Noun form of the word long

Abstract Nouns

As practice shows, many students, having passed to the Pre-Intermediate level, experience difficulty in memorizing abstract nouns. You may have the same problem.

This is not surprising at all, because unlike concrete or real nouns, abstract nouns are difficult to visualize and imagine. But you can’t do without them if you want to communicate at a high level. Therefore, in this article, we will look at the features of abstract nouns, which will help you classify and remember them.

First, let’s look at how abstract nouns are formed. They can be formed by adding a suffix to a verb, adjective, or other noun. Depending on this, the suffixes are also different. 

Verb suffixes

Adjective suffixes

Source: https://enginform.com/article/abstract-nouns

Prefixes and suffixes of nouns in English

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To do it right assignments 26 — 31 from section «Grammar and Vocabulary» on the Unified State Exam in English, You need to know the most used prefixes and suffixes of nouns. 

I want to say right away that the article will be long, so be patient and read it to the end.

Helpful advice: 

Be sure to learn all the words from this article, as they are selected from real assignments of past years, which were proposed for implementation on the exam in English. Work separately with each block, spelling out the words, even if they seem familiar to you. Remember that in assignments 26 — 31 along with your ability to form new words using various affixes, your spelling skills are assessed!

Education model: Verb + er = Noun

When adding a suffix — er to a verb or noun, a noun is formed, denoting a profession, occupation of a person, as well as the names of some objects:

To write — writer, to sing — singer, to drive — driver, to teach — teacher, to examine — examiner, to learn — learner, to build — builder, to loaf — loafer (quitter)

Trumpet — trumpeter (trumpeter), bank — banker (banker), finance — financier (financier)

To contain — container (container), to dust — duster (duster), to grate — grater (grater), to mix — mixer (mixer), to shake — shaker (shaker), to blend — blender (blender), to open — opener (can-opener)

Mince (minced meat) — mincer (meat grinder)

Exception:   to lie (lie) — LIAR   (liar / liar)

Education model:Verb + or = noun

When adding a suffix — or a noun denoting a profession, occupation of a person is formed to the verb (these are mainly nouns of Latin and French origin):

To act — actor (actor), to advise — advisor / —er (advisor, consultant), to animate — animator (animator), to conduct — conductor (conductor), to create — creator (creator), to decorate — decorator (decorator, painter, wallpaper passer), to direct — director (director, director), to educate — educator (teacher), to illustrate — illustrator (illustrator), to invent — inventor (inventor), to invest — investor (investor, contributor), to instruct — instructor (instructor), to translate — translator (translator), to sail — sailor (sailor), to visit — visitor (visitor), to conquer — coqueror (conqueror)

Here are some more nouns with the suffix —or, to remember:

doctor, professionalor, sculptureor, sponsor, ancestor (ancestor), tutor, mentor (mentor)

Education model: Noun + ist = Noun

When adding a suffix  -ist a noun is formed to the noun, denoting a profession, occupation of a person:

art — art (artist), cello — cell (cellist), chemistry — chem (chemist, pharmacist), drama — dramat (playwright), ecology — ecolog (ecologist), economics — econom (economist), geology — geolog (geologist), genetics — genetic (geneticist), guitar — guitar (guitarist), journal — journal (journalist), medal — medal (medalist), meteorology — meteorolog (meteorologist), optimism — optim

Source: http://smashtrash.ru/slovoobrazovanie/pristavki-i-suffiksy-imen-sushhestvite.html

Noun suffixes in English

Hello friends. There can be confusion between suffixes and endings in English (both are often called word endings), besides, English terminology in this matter is slightly different from Russian. Therefore, let’s start with the basic concepts.

The ending is an inflectional morpheme. It changes the form of a word, but not its meaning, and at the same time carries a grammatical load:

• pencil — pencils (ending indicates plural)
• work — worked (the ending indicates the elapsed time)

The suffix, in turn, is a derivational morpheme. Suffixes in English create new words, either by changing the meaning of the original one, or by converting one part of speech to another:

• red — reddish (red — reddish)
• teach — teacher (teach — teacher)

Remember these: adjectives characterizing a person

There are very few endings in English — these are -s (-es), -ed and -ing. There are a lot of suffixes in English. In this article, we will consider only the most common ones.

