passengers.

2. We don’t use would in this way to talk about a particular occasion in the past. Compare: • Each time I gave him a problem he would solve it for me. and • Last night I gave him a problem and he solved it for me. {not …he would solve it…)

3. In speech, we can stress will or would to criticise people’s characteristic behaviour or habits: • She will leave all the lights on in the house when she goes out. • I was happy when Sam left. He would talk about people behind their backs. When we use stressed would in this way, we can also use it to talk about a particular occasion in the past. We suggest that what happened was predictable because it was typical of a person’s behaviour: • ‘Jackie says she can’t help because she’s got a lot of work on.’ ‘Well she would say that – she always uses that excuse.’

4. If we want to talk about things that happened repeatedly in the past, but don’t happen now, we can use would or used to + infinitive. Used to is more common in informal English: • We would / used to lend him money when he was unemployed. • Tim would / used to visit his parents every other weekend. We use used to but not would when we talk about past states that have changed: • The factory used to be in the city centre. • I used to smoke heavily when I was at university. When we use would we need to mention a specific time or set of occasions. Compare: • We used to play in the garden, {not We would play…) • Whenever we went to my Uncle Frank’s house, we would / used to play in the garden.

5. We don’t use either used to or would when we say exactly how many times something happened, how long something took, or that something happened at a particular time: • We visited Switzerland four times during the 1970s. • She went on holiday to the Bahamas last week.

8. Modal Verbs Expressing Request

Exercise 1. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.

a) I don’t think you could/should tell anyone yet.

b) I couldn’t/shouldn’t possibly leave without paying.

c) That mustn’t/can’t be the hotel Jane told us about.

d) There are times when the traffic here can/could be really heavy.

e) We are enjoying our holiday, though the weather could/must be better.

f) You couldn’t/shouldn’t really be sitting here.

g) You could/may be older than me, but that doesn’t mean you’re cleverer.

h) You might/should like to look over these papers if you have time.

i) I’m afraid that nobody should/would help me in that kind of situation,
Exercise 2. Put one suitable word in each space. Contractions (can’t) count as one word.

Bill: This (1) be the house, I suppose, number 16 Elland Way.

Jane: I pictured it as being much bigger, from the estate agent’s description.

Bill: Well, we’d (2) go inside.

Jane: We (3) as well. Wait a minute. I (4) to just find my glasses. I (5) see a thing without them.

Bill: I don’t think much of it from the outside, to be honest.

Jane: Yes, it (6) certainly do with a coat of paint or two.

Bill: Rather you than me! I (7) like to have to paint it all! And the gutters (8) replacing.

Jane: I (9) think they haven’t been replaced since the house was built.

Bill: They (10) really be replaced every four years ideally.

Jane: And I don’t like that big ivy plant growing up the side. Ivy (11) get in the brickwork and cause all sorts of damage.

Bill: I wonder if there’s a lock on that big downstairs window? It looks very easy to break in to.

Jane: There’s (12) to be one, surely.

Bill: Well, (13) we go inside?

Jane: Do we (14) to? I think I’ve seen enough already. I (15) possibly live here.
Exercise 3. Choose the sentence A or B that is closest in meaning to the sentence given.

a) It’s possible that we’ll know the answers tomorrow.

A We may know the answers tomorrow.

B We should know the answers tomorrow.

b) I don’t think you should ring him now. It’s rather late

A You might not ring him now. It’s rather late.

B You’d better not ring him now. It’s rather late.

c) You needn’t come if you don’t want to

A You won’t come if you don’t want to.

B You don’t have to come if you don’t want to.

d) I think it’s wrong for you to work so hard

A You don’t have to work so hard.

B You shouldn’t work so hard.

e) Perhaps these are the keys

A These might be the keys.

B These must be the keys.

f) It would be wrong for us to lock the cat in the house for a week

A We’d better not lock the cat in the house for a week.

B We can’t lock the cat in the house for a week.

g) It’s possible that the decision will be announced next week

A The decision might be announced next week.

B The decision will be announced next week.

h) Although I try hard, I can never solve The Times’ crossword

A Try as I may, I can never solve ‘The Times’ crossword.

B Try as I can, I may never solve ‘The Times’ crossword.

i) I know. Why don’t we go out to eat instead?

A I know. We must go out to eat instead.

B I know. We could go out to eat instead.
Exercise 4. Complete each sentence with one of the phrases from the box.

a) The heating comes on automatically. You don’t have to turn it on.

b) Of course I’ll help! I… let you do it on your own.

c) It’s a lovely hotel. And the staff… more helpful.

d) George… it there if he has stayed there for so long.

e) You… right, but I’m still not convinced.

f) We… go in this museum. There’s nothing else to do.

g) I love these trees. Without them the garden… the same.

h) There’s the phone call I was expecting. It …George.

i) Thanks. And now you just …sign on the dotted line.

j) Try as …, I simply couldn’t open the lid.
Exercise 5. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.

a) That can’t have been/shouldn’t have been Nick that you saw.

b) You must have given/might have given me a hand!

c) I caught a later train because I had to see/must have seen a client.

d) I suppose Bill should have lost/might have lost his way.

e) I didn’t refuse the cake, as it should have been/would have been rude.

f) I don’t know who rang, but it could have been/must have been Jim.

g) It was odd that you should have bought/would have bought the same car.

h) I asked them to leave but they might not/wouldn’t go.

i) It’s a pity you didn’t ask because I can’t help/could have helped you.

j) It’s your own fault, you can’t have/shouldn’t have gone to bed so late.
Exercise 6. Complete each sentence using one of the phrases from the box.

