No one there could understand a word

anything
wrong and Pamela (to
lie) in
the bath for hours щ
hours.
But I (not
to complain). I
(to
be) lucky
to have anywhere to live.

I
(ro phone)
Pat
just now. She (ro try)
to
write a philosophy essay, poor girl! She (ro find)
her
course very hard work. I ( j too, though of course secretarial work
is much easier.

f)
15th
November

This
evening I (ro have)
supper
with Pat. We (ro talk)
about
our friends. Pat (ro write)
to
David and also to
a
few other people. «I (ro have)
a
letter from Suzie this morning,» Pat said. «She (to
do) a
course in French in Grenoble. She (fo
ask)
if
I (to
read) any
good French books recently.»

«And
I (fo
have)
a
letter from Edith,» I told Pat. «You (to know)
that
she (to go)
back
to live with her family? She (to write)
she
(fo
have)
a
good job now. In her spare time she (to cross­country
ski). Other
than that she (to
enjoy) reading
and sewing, and spending time with friends she (not
to see) for
a long time.»

THE
VERB

PASSIVE
VOICE FORMS

Ex.
I- State the type of the passive construction in the following
sen­tences:

1. The
   question was
   often
   put
   to
   me but I never answered it.

2. «Where
   is Frank?» «He’s being
   taken care of.»

3. It
   was
   decided that
   their marriage should take place in Decem­ber.

4. He
   had
   been seen to
   nod in quiet agreement with his wife’s words.

5. Bell
   was
   looked on as
   a sweet-tempered young man.

6.1
noticed at once that the room had
been recently
tidied.

1. That
   afternoon we had our first history lesson, and the teacher showed up
   pictures of mastodons. ІЬ-was
   explained to
   us that the men in those days had almost no chance of protecting
   themselves against such monsters.

2. «Where
   did you hear that?» «I was
   told by
   a man I know.»

9. Blair
is not in his room, and his bed hasn’t
been slept in.
10.Next
day no reference was
made to
the scene.

1. The
   driver was mysteriously silent. Eric was silent, too, won­dering
   uneasily where he was
   being taken.

2. None
   of the boys liked the new teacher, but French got
   taught.

3. «Why
   did you allow
   him to do anything so silly, Henry? »
   «I had no means of stopping him. And of course I was
   lied to as
   usual.»

14.Mr
Smith was
expected to
return shortly.

15.1
had
been given a
card to the Club and in the afternoon I used

to
go there to play bridge. 16.The meal was
somehow
finished
with, everyone
moved out of

doors.

1. Small
   feet were
   heard running
   in the hall.

2. We
   ought to deal with the problem before it got
   talked about.

Ex.
2. Turn the following active constructions into passive omitting all
Mention of the agent of the action:

1-No
one has made any mistakes.

2.
What do you call it?

3.They
asked us to stay a little longer.

1. One
   expects him to obey the regulations.

2. People
   have made great progress in physics.

3. They
   are discussing the possibility of new negotiations.

4. Everybody
   thought that Jack was clever but lazy.

5. People
   use coal for making artificial materials.

6. People
   say it is difficult.

1. What
   books are people reading this year?

2. They
   elected him President of the Club last year.

3. They
   are rehearsing a new play at the National Theatre. 13.Someone found
   the children in the morning.

14.Nobody
has ever treated me with such kindness. 15.He knew that they had sent
the invitations out two weeks earlier.

16.They
can arrange all things.

17.People
expect you to meet the chief.

1. Are
   they sending for you?

2. They
   have always passed his telephone calls through to the Minister
   without questions.

3. They
   never took any major decision without his knowledge or advice.

21.1
knew that they had told him of the meeting at once.

22.The
trouble started when they told me to change the way we

were
running this department. 23.There was a tear in his trousers which
someone had already

darned.

24.In
his circle they looked on the police as enemies. 25.They took the
child to the hospital for the poor. 26. Ever since I started asking
questions about my sister they have lied to me.

27.I’m
sure they will look better after him in an army hospital.

1. When
   the situation called for a lie, he lied firmly and well.

2. No
   one has ever beaten my brother at tennis.

3. They
   gave his little daughter a present, too.

4. They
   will show the visitors all the new pictures. 32.They promised the
   workers higher wages.

33.The
others told the new pupils where to sit.

1. We
   must look into the matter.

2. They
   gave me two shillings change at the shop.

g_Xi
3. Supply the required passive forms of the verbs in brackets:

l.Aunt
Dinah (not
to like) by
my father’s family; she (to
con­sider) vulgar.

1. After
   his brother’s departure Paul sat for a long time think­ing about
   what (to
   say).

2. «I’m
   not prepared,» my father said, «to listen to your
   sugges­tions that you never (to
   treat) fairly
   at school.»

3. In
   the drawing-room the music of Mozart (to
   play) by
   an or­chestra seen on the screen.

4. «Remember
   I (to
   pay) by
   the hour,» grumbled the driver.

5. But
   there were signs that order (to
   restore) in
   the town.

7.1
(to
receive) by
one of the chiefs and (to
take) for
lunch to the canteen.

1. Well,
   what (to
   do) about
   it, Ted?

2. He
   went into the bedroom. The bed (to
   turn) down
   for the night by the maid many hours before.

10.1
said we yet (not
to teach) anything.

11.
Please find out if your father (to
see) to
leave.

12.She
could have gone to Cambridge if she had wanted, she (to

offer)
a
scholarship. ІЗ.Не
arrived
just after the electricity (to
cut), and
Joseph was

lighting
the oil-lamps. 14.On Friday she (to
give) two
weeks notice at the Works. 15.Then the voice announced that the
passengers (to
beg) to
pass

through
the Customs. 16.1 wondered to what extent she (to
influence) by
his name to

accept
the offer. 17. Meg (to
look) upon
as the perfect wife for a clergyman. 18.Such are the matters that (to
deal) with
in Mr Gimson’s book.

1. He
   (ro see)
   entering
   the school building just when the first student (to
   call) upon
   to read aloud from Beowulf.

2. Ahead
   of us the port lay in a flood of lights. Two cargo-ships (to
   unload).

21.1
found the idea of going to Hereford very upsetting because I (to
promise) a
very nice job a couple of weeks before.

1. Not
   far away she noticed the film manager in whose office she once (to
   make) to
   feel so ridiculous.

2. «You
   must be very prosperous, Eustace, to own a car like that.»
   «This car (to
   lend) me
   by an American woman.»

^4.1
felt I (to
catch) out
boasting.

25.1
could not tell him that I had spent the money I
(to
leave) ід

order
to get myself a house. 26.After lunch, we heard that Charles (to
send) for.
27.She (fo operate)
on
at seven o’clock next morning. 28. Their engagement (to announce)
and
a number of parties (fo

give)
for
the young couple. 29.1 said, «Our dog (to run)
over,
but we’re going to have an.

other.»

1. The
   days that followed afterward (to
   look) back
   on by Philip as a kind of nightmare.

2. The
   scene (fo put)
   an
   end to abruptly by the arrival of their father.

32.1
discovered that a similar message (fo send)
to
my office. 33.After the two women (fo show)
over
the house they (fo take)
for
a walk round the garden.

1. Our
   garden was all weeds, but the one
   next door
   (to
   look) after
   to perfection.

2. You
   have hardly any right to talk to me about the children. They (fo
   see)
   to
   all right, and it will be me that sees to them, not you.

3. Somewhere
   from far away in the town came the sound of shots. «Somebody
   (to kill),»
   I
   said.

4. Joe
   (to
   try) and
   (fo sentence)
   to
   five years in New Caledonia.

5. He
   watched Jack while the film (fo run).

39.The
boy who put a frog in the teacher’s desk (to
ask) to
return the frog to the pool.

40.Our
ability to use English subtly or precisely continually (to interfere)
with
by our need to use language simply and impre­cisely for everyday
purposes.

Ex.
4. Translate the following sentences into English using passive
con­structions:

1. Ниже
   на этой улице строится новый жилой
   массив.

2. Его
   еще никогда не принимали за англичанина.

З.В
твоей комнате ничего не трогали с тех
пор, как тебя

послали
в санаторий. 4. Представляет ли для тебя
интерес работа, которую тебя

предложили?
5.3а каждый пенни нужно отчитаться. 6. Вас
когда-нибудь учили, как надо вести себя?

1. Его
   пришлось оперировать.

2. Детей
   угостили мороженым.

3. У
   меня украли коллекцию марок.

1. Со
   мной так никогда не разговаривали.

2. Посмотри!
   Кто-то пролил чай на скатерть. 12.Уроки
   нужно сделать более интересными. 13.
   Надо что-то сделать для этих людей.

14.В
футбол играют во всем мире.

15.Боюсь,
что этот замок нельзя починить.

16.
На день рождения ей подарили коробку
шоколадных конфет.

17.0
его приятеле хорошо отзываются.

18.Студентам
велели подождать за дверью.

19.
Моего дядю произвели в капитаны.

20.Постороннего
попросили уйти с собрания.

1. Тебе
   скажут, когда отправляется поезд.

2. Она
   чувствовала, что от нее что-то скрывают.

23.Там
будет так темно, что вас совсем не будет
видно.

24.
Я почувствовал, что ему уже задавали
этот вопрос раньше.

25.Меня
отослали спать.

26.
Он не слышал, о чем говорили.

27.Мы
узнаем, хорошо ли за ним смотрели.

1. Ему
   дали первоклассное образование.

2. Что-нибудь
   делается, чтобы восстановить это здание?

3. Говорят,
   что его не видно уже три месяца.

4. Он
   включил радио. Исполняли фортепианный
   концерт Брамса.

32.Я
не знал, кому меня представляют.

33.На
приеме на профессора не обращали
внимания, но носи­лись с его хорошенькой
женой.

Ex.
5. Turn the following active constructions into passive, using it
as
subject wherever necessary:

l.He
explained
to
me that almost everything the children were

taught
at school was unnecessary. 2.1 had no suitable girl to take to the
party and they arranged

that
I should partner Dick’s sister. 3.1t was not easy to see what to do
about Jack, and someone

proposed
that
he should come and stay with us. 4-The lawyer explained
the
new law to us. 5-І
mentioned
the
fact to my friends. 6. They request
that
you should write it again.

*
П.
Крылова

7-А
guide pointed
out the
Pyramids to us.

1. They
   arranged
   the
   party on Saturday.

2. They
   discovered
   him
   at home two hours later.

1. They
   said
   there
   had been a boy who broke this rule of the school once.

2. Someone
   proposed
   my
   father’s health.

3. At
   lunch somebody mentioned
   to
   me that the Johnsons had come from abroad.

13.Everyone
knew
that
her father had gone to a place some dis­tance away on an
important business.

14.Somebody
reported
the
accident to the police. шк

15.
They announced
on
the radio that the peace treaty between tH
two
countries had been signed. Я

16.Somebody
discovered
that
he had left for Europe two chfl
before. |H

17.Someone
pointed
out to
us that the camp was deserted.

18.They
expected
that
the Minister would interview him. ЩШ

19.
The weather was warm and somebody suggested
a
walk to the river.

20.They
demanded
that
I should stay behind.

21.
They believed
that
I had to attend a family party.

22.Everyone
understood
that
I was to drive the family to inspect

the
new house. jH

23.
Everyone noticed
his
absence. JH

24.No
one believed
his
story. |H

25.They
demanded
an
explanation from him. Щ§

26.
Then someone suggested that we drop the discussion and

about
something else. 27.They decided
on
a course of action. 28. They agreed
that
I should speak to the colonel. 29.They announced
at
the meeting that the firm was closing

down.

30.Everyone
knows
these
facts well.

1. Everyone
   noticed
   that
   he had had a short talk with the re­porter.

2. They
   decided
   that
   I would go to Oxford next year.

Ex.
6.
Translate
the following sentences into English, using passive со»’
structions with it
as
subject wherever necessary:

1. По
   радио объявили, что к вечеру ожидается
   похолодань⁶‘

2. Я
   сомневаюсь, что это явление можно
   объяснить.

З.Бму
показали эту женщину, и он подошел к
ней.

1. Договорились,
   что она подождет его в гостинице.

2. Сообщение
   было объявлено по радио.

3. Ей
   объяснили, кто мы такие.

4. Ожидали,
   что он вернется как раз к заседанию.

5. Было
   решено, что он вернется в пятницу.

6. Замечали,
   что он никогда не звонит к себе домой
   с работы.

1. Ему
   объяснили, почему он неправ.

2. Ему
   указали на его ошибки.

12.К
юго-западу от города были обнаружены
значительные запасы руды.

13.Ожидались
большие изменения в производственных
пла­нах компании. 14.Не думал, что он
долго проработает с ними. 15. Говорили,
что ему не легко было сделать это.
16.Ходят слухи, что он уехал в Канаду.
17.Было решено, что выплата была незаконной.
18.0 потере документа доложили руководству.
19. Ему было указано, что курить в зале
не разрешается. 20.Его храбрость была
хорошо известна в полку. 21. В разговоре
его приезд был упомянут мимоходом.
22.Мне предложили сначала поесть.

23.
Хорошо известно, что Фрэнк признал свою
ошибку.

Ex.
7. Explain why the agent of the action is mentioned in the following
passive constructions:

l.The
house will be locked up for the summer and it will be

looked
after by
the gardener. 2.1
was lent the book by
a friend. 3.His
business has been taken over by
a bigger firm. 4.1
was
deeply struck by
her beauty.

1. The
   dam may be broken by
   a sudden increase in water pres­sure.

2. The
   little boat was overturned by
   a huge wave.

7. Many
valuable pictures were destroyed by
the fire.
&-They
had been caught by
the war in
Australia.
9-Milly was awakened by
the telephone’s insistent ringing.

*^u-One
of his favourite pastimes was collecting clocks. He al­ready had
a most remarkable collection, which was admired by
his friends and
envied by
his fellow-collectors.

1. Suddenly
   the silence was shattered by
   a mob of schoolchil­dren, all
   shouting and screaming.

2. It
   was believed that the fire was caused by
   a short circuit іц
   the
   lift machinery.

3. That
   work was handled by
   other people.

Ex.
8. Say whether the passive forms in the following sentences express
an action or a state resulting from a previously accomplished action:

l.The
car stopped and the near-side door was
opened.

2. Warren
said, «Well, my question is answered.»

3.The
Prime Minister’s forthcoming talks in Washington were
officially
announced
on the
radio.

1. His
   calculations were
   proved wrong.

2. The
   piano is
   not tuned. _t

3. The
   arrival of the plane was announced
   over
   the loudspeak­ers.

4. The
   symphony was
   performed for
   the first time last week.

8. It
is
decided to
open a new branch next year.
9,You’H be
given new
instructions before you leave.

10.All
your words will
be taken down.

11.
Ail the dishes were
washed up.

12.His
instructions are
not carried out.

1. He
   was
   finally
   persuaded
   to
   enter politics.

2. His
   parents’ home was
   now
   closed
   to
   him.

3. Such
   things are
   said of
   talented people.

4. He
   pointed to the fire which was
   already
   laid.

Ex.
9. Use the required passive forms in the following sentences,
observ­ing the difference between the passive of action and the
passive of state:

1.
The house {to
lock) up
when they set off. 2.The house (to
lock) up
before they set off.

1. He
   wished to know if his instructions (to
   carry) out.

2. Talking
   of Susan, Milly (to
   remind) of
   something she once (to
   tell).

3. The
   officials usually make careful inquiries into the applicant s
   character. Then he (to
   give) a
   trial, discreetly (to
   watch), ^a11^
   if
   the impression is unfavourable politely (to
   thank) and
   tell)
   that
   his services no longer (to
   need).

4. Wherever
   I went I found that the camp (to
   leave) in
   a disgr^ace‘
   ful condition.

1. Wherever
   I went I found evidence that the camp (to
   leave) only
   a short while before we arrived.

2. From
   where I stood the house (to
   hide) by
   lime trees.

1. Everything
   (to
   prepare) for
   the ball. The front lawn (to
   floor) and
   (to
   tent); palms
   and azaleas (to
   place) round
   it.

