Nonce word occasionalism is

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A nonce word (also called an occasionalism) is a lexeme created for a single occasion to solve an immediate problem of communication.^{[1][2]: 132}

Some nonce words may acquire a fixed meaning inferred from context and use, possibly even becoming an established part of the language, at which point they stop being nonce words. Some nonce words may be essentially meaningless and disposable, but they are useful for exactly that reason—the words «wug» and «blicket» for instance were invented by researchers to be used in exercises in child language testing.^[3]

Lexicology[edit]

The term is used because such a word is created «for the nonce» (i.e., for the time being, or this once).^[2]: 455 All nonce words are also neologisms, that is, recent or relatively new words that have not been fully accepted into mainstream or common use.^[4] The term nonce word in this sense is due to James Murray, the first editor of the Oxford English Dictionary.^[5]:25

In child development studies[edit]

Nonce words are sometimes used to study the development of language in children because they allow researchers to test how children treat words of which they have no prior knowledge. This permits inferences about the default assumptions children make about new word meanings, syntactic structure, etc. «Wug» is among the earliest known nonce words used in language learning studies, and is best known for its use in Jean Berko’s «Wug test», in which children were presented with a novel object, called a wug, and then shown multiple instances of the object and asked to complete a sentence that elicits a plural form—e.g., «This is a wug. Now there are two of them. There are two…?» The use of the plural form «wugs» by the children suggests that they have applied a plural rule to the form, and that this knowledge is not specific to prior experience with the word but applies to most English nouns, whether familiar or novel.^[6]

Nancy N. Soja, Susan Carey, and Elizabeth Spelke used the nonce words «blicket,» «stad,» «mell,» «coodle,» «doff,» «tannin,» «fitch,» and «tulver» when testing to see if children’s knowledge of the distinction between non-solid substances and solid objects preceded or followed their knowledge of the distinction between mass nouns and count nouns.^[7]

In literature[edit]

A poem by Seamus Heaney entitled «Nonce Words» is included in his collection District and Circle.^[8] Fluddle was reported by David Crystal, which he understood to mean a water spillage between a puddle and a flood, invented by the speaker because no suitable word existed. Crystal speculated in 1995 that it might enter the English language if it proved popular.^[2] Bouba and kiki is used to demonstrate a connection between the sound of words and their meaning. Grok, coined by Robert Heinlein in Stranger in a Strange Land, is now used by many to mean «deeply and intuitively understand».^[9] The poem «Jabberwocky» is full of nonce words, with two of them, chortle and galumph, entering into common use.^[9] The novel Finnegans Wake used quark as a nonce word; the physicist Murray Gell-Mann adopted it as the name of a subatomic particle.^[10]

See also[edit]

• Foobar
• Glokaya kuzdra
• Hapax legomenon
• Metasyntactic variable
• Nonsense word
• Placeholder name
• Protologism
• Pseudoword
• Sniglet

References[edit]

A nonce word (also called an occasionalism) is a lexeme created for a single occasion to solve an immediate problem of communication.^[1][2] The term is used because such a word is created «for the nonce».^[3] All nonce words are also neologisms.^[4] Some nonce words have a meaning and may become an established part of the language, while others are essentially meaningless and disposable and are useful for exactly that reason, for instance in child language testing.^{[citation needed]} The term nonce word was apparently the creation of James Murray, the influential editor of the Oxford English Dictionary.^{[citation needed]}

In advertising and literature

Nonce words are often created as part of advertising campaigns^{[citation needed]} or in fiction. A poem by Seamus Heaney entitled «Nonce Words» is included in his collection District and Circle.

In child development studies

Nonce words are sometimes used to study the development of language in children because they allow researchers to test how children treat words of which they have no prior knowledge. This permits inferences about the default assumptions children make about new word meanings, syntactic structure, etc. Frequently used such words include «wug», «blicket», and «dax». Wug is among the earliest known nonce words used in language learning studies, and is best known for its use in Jean Berko’s «Wug test», in which children were presented with a novel object, called a wug, and then shown multiple instances of the object and asked to complete a sentence that elicits a plural form—e.g., «This is a wug. Now there are two of them. There are two…?» The use of the plural form «wugs» by the child suggests that they have applied a plural rule to the form, and that this knowledge is not specific to prior experience with the word but applies to all nouns, whether familiar or novel.