Noun suffixes

1. Suffix -er (-or)

1) This suffix is ​​used to form nouns from verbs (infinitive without to + -er, -or). A noun with such an ending denotes either a device that performs an action expressed by the verb from which it is formed, or a person performing this action.

• to play — a player player
• to read — a reader
• to mix — a mixer mixer

If the verb ends in e, then only the letter r is appended, for example:

• to make — a maker manufacturer
• to use — a user user

It should be remembered that you often have to resort to a descriptive translation of nouns with the suffix -er, -or, for example:

• to lift — a lifter lifting device
• to read — a reader
• to time (assign time, calculate by time) — and timer is a device that calculates time.

2. Suffix -ist

This is a very common suffix that forms nouns denoting professionals, supporters of a social or scientific direction. It can join nouns and adjectives.

3. Suffix -ian

Nouns with this suffix indicate nationality or rank and profession, for example:
Russian — Russian, academician — academician, musician — musician, Darwinian — Darwinist.

Words formed by attaching the suffix -ian can be translated by adjectives, for example: the Russian language — Russian

Neo-Darwinian interpretation of evolution — Neo-Darwinian interpretation of evolution.

Note! Nouns and adjectives denoting nationality are always written with a capital letter: Ukrainian, English, Russian, Polish, American.

4. Suffix -ity (spelling variants -ety, -iety)

forms abstract nouns with the meaning of state, quality, condition. The -ity suffix matches the -ity suffix, for example:

• able — ability
• active (active) — activity (activity, activity)
• valid — validity

5. The suffix -ing forms nouns from verbs, for example:

• to meet — meeting
• to proceed — proceeding (practice, proceedings, notes (of a scientific society)

Note! Do not confuse nouns with the -ing ending with a participle and gerund

6. The suffix -hood forms nouns with the meaning «state, position, quality», for example:

• child (child) — childhood (childhood)
• man (man) — manhood (masculinity)

7. The suffix -ment forms nouns denoting action, for example:

• to move — movement

Some words with this suffix take on the meaning of a collection of objects, for example:

8. The suffix -ness forms nouns with the meaning «state, quality», for example:

• dark (dark) — darkness (darkness)
• good (good) — goodness (kindness)
• great (great) — greatness (greatness)

9. The suffix -у forms abstract nouns from verbs, for example:

• to discover — discovery
• to inquire (ask, find out) — inquiry (question, request)

10. The suffix -th forms nouns with the meaning of quality, for example:

• true (true) — truth
• health — (health)

By attaching the -th suffix, nouns are formed from adjectives, and often there is a change in the root vowel, for example:

• long (long) — length (length)
• deep — depth
• strong — strength

11. The suffix -ant forms nouns with the meaning of person and substance, for example:

• to assist — assistant assistant
• to serve — servant
• an oxidant (oxidizer), solvent (solvent)

12. The suffix -age forms nouns with different meanings, for example:

• to break — breakage
• to marry (to marry) — marriage (wedding)
• courage (courage, courage, courage)

13. The -ism suffix is ​​common to many languages, for example:

• Darwinism
• romanticism
• capitalism
• vandalism

14. The suffix -ure (-ture, -sure) forms nouns denoting a process, for example:

• to press — pressure
• to mix — mixture

Many nouns formed with the help of these suffixes can have the meaning of the result of an action in the form of an object, substance, for example:

• mixture — mixture, mixture;
• fixture — fixture (detail).

15. The suffix -ship forms nouns with the meaning of state, position or property, for example:

• friend — friendship
• member — membership

Noun suffix table

Suffix MeaningSuffixExamples

Source: http://englishfox.ru/suffiksy-sushhestvitelnyx-v-anglijskom.html

The formation of nouns in English: the main ways of word formation and conversion, the principles of word composition with examples

28.06.2019

Greetings to everyone who is learning English via Skype, and readers who just looked at the page. We continue our conversation about the noun and its features in English.

As in Russian, in English new words are formed in different ways. One of the most productive is the way of word formation using a suffix at the end of a word. There are basic noun suffixes in English, which we will now take a closer look at.