10.Dan
had a car waiting, and open country easily (to
reach) in
those days.

11.
Looking over his shoulder I saw that the note (to
write) in

pencil
and on a whole sheet of paper. l2.We went to the back of the house
and he tried another door.

«Everything
(to
shut) up,»
he said. 13.Sometimes he would drive away for a whole day. His
errands

never
(to
explain).

1. «How
   do you find the cooking?» «Unchanged.» «When the
   cook (to
   hire), your
   aunt gave her ten menus, and they never (ro vary)
   since.»

2. «I
   am so sorry to miss so much of your visit. You (to
   look) after
   properly?» Mr Ryder asked me.

3. I’ve
   just been to the garage trying to get a car but everything (to
   lock).

4. Then
   dinner (to
   announce), and
   we went to the dining-room where the subject (not
   to mention).

5. The
   idea, however, seemed to take root in his mind; when, a few days
   later, we spoke of the matter again it firmly (to
   establish).

6. When
   I
   arrived
   the family were in the sitting-room. Tea (to
   clear) away
   and the curtains (to
   draw).

7. When
   I
   stayed
   at the hotel I always (to
   give) the
   room I
   had
   had on my first visit.

8. His
   house in Hertford Street was large enough for them both and lately
   (to furnish)
   and
   (to decorate)
   by
   the most expensive firm.

9. His
   house was large, and.it
   completely (to
   furnish) and
   (to
   decorate).

23.»It’s
the first time I ever (to take)
out
to dinner at a restau­rant,» she said. 24.Then he looked
round furtively to see if he (to observe).
25.He
was lying in bed. His eyes (to
close).

26.
At the beginning of May the engagement (to
announce). Rex
(to
dismay) and
(to perplex)
by
this new development.

27.
The date for her wedding (fo
fix)?

28.After
his aunt (ro bury)
her
will (to
read).

29.1
never knew where he (to
bury).

30.
He came to tell me that the work (fo
do).

31.1
wandered down the corridor trying doors that (to
lock).

1. Two
   men badly (fo
   injure)
   in
   the accident.

2. «Can
   we have three clean glasses?» «In a moment. They (f₀
   wash)
   up.»

34.The
event (to describe)
in
detail in his book. 35.1 don’t have many things to pack because lots
of my old clothes (to dispose)
of.

1. While
   my
   car (to
   fix) I
   made a telephone call to my office.

2. Luckily,
   my car (to park)
   some
   distance from the front door of the house, so I didn’t get very wet
   in the rain.

Ex.
10. Revision: use the required passive forms in the following texts:

1. It
   was now a charming room. The walls (to
   paint) light
   blue. The curtains (fo
   draw)
   and
   the fire (to light).
   All
   the furniture (fo
   dust).
   The
   piano (to
   move) out
   but a wireless set (to
   add). On
   the chest of drawers there was a collection of small presents which
   (fo
   bring)
   to
   the old woman at various times by her children.

2. No
   one there could understand a word he said, but an inter­preter
   (to
   send) for,
   his papers (to examine)
   and
   he (to
   tell) that
   he (to fly)
   back
   by the first plane.

3. The
   reception was all that (to
   expect). When
   we arrived we (to show)
   into
   some kind of hall where we (to detain)
   with
   the rest of the actors. Apparently we (not
   to allow) yet
   to mingle with the other crowd. As the guests assembled in the room,
   it was plain to
   me
   that they (to
   choose) carefully.
   Looking around, I recognized Anthony Blanche. He (to
   point) out
   to me often in the streets. I (to
   interrupt) in
   my observation by a woman reporter whom the man­ager had led up
   to me. I (fo
   warn)
   against
   the dangers of being interviewed by strangers. As we (to introduce)
   I
   made up my mind to avoid it at any cost.

4. It
   was Saturday night and Pete sat watching TV. People (^t0
   kill)
   by
   the hour on the screen. Policemen (to shoot)
   in
   the line of
   duty,
   gangsters (to throw)
   off
   roofs, and an elderly lady slowly (to
   poison) for
   her pearls, and her murderer (to bring)
   to
   justic⁶
   by a cigarette company after long discussions which (ro hold)
   in
   the office of a private detective. Villains holding guns (ro leap)
   at
   by brave, unarmed actors, and ingenues (ro save)
   from
   deaths by the quick-thinking young men.

e) The
Connolly children (ro find)
lurking
under the seats of a
carriage when the train (ro empty).
They
(ro drag)
out
and (to
stand)
on
the platform. Since they could not (ro leave)
there,
they
(to include)
in
the party that (ro send)
by
bus to the village. From
that moment their destiny for ever (ro
involve)
with
that of the
village. Nothing ever (ro discover)
abqiit
the children’s parents.

f) Bridgehampton.
Friday. A disastrous fire broke out on the

top
floor of the Grand Hotel, Washington Road, in the small • hours of
the morning.

The
alarm (ro give)
by
the night porter. His attention (ro draw)
to
smoke issuing from one of the top floor windows by a group of young
people who were returning late from a dance. Within five minutes the
town Fire Brigade was on the spot. The work of fighting the fire and
evacuating the guests seriously (ro hamper)
by
the non-operation of the lifts. It (fo believe)
that
the fire (to
cause) by
a short circuit in the lift machinery and had extended to the whole
floor before it (fo observe).
The
flames (to
bring) under
control in two hours. Two of the guests staying at the hotel lost
their lives. They (fo trap)
in
their rooms and evidently (to
over­come) by
fumes before the rescuers could reach them. A third guest (fo take)
to
hospital with multiple burns. His condition (fo report)
as
being serious.

Ex.
11. Revision: use the required active and passive forms in the
follow­ing text:

At
the last glow of sunset, they (to
board) the
aeroplane in inverse order of seniority beginning with the sergeant
and ending with General Spitz. The plane they (to
provide) with
was luxuri­ous for the wartime. It (fo fit)
with
seats. Little lights (fo glow)
along
the roof. Soon the doors (to shut).
The
lights (to go)
out.
It (to
be) now
completely dark. What once (to
be) windows
(to paint)
°ut.
The roar of the engine (fo impose)
silence
on the party. Dan, who (to put)
himself
next to the cockpit, (to long)
for
a forbidden cigarette and (to try)
to
compose himself for sleep, though it (fo be)
far
from his normal bedtime. He (fo wear)
the
same shirt all day without a chance of changing. In the hot afternoon
it (ro be)
damp
with sweat. Now in the chill upper air it (to
cling) to
Ьцц
and (to
set) him
shivering. It (not
to occur) to
him to bring hi_s
greatcoat.
It (to
be) an
unsatisfactory day. He (to
wander) about
the streets of the old town with the Lieutenant. They (ro lunch)
_at
the club and (to
order) to
report at the airfield two hours before they (to
need). He
(not
to dine) and
(to
see) no
hope of doing so. He (to
sit) in
black boredom and discomfort until, after an hour, sleep (to
come).

Ex.
12. Make up situations of your own using the following common
sentence openings in which the verbs are used in the passive voice:

l.It
is generally agreed that …

1. It
   is well known that …

2. It
   is hoped that…

3. It
   is only to be expected that …

4. It
   has been decided that…

5. It
   has often been questioned whether …

6. It
   was widely assumed that …

7. It
   was taken for granted that ….

8. It
   has now been proved that …

10.1
thought that it had been clearly understood that … 11.It must be
borne in mind that … 12.As has been said (pointed out), … 13.As
is well known, …

Ex.
13. Revision: use the required active and passive forms in the
follow­ing text:

Walker’s
ambition (to
be) to
make a road right round the island and a great part of it already (to
build). His
roads (to
be) the
joy of his heart and he (to
make) excursions
constantly to see that they (to
keep) in
order.

The
roads (to
be) wide
tracks which (to
cut) through
the jungle-When they (to
lay), trees
(ro roor) out and rocks (to
dig) up.
It (t°
be) hard
work, and all of it (to
do) by
the natives who (to
pay) almost
nominal wages for it.

Then
the day (to
come) when
the natives (to
learn) that
larger sums (to
pay) for
such work in other places and they (ro stop)
th^e
work.
Now the wages (to
discuss) in
the village. The natives (t°
hold) together
and (to
say) they
(not
to return) to
the work unles^s

^Talker
(to
agree) to
accept their terms. The administrator only (to
promise) to
give them a feast when the road (to
finish).

But
when Walker (ro find)
that
no attempt (fo make)
to
start yvork, he (to go)
to
the village and (to
ask) the
men what silly game (^r0
рІ^аУ)-
The
natives (to
be) calm
and only (fo say)
they
(fo £o)
it
if he (to
give) them
a hundred pounds. Walker (to fly)
into
a rage and (fo say):
«If
you (not
to start) in
a week, take care.» Then he (to
turn) round
and (to
walk) away.

That
same night when Walker (to stroll)
along
the road that (to
run) past
his house, he (fo hear)
something
whizz past him _and
strike a tree. He (to
understand) that
something (to
throw) at
him. He (fo know)
it
(to
be) hopeless
to pursue in the darkness. Instead he (to look)
for
what (to throw),
but
(can)
find
nothing. He (to
go) quickly
back to the house for a lantern. Then he (to
return) to
the place and after a long search (fo see)
a
long knife sticking into the trunk of a tree. It (to
throw) with
such force that it (to
require) quite
an effort to pull it out.

The
next day Walker (fo ride)
over
to the village again. He (to find)
the
men sitting round the floor in the chief’s hut. He (to
guess) that
the question of the road (to discuss)
again.
The hut (to
form) in
this way: trunks of slender trees (to
place) in
a circle at intervals of perhaps five or six feet; a tall tree (to
set)
in
the middle
from
which the thatched roof (to slope)
downwards.
At night
or
when it (to rain),
coconut
leaves (to pull)
down.
In the daytime that hut (to be)
open
for the breeze to blow through. Walker (to ride)
up
to the edge of the hut and (to
call) out
to the chief: «You (to
leave) your
knife in a tree last night,» and he (to-fling)
it
down on the ground.

On
Monday Walker (fo go)
out
to see if the natives (to
start) work.
There (to
be) no
sign of it. «They (fo regret)
it,»
he (to
say) to
himself, devising a scheme to punish them.

Next
morning a large group of men (to come)
into
the village and their chief (to
say) that
they (to make)
a
bargain with Walker to build the road. According to the local rules
of hospitality which (to have)
the
force of laws the people of the village (to have)
to
give
lodging
to the workers as well as provide them with food and drink as long as
they (fo wish)
to
stay. Soon it (fo become)
clear
that the strangers (fo work)
very
slowly. Ruin (fo stare)
the
vil-people in the face. They (to realize)
that
Walker (to
outwit) ^ьЬещ
and
that they
(to
laugh) at.
The humiliation (fo be)
hard
to b^ar. So no one (to
be) surprised
when one afternoon Walker (fo find)
lying
on the floor in his cabin — he (fo shoot).

THE
VERB

MODAL
VERBS

Ex.
1.
Explain
the meanings of can
in
the following sentences:

l.But
the next day she was not well. She could
not
leave her cabin.

1. We
   can
   discuss
   it now, clause by clause.

2. My
   son is not in town; but he will be before long. Can
   I
   give him any message?

3. What
   on earth induced her to behave as she did, I never could
   understand.
   She could
   have
   married anybody she chose.

4. Can
   I
   smoke, Mr Hawkins?

6.1
ate the next course grimly to an end; she couldn’t
have
been enjoying her meal much either.

1. We’ll
   get you into the next room, and you can
   lie
   on the sofa for a bit.

2. What
   can
   have
   happened to change him so much?

3. Can
   there
   have been any misunderstanding in our first en­counter?

1. The
   teacher said they could
   all
   go home.

2. A
   policeman arrived and told him he couldn’t
   park
   there. 12.Can
   he
   have changed now? Do you think it possible?

1. How
   did he get to know it? Who can
   he
   have been talking to?

2. «There’s
   no such train.» «We came by it.» «You can’t
   have.»

3. «Life,»
   the old man said, «can
   only
   be understood backward. Now I see clearly all the mistakes I made
   and could
   have
   avoided.»

4. Really
   he had no idea that she could
   use
   water-colour as well as that.

5. You
   and I are in charge of a great business. We cannot
   leave
   our responsibility to others.

Ex.
2. State in which of the following sentences the form could
is
(1) the Past Indefinite of can,
(2)
a form expressing unreality, (3) a more polite form of can
and
(4) a form implying more uncertainty than can:

1. She
   would often say that no one but she could
   control
   the little girl.

2. Could
   you
   bring me some paper, please, to write my note oro

1. МШУ
   asked what time it was, and her mother said it couldn’t
   be
   more than one.

2. It
   was time for me to be getting back too, and I could
   have
   walked back with him. But I knew somehow that he didn’t want that,
   so I sat for a few minutes watching him as he went down the road.

3. From
   where I was I could
   see
   the clear profile of his face.

1. «Do
   you know what time we arrive at the frontier?» «I’m afraid
   I couldn’t
   tell
   you exactly.»

1. «It’s
   impossible,» exclaimed Phil. «He couldn’t
   have
   done it.»

1. It
   could
   not be
   done under the present circumstances.

1. You
   have no idea, I suppose, who could
   have
   been there.

10. You
are Agatha, aren’t you? I could
not be
mistaken.
Ц.Perhaps
you could
tell
me a little about these messages.
12.At present they could
promise
nothing.

Ex.
3.
Turn
the following into unreal statements and translate both vari­ants
into Russian.

Note:
Change
the form of the infinitive if necessary. l.He’s
obstinate. Nothing can
move
him.

2.
No one can
ever
tell when he is being serious and when he is joking.

З.Іп
the
dimness of the room I could
not see
him very well.

1. You
   know I can
   never
   refuse you.

2. Roger
   told me that she could
   run
   his small establishment better than any paid housekeeper.

1. No
   one could
   tell
   me where he lived.

1. He’s
   very good at all that. You can
   learn
   a lot from him.

2. The
   trouble was I couldn’t
   do
   anything else.

3. She
   cannot
   tell
   us the truth.

10.She
could
not tell
us the truth then.

11. That’s
a question nobody can
answer.

Ex.
4.
Make
the following sentences containing can
more
polite or less categorical:

l-«What
can
I
do for you?» he asked in cordial tones. . 2. Сага
I see John now?

3-Pat,
my dear, where can
you
have got such a foolish idea? 4-
What
difference can
it
make?

5.
I’m hungry. Can
I
have my tea?

6.1
know a very nice little place up the hill where we can
hav_e
dinner.

1. «We’ve
   brought you something!» cried Edward. «Whatever can
   it
   be?»

2. «But
   you don’t understand me. Hugh hates me.» «He can’t»

3. «I
   don’t believe you’ve forgotten our song. You can’t
   hav_e
   done
   it.»

1. «But
   the door is locked.» «I expect we can
   open
   it.»

2. «In
   the end he insisted on walking in the rain.» «He can’t
   be
   so silly.»

3. And
   I’ve got a bit of money. We can
   get
   ourselves a nice flat,

4. They
   are all watching the telly, so you can
   have
   your supp_er
   in
   peace.

14. Can
this
woman be Lousie? She can’t
have
changed so much.
15.She can’t
have
told you that I don’t believe you.

16.
What else can
we
do for you?

Ex.
5.
Use
the required form of the infinitive after can
(could) in
the following sentences:

1. Her
   face was quite unlined and she could not (to be)
   more
   than thirty.

2. I’m
   wondering if something can (to
   do) about
   it.

3. Her
   friend said quickly: «I know where you can (to
   get) your
   bicycle fixed.»

4. «You
   couldn’t (to
   worry) too
   much,» Jack was tempted to say, «if you’re still out at
   one thirty in the morning.»

5. It’s
   impossible. He can’t (to
   do) it.

6. There
   wasn’t anything wrong with tea. There couldn’t (to
   be

7. Harry’s
   story disappointed him because if the girl had been with him,at half
   past eight she couldn’t (to
   be) at
   Hexley the same time.