Examples of nonce words previously used in child developmental studies include: wug, blicket, dax, toma, pimwit, zav, speff, tulver, gazzer, fem, fendle, and tupa.^{[citation needed]}

Other examples

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module ‘strict’ not found. Other examples of nonce words include:

• Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious, from the movie musical Mary Poppins.
• Frumious and chortle – among others – from Jabberwocky by Lewis Carrol (although chortle is arguably mainstreamed).
• Fnord, from the book Principia Discordia.
• Pompatus, from the Steve Miller Band song «The Joker».
• Quark, formerly a nonce word in English, appearing only in James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake. Murray Gell-Mann then adopted it to name a new class of subatomic particle.
• Fluddle, a word reported by David Crystal which he understood to mean a water spillage between a puddle and a flood, invented by the speaker because no suitable word existed. Crystal speculated in 1995 that it might enter the English language if it proved popular.^[2] It did not.
• Bouba and Kiki, used to demonstrate a connection between the sound of words and their meaning.
• Cromulent and embiggen, made-up words in an episode of The Simpsons.
• Frood – a really amazingly together guy, used by Douglas Adams in the Hitchhiker’s Guide.
• Grok – coined by Robert Heinlein in Stranger in a Strange Land, and now almost mainstreamed.
• Runcible From Edward Lear’s Owl and the Pussycat.

See also

• Logatome
• Nonsense word
• Sniglet
• Placeholder name
• Hapax legomenon
• Metasyntactic variable

References

External links

• On Words and Upwards! – a collection of humorous nonce words

A nonce word (also called an occasionalism) is a lexeme created for a single occasion to solve an immediate problem of communication.^[1][2]:132

Some nonce words may acquire a fixed meaning inferred from context and use, possibly even becoming an established part of the language, at which point they stop being nonce words, while others are essentially meaningless and disposable and are useful for exactly that reason. For instance in child language testing, examples of such words include «wug» and «blicket».^[3]

Lexicology

The term is used because such a word is created «for the nonce» (i.e. for the time being, or this once).^[2]:455 All nonce words are also neologisms, that is, recent or relatively new words that have not been fully accepted into mainstream or common use.^[4] The term nonce word was apparently the creation of James Murray, the influential editor of the Oxford English Dictionary.^{[citation needed]}

In child development studies

Nonce words are sometimes used to study the development of language in children because they allow researchers to test how children treat words of which they have no prior knowledge. This permits inferences about the default assumptions children make about new word meanings, syntactic structure, etc. «Wug» is among the earliest known nonce words used in language learning studies, and is best known for its use in Jean Berko’s «Wug test», in which children were presented with a novel object, called a wug, and then shown multiple instances of the object and asked to complete a sentence that elicits a plural form—e.g., «This is a wug. Now there are two of them. There are two…?» The use of the plural form «wugs» by the child suggests that they have applied a plural rule to the form, and that this knowledge is not specific to prior experience with the word but applies to most English nouns, whether familiar or novel.

Other examples

A poem by Seamus Heaney entitled «Nonce Words» is included in his collection District and Circle.

Other examples of nonce words include:

• Fluddle, a word reported by David Crystal which he understood to mean a water spillage between a puddle and a flood, invented by the speaker because no suitable word existed. Crystal speculated in 1995 that it might enter the English language if it proved popular.^[2]
• Bouba and kiki, used to demonstrate a connection between the sound of words and their meaning.
• Grok – coined by Robert Heinlein in Stranger in a Strange Land, and now almost mainstream.
• The poem «Jabberwocky» is full of nonce words, with only one, chortle, becoming a word in common use.
• The novel Finnegans Wake used the word quark as a nonce word. Physicist Murray Gell-Mann adopted this word as the name of a subatomic particle.
• «Bückstabü», the title of a Rammstein song from their 2009 album Liebe ist für alle da, intended to mean whatever the listener wants it to mean.

See also

• Pseudoword
• Nonsense word
• Sniglet
• Placeholder name
• Hapax legomenon
• Metasyntactic variable
• Glokaya kuzdra
• Protologism

References

Nonce words are neologisms, meaning they are new words that have yet to be accepted into mainstream use. The word comes from the Middle English phrase “for the once,” or for the moment/special occasion. It’s created for a specific purpose that must be inferred from the context and will likely never be encountered by the reader in any other context again. 

Nonce pronunciation: Naw-nss Wer-d

Explore Nonce Word

• 1 Definition and Explanation 
• 2 Why Do Writers Use Nonce Words? 
• 3 Examples of Nonce Words in Poetry 
• 4 Examples of Nonce Words in Literature 
• 5 Nonce Word Synonyms 
• 6 Related Literary Terms 
• 7 Other Resources

Definition and Explanation 

Nonce words are made-up words that authors coin for a specific purpose in their writing. They are sometimes used comedically, as within children’s poetry and fiction, while other ties they might be meant entirely seriously, such as in science fiction or fantasy novel. These words might stay contained to the stories they originated in, or, if the short story/novel/poem becomes popular, enter into the mainstream. For instance, Shakespeare created numerous words that were once neologisms and have since entered into common use. These include “cold-blood” and “amazement.” 