Basic noun suffixes in English

In order to form a noun from a verb, use suffixes -er, -or… In this case, the resulting noun will denote a person who performs the action conveyed by this verb, or a device or device associated with this action.

Suffix -ian indicates national or professional affiliation, as well as rank.

• Parallels can be drawn between English suffix -ity and Russian -ost.
• examples:
• to play (play) — and player (player);
• Russian (Russian), musician (musician);
• active — activity.
• The following noun suffixes in English are — suffix -mentmeaning action, and suffix -nеssconveying state or quality.
• examples:
• to move — movement;
• dark (dark) — darkness (darkness).

Some of the most common noun suffixes in English are suffixes -ure (-ture, -sure)… They can also denote a process.

1. examples:
2. culture [‘kl] (culture), lecture [‘ lek] (lecture);
3. to press — pressure [‘pre] (pressure).
4. And finally, with the help suffix -ship property or state is passed:

Conversion

Despite the fact that noun suffixes in English are the main way of word formation, one cannot but mention such a method as conversion.

This method differs in that when new words are formed in another part of speech, the form of the word does not change and derivational elements, such as suffixes, are absent.

For example, the noun work first appeared, from which the verb to work was derived. Or, for example, from the adjective wet (moisture) came the verb to wet (to moisten).

In the text, such words are difficult to immediately refer to a specific part of speech. First, it is necessary to determine what are the functional features of the word and which member of the sentence it is. The prepositions and articles surrounding him are also important.

examples:

The result of the match was 1: 0 to England. (Here result is a noun in the subject function, there is an article);

Heavy rains result in floods. (Here result is a verb in a predicate function).

In dictionaries, the entire palette of meanings of a word is always given, if it can act as a noun, and an adjective, and a verb. Therefore, for speed of translation, in order not to read the entire explanatory part, it is necessary, first of all, to determine which part of speech in the sentence the word is, based on its function and context, and only then to select the best translation option in the dictionary.

Source: https://tutorblog.ru/uprazhneniya/obrazovanie-sushhestvitelnyh-v-anglijskom-yazyke-ispolzovanie-suffiksov-i-pristavok.html

LESS suffix in English

Details Karina Galchenko

: 19 March 2016

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: 5/5

It is not always possible to use a dictionary or just quickly remember a suitable word. In such situations (and not only in them), knowledge of suffixes and prefixes will help out. For example, the suffix less in English corresponds to Russian prefixes without-, without-, not-. This is what you need when you need to form a negative word from one that you already know well.

The less suffix in English and its meaning

It is believed that the suffix less in English is part of adjectives. If you look into the dictionary, then less is «something insignificant or insignificant», «less». As a rule, less is added to a noun (or to a verb) and thanks to this metamorphosis, an adjective with a negative meaning is formed. That is, the scheme is as follows:

For example, you need to use the word «carefree» in your speech. You don’t know the English equivalent, but remember the word «care». It is a noun, that is, you can safely add a negative suffix to care and you get what you need — «careless» (translated as «carefree»). Learn to use the less suffix in English without having to look into the dictionary.

English words with the less suffix. Examples of

Pay attention to the following English words with the less suffix… Many of them are used quite often in speech. For convenience, the first column lists the nouns from which the new word is formed using less.

Source: http://fluenglish.com/stati/studentam-na-zametku/418-suffiks-less-v-anglijskom-yazyke.html

Enjoy learning English online with Puzzle English for free

For knowledge of a foreign language, a wealth of vocabulary is no less important than an understanding of grammar. The more words a person speaks, the freer he feels in a foreign language environment.

The variety of vocabulary is largely determined by the richness of word formation in the English language. The construction of new words is based on general principles. And the one who knows these principles feels much more confident among unfamiliar vocabulary.

The structure of the word and its change

New words are learned gradually. Most often, at first we only understand them in texts or someone else’s speech, and only then we begin to actively use them in ours. Therefore, mastering new vocabulary is a long process and requires patience from the student, active practice of reading, listening and working with a dictionary.