8. She
   lay, raised up rather high upon the pillow, her eyes ^cl°^s^j
   and
   her hair undone. She could not (to
   sleep), though
   it wou-¹
   have
   been hard to say quite how this was evident. j

9. «Have
   you seen anything of Roberta lately?» «Not for ages-don’t
   know what she can (to
   do).»

10.He
couldn’t (to
hear) the
news at dinner because his sis*

hadn’t
arrived yet. 11.1 can easily (to
walk) to
the railway station.

^2.
For several seconds Bolt stared at her, terrified. «I can’t (to
die). I
don’t want to die.»

gx.
6.
Explain
the possible ways 1)
of
expressing negation in sentences yvith
can
used
in the meaning of improbability in (a) and 2)
of
building up special questions with can
used
for emotional colouring in (b):

a)

1.1
was
staggered by his youth. He could not have been much over thirty.

1. «They
   say he was her lover,» replied the man. «She can never
   have had one,» said Rosalia, with a laugh of scorn.

2. You
   could hardly expect Father to let you stay here under the
   circumstances.

4.1
don’t think the idea can ever have occurred to him before, b)

1. Who
   can he be? She has never had a visitor before.

2. «I
   think she had something to do with the book.» «What can
   she have done?»

3.1
don’t understand how you can have been so nice, and then do something
so cruel.

1. «Somebody
   drew a pair of spectacles on the face of the por­trait.»
   «Who do you think could have done it?»

2. The
   young woman rose from the yellow hammock. Mary’s first thought was
   how she could have been lying in a hammock and remained so tidy.

Ex.
7.
Translate
the following sentences into English using can
in
all of ‘ts possible meanings:

1-Ты
мог бы перевести этот текст? 2. Эту книгу
можно купить в любом магазине. 3-0н мог
бы сделать это на прошлой неделе. Он был
не особен­но занят.

4-Он
не мог показать нам расчеты, так как они
не были гото­вы.

5
R

■°
комнате темно, я не могу найти свои вещи.
^•Не может быть, чтобы она ошиблась. »
Неужели они ждали нас все это время? ‘Не
может быть, чтобы вас послали ко мне. Я
не имею к

^эТому

никакого
отношения.

9.
Можно мне чашку чая?

1. Он
   сказал, что мы можем идти.

2. Я
   могу вернуться автобусом. 12.Я мог бы
   вернуться автобусом.

13.
Морис уставился на письмо. «И откуда
оно могло прийти?» 14.Эванс был настолько
неграмотным, что он просто не мог написать
ни одного слова этого доклада.

1. «Она
   не поняла тебя», — вскричал Филипп. —
   «Она поняла меня достаточно хорошо».
   — «Вряд ли она тебя поняла», повторил
   он упрямо.

2. Дорога
   пешком обратно в гостиницу оказалась
   очень длин­ной, и он никогда не проделал
   бы ее без карты.

3. У
   нее было квадратное лицо, которое,
   вероятно, никогда не выглядело молодым.

4. «На
   что ты смотришь, Вилли?» — «Ни на что,
   дорогая». — «Нельзя смотреть ни на
   что».

5. Она
   сказала более громким голосом: «Ты
   слышишь меня?»

6. Никто
   не смог бы произвести на меня большее
   впечатление, чем это сделал ты.

7. В
   тот момент я мог бы убить его.

22.Ему
не могло быть больше тридцати лет, когда
мы с ним

познакомились
впервые. 23.Я умел плавать, когда мне было
пять лет. Папа научил

меня.

24.Они
очень милы со мной. Просто невозможно
быть более

вежливыми
и услужливыми. 2 5 * ^У^ леє
темнеет.
Сколько же сейчас может быть времени?
26. Ты храбрый, раз работаешь с этими
людьми. Я бы не мог с

ними
работать.

27.Он
взял меню и сказал: «Ну, я полагаю, что
ты проголода­лась. Давай посмотрим,
что мы можем поесть». 28. А как щенки?
Можно мне посмотреть на них?

Ex.
8. To practise can,
make
up situations of your own using the follow­ing patterns:

І.не
может
быть, чтобы он … Не
can’t
be that
foolish. He can’t
be writing a
novel. He can’t
have gone fishing.
He can’t
have been walking in
the rain.

2. неужели
он…

Can
he
be
your
brother?

Can
he
be
working so
late?

Can
he
have
left?

Can
he
have
been looking for
us? З.и
что (где, как, почему …) это он…

What
can
he
mean?

Where
can
he
be
hiding?

How
can
he
/шиє
done
it?

What
can he have
been doing in
there? 4.
он
просто не может (не мог, не мог бы)…

Не
can’t
possibly do it.

He
couldn’t
possibly afford a
car on his present salary.

He
can’t
possibly have done it.
5.не
могу
не
…

I
can’t
help thinking she
has made a grave mistake.

I
couldn’t
help seeing that
she was ill. 6.мне
ничего
не
остается
как
…

I
cannot
but ask him
for help.

I
could
not but put him
up for the night.

Ex.
9.
Explain
the meanings of may
in
the following sentences:

l.Of
course I’m too young to be a really good writer yet, but I try hard,
and one day I may
achieve
something.

2.1
asked him if I might
come
over to remove something that I had left in a book I had loaned him.

1. «I’m
   so glad you didn’t wait, Agnes,» Mr Logan said in a tone which
   clearly meant «I think you might
   have
   waited.»

2. «What’s
   happened to the dog?» «It isn’t here. Dan may
   have
   taken it with him.»

3. Harry
   might
   often
   be seen sitting on the porch with a pipe in his mouth.

4. Archer
   looked touchingly white and weak. He had been through a hard time.
   He might
   have
   died.

5. «Then
   may
   I
   send Kate to you?» «But of course.»

8-
«Oh, Philip,» she exclaimed, «your boots are muddy!
You might
have
gone by the side door.»

9.
She longed for a letter from John. It might
contain
an expla­nation of why he had gone away. ^l°-«What
shall you do to amuse yourself?» she asked. «Well,» I
said playing for time, «I might
do
several things.»

г

11.
There was so much they had shared together and so much more they
might
have
shared that they had not.

Ex.
10. State in which of the following sentences the form might
is
Ц)
the Past Indefinite of may,
(2)
a form expressing unreality, (3)
a
more polite form of may
and
(4) a form implying more uncertainty than may;

1.1
asked if he might
bring
his wife down next Saturday.

1. «Where
   do you suppose he is now?» «He might
   be
   in New York.»

2. «I
   thought the picture might
   interest
   you,» Maurice said inno­cently.

3. «Did
   she say where she was going?» «No.» «Humph! She
   might
   have
   left a message.»

4. «Might
   I
   look round?» he asked.

5. Г
   said that I might
   have
   other problems to raise.

6. We’re
   going to lunch with some neighbours tomorrow. Mother thinks you
   might
   be
   bored. Would you like to stay at home?

Ex.
11. Make the following sentences containing may
more
polite or less categorical:

I.May
I
ask you a question?

2.
She
gave a shrug of impatience. «This affair may
well
fade into nothing.»

3.1
heard Arthur make a slight noise which may
have
been a sigh or a chuckle.

4. My
main task is to find out why he killed himself. It may
all
be
terribly simple. He may
have
done it because of his wife.

5. She
may
not
find it all that easy to get a job.
Q.May
I
have a taxi called?

1. You’re
   welcome to come with me. You may
   notice
   things that I miss.

2. On
   the last evening my mother and I sat together in the draw­ing-room.
   It was our one formal room and I think my mother may
   have
   chosen it for its moral effect.

Ex.
12. Use the required form of the infinitive after may
(might) in
the following sentences:

1. On
   the whole there was less said than might (to
   expect).

2. Don’t
   turn on the light. This fellow may (to
   lurk) outside
   the house door.

1. You’ve
   acquired a great deal of experience. You might (to
   write) a
   book.

2. There
   was no sign of John in the street. Of course, I said to myself, he
   might (to
   detain) at
   his office.

3. «Who
   said Mr Sorrel had gone to America?» «He might (to
   tell) it
   himself.»

1. Strickland
   is very ill. He may (to
   die).

1. Jack
   had the feeling that Maurice might one day (to
   break) down.

2. But
   what you tell me may not (to
   be) true.

9.1
was deeply shocked and worried. «It is no easy matter to find
the man,» the doctor said to me. He might (to
read) my
thoughts.

1. He
   may not (to
   want) to
   become a publisher in the first place, but once he had taken it up
   the profession had appeared to absorb all his interests.

2. Mr
   Fox said something about it once, but I might not (to
   understand) him
   properly.

3. «Then
   why on earth all this secrecy?» «One never knows who may
   (to
   listen).»

Ex.
13. Translate the following sentences into English using may
in
all of its possible meanings:

1.Ты
был не так уж сильно занят. Ты мог бы нам
помочь. 2. Спроси его, можно ли нам
осмотреть лабораторию. З.Он мог бы
сделать это для вас. Ему это совсем не
трудно.

1. Он
   чуть не разбил окно.

1. Она,
   возможно, опоздает.

1. Они,
   возможно, работают над этой же проблемой.

2. К
   вечеру может пойти дождь.

3. Их,
   возможно, не было вчера в городе.

4. Я
   подумал, что если его часы были там, то
   и деньги могли оказаться там же.

Ю.Я
согласен, что разрешить Питеру поехать
за границу, воз­можно, было ошибкой.
Но я думал, что это, может быть, вернет
его к работе.

Ч.Я,
может быть, не упоминал об этом в своих
письмах, но я проделал там довольно
большую работу.

12.Не
увидев ни своего отца, ни мальчика, Мегги
подумала, что они, быть может, переставляют
книги на полках.

^•Вы,
возможно, слышали его имя.

1. Мне
   пришло в голову, что он втайне гордился
   сыном, хот он, быть может, и не осознавал
   этого.

2. У
   него большая семья. Я могу себе
   представить, что он, возможно, ищет себе
   работу получше.

3. Мне
   казалось, что гроза может разразиться
   в любой мо-мент.

4. Она
   не была шведкой, но ее можно было принять
   за швед, ку.

5. Может
   быть, он сейчас в гостинице и ждет меня.

6. Я
   чуть не опоздал на последний автобус.

7. Они,
   возможно, подумали, что мы не придем в
   такой дождь.

Ex.
14.
То
practise may,
make
up situations of your own using the follow­ing patterns:

1. может
быть (возможно), он …
Не may
come
yet.

He
may
be reading in
his room. He may
have forgotten about
it. He may
have been expecting a
letter from them.

2. может
быть (возможно), он не …
Не
may
not be in
now.

He
may
not have heard from
his family yet.

1. он
   чуть
   не
   … He might
   have fallen.

2. я,
   пожалуй,
   … I may
   as well give you
   a lift. I might
   as well give you
   a lift.

3. пожалуй,
   лучше …

If
your mother has made up her mind, my dear, you may
(might) just as well give in without
any fuss.

6. можно
было бы принять за …

From
afar the house might
have been taken for
a small inn.

7. могло
бы
быть
и
…

Charles
came out of the examination room. «How did you get on?» I
asked. «It might
have been worse, I
suppose,» he said-Ex. 15.
Revision: fill in the blanks with can
(could) or
may
(might):

1. When
   they told me I was cured and … go, I … tell you I was more
   afraid than glad.

2. His
   letter … have given them the idea.

3
His knee touched the bottom. He crawled further and at last lay full
length on the pebbles. He now felt so tired he … not under­stand
how a moment ago he … have been capable of swimming.

1. You’ve
   done me a great service. I knew I … trust you.

1. Her
   mother said she … play with me if she wished.

1. He’s
   a nice boy. I’m glad you brought him out here. We …
   have
   some fun.

2. He
   looked at the lighted window of the cottage. He … see into a
   kitchen where two women were sitting by the table drinking tea.

3. She
   has attractive eyes. There’s something about them that holds you.
   She …
   have
   been pretty once.

9. When
he married her she … not have been more than sixteen.
10. He
boasted and told the most extraordinary stories which I’m

sure
… not possibly have been true. 11.She … not think what he was
doing. Something … have hap­pened to him.

12.
You … not have proved that I wrote the letter because I didn’t.
13.It never occurred to me that I … get measles. 14.1 was just
going to tell you — because of the storm I … not be home tonight.

1. That
   is exactly what he did say. But I won’t talk any more about it. He
   …
   not
   have been himself.

2. «To
   my mind she is a beautiful woman.» «Well, yes. But I don’t
   see what you … have found to say to her.»

3. He
   hurled the heavy thing down the stairs. It made an extraor­dinary
   noise in its descent and woke Joe sleeping in his pram. The only
   thing I … say to that was: «You … have killed Joe.»

18.»I
see one of my statuettes has been broken.» «I … not think

what
… have happened to it.» 19.He thought it likely that Blair …
have got away unnoticed.

1. It
   was dark and I … only see the glimmer of his face.

2. You
   have acted very irresponsibly and you … find yourself in serious
   trouble.

22.After
all we don’t even know if your sister is proposing to stay in London.
She … be just passing through on her way to somewhere else.

23.One
… not get anything done nowadays.

24.»Come
inside in front of the fire where you … warm up,» she said
quickly.

25.
But I really feel that the late Mr Evans … not have been a nice
man.

26.
Listen. I know I … be making a fool of myself, but then again, I
… be not.

27.1
confessed that I … not swim unless somebody held me. 28.She was
smartly, quietly dressed, and … have been taken for

a
clever business woman. 29. It was one of those days when nobody …
tell whether it was

going
to rain.

30.1
was driving along when I spotted a telephone box and thought

I
… as well give you a call. 31. Jeff said, «Why on earth did
Ken say he shot that dog? He …

not
possibly have done it.» 32.1 don’t know why he did it. He lost
his wife lately. That …

have
been it.

33. «Aunt
Mary said she hadn’t seen him.» «She … have been
lying.
Perhaps your father asked her to say he wasn’t there.»

34. I’m
tired of listening to him tell me why it … not be done.

35 I
ask then, Mr Morley, what you were doing there?

36.1
wished to be rid of my companion, and said, «Thank you.

I
… look after myself now.» 37.1 thought you’d be staying in
town for a night at least; and we …

have
had a dinner and theatre. 38. We shall require, Mr Grey, to have a
copy of this story. How

soon
… you provide this? 39.Mrs Castle looks familiar to me. Where … I
have met her?

Ex.
16. Revision: translate the following sentences into English using
can
(could) and
may
(might):

1. Возможно,
   будет дождь.

2. Возможно,
   дождя не будет.

З.Не
может быть, чтобы пошел дождь.

1. Неужели
   будет дождь?

2. Может
   быть, он уже видел их.

3. Может
   быть, он и не видел их.

4. Не
   может быть, чтобы он видел их.

5. Просто
   не может быть, чтобы он видел их.

9. Неужели
он видел их?
10.Где он мог их видеть?

1. Возможно,
   они ждут нас.

2. Возможно,
   они не ждут нас.

3. Не
   может быть, чтобы они ждали нас.

1. Неужели
   они ждут нас?

1. Кого
   же они могут ждать?

Іб.Не
может
быть, чтобы они ждали нас.

17.Я,
пожалуй, пойду.

lg.Я,
пожалуй,
лучше останусь дома.

1. Я
   чуть не потерял ключи.

2. Все
   могло бы быть гораздо хуже.

3. Погода
   — хуже некуда.

22.Мне
ничего не оставалось делать, как остаться
с ними.

1. Я
   не мог не согласиться с ними.

2. Мне
   это совершенно безразлично.

Ex.
17. Explain the meanings of must
in
the following sentences:

l.The
children must
brush
their own shoes.

2.
His
mind turned to the incident. It was the kind of thing

which
must not occur again.. 3.Dear Paula, there is no point in delaying
the happy news. I

know
how much you must
have
been waiting and expecting. 4.1 always have a warm corner for
Roberta. I must
try
and find

her
before I go abroad.

1. It’s
   lovely to have you home. We must
   have
   a party to cel­ebrate.

2. You
   must
   give
   it back to me before you go.

3. «When
   is your mother to return?» «Next month.» «You
   must
   miss
   her terribly.»