Why Do Writers Use Nonce Words? 

Writers use nonce words when they need a new word to describe something in their writing. This might be because they can’t settle on a word that already exists or because nothing means exactly what they want it to. Nonce words are also used to entertain, such as in the words of Dr. Seuss. He often created new words that rhymed with common words; this added vividness to the worlds he described while also making the reader feel more like they’d been transported there. Sometimes, nonce words are used for the sounds they create, such as in Jabberwocky.’ The words in this particular poem are a pleasure to read and hear but have no clear meaning. It’s possible to infer the meaning of some, but not all of them. 

Examples of Nonce Words in Poetry 

Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll

‘Jabberwocky’ is perhaps the best-known English-language poem to make sure to nonce words. Here are a few lines from the poem as an example: 

’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves 

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe: 

All mimsy were the borogoves, 

And the mome raths outgrabe. 

At first glance, it looks as though the poem is written in an entirely different language, which almost is considering how many nonce words Carroll employed. As mentioned above, it’s possible to infer meaning for some of these words, while for others, it’s almost impossible to get a complete picture. Some words from this poem, like “chortle” and “galumph,” have entered into common use. 

The Owl and the Pussy-Cat by Edward Lear 

Lear is one of the best-loved authors of children’s poetry to ever live. In his poem, ‘The Owl and the Pussy-Cat,’ readers can find a few examples of nonce words. Take a look at these lines and the word “runcible,” 

So they took it away, and were married next day 

By the Turkey who lives on the hill. 

They dined on mince, and slices of quince, 

Which they ate with a runcible spoon; 

Here, Lear coins the word “runcible” in order to refer to something that’s between a fork and a spoon, usually referred to as a “spork” nowadays. The word fits so seamlessly into the poem and sounds very much like a real word that it works quite well here. 

Don’t Bump the Glump by Shel Silverstein

Don’t Bump the Glump is Silverstein’s first book of poems. In it, readers can find numerous poems based on nonsense words. For example, take a look at these lines from The Wild Cherote.’ 

I’d like a coat of Wild Cherote. 

It’s warm and fleecy as can be. 

But note: What if the Wild Cherote

Would like a coat of Me? 

Here, Silverstein creates a character called a “Wild Cherote.” The only information one has, aside from illustrations, is that it’s possible to create a coat out of its hair, wool, or whatever other furry texture it has. Other wonderful poems in the collection include The Bibley,’ ‘Oops,’ and ‘The Skinny Zippity.’ 

Examples of Nonce Words in Literature 

Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein 

In Heinlein’s groundbreaking, best-selling science fiction novel, he coined a well-used nonce word— “grok.” The word is used throughout the novel to mean something close to “comprehend” or “understand.” It comes from Mars, where the main character, a human raised by Martians, learned to use it all the time. When he returns to earth, he uses “grok” on a regular basis, forcing all the other characters and the reader to intuit his meaning. By the end of the novel, it’s quite clear, and all the characters who have befriended him are using it regularly as well. Today, the word is used by some computer programmers. 

Ulysses by James Joyce

Within Joyce’s masterpiece, Ulysses, readers can find a number of invented words. These include “ringroundabout,” used to describe completely surrounding something, “poppysmic,” the sound of someone smacking their lips, and “mrkgnao,”a version of “meow.” Here is an example of the latter being used in the novel:

Mrkgnao! the cat said loudly. She blinked up out of her avid shameclosing eyes, mewing plaintively and long, showing him her milkwhite teeth. 

In this excerpt, readers should also notice the use of “shameclosing” and “milkwhite,” two invented compound words, another type of nonce word. 

Nonce Word Synonyms 

Occasionalism, nonsense word, protologism, sniglet, pseudoword, nonce compound.

• Abstract Diction: occurs when the poet wants to express something ephemeral or ungraspable.
• Allusion: an indirect reference to, including but not limited to, an idea, event, or person. It is used within both prose and verse writing.
• Audience: the group for which an artist or writer makes a piece of art or writes.
• Figurative Language: figures of speech that are used in order to improve a piece of writing.
• Imagery: the elements of a poem that engage a reader’s senses. These are the important sights, sounds, feelings, and smells.