One of the methods to quickly expand your vocabulary is to master the ways of word formation in English. Having understood the principles by which words are built, it is possible to derive the meanings of its cognate words from an already known word.

The building blocks for every word are the root, prefixes and suffixes. The root is the part of the word that carries the main meaning. A word cannot exist without a root. Whereas prefixes and suffixes are an optional part, however, when added to the root, it is they that help form new words. Therefore, when describing word formation in English, we will separate prefix and suffix methods.

All prefixes and suffixes have their own meaning. It is usually quite blurry and serves to change the basic meaning of the word. When a prefix or suffix (or both) is added to the root, their value is added to the root value. This is how a new word turns out.

The formation of new words can lead not only to a change in meaning, but also to change parts of speech. Suffixes are more common in this function. By adding to the root, they translate a word from one part of speech to another, for example, they make an adjective from a verb or a verb from a noun.

So, from one root a whole group can be formed, all the elements of which are interconnected. Therefore, word formation helps learners of English to see the semantic relationships between words and better navigate the variety of vocabulary.

You can get a new word not only through prefixes and suffixes. Another way is compounding, in which two roots are combined into one word, forming a new meaning. In addition, word formation includes the reduction of words and the creation of abbreviations.

Prefixes as a way of word formation in English

A prefix (the term «prefix» is also used) is an element of a word that is placed before the root. Prefix word formation is rarely used by the English language to change parts of speech (as an exception, the prefix «en-» / «em-» for the formation of verbs can be called). But prefixes are actively used to change the meaning of a word. The prefixes themselves can have different meanings, but among them there is a large group of prefixes with a similar function: to change the meaning of a word to the opposite.

1. Prefixes with negative values:

• un-: unpredictable (unpredictable), unable (unable)
• dis-: disapproval, disconnection

Source: https://puzzle-english.com/directory/wordbuilding

Suffixes in English — Learn All

There can be confusion between suffixes and endings in English (both are often called word endings), besides, English terminology in this matter is slightly different from Russian. Therefore, let’s start with the basic concepts.

The ending is an inflectional morpheme. It changes the form of a word, but not its meaning, and at the same time carries a grammatical load:

• pencil — pencils (ending indicates plural)
• work — worked (the ending indicates the elapsed time)

The suffix, in turn, is a derivational morpheme. Suffixes in English create new words, either by changing the meaning of the original one, or by converting one part of speech to another:

• red — reddish (red — reddish)
• teach — teacher (teach — teacher)

There are very few endings in English — these are -s (-es), -ed and -ing. There are a lot of suffixes in English. In this article, we will consider only the most common ones.

Profession and occupation suffixes (-er, -ent, -ess)

The -er suffix is ​​perhaps the most common and productive for «doers.» With it, you can form a noun from almost any verb.

• write> writer — write> writer
• bake> baker — oven> baker
• paint> painter — paint> painter

Most modern words denoting the performer of an action are formed precisely with his help. This also applies to inanimate objects.

• printer — printer
• scanner — scanner

Many words that come from French and Latin have the -or suffix:

• doctor — doctor
• tailor — tailor
• actor — actor

The English suffix -ist often denotes an activity related to science and medicine:

• scientist — scientist
• dentist — dentist
• biologist — biologist

It also denotes an adherent of any views and beliefs:

• pacifist — pacifist
• communist — communist
• realist — realist

Other suffixes in English of words of Latin and Greek origin:

Suffix -ian:

• musician — musician
• librarian — librarian
• mathematician — mathematician

Suffix -ent:

• student — student
• resident — resident, resident
• agent — agent

Suffix -ant:

• informant — informant
• assistant — assistant
• confidant — confidant

The -ess suffix is ​​one of the few «feminine» suffixes in English:

• waitress — waitress
• actress — actress
• princess — princess

Process, action, phenomenon suffixes (-ment, -ion, -ism)

The suffix in English -ment is needed when forming verbal nouns and means an action or its result:

• movement — movement
• entertainment — entertainment
• concealment — concealment

The -ion suffix also denotes an action, process, or result of that process:

• revolution — revolution
• isolation — isolation
• restriction — restriction

The suffix -ism denotes a system of views, beliefs:

• racism — racism
• communism — communism
• pacifism — pacifism

State, quality, property suffixes (-ance / -ence, -dom, -hood, -ity, -ness, -ship, -th)

The -ance / -ence suffix in a noun usually matches the -ant / -ent suffix in an adjective:

• different — difference
• important — importance (important — importance)
• independent — independence

The suffixes in English -hood and -ship mean a person’s condition associated with his age, social relations, and sometimes activity; or a group of people united by this state.