a) You and your big mouth! It was supposed to be a secret. You shouldn’t have told her!

b) The plane is late. It… landed by now.

c) You… met my brother. I haven’t got one!

d) There is only one explanation. You …left your keys on the bus.

e) You… heard me right. I definitely said 204525.

f) The meat is a bit burnt. You… cooked it for so long.

g) I’m sorry. I accept I … been a little bit rude.

h) You really… taken so much trouble over me.

i) Was it really necessary? You … tell the police, you know.

j) Keep your fingers crossed! The traffic warden… noticed the car’s parking ticket has run out!
Exercise 7. Complete each sentence by writing one word in each space. Contractions (can’t) count as one word.

a) I … have become a millionaire, but I decided not to.

b) You… have been here when Helen told the boss not to be so lazy! It was great!

c) Peter wasn’t here then, so he … have broken your vase.

d) I … have bought that car, but I decided to look at a few others.

e) If you felt lonely, you … have given me a ring.

f) Don’t take a risk like that again! We …have lost because of you.

g) It’s been more than a week! You … have had some news by now!

h) We were glad to help. We… have just stood by and done nothing.

i) You really … have gone to so much trouble!

j) I … have thought that it was rather difficult.
Exercise 8. Correct any errors in these sentences. Some sentences are correct.

a) Surely you mustn’t have forgotten already!………………….

b) Even Paul couldn’t have foreseen what was coming next ………………

c) Frances might not have understood what you said ………………

d) It was funny that she should have remembered me ………………

e) Harry may have won the match with a bit more effort ………………

f) You must have told me you had already eaten ………………

g) Look, there’s 300 USD in my wallet. I shouldn’t have gone to the bank after all………………….

h) You mustn’t have been so unkind!………………..

i) I couldn’t have managed without you…………….

j) I have no idea who it was, but I suppose it would have been Ann………….
Exercise 9. Complete each space in the text with an appropriate modal verb. Some are negative.

Dear Toshie,

Thanks for sending back the book I lent you. You (1) read it already! You must be the world’s fastest reader! Hope you enjoyed it.

Well, the big news is, I decided not to go to Italy to take up my job offer.

Basically, moving there (2) meant a lot of upheaval and frankly I couldn’t face the hassle. Maybe I (3) just gone, and been a bit more adventurous, and for sure, I’ve got mixed feelings about it, as if part of me wanted to go. Who knows, I (4) met the man of my dreams! But I didn’t take the decision lightly. I (5) spent several weeks thinking about nothing else. Anyway, what’s done is done.

My other news concerns my Dad. You remember I was getting very worried because he’d been having dizzy spells and feeling all light-headed. Well, I (6) worried — he’s been diagnosed as suffering from low blood pressure, so he’s on medication for that. The doctor said it’s possible that his vegetarian diet (7) set it off. It’s a pity you weren’t here! You (8) been able to help Dad, with your interest in holistic medicine. You (9) given him some of your aromatherapy treatments.

Anyway, hope to see you again before too long. By the way, guess who’s getting married in June? Brenda! I (10) known it would be her! It’s typical; that girl has all the luck!

Bye!

Love from, Sue.
Exercise 10. Which one of the verbs given can complete all three sentences in each set?

1 used to / will / would

a Most days my father …get up first and make breakfast.

b When I was training for the marathon, I …run over 100 kilometres a week.

c We went back to Dublin to see the house where we… live in the 1960s.

2 needn’t / mustn’t / don’t have to

a I’ll be quite late getting to London, but you…change your plans for me.

b I’m afraid I owe quite a lot of money to the bank — but you… worry about it.

c Next time, read the small print in the document before you sign it. You … make the same mistake again.

3 can / could / is (or was) able to

a Val had always wanted to go scuba diving and …do so last summer.

b I hope Jim … help you tomorrow.

c She played the piano quite well even before she …read music.
Unit 6. Literature.
6.1

Basic Vocabulary — see V1, V2

Additional Vocabulary

Ex.3 believable, timeless

Ex.4b (text) to found/a founder, outstanding, to award a prize, a genre, mastery of smth., lasting literary value, prominent.

Ex.8a (tr.2.10) twists and turns (of a plot), the subject matter.

Ex.8b all adjectives

Ex. 9 all expressions
Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences, using active vocabulary.

1. Многие

выдающиеся писатели, чьи работы обладают непреходящей литературной ценностью, получили Нобелевскую премию. 2. Чем я не могу не восхищаться в пьесах этого выдающегося драматурга, так это его необыкновенным умением создавать захватывающие сюжеты. 3. Этот новый роман хочется сразу прочитать целиком! Он уже несколько недель в списке бестселлеров, и не зря о нем повсюду говорят. 4. Этого автора считают основателем современного научно-популярного жанра. 5. Именно несерьезная литература очень часто получает огромный читательский отклик благодаря захватывающим поворотам сюжета, однако она не трогает и не заставляет задуматься. 6. Едва я начал читать этот триллер, как не мог от него оторваться. Он не только захватывающий, но и очень реалистичный. 7. Никогда еще я не читал такого занудного исторического романа! Вначале я не мог в него вчитаться, а конец совершенно разочаровал. Определенно, исторические романы — это не моё. 8. По слухам, мемуары этого видного политика написаны другим автором. 9. Когда я читал последний бестселлер, я никак не мог понять его. 10. Должно быть, это самая занудная автобиография, которую я когда-либо читал. Я абсолютно разочарован. 11. Подлинная литература вечна, ее герои реалистичны, а сюжет заставляет задуматься. Надо иметь безупречный вкус, чтобы понять и оценить такие произведения, потому что часто их предмет очень сложный.