Other Resources

• Watch: What’s a Nonce Word? 
• Listen: Ulysses by James Joyce Audiobook
• Read: Merriam-Webster Definition: Nonce Word
• Watch: Neologism

Есть в лингвистике такое понятие — окказионализм — это такое слово, которое было изобретено для одного конкретного случая и больше потом не употреблялось. Например, слово «кварк» — было изобретено Джеймсом Джойсом и поначалу фигурировало только в одном его романе — «Пробуждение Финнеган». А потом ученый Мюррей Гелл-Манн решил использовать это слово для обозначения только что открытого класса субатомных частиц.

Окказионализмы в английском подразделяются на logatomes – бессмысленные слова, которые все-таки подчиняются фонетическим законам языка и fnord — полная бессмыслица, которую даже произнести-то очень трудно (например, kwyjibo).

Пожалуй, самый знаменитый стих написанный с применением большого множество логотомов —  Jabberwocky, или по-русски «Бармаглот».

Перевод Дины Орловской:

Варкалось. Хливкие шорьки
Пырялись по наве,
И хрюкотали зелюки,
Как мюмзики в мове.

О бойся Бармаглота, сын!
Он так свирлеп и дик,
А в глуще рымит исполин —
Злопастный Брандашмыг.

Hо взял он меч, и взял он щит,
Высоких полон дум.
В глущобу путь его лежит
Под дерево Тумтум.

Он стал под дерево и ждет,
И вдруг граахнул гром —
Летит ужасный Бармаглот
И пылкает огнем!

Раз-два, раз-два! Горит трава,
Взы-взы — стрижает меч,
Ува! Ува! И голова
Барабардает с плеч.

О светозарный мальчик мой!
Ты победил в бою!
О храброславленный герой,
Хвалу тебе пою!

Варкалось. Хливкие шорьки
Пырялись по наве,
И хрюкотали зелюки,
Как мюмзики в мове.

И собственно оригинал:

’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.

“Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
The frumious Bandersnatch!”

He took his vorpal sword in hand:
Long time the manxome foe he sought—
So rested he by the Tumtum tree,
And stood awhile in thought.

And as in uffish thought he stood,
The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,
Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,
And burbled as it came!

One, two! One, two! and through and through
The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!
He left it dead, and with its head
He went galumphing back.

“And hast thou slain the Jabberwock?
Come to my arms, my beamish boy!
O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!”
He chortled in his joy.

’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.

Стоит сказать, что английская традиция писать бессмысленные (на первый взгляд) стихи уходит корнями в далекое прошлое, а точнее в англо-саксонские загадки. Например:

The creature ate its words — it seemed to me (Это существо съело свои слова — это мне показалось

strangely weird — when I heard this wonder: (довольно странным — когда я услышал об этом чуде:

that it had devoured — the song of a man. (что оно сожрало — песнь человека.

A thief in the thickness of night — gloriously mouthed (Вор в темноте ночи — прославленный пожиратель

the source of knowledge — but the thief was not (источника знаний — но вор был не

the least bit wiser — for the words in his mouth. (слишком умен — ему не нужны были слова, которые были у него во рту).

Отгадаете, о чем речь?)

Русский[править]

Морфологические и синтаксические свойства[править]

падеж	ед. ч.	мн. ч.
Им.	окказионали́зм	окказионали́змы
Р.	окказионали́зма	окказионали́змов
Д.	окказионали́зму	окказионали́змам
В.	окказионали́зм	окказионали́змы
Тв.	окказионали́змом	окказионали́змами
Пр.	окказионали́зме	окказионали́змах

ок—ка—зи—о—на—ли́зм

Существительное, неодушевлённое, мужской род, 2-е склонение (тип склонения 1a по классификации А. А. Зализняка).

Встречается также устар. вариант написания: оказионализм.

Корень: -оккази-; суффиксы: -он-ал-изм [Тихонов, 1996].

Произношение[править]

• МФА: [ɐkəzʲɪənɐˈlʲizm]

Семантические свойства[править]

Значение[править]

1. лингв. индивидуально-авторский неологизм, созданный автором в соответствии с законами словообразования языка применительно к какому-либо специальному случаю для художественной выразительности или языковой игры ◆ Имеются в виду так называемые окказионализмы ― слова, которых может не быть даже в самом большом словаре, но в речи они постоянно возникают и строятся по определённым и достаточно жёстким словообразовательным моделям. Р. М. Фрумкина, «Психолингвистика», 2001 г. [НКРЯ] ◆ Использование окказионализмов писателем всегда связано с особенностями его творческой манеры (известно, что отнюдь не все мастера слова прибегают к данному способу усиления выразительности), обусловлено внутренней потребностью выявить скрытые ресурсы языка, его стилистические возможности. С. Н. Цейтлин, «Очерки по словообразованию и формообразованию в детской речи», 2009 г. [Google Книги]
2. филос. течение, отрицающее прямую причинную связь между душевными и телесными явлениями ◆ Этот супра-натурализм вовсе не переходит в окказионализм у Чаадаева или какую-то предопределённость, — наоборот, Чаадаев всячески утверждает реальность человеческой свободы. В. В. Зеньковский, «П. Я. Чаадаев», 1948 г. [НКРЯ] ◆ Например, по линии производящей причинности внутри мира не существует никакого возможного опровержения метафизического окказионализма. Хавьер Субири, «Чувствующий интеллект», 2008 г. [Google Книги]