4. Must
   you
   work hard?

5. You
   mustn’t
   tell
   anyone about it.

1. «My
   god, I never thought they’d let me in there again,» he said.
   «They must
   have
   regretted doing so in view of your behaviour.»

2. She
   mustn’t
   go
   home alone.

3. You
   must
   change
   your shoes. I won’t have you in here with muddy feet.

px-
18.
Notice the use of must
in
reported speech in the following sen­tences and translate them
into Russian:

1-
He
was white and frightened and ready to weep as she told

him
that he must
go.
^- Because a thing like coal had once been profitable they thought

it
must
always
be profitable.

1. She
   had already decided that she must
   show
   the letter to Alan.

2. The
   way she spoke made me think that she must
   be
   very much in love.

3. He
   asked where I had picked up such a word. I realized that it must
   have
   been a wrong word, but I had read it in some book and liked its
   sound.

Ex.
19. Use the required form of the infinitive after must:

1. Both
   sisters must (to
   be) ashamed
   of having spoken as they had in front of a third person.

2. Fred
   knew that the girl’s father was a draper and had four assistants.
   «He must (to
   do) well,»
   he said to her. «He doesn’t complain,» said the girl.

3. The
   night porter was very good-looking and it must (to
   take) him
   a half-hour to comb his hair into such shining black perfection.

4. «You
   must (to
   be) right,»
   I said.

5. They
   must (to
   hear) that
   the fellow was in London.

6. But
   at last he rose realizing dully that he had work which he must (to
   do).

7. He
   had a faint feeling of satisfaction in the thought that Mait must
   (to
   wonder) why
   they had gone off together.

8.1
must (to
sit) there
for a quarter of an hour waiting and

thinking
about it before I saw the letter. 9. «His relatives do not think
so.» «Then they must (to
be) a
lot

of
damned fools.» 10.Mrs Cromwell took us round the yacht. There
was no doubt

that
it must (to
cost) her
a lot of money.

1. He
   had said that he himself was an admirer of Stendahl. This must (to
   influence) him
   in making his decision.

2. At
   half past two I heard Hudson grunt, put down his book and switch out
   the light. He must (to
   read) since
   midnight.

3. «I
   must (to
   get) old,»
   she said, «to be talking like that.»

4. There
   were a lot of mirrors that must (to
   buy) at
   the sale of some old restaurant.

5. When
   I jumped up the thing fell off my knee. It must (to
   Ш)
   there
   yet.

Ex.
20. Translate the following sentences into English using must
in
^a»
of its meanings:

1.
Я должен много работать эту неделю.

2.
Марта ведь видела их. Она, должно быть,
сказала вам об этом.

З.Он
должен попасть туда до восьми часов.

1. Она
   разожгла камин и сказала: «Ну, садись
   же. Ты, навер­ное, закоченел».

2. Я
   должна еще перемыть все стаканы.

3. Отойдя
   от двери, Джон заметил, что стоит на
   письме, кото­рое лежало на половике.
   Оно, по-видимому, было доставле­но
   спустя некоторое время после его
   возвращения.

4. «Мы
   будем рано пить чай, — сказала Кэт. —
   Ты, наверное, умираешь с голоду».

5. «А,
   это ты!» — сказал он, взглянув на меня
   с удивлением. Он, должно быть, забыл,
   как меня зовут.

6. Я
   не видел Джима, но знал, что он, вероятно,
   ждет меня где-то здесь.

10. Я
подождал с полчаса, и когда я уже думал,
что что-то,
должно быть, случилось с
Китти, она приехала на такси.

11. Она
такая бледная. Наверное, она была
больна.
12.Я должен написать им сегодня
же.

13.Я
должен для него что-нибудь сделать, —
подумал Джек. 14. «Филипп, в твоей книжке
было какое-то письмо». — «Раз­ве?» —
«Ты, наверное, забыл о нем».

Ex.
21. Remembering
that must
in
the meaning of probability is not used either with reference to the
future or in the negative form, find a suit­able way of
translating the following sentences into English:

1-Я
не хочу сдавать экзамены. Меня, вероятно,
не будет в Лондоне в это время.

1. Наверное,
   в его распоряжении никогда раньше не
   было так много денег.

2. Мартин
   стоял по другую сторону камина. Я
   подумал, что он, вероятно, не слышал их
   слов.

4-
Он, должно быть, не сумел уговорить его
поехать с нами.

5-У
него, очевидно, пока просто не нашлось
времени для вас.

6-Они,
наверное, не встретили его на станции.

7.
Я терпел это так долго, потому что думал,
что она меня по-своему любит. Но она,
вероятно, никогда не любила меня.

^’
Преподаватель, видимо, по ошибке не
упомянул твоей фа­милии.

^•Она,
должно быть, не знает, что вы здесь.

1. Они,
   вероятно, не видели ее с лета.

2. «Могу
   я поговорить с тобой завтра утром?» —
   «Я, на: ное, буду занят утром».

12.Он,
вероятно, не захочет говорить по-английски.

13. Дома,
наверное, нет никого сейчас.

14. «Кто
этот старик?» — «Новый президент
компании».
«Ты шутишь». — «Я не шучу.
Ты,
должно
быть,
не
читал
газет».

Бх.
22.
To
practise must,
make
up situations of your own using the fol. lowing patterns:

1. должно
быть,
он
…
He must
be ill.

He
must
be staying the
night in town. He must
have lost it.

He
must
have been working since
breakfast.

2. он,
должно быть (наверное), будет …
Не
probably
will be there
tomorrow.

З.он,
должно быть, не …

He
must
never have been poor.

He
must
have misunderstood you.

He
must
have failed to get the
book.

He
cannot
have read the
book. 4.нельзя
…

You
mustn’t
make so
much noise.

Close
the door. The children mustn’t
hear what
you are saying.

5. пора
уходить
…
I must
be off.

I
must
be going.

Ex.
23. Revision:
re-word the following sentences using can,
may ot must:

1.1
don’t think he did it all by himself.

1. Perhaps
   you’re right.

2. It
   is possible that they forgot it in the car. 4.1s it really true?

5.1
don’t believe he has been meaning to do it.

1. It
   is impossible that he should have refused your request.

2. Evidently
   he has not read the book.

8.1
wonder where it is that you met him.

g.I’m
certain that he has heard the gong. jq.
It was some special occasion, I’m sure. ll.He looks wet and muddy.
I’m sure he has been fishing. 12.No doubt, she is out shopping.

13.1
wonder what it is that you have brought in that box. 14.It’s possible
that he doesn’t know we are here. l5.Is it possible that he is giving
a course on the Renaissance at the University?

16.It
is possible that the news is being broadcast on all the chan­nels.

17.I’m
certain they didn’t take notes of the meeting. 18.Is it possible that
we are out of wrapping paper?

1. It
   is possible he will again forget to rule a margin down the left
   side.

2. «I
   don’t now see him driving his car. Is it possible that some­thing
   has happened?» «Evidently his car is undergoing re­pairs.»

21. It
is just impossible for you to get this thing done so soon.
22.1
wonder what it is that he is doing in there,

1. Then
   the firing began again. This time it was impossible for it to be
   more than a mile away.

2. Let’s
   give her a call again. It is possible that she was asleep and didn’t
   hear the telephone.

3. You
   have used up all the money I gave you, I suppose.

Ex.
24. Revision: translate the following sentences into English using
can,
may or
must
wherever
possible:

1-Они
должны действовать, как им сказали.

2-Я
думаю, мне надо надеть другие туфли на
вечеринку.

З.Я
не могу уйти, не расплатившись.

1. Они
   должны вернуть все деньги.

2. Ты
   мог бы им позвонить и сказать, что не
   придешь.

6-Я
так хотел есть, что чуть не съел всего
цыпленка сразу. ^-«Мне взять зонт?» —
«Да, похоже, что будет дождь». 8-Тебе
удалось закончить работу? 9. Ситуация —
хуже не придумаешь. «•Ты не мог бы
прийти немного позже?

•Неужели
ты сам это написал?

•Со
мной этого не может случиться.

13.
Я перебрал в уме все возможные случаи,
когда я мог бы _с

ним
познакомиться. 14.Может быть, он не
захотел выступить.

1. Она
   никогда не рассказывала о своем детстве,
   и на то, по~ видимому, была какая-то
   причина.

2. Но
   я просто не могу идти дальше.

3. «Он
   может отдохнуть в моем кабинете», —
   сказал м-р Болт.

4. Нора
   отвела сына в свою комнату. Мне было
   слышно, как они там разговаривали.

19. «Не
нужно преуменьшать опасность», — сказал
он.
20.Я смогу написать им завтра.

21.
Никто не смог бы сделать больше, чем
сделал ты. 22.Ник был таким сыном, которым
мог бы гордиться любой родитель.

1. Я
   думаю, что он влюбился в вас потому,
   что никогда, дол­жно быть, еще не
   встречал никого похожего на вас.

2. Я
   думаю, что не буду никуда выходить
   сегодня. В такую погоду я, пожалуй,
   лучше посижу в кресле у камина.

25.Право
же, ты мог бы что-нибудь сделать с этим.
26. В конце концов, нельзя не восхищаться
человеком с таки­ми высокими принципами.
, 27.Ты можешь делать все, что хочешь.

28.
«Я не вижу, что еще я мог бы тогда
сделать», — сказал он. 29.Его мать опять
в больнице. Она, должно быть, серьезно
больна.

1. Среди
   них не было никого, к кому бы я мог
   обратиться за помощью.

2. Я
   не понимаю, как ты мог вести себя так
   глупо.

32.Я
невольно подумал, что мисс Грей выдала
себя этими сло­вами.

33.
Он двигался так тихо, что не мог бы
побеспокоить сон само­го чуткого
человека.

34.Где
мои очки? Здесь их нет. Должно быть, я
оставил их дома.

1. Я
   должен оставаться здесь весь день?

2. Он
   спросил, может ли он положиться на
   меня.

37.Он
спросил, не могу ли я позаниматься с
его классом ⁸⁸

следующем
уроке. 38. Когда ребенок так болен, вы,
должно быть, чувствуете себ*

ужасно.

Зд.Вы
должны найти его и привезти сюда со
всеми его матери­алами.

1. «Это,
   наверное, совсем не похоже на ваш дом»,—
   сказал Барт.

2. Я
   сказал, что он может взять мою машину.

3. Мне
   это совершенно безразлично.

43.Она
понимала, что он должен чувствовать.
44. Он не может быть старше вас больше
чем на три или четыре года.

45.Погода
еще может измениться к лучшему.

1. Не
   может быть, чтобы она этого не знала.

2. В
   понедельник я еще не смогу дать вам
   определенный ответ.

3. Возможно,
   они еще не приехали.

4. Возможно,
   они еще ведут следствие по этому делу.

5. Возможно,
   они были на вечере, но я их не видел.

6. И
   кто это мог зажечь свет в моей комнате?
   52.Отец очень сердит. Что ты опять
   натворил?

53.
Уже совсем темно. Я, наверное, очень
долго спал. 54.Он, вероятно, скоро позвонит
нам. 55.Неужели он велел вам прийти сюда?

56.
«Где мой ключ?» — «Ты, наверное, его
потерял». — «Не может быть, чтобы я его
потерял. Я,
возможно,
оставил
его
в
кармане
пальто».

Ex.
25. Revision: fill in the blanks with can
(be able), may or
must:

always

l.»Will
you know where to go?» «Yes, thank you. I

ask
my brother.» 2. «Didn’t she hear our shouting?» «She
says she heard nothing.»

«She
… have wandered a long way.» 3-What
… he have meant when he said it?

4-He
hesitated and said, «I … go to South America. As a tea

planter.»
I said, «I … be wrong, Jason, but I don’t think they

grow
tea in South America.» 5. He … have flown off after he
dropped us. He … not land here.

Not
in a plane with wheels. 6-
«I’d
give anything to meet that fellow.» «We … see what …
be

done.»

^-Cindy
… have laughed aloud. Instead, she nodded. ^•You … hardly have
been more surprised than I was.

9.
The old man cupped his ear in his palm. «I think I … ^

getting
deaf. I … not hear you.» 10. «There was someone on the
phone for you,» he said. «Oh, who?»

«I
don’t know, he didn’t say. Some man.» «It … have Ьеец

Mike.»
«I know Mike. It wasn’t Mike.» «Oh. Then I … not

think
who it … have been.» 11.Mr Fox … not come. He sent me to
represent him. 12.1 went straight from the station to the club and
played hi].

Hards.
It … have been after eleven when I reached the flat. 13.Oh, you
… drink things steaming! … you eat eggs with the

shells
on, too?

14.She
was beginning to want to ask him in but she knew that she … not do
it yet.

1. It’s
   a most interesting story. He … not possibly have invented it. You
   …
   have
   told him something.

2. I’ve
   other things to attend to which … be put through immedi­ately.

17.1
admire your mother’s looks. She … have been a lovely girl. 18.The
apples are very good. You … eat them all. 19. My wife … leave
the hospital in a week’s time. 20.My wife … to leave the hospital
a few days ago.

1. I’m
   trying to think where he … have gone.

2. Of
   course it occurred to me that if he had found the watch as he said,
   it … have been lying in the garden for more than a year.

3. He
   began absently to eat one of the buttered biscuits. He’d lose his
   appetite if his wife didn’t hurry up. She …
   be
   talking to Frau Schmidt.

4. A
   day or two later Mrs Strickland sent me a note asking if I … go
   and see her that evening after dinner.

5. «I
   don’t know why he did it.» «It …
   have
   amused him.»

6. «You
   know, I’m a bit of a writer myself in a small way.» «What
   are you writing? A novel?» «Oh, come off it. I … not
   write a novel. No, it’s a sort of history of the regiment, as a
   matter of fact.»

7. «He’s
   up in Barbie’s room. He’s decorating it with shells. He … have
   brought in a ton.»

8. «She’s
   gone out. Something awful … have happened.» «How ■•■
   she have got out? The door is locked.»

29.I’m
going to tell him that he … not do any building here.

They
say the driver … have been going fifty miles round that blind
corner for the body to have been thrown and injured like it was.

3l.She
looked unusually pale and gloomy. I wondered what … have upset
her.

32.»»-
У^ои
drive a car, Mooey?» «Yes, indeed I … ,» he
answered.

1. You
   … be very prosperous, Eustace, to own a car like that.

2. Obviously
   Haviland had worked late the night before, as he … have done for
   several nights in a row, because he looked drawn and pale.

35.The
water of the pool … have been heated for it steamed

gently
in the beams of the lamps. 36.
Mr
Hardy takes a lot of aspirin. He … have had at least twelve

tablets
during the day. 37.The
man danced very well. He … have spent hours taking

lessons,
Jack thought.

1. «At
   least I want to keep my mind occupied.» «You … get a
   good book and read it.»

2. We
   … not exaggerate the situation.

3. «I
   thought the English were great lovers of dogs.» «We think
   Americans love dollars, but there … be exceptions.»

Ex.
26. Explain the meanings and forms of have
to and
be
to in
the following sentences:

1.1
had
to have
someone to show me the way from the station.

1. We
   were
   to act
   as guides to the party.

2. «Guess
   what!» «I can’t guess. You’ll
   have to tell
   me.»

1. Now
   will you please show me the room where I am
   to work.

1. Now
   Vve
   had to listen
   to a lot of lying. And I never watch faces. I look at hands and
   listen very carefully to the tone and tempo of speech.

2. The
   children are
   not to touch
   anything in the room.

3. There
   was a special order that no one was
   to come
   to the station to see the battalion off.

4. But
   Vve
   been having to give
   a lot of thought recently to my feelings toward you.

5. It
   was the first and the last ceremony I was
   to see.

1. «What
   do
   you
   have
   to do
   to earn so much money?» Barber asked.

2. He
   was
   to have
   had a music lesson in the morning but the teacher called up to
   cancel it.

12.1
didn’t
have to turn
around to know they were coming dowjj the street.