• childhood — childhood
• motherhood — motherhood
• priesthood — clergy
• friendship — friendship
• internship — internship, internship

The suffix -dom means states and properties of a broader meaning:

• freedom — freedom
• wisdom — wisdom
• martyrdom — Martyrdom

The suffix in English -ness means possession of some quality and serves to form nouns from adjectives:

• kindness — kindness
• usefulness — usefulness
• vastness — vastness

The -th suffix more often means physical properties:

• strength — strength
• length — length
• warmth — warm

The suffix -ity means property, quality, and is common for words of Latin origin:

• brevity — brevity
• velocity — speed
• purity — purity

Adjective suffixes

The suffix -ful in English means possession of quality (and is related to the adjective full — «full»):

• beautiful — beautiful
• useful — useful

The -less suffix is ​​opposite in meaning to the previous one and means lack of quality:

• careless — carefree
• harmless — harmless

The suffix -able, -ible characterizes the property or accessibility for any action:

• edible — edible
• portable — portable, portable
• admirable — admirable

The suffixes -ic and -al mean «related, related»:

• heroic — heroic
• mythic — mythical
• cultural — cultural
• musical — musical

The -ous suffix also carries a characteristic:

• dangerous — dangerous
• nutritious — nutritious

The English suffix -ish has several meanings:

expresses similarity (in terms of appearance, behavior)

• girlish — girlish
• childich — childish, childish
• foolish — stupid

weakens the meaning of an adjective

• reddish — reddish
• narrowish — narrowish

means nationality, language or country

• English — English
• Swedish — Swedish

The suffix -ive means possession of a property, the ability:

• attractive — attractive
• sedative — sedative

The English suffix -y is used to form many simple adjectives:

• rainy — rainy
• dirty — dirty
• sunny — sunny

Vertex suffixes

Verb suffixes are not so diverse and almost all have the meaning of «doing something» or «becoming something.»

Suffix -ate

• motivate — to motivate
• activate — activate

Suffix -en

• lengthen — lengthen
• strengthen — strengthen

Suffix -ify

• verify — confirm
• clarify — to clarify

Suffix -ize, -ise

• visualize — render
• neutralize — neutralize

Adverb suffix

Adverbs are formed with just one suffix in English -ly:

• loudly — loudly
• beautifully — beautifully
• politely — politely

We read further:

10 ways to tell an adjective from an adverb in English

What are the types of sentences in English

5 simple rules for word order in English

Adverb, know your place!

Source: https://skyeng.ru/articles/chto-vy-ne-znali-o-suffiksah-v-anglijskom

Methods of forming nouns in English

How to replenish vocabulary more than 3 times without memorizing? Adopt this method and — voila! Vocabulary enlarged before our eyes.
This method is word formation. How does this work for nouns?

Briefly — about the main thing Usually the topic is studied indefinitely. There is a more effective method: covering the entire «puzzle» at a time. Seeing a clear picture, you can easily refine the little things without negativity.

So, the formation of nouns in English assumes skills:

1. convert a noun from a verb and vice versa;
2. use affixes;
3. put a different emphasis;
4. replace the consonant at the root;
5. form compound words.

Many do not assume how many words they ALREADY know. They simply do not know how to use this wealth competently.
Having learned 5 skills, you can refer to the dictionary just to check it.

1. Conversion

Nouns in English are related to verbs in an interesting way: they can be the same word. This method is called  conversion… This is the first skill. Using it, it is easy to guess about the translation of 60% of English words. Moreover, verbs can be converted not only into nouns, but also into adjectives.

The examples below will help you understand the phenomenon of conversion.

Example: love = to love / love.  