Синонимы[править]

1. окказиональное слово
2. —

Антонимы[править]

1. —
2. —

Гиперонимы[править]

1. слово
2. учение

Гипонимы[править]

Родственные слова[править]

Ближайшее родство
существительные: окказионалист прилагательные: окказионалистский, окказиональный

Этимология[править]

Происходит от лат. occasionālis «случайный» от лат. occasio «случай, повод», далее из occīdere «падать, валиться», далее из ob «к, против, перед» + cadere «падать», из праиндоевр. *kad- «падать» Русск. ока́зия — впервые в знач. «случай» в космографии 1691 г.; часто в эпоху Петра I; заимств. через польск. okazja. Использованы данные словаря М. Фасмера. См. Список литературы.

Фразеологизмы и устойчивые сочетания[править]

Перевод[править]

авторский неологизм
Английскийen: occasional word; nonce word Испанскийes: ocasionalismo м. Итальянскийit: occasionalismo м. Латышскийlv: okazionālisms Литовскийlt: okazionalizmas Осетинскийos: окказионализм Польскийpl: okazjonalizm Украинскийuk: оказіоналізм м. Чешскийcs: okazionalismus м. Чувашскийcv: окказионализм Эстонскийet: okasionaalsõna Якутскийsah: окказионализм

философское течение

Английскийen: occasionalism Армянскийhy: օկազիոնալիզմ Ивритhe: אוקזיונליזם Индонезийскийid: okasionalisme Испанскийes: ocasionalismo м. Итальянскийit: occasionalismo м. Каталанскийca: ocasionalisme Немецкийde: Okkasionalismus м. Нидерландскийnl: occasionalisme Польскийpl: okazjonalizm Португальскийpt: ocasionalismo м. Словацкийsk: okazionalizmus Украинскийuk: оказіоналізм м. Финскийfi: okkasionalismi Французскийfr: occasionnalisme м. Хорватскийhr: okazionalizam Чешскийcs: okazionalismus м. Шведскийsv: ockasionalism Эстонскийet: okasionalism

Библиография[править]

• Анненкова Н. А., Ефанов А. А. Эволюция функционирования окказионализмов в поэзии… // Вестник ОГУ № 5 (111)/май 2010   (детальное описание).

Для улучшения этой статьи желательно: Добавить все семантические связи (отсутствие можно указать прочерком, а неизвестность — символом вопроса)

Осетинский[править]

Морфологические и синтаксические свойства[править]

окказионализм

Существительное.

Корень: —.

Произношение[править]

Семантические свойства[править]

Значение[править]

1. спец. окказионализм ◆ Отсутствует пример употребления (см. рекомендации).

Синонимы[править]

Антонимы[править]

Гиперонимы[править]

Гипонимы[править]

Родственные слова[править]

Ближайшее родство

Этимология[править]

Из ??

Фразеологизмы и устойчивые сочетания[править]

Библиография[править]

Чувашский[править]

Морфологические и синтаксические свойства[править]

окказионализм

Существительное.

Корень: —.

Произношение[править]

Семантические свойства[править]

Значение[править]

1. спец. окказионализм ◆ Отсутствует пример употребления (см. рекомендации).

Синонимы[править]

Антонимы[править]

Гиперонимы[править]

Гипонимы[править]

Родственные слова[править]

Ближайшее родство

Этимология[править]

Из ??

Фразеологизмы и устойчивые сочетания[править]

Библиография[править]

Якутский[править]

Морфологические и синтаксические свойства[править]

окказионализм

Существительное.

Корень: —.

Произношение[править]

Семантические свойства[править]

Значение[править]

1. спец. окказионализм ◆ Отсутствует пример употребления (см. рекомендации).

Синонимы[править]

Антонимы[править]

Гиперонимы[править]

Гипонимы[править]

Родственные слова[править]

Ближайшее родство

Этимология[править]

Из ??

Фразеологизмы и устойчивые сочетания[править]

Библиография[править]

окказиональное слово, слово, образованное только для данного случая

существительное

- окказиональное слово, слово, образованное только для данного случая

Словосочетания