13.
He looked about him for his daughter but she was
not to b_e
seen.

14.1
was
having to feel
my way.

Ex.
27. Turn the following affirmative sentences containing have
to
into
negative and interrogative:

l.He
has to light a fire.

2.
They had to change their shoes.

3.1
shall have to buy a new pair of gloves.

1. She
   has to go home early.

2. He
   had to give it back.

3. She’ll
   have to come again.

Ex.
28. Translate the following sentences into English using have
to or be to:

1. Барт
   должен был увидеться со своим шурином
   за ленчем на следующий день, но он не
   считал нужным рассказывать об этом
   жене.

2. Ей
   пришлось пить чай без сахара.

З.Я
знал, что Пэт должна была прийти в клуб.

1. Я
   был несколько удивлен, обнаружив в
   зале, где я должен был выступать, так
   много людей.

2. Мне
   не нужно быть там раньше трех часов.

3. Руди
   пригласили
   на обед домой к Мэри. После обеда они
   должны были пойти в кино.

4. Один
   из гостей сел около меня. Мне не нужно
   было гово­рить, кто он.

5. Они
   бомбили нас весь день вчера, и мы
   вынуждены были оставаться в окопах.

6. «У
   тебя короткие волосы, и они вьются». —
   «Я болела скарлатиной, и волосы пришлось
   обрезать».

1. «Я
   ведь никогда не говорил тебе, что учился
   в частной школе?» — спросил Алек. — «В
   этом не было необходимо сти. Я это
   знала».

2. На
   следующий день Франк взял меня на
   долгую автомо­бильную прогулку. А в
   семь часов мы должны были обе­дать
   с Гринами.

12.По
радио объявили, что вечером должен
выступать прези­дент.

j3.0h
должен
был пододвинуться поближе, чтобы
услышать ее.

j4.B
этот час Филиппа никогда не было видно.

Ex-
29. Fill in the blanks with have
to or
be
to:

J.
At nightfall the ship put in at a small port where they … to load
three hundred bags of coffee.

1. They
   … to light a fire to cook their supper.

2. He
   set off for the school where he … to write examinations for entry
   to the University.

3. When
   I got home I found I had left my olive oil in front of the
   notice-board and I … to return in the afternoon to collect it.

4. He
   made all arrangements for the marriage, which … to take place on
   the day of his mother’s arrival.

5. The
   Finnish woman who … to work for Finch had not arrived yet.

6. She
   knew there would be no more vacations for her sons. But she …
   (not) to say it. They knew that as well as she.

7. Eden
   went to the wood where he … to meet his brother for a ride.

8. Uncle
   Nick’s things … to be moved out of his room so that it could be
   re-let.

10.For
the next few weeks I … to stay in bed. Everyone came to visit me,
and brought me presents, and I … (not) to do the cooking.

11.
Early in January Maurice returned to Ireland and his brother
accompanied him. He … to remain with him till spring. He then …
to go to the Slade School of Fine Arts in London.

12.They
went to inspect Finch’s new house. Finch said that only the last
touches … to be added there and he … to move into it quite soon.

13.
That day, however, I had a pupil waiting for an English lesson and I
… to cut my visit short.

Ex.
30. To practise the use of have
to and
be
to, make
up situations of Уоцг
own using the following patterns:

!•
приходится
(пришлось,
придется)
… He has
to work here
all day. He had
to work there
all day. He will
have to work there
all day.

2. не
нужно
…

You
don’t
have to work here
all day. You didn’t
have to work there
all day. You won’t
have to work there
all day.

3. ему
лучше
…

He
had
better go home
at once.

What
had
he
better
do with
this letter?

4. мне
суждено
…

This
was the first time I made a journey that I was
to make hundreds
of times afterwards.

1. как
   мне быть? что мне делать? What
   am
   I
   to
   do?

2. что
   со
   мной
   будет?
   What is
   to become of
   me?

Ex.
31. Revision: fill in the blanks with must,
have to or
be
to to
suit the motives expressed in the following sentences:

1. «It
   is eight o’clock. The children… go to bed,» Mr Hudson said
   to the nurse.

2. She
   … go to bed at eight o’clock to be up in time for the first
   train.

3.At
this boarding school the children … go to bed at eight o’clock.

1. «I’ve
   told my husband he … (not) smoke in the drawing-room.» «And
   I… (not) tell my husband such things; he’s a born gentle­man.»

2. He
   … stay the night with us. I won’t let him drive to the country in
   this rain.

3. He
   … stay the night with us because he has missed the last bus.

4. He
   … stay the night with us and tomorrow he sets off on his tour to
   Europe.

8. We
… begin as early as possible or we shan’t finish it today ■
9.1
… start on my new job on Monday.

10.
You … take the dog away. I won’t have it here any longer. 11.They
… take the dog along with them because there is no one who could
look after it.

1. She
   … learn to do things for herself. I refuse to help her in the
   future.

2. What
   a pity you … go. I know it’s time for you to catch your train.

j4
I … be off. I want to go to bed.

j5.
You
… do your chores now, and she … do hers when she comes in.

l&.
My
mother says that I … (not) be out after eleven o’clock, but I…
(not) hurry home because she herself is out playing bridge.

l7.My
bike is under repair and I … walk here this morning.

jg.My
bike was under repair and I … collect it that afternoon.

19.My
bike is under repair and I … have collected it yesterday.

20.He
told me that I … (not) repeat what I had heard.

21.He
told me that I … (not) use words which I didn’t know.

22.He
told me that I … learn by heart some twenty lines every day to
know English well.

Ex.
32. Explain
the meanings of ought
to, shall and
should
in
the follow­ing sentences:

1.1
think I ought
to let
your parents know we are here. 2. You should
have
gone to the concert. Why should
you
miss the music?

3.1
think I ought
to put
all my cards on the table.

1. It’s
   late. You should
   go to
   bed.

2. Oughtn’t
   you
   to
   be
   more careful?

3. «How
   can you know what his feelings are?» «I
   ought to know,
   for he’s always telling me about them.»

4. It
   was surprising that they should
   have
   met at all.

5. He
   remembered that he should
   not
   smoke unless invited to do so.

6. When
   Charles saw Ann playing tennis, he came up and said: «Are you
   sure you ought
   to be
   doing that?»

1. Shall
   I
   get you some fresh coffee, Ed?

2. The
   responsibility is entirely mine. I acted very wrongly in­deed.
   I ought
   not to have
   let this relationship start.

3. «When
   is he going back?» «How should
   I
   know?»

4. Mrs
   Murrey will be moving into the new house next month. It ought
   to be
   less bleak for her.

5. You
   shall
   have
   no cause to complain of me, dear. There shall
   be
   no difficulty about money.

6. «Meg
   is in town shopping.» «Who took her in?» «Renny
   drove her to the train. He should
   be
   back at any moment».

7. George
   did not see why he should
   not
   discuss the matter with his chief.

^
П.
Крылова

Ex.
33. Use the required form of the infinitive after ought
to and
shoul^.

1. But
   we ought (to
   have) your
   brother here, to tell us exactly hoy far we can go.

2. Tea
   is between half past five and six, and it should (to
   be) ready
   now.

3. He
   couldn’t see anything. He thought that he ought (to
   bring) a
   torch.

4. Should
   the baby (to
   play) with
   a box of matches?

5. If
   you’re in love it ought (to
   make) you
   happy. You ought (to
   laugh).

6. The
   doctor said it was appendicitis and she ought (to
   operate) on. i

7. You
   should (to
   see) him
   yesterday on horseback.

8. One
   day the headmaster came on Jack, who should (to
   sweat) on
   the sports ground, sitting comfortably in a gardener’s shed reading
   a book and eating a large piece of cocoa-nut ice.

9. «Your
   father and I should (to
   arrange) everything
   before I came here,» he said.

1. Oughtn’t
   you (to
   answer) that
   letter now?

2. Where
   is his car? He shouldn’t (to
   leave) it
   unattended.

3. He
   drove at great speed. He knew that about this hour the guests should
   (to
   arrive) at
   his house.

4. «Well,
   I’m very glad to know at last what it was all about.» «You
   ought (to
   tell) before.»

14.Then
he should (to
laugh), but
instead he heard himself say­ing: «Everything you say is
quite true.»

15.Anything
we can do to clear up this miserable affair ought (to
do).

16.
«I don’t think he had the least idea of what I meant.» «You
should (to
be) more
explicit, my dear.»

Ex.
34. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences choosing between
ought
to and
should.

Note:
Remember
that although ought
to and
should
are
very close in the meaning of obligation and are often
interchangeable, the former tends t° express moral obligation and is
not frequent in negative sentences whereas the latter is common in
instructions and corrections.

l.He
looked more than ever out of place; he … have stayed at

home. j

2.1
don’t think people … gossip like that about other peopl|

І

1. She
   said, «You know, I think I … get across to the station and
   _see
   what goes on.»

2. I
   want him to do what’s right. It … (not) be necessary to persuade a
   man to do that.

5,
My
mother frowned at him and shook her head in a way that meant that he
… (not) say things like that in front of me.

g.
«Strange,» said the boy, «how, when people are either
very old or very young, they are always wanting to do something they
… (not) do/’

1. «It
   is very wicked of you,» she said. «You … be ashamed of
   yourself.»

2. After
   she had gone I found myself wondering whether I … do anything for
   her.

9.I’ll
see and speak to Maurice. He … (not) behave like that.

10.1
expect you to tell me the way to do it. You … know.

11.She
is a clever girl and her French … be perfect.

12.The
children were out dancing when they … have been learn­ing their
lessons.

13.1
realize now I … (not) have said anything.

14.»I’m
not very fit. I’m having trouble with my leg.» «I see.
Well, I think you … go and see a doctor I know.»

15.
Anne was quite capable of coming down to make herself a cup of cocoa
when she … be asleep.

16.He
felt very low and I thought I … do all I could to cheer him up.

Ex.
35. Translate the following sentences into English using ought
to and
should
wherever
possible:

1.Я
прошу прощения. Мне не следовало это
говорить. 2. Я думаю, вам следует проявлять
больше уважения к стар­шим.

3-Я
подумал, что тебе следовало бы знать об
этом.

1. Теперь
   я расстроил ее. Мне не нужно было этого
   говорить.

1. «Я
   сказал что-нибудь такое, чего мне не
   следовало гово­рить?» — спросил он
   у матери.

6-
Не стоит задавать таких вопросов.

7-Ну,
что же, вы были правы. Мне не так надо
было сделать это.

8-Как
ты думаешь, чем мне следовало бы заняться?
9-Я был с тобой более откровенен, чем
следовало бы.

1. Я
   сказал, что ей совсем не следовало бы
   приходить с ним.

2. Не
   стоит быть столь критичным в твоем
   возрасте, Фрэвц

3. «Энн
   — моя сестра». — «Мне следовало бы
   догадаться, похожи на нее».

13.Ей
надо было бы раньше об этом вспомнить.

Ex.
36. Translate the following sentences into English using shall
whe_r.
ever possible:

1. Сколько
   мне заплатить носильщику?

2. Когда
   мы узнаем что-нибудь, вы непременно
   услышите об этом.

3. «Вы
   отпустите меня домой?» —«Нет. Во вторник
   ты от­правишься пароходом в
   Сан-Франциско».

4. Это
   можно сделать и это будет сделано, если
   ты только поможешь мне.

5. «Тебе
   поиграть?» — спросила она. — «Да,
   пожалуйста».

6. Когда
   он говорит «Сделай», я отвечаю «Будет
   сделано».

Ex.
37. Explain in what syntactic conditions the emotional should
is
used in the following sentences and translate these sentences into
Russian trying to convey the emotional colouring expressed by should.

Note:
It
is advisable to pick out those sentences where the use of the
indicative forms is possible and re-word them accordingly.

1. There
   was no reason why I should
   not
   get away promptly in the afternoon.

2. Kate
   was frowning. «I can’t understand why you should
   do
   this.»

3.1t
was singular that Horn should
ask
him that question.

1. «It’s
   very disappointing,» he said, «that Hugh should
   go
   ofi like this just when I counted on him to help me.»

2. Why
   should
   he
   think that?

6.1
am very shocked indeed that you should
have
felt it neces­sary to lie to me.

1. That
   he should
   hear
   of the exposure of his favourite author with approval showed that
   something radical had changed b^s
   point
   of view.

2. He
   was very sorry that Philip should
   be
   disturbed.

3. He
   was one of themselves now and they didn’t see why h^e
   should
   put
   on airs.

10.
There is no reason why he shouldn’t
win
two or three match^’

jl.
I’m sorry that you should
have
had a row with Pat about it.

12.
It was much better that he should
learn
the business thor­oughly, and if they had been able to wait for a
year there seemed no reason why they should
not
wait another.

j3.
He seemed to see nothing exceptional in the idea that he should
get
up and speak at the meeting.

1. «Where
   is Meg?» «Where should
   she
   be if not in school?»

2. Why
   should
   you
   tell people the disagreeable things that are said about them?

Іб.Не
didn’t
know why he should
have
expected them to look different.

1. This
   is too terrible! To think that you should
   talk
   to me in this way.

2. It
   outraged him that the man should
   have
   been so foolish.

Ex.
38. Translate the following sentences into English using the
emo­tional should.

Note:
It
is advisable to pick out those sentences where the indicative forms
are possible and give two variants with them.

І.Вот
я
и подумал, что ведь это абсурд, что мы
живем рядом

и
не разговариваем. 2. Как странно, что он
ничего не сказал об этом. З.Было невероятно,
чтобы Джон оказался так занят, что у

него
всю неделю не было времени повидать ее.

1. Я
   не вижу оснований, почему они должны
   сердиться.

1. «Как
   его зовут?» — «А зачем я буду тебе
   говорить?»

1. Мне
   жаль, что ты так плохо обо мне думаешь.

2. Не
   знаю, почему он хочет увидеться с
   Джорджем.

3. Было
   странно, что в ее возрасте она была так
   безразлична к вечеринкам.

4. Наконец
   он решил вернуться домой. Возможно, что
   там он услышит новости о Мэри.

Ю-Мне
очень жаль, что мой брат виноват в этом.

И-Как
случилось, что ты привел его с собой? И
чего это он

захотел
прийти сюда? 12. Он был очень доволен, что
Кэт все же назвала ребенка в его

честь.

^З.Что
могло с ним случиться? Представить себе
не могу, по­чему он так опаздывает.
^.Забавно, что она оказалась права.

1. Странно,
   что она выбрала этого человека себе в
   мужья.

2. Меня
   рассердило, что он оказался таким
   слабовольным.

3. Ему,
   казалось, было лестно, что кто-то захотел
   прочесть кое-что из написанного им.

4. Все
   же Розмари не понимала, почему она
   должна уйти.

5. Она
   начала рассказывать мужу о Теде, но
   вдруг останови, лась и сказала: «Я просто
   сама не знаю, почему я надоедащ тебе
   этими рассказами о Теде».

Ex.
39. То
practise ought
to and
should,
make
up situations of your own using the following patterns:

1. тебе
надо бы (следовало бы, нужно бы) …
You
ought
to do something
for him.

You
ought
to have done something
for him.

2. стыдись
…

You
ought
to be ashamed of yourself.
З.уж
он-то знает … He
ought
to
know.

4. тебе
следует (следовало бы, надо бы, нужно
бы) …
You
should
speak for
yourself.

You
should
have stayed at
home.

1. тебе
   не следовало бы (не надо бы, не нужно
   бы) … You
   shouldn’t
   tell anyone
   about it. You should
   not have interfered.

2. откуда
   я
   знаю?
   How
   should
   I
   know?

3. зачем
   мне (с какой стати) … Why
   should
   I
   do
   it?

4. до
   чего дошло дело!

Oh,
that it should
come to
this.

9. еще
бы
…

«His
illness caused me a lot of worry.» «So I should
think.»

Ex.
40.
Revision:
translate the following sentences into English using can,
may, must, have to, be to, ought to, shall or
should:

І.Тебе
следовало
бы еще раз прочитать свое сочинение.
Там-

наверное,
есть ошибки. 2. Неужели сейчас только
шесть часов? З.Зря ты так разговаривал
с ним. Он мог обидеться.