Verb convergent word noun

Many are embarrassed that in translation into Russian, both words are not the same root. But the language is different.
It’s funny, but the British created it for themselves! For native speakers, these are absolutely identical words: to milk — milk (milk), to name — name (name — name).

2. Affixation

This «scary» word means suffixes plus prefixes. All prefixes are of two types: negative and significant.
Acquaintance with negative ones has already taken place through borrowing: dysfunction, antispam, deflation. Significant — different in meaning, but amenable to logic.

Prefixes

2 groups of prefixes will allow you to find the meaning of a word by context without a dictionary. If you learn the meaning of each prefix separately, the brain starts to panic, it looks for the right algorithm. It takes time, and speech slows down.

And most importantly, the desire to study the language at all disappears.

Example: everyone knows the prefixes «dis-«, «de-«, «anti-«. But for some reason they do not notice them in English!
An important detail: most negative prefixes of nouns work with verbs.  

Negative prefixes

Significant prefixes

Most are present in their native language, in borrowings.

You can check the skill of forming nouns in English using a dictionary, but after an independent attempt.
For example, form words: disqualification, pseudoscience, professional, extraordinary, hyperactive, and others. Such training is enjoyable and helps to understand the language.

Source: https://www.study.ru/courses/elementary/obrazovanie-sushchestvitelnyh

Plural of nouns. Exceptions

The plural of nouns in English is formed by adding -s (except for special cases — if a word ends in O, Y, a hissing or hissing sound — we considered the rules in the previous article). But there are words in the English language, the plural form of which is not formed according to the rules — they just need to be remembered. 

Man — men

This pair will bring the most difficulties to the Russian-speaking student. It is quite difficult for us to distinguish the difference between the sounds e and æ by ear — in Russian there is no sound æ. But don’t let this seem strange to you: in English, for example, there is no sound s. For an English-speaking person, the words «husband» and «mouse» sound the same.

Marvelous? Likewise, you surprise your English-speaking friends when you do not distinguish between where is man and where is men.
So, let’s try to figure it out. The sound e (the one in the words men, bed, pen — men, bed and pen) is closest to our E, for example, in the word «this».

The sound æ (the words man, bad, pan — man, bad and frying pan) is a cross between our E and A — take a closer look: even the icon that denotes the transcription consists of connected a and e.

«Twelve angry men»- is a brilliant movie about a Mon who was brave enough to doubt. «Twelve Angry Men» — a brilliant film about a man who dared to doubt.

Woman — women

Everything is simple here — these two words are pronounced completely differently, it remains only to learn their pronunciation.

Women can see breasts anytime they want. You just look down, and there they are. How do you get any work done is beyond me. (Friends)

Child — children

Another exception to remember. Although, this word has been encountered so many times in various places that it is simply impossible not to remember it.

I music — from «Child In Time «by Deep Purple to»Children«By Robert Miles.

Person — people (person people)

Usually beginners bypass the word person — and in those cases when it is necessary to use the word “person”, they simply use “man”, for example, “every man knows that”. Not that you will not be understood, but this is not accepted. Or even more fun, «You are a good man, Sarah.»

Man is exactly a man, and women can take offense at such a remark — from “and we, they say, are they not people or something” to “who is this man here”. It is for such cases that the neutral word person exists.

Which in the plural becomes such a close and native word «people», in the sense of people.

Tooth — teeth

The next two exceptions are related to body parts. Let’s start with the teeth. One tooth is a tooth, several are teeth.

Foot — feet

Do not forget that the foot is not only a part of the body, but also a measure of length. And although it sounds to us like a unit of measurement from adventure novels and westerns, in America it is used all the time. It is equal, as you might guess, to the length of the average foot, i.e. about 30 cm.

Mouse — mice

A few more exceptions are the names of animals. Many people remember Mickey Mouse. Mouse is not a surname, it is who he is — a mouse, mouse. But you could hear the plural of this noun if you are not indifferent to American prose — by the title of Steinbeck’s novel «Of mice and men» (About mice and men).

I suspect a tricky question: what about computer mice? Computer mice or computer mouses? Even native speakers have not yet come to a common opinion — dictionaries allow both forms.