1. Уж
   он-то должен это знать.

2. Мне
   сейчас позвонить ему?

g.
У него, должно быть, есть чувство юмора.
Иначе он не мог

бы
так выразиться. 7. Завтра день рождения
твоей сестры. Я думаю, что ты дол-ясен
подарить ей что-нибудь, g.
Наверное, идет сильный дождь. На улице
никого нет. 9. Не может быть, чтобы он
забыл о своем обещании. 10.Зря ты не послал
им телеграмму. Теперь они, возможно,

уже
были бы здесь. Ц. Простите, что я опоздал.
Вам долго пришлось ждать меня? 2.
Я
никуда не выходил в тот вечер, так как
после работы ко мне должен был зайти
Джордж.

1. Ему
   пришлось вернуться в гостиницу, так
   как вылет его самолета задерживался.

2. Он
   знал, что ему предстояло быть на двух
   совещаниях на следующей неделе.

15.Она
ничего не должна знать о твоих делах.

1. Она,
   должно быть, ничего не знает о его делах.

2. Этот
   экзамен я должен буду сдавать через
   неделю. 18.Тебе надо будет еще раз
   позвонить им?

19.Тебе
не нужно идти сегодня в магазин, так как
мы обедаем в гостях.

1. «О
   чем они разговаривают?» — «Возможно,
   спорят о сце­нарии».

2. Новость
   может напугать ее.

22. Она
знала, что должна все объяснить им.
23.Тебе
надо самому зарабатывать на жизнь.

24. Их
дом должны были снести, и ему пришлось
переехать в
новый жилой район.

25. Я
надеюсь, твоей жене не приходится мыть
автомобиль.
26.Погода хорошая, и мы
могли бы прокатиться за город.

1. Мне
   очень жаль, но я должен идти. Я должен
   встретить Бетти у кинотеатра. Уже без
   четверти семь! Она, должно быть, уже
   ждет меня. Мне придется взять такси.

2. Не
   мог бы ты сделать это сегодня?

3. Мне
   можно идти?

4. Зачем
   мне идти туда пешком?

5. «Уже
   поздно. Где же может быть Дик?» — «Мне
   это совер­шенно безразлично».

32. Тебе
надо навестить брата в больнице.
ЗЗ.Его
можно было принять за старого человека.

34.
Тебе не следует винить его за это. В этом
есть и твоя вина.

1. Ты
   мог бы сказать нам, чту происходит.

2. Возможно,
   они уже сделали свой выбор.

3. Я
   не знаю, почему она не хочет поговорить
   с ним сама.

4. Странно,
   что они включили его в команду.

5. Вам
   нужно найти специалиста, который мог
   бы взяться 3.
   это
   дело.

6. Он,
   должно быть, ничего им не сказал.

7. Возможно,
   они сейчас укладывают вещи. До отхода
   поезд; остался час.

Ex.
41. Explain the meanings of will
and
would
in
the following sen­tences and say in which cases they may be used
in a parallel way:

1. Old
   Lady Bland argued with him, but he would
   not
   listen to reason.

2. Each
   time we went out together he would
   show
   me something new, something interesting.

3.1
will
say
it again and again.

1. He
   had a wound that wouldn’t
   heal.

2. Bring
   him back, if he’ll
   come.

3. All
   that I would
   tell
   them was that Uncle Nick was ill.

4. She
   was the sort of girl any man might be glad to bring to a dance if
   she would
   come.

8.1
know there is a theory that a book, if it is any good, will

always
find a publisher. 9. Will
you
come round tomorrow?

1. The
   toilet in this room won’t
   stop
   running.

2. When
   he returned I repeated my offer of food, but he would
   take
   nothing.

3. «What
   time is it?» «Half past twelve.» «Well, the last
   bus will
   have
   left.»

4. Often,
   after dinner, he will
   settle
   down in an armchair to read the paper.

5. Would
   you
   really do it for me?

15. He
would
smoke
a pipe before going to bed.
16.Shut the door, would
you?

17.
«He talked of his new car the whole evening.» «He
would.»

Ex.
42. Translate the following sentences into English using will
or
wow
1.
Пожалуйста,
расскажи мне, что случилось.

1. Дзкон
   попытался открыть крышку бака, но она
   никак не поддавалась.

2. Я
   бы все сделал, чтобы помочь ему.

3. Он
   сказал, что был бы рад, если бы я
   согласился приехать и погостить у него
   несколько дней.

1. Он
   попытался объясниться, но я не стал
   его слушать.

2. «Он
   не согласился со мной». — «Он такой!»

1. Сегодня
   воскресенье, и все магазины, естественно,
   закры­ты.

g.OH
несколько раз чиркнул зажигалкой, но
она не сработа­ла.

9.
Я спросил его жену, что с ним, но она не
пожелала отве­чать.

10.
Вечера он по большей части проводил за
игрой в шахматы. Ц.Я заплатил деньги, и
я останусь здесь. 12. Он погасил свет, но
сон к нему не шел.

13.Я,
пожалуй, пойду и посмотрю телевизор,
если вы не воз­ражаете.

14.Я
хотел посмотреть выставку, но меня не
впустили, так как было поздно.

1. «Дядя
   Эдвин, — позвал мальчик. — Ты обещал
   мне помочь с моим игрушечным поездом.
   Он не работает».

2. Я
   предложил ей сходить к доктору, но она
   и слышать не хотела об этом.

3. Он
   часто засыпал с книжкой в руках и с
   очками на носу.

4. После
   работы он обычно дожидался нас у моста.

Ex.
43.
Revision: translate the following’ sentences into English using had
better, would rather (sooner), will not have or
would
like:

1. Когда
   мы сели в машину, он сказал: «Мы могли
   бы прока­титься сейчас. Здесь недалеко
   есть одно место, которое я бы хотел
   тебе показать».

2. Ты
   должен сдерживаться. Я не позволю тебе
   так вести себя в моем доме.

3. Хотите
   еще стакан сока?

4. Я
бы предпочел не говорить тебе того, что
я о нем знаю.
5-Мне совсем не хотелось
идти на этот вечер. Я бы предпочел

остаться
дома и поговорить с родителями. 6-Он
предпочитал слушать других, чем говорить
сам. ^•Они знают, что я не допущу этого
в своей квартире.

Passive Forms

We don’t know the agent (the person or thing who performs the action	My money has been stolen! (I don’t know WHO stole my money.)
The agent is obvious:	Smoking is forbidden. (It is obvious that this is a rule made by the government, or the management of a building.)
The event or action is more important than the agent:	The proposal is being considered by the committee. (We are more interested in whether the proposal will be accepted or not, than who is considering it.)
Most verbs with an object (transitive verbs) can be made passive,	No Passive: own, become, fit (be the right size), get, have, lack,let, like, resemble, suit
Modals can be combined with passive infinitives:	It can’t be done! He should have been told about the problem.
Not all tenses of active verbs can be transferred to a passive.	Future Continuous Passive (will be being + Past Participle) and Perfect Continuous Passive (have been being + Past Participle, etc.) are unusual and are not normally used.
It is possible to end a sentence with a preposition in the sentence where a prepositional verb is passive	Our hose was broken into.
Make is followed by to when used in the Passive form.	I was made to work hard by my boss.
The word-combination have/get something done is called The Causative. All tenses of the Causative are formed with the verb have/get + object + past participle: The causative is used: 1 when we want to say that someone else has to do something, usually when we can’t do it ourselves: 2 when we want to talk about asking, ordering or arranging for someone to do something: 3 when we want to talk about something unpleasant that happened:	I had my hair cut last week. (I can’t cut my own hair, so I go to the hairdresser). You should get your eyes tested (have is more formal than get). I had my handbag stolen on the bus.

Tense	Structure	Example
Present Simple	am/are/is + Past Participle	English is spoken here.
Past Simple	was/were + Past Participle	His leg was hurt in an accident.
Future Simple	will + Past Participle	The matter will be discussed tomorrow.
Present Cont.	am/are/is being + Past Participle	She is being interviewed now.
Past Continuous	was/were being + Past Participle	I felt I was being watched.
Present Perfect	have/has been + Past Participle	My brother has never been beaten in tennis.
Past Perfect	had been + Past Participle	The bridge had been built by winter time.
Future Perfect	will have been + Past Participle	Everything will have been done by Tuesday.