Sheep — sheep

And also a ram — rams — in English, animals of both sexes are called so.
There is little confusion in the English language between sheep — ship, with these long and short vowels, and also with the plural. It’s not an easy story. So you will count sheep before bed — be careful: one sheep, two sheep, three sheep.

How many sheep does it take to knit a sweater? Don’t be silly — sheep can’t knit!

Fish — fish, and sometimes fishes

Another exception — this time from the water element. One fish — one fish, five fish — five fish. As for the form of choosing between fish and fishes, fish is for fish of the same species, fishes for fish of different species. Please note that this fact is not known to all carriers, be prepared to be corrected if you say «While scuba diving I saw several fishes» (When I scuba dived I saw different types of fish).

Source: https://englishexplained.ru/plurals-exceptions/

Formation of nouns in English: suffixes, prefixes, etc.

To do it right assignments 26 — 31 from section «Grammar and Vocabulary» on the Unified State Exam in English, You need to know the most used prefixes and suffixes of nouns. 

I want to say right away that the article will be long, so be patient and read it to the end.

Possessive form in English

In order to make English speech more literate and get rid of the use of cumbersome verbal constructions, it is necessary to pay attention to studying the section on the possessive forms of the various parts of speech.

What does it do?

These elements help to designate the belonging of an object to a particular subject. It is noteworthy that the possessive case most often refers to words in animate form in the singular or plural, but there are cases of combination with inanimate objects.

Lexical units

1. Possessive nouns.

2. Possessive adjectives.

3. Possessive pronouns.

It is quite simple to identify the last two groups: such words answer the questions “whose?”, “Whose?”, “Whose?” or «whose?»

so many questions!

Below we will take a closer look at each of them in the form of structured tables of possessive forms of nouns, adjectives and pronouns in English.

How are possessive nouns formed?

The ending «-‘s» or the special apostrophe «‘» helps to transform the word in this case. The choice depends on the specific word. Let’s take a look at the various options using examples.

Ending «-‘s»

Used when working with proper nouns (Kate’s phone), singular (grandmother’s birthday) and plural nouns, when they do not contain the morphemes «-s» and «-es» (people’s expectations, children’s behavior).

Please note that if the described object belongs to several subjects at the same time, the ending must be added to the last of the listed ones. For example: Julia and Jack’s car — Julia and Jack’s car. In the event that they include different objects that are not related to each other, the ending must be attached to each word.

For example: Julia’s and Jack’s cars — Julia’s and Jack’s cars. When working with phrases, «-‘s» must be added to the last word included in the construction.

Apostrophe «‘»

serves to form possessive nouns in the plural with the ending «-s» (girls’ dresses, students’ books), the singular with the endings «-s» and «-ss» (actress’ films) and foreign names ending in » -s «,» -z «and» -x «(James’ coat).

Interesting use cases for the possessive form

• The apostrophe and the ending «-‘s» are also integrated with words expressing a large group of people, company or locality: company’s secret, nation’s language, Moscow’s views.
• In addition, the authors of scientific works actively operate with elements when describing the details of mechanisms and structures: car’s engine.
• This also includes the description of the unique objects of nature (the moon’s satellite), or those that lend themselves to the literary reception of personification (the sea’s spirit).
• Use an apostrophe and an ending to indicate a time range or unit: tomorrow’s lesson, three mile’s distance.
• The possessive is often found in the names of major holidays: Valentine’s Day, Mother’s Day.
• There are a large number of persistent expressions using constructs like this:

Most frequently used!

Possessive pronouns and adjectives

This lexical group is divided into two components: attachable and absolute constructions.

What form is used with a noun?

What is the difference? The attached constructions (adjectives) can only be used in combination with the corresponding nouns: my glasses, your smile, her hair. Absolute (pronouns), in turn, serve to replace these nouns and avoid the tautology: My bag is bigger than yours — in this case, it is clear that we are talking about a bag and no additional clarification is required.

Note:

1. The adjective «its» does not have an apostrophe. If you come across the word «it’s» — this is not a possessive form, but a contraction of the pronoun and verb in English «it is».