Grammar practice
Ex. 1 Choose the correct grammar form to translate a predicate.
1. Этот дом был построен в прошлом году.
a) was being built b) has been built c) was built
2. Сейчас здесь строится новый супермаркет.
a) is being built b) is building c) is built
3. На этой неделе преподаватель объяснил новый материал.
a) had been explained b) was explained c) has been explained
4. Новое здание института уже построили, когда я поступила на
юридический факультет.
a) was built b) has been built c) had been built
5. Студентов экзаменуют два раза в год.
a) are being examined b) is examined c) are examined
6. «Вы были невнимательны, когда объяснялось это правило», —
сказал преподаватель.
a) was explained b) had been explained c) was being explained
7. Цветы уже политы.
a) are watered b) have been watered c) were watered
8. Такие столы делают из дорогого дерева.
a) are being made b) have been made c) are made
9. Этот фильм никогда не показывали по телевизору,
a) has never been shown b) was never shown c) had never been shown
10. Мою квартиру отремонтируют к субботе,
a) will be repaired b) will have been repaired c) is being repaired
11. Списки все еще печатаются.
a) are typed b) are being typed c) have been typed
12. Их еще не пригласили,
a) were not invited b) had not been invited c) have not been invited
13. Вам сообщат об этом завтра.
a) will be informed b) will have been informed c) are informed
14. Когда я вошел, обсуждение было прервано.
a) had been interrupted b) was interrupted c) has been interrupted
15. Земля была покрыта снегом.
a) was being covered b) was covered c) had been covered
Ex. 2 Open the brackets and use the verb in the appropriate tense
form of the Passive Voice.
1. The first draft resolution (not discuss) yesterday; it (withdraw) long before the beginning of the meeting. 2. He is not in town; he (send) on a special mission. 3. Don’t come into the compartment; the berth (fix) now.
4. A new underground line (construct) now. They say one of its stations (build) in my street. 5. He wants to know when the final decision (take). The activities of the committee and their delays already much (speak)
about. 6. It was three o’clock. We (tell) to hurry up because we (wait). 7. Do you believe that such a problem can (solve)? 8. It must (do) without delays. 9. On September 9, 1850, California (admit) to the Union as the thirty-first state. 10. Don’t speak in a loud voice: we (listen). 11. The plan (approve)? — No, it (discuss) now. — How long it (discuss)? 12. By the time he arrives everything (settle). 13. Not all the necessary things (buy) for our trip that’s why the departure (postpone). 14. The money (lend) to him two months ago, but it (not give) back yet. 15. The business day was in high gear: the mail (look) through, documents (type), letters (answer), talks (hold). 16. Wait a minute. The table (lay). 17. Dynamite (invent) by Alfred Bernhard Nobel. 18. This exercise may (write) with a pencil. 19. This work (do) before you went to Moscow? 20. If you (ask) about it, will you be able to answer?
Ex. 3 Supply the correct form of the verb in brackets.
1. There isn’t any food left. All of it (eat)! 2. I couldn’t wear my suit last Sunday. It (clean). 3. Wine (produce) in many part of France. 4. I can’t find my car anywhere. I think it (steal). 5. How many languages (speak) in
Switzerland? 6. The Tower of London (build) at the beginning of the eleventh century. 7. We couldn’t use the photocopier yesterday morning. It (repair). 8. A compass (use) for showing direction. 9. Millions of cars (export) from Japan every month. 10. Last week I (offer) a job at a local bank, but I didn’t accept. 11. The World Cup soccer games (televise) all over the world. 12. Language skills (teach) in every school in the country. 13. The accident (see) by several people. 14. The documents (type) by the time you return. 15. A test (give) in the next room right now. 16. The news (announce) tomorrow. 17. That play (write) by Shakespeare. 18. A new idea (suggest) by Shirly. 19. The librarian said that the book (return) to the library some days ago. 20. By this time tomorrow, the announcement (make). 21. I was very excited, I (interview) by the assistant manager. 22. America (discover) by Christopher Columbus.
Ex. 4 Put the verbs in the correct form.
1. I’ve collected all the documents that (need) for the house sale. Can you take them to the lawyer’s office to (sign)? 2. Look, this is a secret. Come into the garden where we (not / overhear). 3. If you are so late for
work, you (sack). 4. This office is very inefficient. The telephone (never / answer) promptly, no proper records (keep), and, worst of all, no reports (write) for weeks. 5. I was so worried about my garden while I was in hospital, but I have very good neighbours. When I got home I could see that the vegetables (water) every day and the grass (cut) regularly. 6. Can you come to the police station? The man who (suspect) of stealing your wallet (arrest), and (question) at the moment. The police hope he (identify), either by you or another witness. 7. We had hoped to see several famous paintings, but the gallery (reorganized) at the time of our visit and most of the really valuable works (move) for safe keeping. 8. I found the idea of going to Hereford very upsetting because I (to promise) a very nice job a couple of weeks before. 9. Not far away she noticed the film manager in whose office she once (to make) to feel so ridiculous. 10. «You must be very prosperous, Eustace, to own a car like that.» «This car (to lend) to me by an American woman.» 11. After lunch, we heard that Charles (to send) for. 12. She (to operate) on at seven o’clock next morning. 13. Their engagement (to announce) and a number of parties (to give) for the young couple. 14. I said: «Our dog (to run) over, but we’re going to have another.» 15.
The days that followed afterward (to look) back on by Philip as a kind of nightmare. 16. The scene (to put) an end to abruptly by the arrival of their father. 17. I discovered that a similar message (to send) to my office. 18.
After the two women (to show) over the house they (to take) for a walk round the garden. 19. Our garden was all weeds, but the one next door (to look) after to perfection. 20. You have hardly any right to talk to me about
the children. They (to see) to all right, and it will be me that sees to them, not you. 21. Somewhere from far away in the town came the sound of shots! «Somebody (to kill)» I said. 22. Joe (to try) and (to sentence) to five
years in New Caledonia! 23. He watched Jack while the film (to run). 24. The boy who put a frog in the teacher’s desk (to ask) to return the frog to the pool. 25. Our ability to use English subtly or precisely continually (to interfere) with by our need to use language simply and imprecisely for everyday purposes.
Ex. 5 Use the required passive forms in the following texts.
a) It was now a charming room. The walls (to paint) light blue. The curtains (to draw) and the fire (to light). All the furniture (to dust). The piano (to move) out but a wireless set (to add). On the chest of drawers there was
a collection of small presents which (to bring) to the old woman at various times by her children.
b) No one there could understand a word he said, but an interpreter (to send) for, his papers (to examine) and he (to tell) that he (to fly) back by the first plane.
c) The reception was all that (to expect). When we arrived we (to show) into some kind of hall where we (to detain) with the rest of the actors. Apparently we (not to allow) yet to mingle with the other crowd. As the
guests assembled in the room, it was plain to me that they (to choose) carefully. Looking around, I recognized Anthony Blanche. He (to point) out to me often in the streets. I (to interrupt) in my observation by a woman reporter whom the manager had led up to me. I (to warn) against the dangers of being interviewed by strangers. As we (to introduce) I made up my mind to avoid it at any cost.
d) The Connolly children (to find) lurking under the seats of a carriage when the train (to empty). They (to drag) out and (to stand) on the plat form. Since they could not (to leave) there, they (to include) in the party
that (to send) by bus to the village. From that moment their destiny forever (to involve) with that of the village. Nothing ever (to discover) about the children’s parents.
Ex. 6 Use the required active or passive forms in the following texts.
I. Nearly a quarter of a century has passed since this book first (to publish). During this period several hundred thousand copies of the book (to dispose) of, and it (to sell) practically in every country in the world where
English (to teach) as a second language. Nevertheless, the twenty-fifth anniversary is so important an occasion that it (to commemorate) with the publication of the new edition, which thoroughly (revise) and considerably
(to enlarge). Additional sections (to include). Another innovation is that a list of irregular verbs in everyday use (to introduce). These verbs intentionally (to place) as endpapers for easy reference. Besides, the opportunity (to
take) of revising the book from cover to cover, bringing it up to date and introducing many little improvements here and there. Much care (to give) to the preparation of the Index, which it (to hope) will make the book a
useful work of reference. The writer is of the opinion that the best results (to achieve) if it (to use) by the students both as a text book and as a book of reference.
II. At the last glow of sunset, they (to board) the airplane in inverse order of seniority beginning with the sergeant and ending with General Spitz. The plane they (to provide) with was luxurious for the wartime. It
(to fit) with seats. Little lights (to glow) along the roof. Soon the doors (to shut). The lights (to go) out. It (to be) now completely dark. What once (to be) windows (to paint) out. The roar of the engine (to impose) silence on
the party. Dan, who (to put) himself next to the cockpit, (to long) for a forbidden cigarette and (to try) to compose himself for sleep, though it (to be) far from his normal bedtime. He (to wear) the same shirt all day without a chance of changing. In the hot afternoon it (to be) damp with sweat. Now in the chill upper air it (to cling) to him and (to set) him shivering. It (not to occur) to him to bring his greatcoat. It (to be) an unsatisfactory day. He (to wander) about the streets of the old town with the Lieutenant. They (to lunch) at the club and (to order) to report at the airfield two hours before they (to need). He (not to dine) and (to see) no hope of doing so. He (to sit) in black boredom and discomfort until, after an hour, sleep (to come).
Ex. 7 Change the sentences from active to passive.
1. Someone is making a dress for the bride. The bride …..
2. Someone has already made a cake for the bride and groom. They ….
3. Someone printed beautiful invitations for them. They…..
4. Someone is going to deliver the flowers to the church for them They
5. Someone must book plane tickets for their honeymoon before Saturday. They ……
6. Someone will clean the groom’s suit before Saturday. The
groom…….
7. Someone has already booked a room for the reception at a hotel for
them. They …….
8. Someone is going to cook all the food for the reception for them.
They… .
Ex. 8 Express in the passive the idea of the second sentence, mind the use of prepositions.
Model: He seldom keeps a promise. No one can rely on him.
He can’t be relied on.
1. The child is very ill. Someone must send for the doctor. 2. This old car is in excellent condition. The owner has looked after it well. 3. The Prime Minister spoke very long. The people listened to him in complete silence. 4. She is going into hospital tomorrow. The doctors and nurses will take good care of her. 5. That little boy is very thin and always dirty. No one brings him up properly. 6. The new servant girl is always breaking
things in the kitchen. Someone should speak to her about her carelessness. 7. Shakespeare was born about 400 years ago. People look upon him as the greatest of English poets. 8. The thieves broke into the bank at midnight
and stole $20.000. No one call for the police until 8 o’clock the next morning.
Ex. 9 Supply appropriate prepositions.
1. Though the question had been discussed for a long time no decision was arrived … . 2. The visit of this delegation is widely commented … in the newspapers. 3. He left for Australia five years ago and he hasn’t been
heard … since. 4. I’m sure your idea of spending the week-end in town will be strongly objected … . 5. unfortunately our work was constantly interfered … . 6. His presence at the meeting will be insisted …. 7. Don’t say foolish things. You’ll be laughed …. 8. Mr Brown is such an experienced lecturer. I’m sure he will be listened … with great attention when he gives his lecture on Modern art. 9.I felt I was being looked … and turned around.
10. The children should be looked … better. They look so grubby. 11. The key has been looked … since morning but it’s nowhere to be found. 12. A shop was broken … last night. A man was seen leaving it. 13. He was
knocked … by a bus and taken to hospital. 14. The roof was blown … by a gust of wind. 15. The matter will be dealt… as soon as possible. 16. The old rules have been done away … . 17. Mr Sakson has been sent … and he will soon come. 18. The child likes to be read … . 19. This newspaper article is often referred … . 20. He can never be relied …. Whenever he makes a promise he always breaks it. 21. There was a road accident last night. An elderly man was run … by a car and was badly injured. 22. Where have you been all this time? You have been asked … more than once. 23. When they realized that the child was running a high temperature the doctor was sent … immediately. 24. Little Jane was very much upset because she had never been spoken badly … in the presence of strangers before. 25. He was surprised to find a letter in the letterbox. He had never been written … and that letter came so unexpectedly. 26. Nobody likes to be shouted ….
Ex. 10 Change the sentences from active to passive if possible.
1. Doctors use this medicine widely. 2. They deliver milk before 8 a.m.  3. When I came to the service station, they were still repairing my car. 4. Jack walked to school yesterday. 5. Don’t worry; our people will meet the
group at the airport. 6. This man is installing a new Xerox in the office. 7. We stayed in a three-star hotel. 8. The police arrested the wrong man mainly because they confused the names which the witness had given them. 9. They threw him into prison and deprived him of his property. 10. The leaves fell to the ground. 11. Have you received the message yet? 12. People are destroying large areas of forest every day. 13. Mary’s cat ran away
last week. 14. I hope they will have completed the repairs by tomorrow. 15. Some people were using the tennis court, so we couldn’t play. 16. No one has solved that problem yet. 17. Has anybody invited you to the party?
18. I agree with you, gentlemen. 19. This news surprised me. 20. Mr. Lee will teach this class.
Ex. 11 Change sentences in the way shown.
Example: He did not paint the walls. – He had (got) them painted.
1. He did not fix the fridge. 2. I did not wash the floor. 3. She did not type the article, 4. He did not translate the letter. 5. They haven’t repaired the house. 6. I did not wash the car. 7. She will not make the dress. 8. He
did not cook supper. 9. He hadn’t ironed the shirt before the show. 10. They are not building the fence, it will be a barn.
Ex. 12 Use a passive infinitive to say what must (can, may, should, has to…) be done. Follow the model.
Model. We have to clean the pools every two days. The pools have to be cleaned every two days.
1. We have to feed pups four times a day. 2. We may keep an injured seal here for several months. 3. People must keep dogs on lead in the park. 4. You can obtain further information about the post by telephoning
2637645. 5. People should send their complaints to the head office. 6. They had to postpone the meeting because of illness. 7. We can change the speech if you don’t like it. 8. I have to return these books to the library. 9. Our neighbour ought to paint the garage. 10. You must mend the light. 11. Applicants should send in application forms for the post to the personnel officer by 15th August. 12. We couldn’t use the telephone.
Ex. 13 Change the sentences from active to passive. Give two forms if possible.
1. They offered me the vacancy. 2. The boss has given us all the instructions. 3. We showed the girls our buys. 4. Father promised Ted a new skateboard. 5. Somebody told him the truth. 6. The manager sent them the
fax last night. 7. Ben offered the fellow a beer. 8. The expert recommended the client several solutions to the problem. 9. Grandmother gave me a wonderful cookery book. 10. Our partners promised us support and understanding. 11. The policemen showed us the way to the Tower. 12. They paid him a pretty sum of money. 13. They filled the glasses and made another toast. 14. They took these examples from literature.
Ex. 14 Decide whether the sentences in each pair have the same meaning.
1. I’ve just cut my hair at the hairdresser’s. What do you think? I’ve just been to the hairdresser’s. What do you think 2. Someone is painting our house at the moment. We are painting our house at the moment.
3. The dentist is going to take out two of my teeth tomorrow. I’m having two teeth taken out tomorrow.
4. The teacher made us all tidy up. We were made to tidy up by the teacher.
5. The car is thought to have been stolen by joy-riders. We had our car stolen by joy-riders.
6. The car is thought to have been stolen by joy-riders. Joy-riders are thought to have stolen the car.
7. Just a minute, I’ll ask someone to wrap it for you. Just a minute, I’ll have to wrap this up for you.
8. The car hasn’t been services for along time. We haven’t had the car serviced for a long time.
9. They are coming to put in a new water-heater next week. We are putting in a new water-heater next week.
10. Would you consider having plastic surgery to alter your nose? Would you consider having your nose altered by plastic surgery?
11. A qualified electrician checked the wiring. We had checked the wiring with a qualified electrician.
Ex. 15 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
1. People are using their cars more and more every day. (used)
Cars………………………………………………………….more and more every day.
2. The electrician who lives nearby has repaired our heater. (had)
We ……………………………… by the electrician who lives nearby.
3. Smoking can seriously damage your health. (be)
Your health ……………………………………………………………….. smoking.
4. I really must call the hairdresser for a haircut soon! (my)
I really must…………………………………………………………………..soon!
5. Somebody broke into my house last night and stole my television.
(had)
I ………………………………. last night and my television stolen.
6. Why didn’t anybody tell me about this? (was)
Why ………………………………………………………………………. about this?
6. They’re not going to open the new bridge until next month. (be)
The new bridge is………………………………………………. until next month.
7. I wonder how much it will cost for somebody to repair my stereo.
(have)
I wonder how much it will cost……………………………………………….
8. When people tell me what to do, I hate it! (told)
I hate………………………………………………………………………what to do!
9. People are buying more mobile phones than ever before. (bought)
More mobile phones ……………………………………………than ever before.
Ex. 16 Find and correct the mistakes if any.
1. Don’t bring the article today. It will be being typed only tomorrow. 2. The South Pole was discovered by Amundsen in 1912. 3. The book which was written last month is discussing a lot. It has been written a lot of
articles about. 4. When I came, an experiment was been holding in the lab. 5. Do you know that this house was belonged to Mr. Brown? 6. What new buildings have been built in your town since I was there? 7. The building
was collapsed during the earthquake. 8. Have you seen him? Has he been changed much? 9. Do you know that you are following? 10. I hope this journal can find at the library.
Ex. 17 Translate into English.
I. 1. Детективные романы хорошо продаются. 2. Эта ткань хорошо стирается. 3. Дмитрий перевелся в другой университет. 4. Сухие листья хорошо горят. 5. Шум стих (to calm down). 6. Эта книга легко читается. 7. Это вещество хорошо горит. 8. Кафель легко моется. 9. Этот свитер не садится и не линяет. 10. Эти брюки совершенно не мнутся. 11. Тесто хорошо поднимается. 12. Пирог еще печется. 13. Этот диск хорошо расходится. 14. Это лекарство хорошо продается. 15. Золото легко плавится. 16. Этот металл деформируется под давлением. II. 1. Нужно ли этот текст переводить на английский язык?
2.Больному человеку нужно помочь. 3. Эти книги не следует рекомендовать для обсуждения. 4. Ваше мнение нужно услышать всем. 5. Этот эксперимент можно не повторять. 6. Благодарность можно выразить публично. 7. Это стихотворение нужно выучить наизусть. 8. Эти английские книги должны быть прочитаны в оригинале.
III. 1. Каждая женщина знает, что если у нее плохое настроение, то она должна купить что-то новое или же сделать прическу. 2. Мне подарили новые серьги. Нужно проколоть уши. 3. Мне опять разбили
окно в машине. Нужно срочно установить сигнализацию. 4. Три месяца назад мы подали заявку на установку нового телефона. Мы все еще ждем. 5. Нужно пройти техосмотр.
IV. 1. К сожалению, на конференции такие вопросы не затрагивались (touch upon). 2. Кто вам сказал, что соглашение (agreement) подписано? 3. Здесь говорят только на английском. 4. Ей разрешили заниматься спортом. 5. Посетителей принимают каждый день. 6. Бетти не разрешают приходить сюда. 7. В больнице за ним ухаживали плохо. 8. За ним уже послали? – Да, ему позвонили и велели придти в восемь. 9. На нашей улице строят новый кинотеатр. 10. Не говори это, а то (otherwise) над тобой будут смеяться. 11. Мне еще ничего об этом не говорили. 12. Мы поедем завтра за город, если будет дождь? – Да, мы должны туда поехать, нас там будут ждать. 13. Это здание было только что построено, когда мы приехали сюда. 14. К вечеру работа была закончена. 15. Когда мы вернулись, нам рассказали много интересных новостей. 16. Учти, в расписание внесли некоторые изменения. 17. Словарями нельзя пользоваться на экзаменах. 18. Его постоянно критикуют за плохие манеры. 19. – Машина сияет. – Да, ее только что помыли. 20. Дайте нам знать, если хотите, чтобы вас встретили в аэропорту. 21. Синтетические ткани хорошо стираются. 22. Вещи, сделанные из льна, сильно мнутся. 23. Его необходимо остановить, пока не слишком поздно. 24. Ее укусило странное насекомое. 25. Детей следует уважать так же, как и взрослых. 26. Лабораторией нельзя было пользоваться вчера, в ней устанавливали новое оборудование. 27. Все работы будут закончены к концу недели. 28. – Ты почему не в
новых туфлях? – Они в ремонте. 29. Инспектор заверил нас, что все необходимые меры уже были приняты. 30. Как только данные будут получены, вас проинформируют об этом. 31. Эйфелева башня была спроектирована Александром Эйфелем. Ее воздвигли в 1889 году. Башню можно видеть из любой части города.

Обсуждение (117)

I know that my request is very odd, but if you could lend/send/give me 300$ you’d save my life

это похоже на расхожую фразу интернет-жуликов

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

I understand that it’s a strange favor to ask, but still. If you could borrow me 300$ you would literally save me.
Ну если хочется написать так, тогда необходимо исправить одну серьезную ошибку в придаточном-подлежащем с безличным it, и одну спорную позицию (или тоже ошибку) в условном предложении. Также, but still желательно вынести с позиции самостоятельного оборота из-за синтаксиса исходного текста. Тогда, исправленный вариант выглядит следующим образом:
I understand that it is very strange to ask you for (doing) such a favour. But still. If you lent 300$ to me, you would literally save me.

Вадим, не айтишнику с плохим английским учить меня языку 😂

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Оля, если перевод делается не точный, и к тому же с применением конвенций слэнга с присущими ему грубыми отступлениями от лексических и синтаксических требований нормативного английского языка, — то об этом здесь необходимо предупреждать: слэнг, лексика и синтаксис могут отличаться от нормативных.

Вадим, пожалуйста, прекратите сыпать терминами, сути которых вы не понимаете. Видите ли, все, что вы пишете было бы очень убедительно, если бы ваши переводы с русского на английский были так же хороши, как та «лингвистическая база», которую вы под них так упорно пытаетесь подвести. Где вы увидели хоть кусок сленга? Ваш английский, Вадим, все обороты, которые вы применяете, выглядят так, как будто вы до сих пор находитесь в советской школе, которая была полностью оторвана от реальности английского языка. Совершенно очевидно, что вы не имеете возможности ни практиковаться в языке, ни достаточных знаний, чтобы читать и смотреть на нем.
Вот ту ерунду, которую вы там выше написали, типа «исправив» мой перевод, так ни один последний дурак англоговорящий не скажет, растекаться мыслью по древу будут только те, кто не может грамотно составить предложение и вынужден использовать дурацкие обороты. Ещё раз скажу, не изображайте из себя специалиста.

Вы не имеете к языку ни малейшего профессионального отношения. Даже отдаленно. И образование ваше лежит вообще в другой плоскости.

И все бы ничего, если бы вы владели языком хотя бы на уровне upper intermediate, я уж даже об advanced молчу. Но ваш уровень, Вадим, с натягом дотягивает до Intermediate, учитывая детсадовские ошибки, которые вы делаете и потом пытаетесь их оправдать абсурдными доказательствами.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Сегодня такой день, на ресурсе в открытом режиме появились словари CollinsCobuild! А Вы, все ругаетесь со мной. )
Начнем с определений:
Лингвисты выделяют так называемое «новое просторечие» («общий сленг»), которое представляет собой обширную группу нестандартных лексико-фразеологических единиц, постоянно пополняющихся за счет различных социолектов. Эти единицы, выходя за пределы профессионального и корпоративного (группового) сленга, начинают употребляться широкими кругами носителей общелитературного языка, не ограниченными определенными социальными рамками (возраст, профессия, уровень образования, общие интересы и др.). В русском языке речь идет о таких номинативных единицах, как бабки, балдеть, достать (кого-либо), задолбать (кого-либо), крутой, лапшу на уши вешать, мент, дать на лапу, на шару, облом, примочка, по барабану, прикол, прикольный, прикольно, разборки, тащиться, тугрики, тусовка, тусоваться, тусовочный, фигня и т. п.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Основными источниками таких слов в русском языке являются молодёжный сленг и уголовный жаргон. (Википедия, 2016)
В переписке с Вами под понятием сленг мною используется упрощенное обобщение, включающее собственно сленг, так и «диалектизмы», «жаргонизмы», «вульгаризмы», «разговорная речь», «просторечие».