2. Unlike Russian, personal possessive and demonstrative pronouns cannot be used in English at the same time. The sentence «This my classmate» will be fundamentally incorrect, since two qualifiers will refer to one noun at once.

Useful Tips

To make it easier to remember the order of converting words, complete assignments and tests for the rules of possessive pronouns, nouns and adjectives in English for children and adults, which can be found at the following links:

1.http: //grammar-tei.com/prityazhatelnye-mestoimeniya-v-anglijskom-uprazhneniya/

Source: https://englishbooster.ru/grammatika/pritjazhatelnaja-forma-v-anglijskom-jazyke/

Word formation. Noun suffixes in English (grade 9)

This is a lesson from the cycle «Word formation in English»  and in it we will consider the common noun suffixes: -er / or, -tion, -ing, -ness, -ence / ance (5). Exercises on word formation of a noun will help you understand how nouns are formed in English using suffixes, as well as prepare for English exams in the form of the OGE and USE.

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Basic noun suffixes in English (grade 9)

Remember 5 main noun suffixes. 

1. er / or (worker)
2. tion (informaproduction)
3. ing (reading)
4. ness (happyness)
5. ence / ance (difference)

Next, let’s dwell in more detail on each of them.

1. Suffixes of nouns formed from a verb

1. -er / or (doer suffix) dance — dancer work — workercollect — collector

   invent — inventor

2. -tion (process suffix) collect — collection

   invent — invention

3. -ingsuffer — suffering warn — warning

   mean — meaning

Remember three suffixes -er (-or), -tion, -ing, with the help of which nouns are formed from the verb.

2. Suffixes of nouns formed from an adjective

1. -nessill — illness

   kind — kindness

2. -ance / -ence (corresponding adjectives have suffixes: -ant / -ent) important — importance

   different — difference

Remember two suffixes: -ness, -ence (ance), with the help of which nouns are formed from an adjective.

Suffixes of nouns in English. Exercises

 Suffixes -ness & -tion Are the most common noun suffixes.
Exercise 1. Suffix -ness. Translate these nouns and indicate the adjectives from which they are derived.

foolishness, happiness, seriousness, illness, readiness, richness, strangeness, carelessness, whiteness, cleverness, greatness, brightness

Note.

Source: http://englishinn.ru/slovoobrazovanie-suffiksyi-sushhestvitelnyih-v-angliy.html

Formation of adjectives in English

The formation of adjectives in English is a rather important and interesting topic. Of course, you can speak English at a fairly high level without going into such details, but such information will not be superfluous.

As in Russian, English adjectives can be derived from other parts of speech. These are usually verbs and nouns. Adjectives are formed using suffixes and prefixes. So, first things first.

Formation of English adjectives using prefixes

Prefixes, or prefixes, are added at the beginning of a word and change its meaning. Usually they change the meaning of the adjective to the opposite, negative. A few examples:

• un— (unlucky)
• in— (invisible)
• dis— (discontent)
• il— (illegal)
• ir— (irrational)
• im— (immovable)

There are several prefixes that change the meaning of a word, but without a negative meaning:

• pre— (pre-emptive)
• hyper— (hypertensive, hyperactive)

Formation of English adjectives using suffixes

There are a lot of varieties of English adjectives formed in the suffix way. As an example, there is a picture with the main suffixes, as well as a few examples of words.

• ful (wonderful, graceful)
• less (pointless, careless)
• able (vulnerable, tolerable)
• ible (terrible, permissible)
• ant (pleasant, hesitant)
• ent (different, patient)
• ic (scientific, iconic)
• ive (active, impressive)
• y (angry, dirty)
• ing (interesting, worrying)
• ed (confused, excited)
• al (general, typical)
• (i) an (Victorian, American)
• You reprise the theme of the  (gorgeous, famous)
• ish (childish, Irish)

There is also a classification of English adjectives according to the parts of speech from which they are derived. Adjectives can be formed from nouns, verbs, as well as from other adjectives using various suffixes and prefixes, examples of which have already been considered. The very form of the word may also change. For example, the adjective long is formed from the noun length with a change at the root of the word.

Source: https://english-bird.ru/forming-adjectives/