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

В общем все, что не предусмотрено авторитетными словарными и грамматическими источниками в качестве нормативного употребления вплоть до разговорного регистра речи, но находится в сфере фиксации специализированных словарей и разделов грамматики. Все остальное я полагаю просто ошибкой.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Ну, слушайте где сленг в Вашем переводе.
Придаточные предложение после союза that: it is a strange favor to ask. Переводим его в стандартную синтаксические форму, получаем A strange favor is to ask. ) Что это по-смыслу? Перевожу: Странное одолжение, о котором можно что? Не понятно. Если просить, то to ask for. Кому мы уже успели нахамить, заявив, что его одолжение, о котором мы будем просить уже характеризуется как «странное». Ни о какой странной просьбе, то есть самохарактеристике обращающегося за кредитом нет и намека. Где такая фраза применима без for после ask? Правильно, в близком социальном окружении. Это о неформальном использовании языка. Хотя перевод этой части исходного предложения просто неправильный.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Далее, Ваши глубокие заблуждения о возможности применения модального глагола could в придаточной части условного предложения в подобном контексте позволит развеять, например, CollinsCobuild, гнездо о could. Так вот, применение could подобным образом, это безусловный сленг, оно же, — грубейшая ошибка в нормативной грамматике.
Про borrow, как Вы его применили, в Oxford dictionaries целое примечание, что часто путают глаголы borrow и lend. Там же, — применение borrow вместо lend, — это сленг (used informally). Urban dictionary своим голосованием это подтверждает.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Привожу примечание из Oxford dictionaries полностью:
Usage
1 Reciprocal pairs of words such as lend and borrow (or teach and learn) are often confused. Common uses in informal speech in a number of British dialects include can I lend your pen? (correct standard use is can I borrow your pen?).2 There is no noun lend in standard English, where loan is the correct word to use. However, it is used informally in a number of dialects and varieties, including Scottish, Northern Irish, and northern English, as in, for example, can I have a lend of your pen?.
Поэтому и написал Вам, применили сленг , — прямо на это укажите.

Вадим, ok, по поводу «borrow» — согласна, спасибо. (Видите, я в отличие от вас, умею признавать свои ошибки;)
Теперь далее по поводу «favor». Вы, наверное, не знаете, но существительное «favour» в сочетании с глаголом «to ask» не употребляется с предлогом «for» Можно, конечно, встретить в повседневной речи не очень грамотных людей такое употребление, и оно даже грамматически не будет совсем уж неправильным, но, ещё раз повторю, нормальные люди так не говорят. Вы можете найти всю необходимую информацию об этом в упомянутых вами выше словарях, с примерами (не надеюсь, однако, что вы признаете свою ошибку, ибо мы это уже ни раз проходили:)
Вот вам лишь один из многочисленных уроков на тему «to ask a favour»
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/radio/specials/142_requests_offers/page9.shtml
Поизучайте эту тему поглубже.

Теперь по поводу «could». С каких это пор вежливое обращение стало грубой ошибкой? Вы, Вадим, вконец зарапортовались, если считаете, что в моем переводе «could» что-то иное, чем вежливая форма обращения. И об этом уже написано столько, что даже смешно об этом говорить. Судя по всему весь англоговорящий мир жестоко ошибается, когда говорит что-нибудь вроде «If you could help me with this matter I would be really grateful» и так далее. Наверное, Вадим, вы недостаточно сегодня учебников прочитали.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Оля, May I ask you a favour of you? Это историческая форма, из положенного обращения с сюзереном. Очень близка к русскому архаизму «Прошу Вашей милости». Она сохраняется в современном английском, и вообще-то, по моей практике относится к сфере малозначительных одолжений. Я был против, как Вы заметили, употребления конструкций с favour (favor) в этом переводе. Так что, спасибо за совет, но в этой теме для меня особых новостей нет.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Насчет could. Тут правила вежливого обращения, как мне кажется, совсем не работают. И в Вашем и моем переводах очевидно применяется условное предложение II типа, и Вы не хуже меня знаете, что в этой конструкции действуют достаточно формальные требования и их вариации. )

Вадим, при чем тут вообще «may I ask a favour of you»? Ну в самом деле, вы читать-то умеете? Вы почитайте словари и учебники ВНИМАТЕЛЬНО, если вы не знаете, о чем вообще идет речь, а потом уже пытайтесь делать замечания. Существует ДВЕ основных устойчивых формы: «Can I ask you a favour?» и «Can you do me a favour?» и, соответственно, различные производные от них в утвердительной речи и в отрицаниях. Скопирую вам уж сюда, раз вы не можете увидеть очевидного:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/radio/specials/142_requests_offers/page9.shtml
Теперь о «could». Вадим, вы вообще разницу-то осознаете между условными предложениями и просьбой? В этом предложении (которое мы переводим!) человек ПРОСИТ дать ему денег. Просьбу, Вадим, переводят как просьбу. И никак иначе.
Немножко про «could» and «would» from BBC Learning English (вниз страничку прокрутите для экономии времени): http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv131.shtml

Cambridge Dictionary:
favour noun (KIND ACT)
B1 [C] a ​kind ​action that you do for someone:
She called to ​ask me a favour.
Could you do me a favour — would you ​feed my ​cat this ​weekend?
Oxford Dictionary:
2 An act of kindness beyond what is due or usual:
I’ve come to ask you a favour
Longman Dictionary:
fa‧vour British English ; favor American English
1help [countable] something that you do for someone in order to help them or be kind to them
COLLOCATIONS
do somebody a favour (=do something for someone)
as a favour (to somebody) (=because you want to be kind, not because you have to)
ask somebody a favour/ask a favour of somebody (=ask someone to do something for you)
В других словарях все то же самое, Вадим

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

) Оля, ну и гораздв Вы спорить. Я же сказал May I ask a favour of you? это архаизм. В современном употреблении используется модельный глагол can. Но чем вообще-то разговор на странице? Первый пункт: О применении инфинитива в качестве определения в подчиненном предложении, построенном с безличным местименем it! Причем здесь вариации на тему ask a favour, если оно не желательно в этом переводе?

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Если Вас интересует общая теория этого вопроса, то есть инфинитивная в качестве определения, и как строятся подобные вещи из устойчивых выражений, то это очевидно не ко мне и не страницах Lingvo live.

Вадим, еще раз, кто вы такой, чтобы указывать, что здесь желательно, а что нет? Вы не специалист в этой области, профильного образования не имеете, а уровень вашего знания языка определяется тем, что вы считаете, что «she has a long blond hair» — это грамотный английский (да, я этого не забуду никогда).
Давайте окунёмся в мир литературы, чтобы вы наглядно увидели, как и что используется в английском языке, в котором вы, совершенно очевидно, дальше кое-какой информации в учебниках, не продвинулись. Иначе бы теорию могли подтвердить практикой.
Итак:
«I know it’s a big favor to ask. I’m just in a bind, and I don’t want my mom taking the wrong medication.» «I’d be happy to look in on her, Katherine, as long as she’s …» (Lightning Lingers: (Lightning Strikes Trilogy #2), by Barbara Freethy)
«I know it’s a big favor to ask and so I would pay you. Would you like to know how much?” “I don’t care how much because I have other—” “Ten thousand United …»(Heaven Lake, by John Dalton)

«I was expecting an apologetic P. S., I know it’s a weird favor to ask, some recognition of the insult in his request, but all he says is, “Come on, move,” to the cars in …» (Old Buddy, Old Pal, by Michael Laser)
“I know it’s a huge favour to ask, but I have a plan in place and a flight booked at Sydney Airport to get away from here. You and I both know I’m not insane.» (Genesis, by Fraser Beath McEwing) и так далее до бесконечности. Разумеется, все эти люди — неумытые эмигранты из стран третьего мира, не знающие английский так отлично, как знаете его вы, Вадим.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

О том, instructions and requests второе предложение, или condtionals, ответ прост как пять копеек, conditionals. Дабы не входить в теорию, смысловое ударение на теме you would save me. Приведенные Вами примеры, I would be grateful if you could/would send me, смысловое ударение на реме you could/would send me, это request в форме conditional where if-clause expresses permission Или другими словами, высказывающий просьбу о кредите «упирает» на следствие доброго поступка кредитора, то есть говорит о наступлении гуманных последствий при условии выдачи ему денег взаймы. А в Вашем примере, говорящий «упирает» на согласии собеседника (permission) направить ему документы. Could can be used in the if-clause to express ability, possibility or permission. По контексту русского исходного текста ни одного из этих контекстов нет. )

Вадим, you are definitely in denial as always

Вадим, это ссылка на учебник с конкретным примером: https://books.google.ru/books?id=Vdg4IxFKpNEC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=%22if+you+could+lend+me%22&source=bl&ots=K9AjP-6cIo&sig=sn6jtPl1qcs3j2GPJcTdns2RBMI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlwqLN1-7LAhWCbxQKHUG0CnEQ6AEILDAF#v=onepage&q=%22if%20you%20could%20lend%20me%22&f=false

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

В примеры «окунулся». Хотелось бы услышать Ваши выводы, что Вы ими подтверждаете или опровергает, применительно к переводу на странице? ) Уж не обижайтесь, но с hair так и не разобрались. Ничего, как нибудь может будет повод, тогда поясню. Подсказка, посмотрите внимательно в словарь. В CollinsCobuild сокращение N-VAR означает variable noun.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Variable nouns are nouns that combine the behaviour of countable and uncountable nouns. They are like countable nouns when they refer to an instance or more than one instance of something, for example an injustice; injustices or to individual members of a class, for example a cake; cakes.

Вадим, почитайте внимательнее вы:) я вам уже ссылки приводила на источники, в том числе и на CollinsCobuild, где все подробно написано о существительном «hair». Там в рамочку специально выделено, когда оно исчисляемое, а когда нет. Но вы, судя по всему, не считаете, что в учебнике, который сами мне и «порекомендовали» изучить, написана истина. Просто потому, что вам эта истина не удобна.
Что касается примеров из литературы: Вадим, задавая встречный вопрос, вы сами всё за меня подтвердили:)

Cambridge Dictionary:
hair
noun [C or U] UK /heər/ US /her/
A1 the ​mass of ​thin thread-like ​structures on the ​head of a ​person, or any of these ​structures that ​grow out of the ​skin of a ​person or ​animal:
He’s got ​short, ​dark hair.
I’m going to have/get my hair ​cut.
She ​brushed her ​long, ​red hair.
He had ​lost his hair by the ​time he was 25.
He’s ​starting to get a few ​grey hairs now.
I ​found a hair in my ​soup.

Oxford Dictionary:
[MASS NOUN] Hairs collectively, especially those growing on a person’s head:
her shoulder-length fair hair
More example sentences
Jessica is tanned and has shoulder-length brown hair while Holly is fair and has blonde hair.
The second man was white, between 40 to 45 years old, with grey shoulder length hair and a beard.
Her shoulder length hair had grown down to her back and gone from straight to curly.

CollinsCobuild:
Note that ‘hair’ can be used as a count noun, as in ‘a hair’, but it is
usually used as an uncount noun to refer to all the hairs on a
person’s head. For example, you say ‘My hair needs washing’. You
do not say ‘My hairs need washing’.

Я, откровенно говоря, очень бы хотела услышать ваши «Ничего, как нибудь может будет повод, тогда поясню», Вадим. Правда очень интересно, на что еще вы готовы пойти из желания показать, что вы правы.

Longman Dictionary: http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/hair

Macmillan Dictionary: http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/hair
Collins Dictionary:
Example Sentences Including ‘hair’
A guy with grey hair was how she described him, nothing more than that.
Jon Cleary YESTERDAY’S SHADOW (2002)
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
[noncount] : the covering of hairs on a person’s head
He got his hair cut last week.
Your hair looks nice.
She has long/black/straight hair.
The Free Dictionary:
hair
Hair can be a countable noun or an uncountable noun.
1. used as a countable noun
Each of the thread-like things growing on your head and body is a hair. You can refer to several of these things as hairs.
These tiny needles are far thinner than a human hair.
There were black hairs on the back of his hands.
2. used as an uncountable noun
However, don’t refer to all the hairs on your head as your ‘hairs’. Refer to them as your hair.
I washed my hands and combed my hair.
Brigitte was a young woman with long blonde hair.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

))) Оля, мы с Вами уже «наработали» на небольшую брошюру. Конечно, соавторство. Можно предположить название: «Некоторые вопросы русской и английской грамматик на современном этапе. Полемические заметки.» Можно даже представить, не побоюсь того слова, в каком-то book review рецензию: «Задорно! С юмором! С уважением к обсуждаемым темам! Заинтересованно! Рекомендуется к чтению». Ну, это так, небольшое отвлечение.
Вспомните, как выглядел исходный текст на русском языке. К сожалению его уже нет в базе данных, но основные его элементы были следующие:
Мой герой выглядит следующим образом:… у него длинные волнистые темно-русые волосы…он высокий, красивого телосложения, у него правильная речь…
Согласны?

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

да, там еще было «какого-то светлого оттенка».

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Посмотрите эту статьюhttp://scorcher.ru/neuro/science/animals/communication.php

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

И, вот эту https://ru.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Персонажи_книг_А._М._Волкова_о_Волшебной_стране

Вадим, вы, судя по всему, скорее умрете, чем признаете, что вы не знаете элементарного. Я вам достаточно примеров выше привела, где и с оттенками и без оттенков волосы описываются, и ВСЕГДА БЕЗ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОГО АРТИКЛЯ. Но вы лично можете с артиклем употреблять, Вадим. Позориться вам просто не перед кем, носителей языка в вашей жизни не встречается, поскольку английский вы «практикуете» только здесь, так что не страшно :)))

Я вам отдельно копирую сюда примеры из словарей, которые вы, совершенно очевидно, предпочли не заметить (там выше все они есть, если что):
He’s got ​short, ​dark hair.
Jessica is tanned and has shoulder-length brown hair while Holly is fair and has blonde hair.
The second man was white, between 40 to 45 years old, with grey shoulder length hair and a beard.
She has long/black/straight hair.
Brigitte was a young woman with long blonde hair.
a girl with dark shoulder-length hair
a young woman with short blonde hair
Вы, Вадим, сам-то осознаете, насколько глубоко вы обманываете сам себя, я уж молчу об окружающих?

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

) Оля, это все общеизвестный вещи, с ними никто не спорит. Только не надо их так безусловно обобщать, как Вы это делаете. Я Вам задал конкретный вопрос, исходный русский текст примера with hair был таким или нет. Вы не отвечаете. Вы что опасаетесь, что я сделаю обратный перевод, того что Вы тогда перевели?

Вадим, вы притворяетесь, или у вас на самом деле все так плохо? Вадим, текст был примерно таким (примерно, конечно, потому что вы его так «удобно» удалили, чтобы не позориться). И артикля там быть не должно. Я ничего не боюсь, Вадим, мне бояться нечего. Я уверена на сто процентов в своей правоте, потому что на моей стороне грамматика английского языка и мой многолетний опыт. То, что перед «hair» при описании волос на голове никогда не ставится неопределенный артикль знают дети со школьной скамьи. А что касается вас — это один из основных показателей (помимо информации, которую можно найти в общем доступе), что вы не являетесь и никогда не являлись специалистом в английском языке, потому что никогда лингвист не сделает такой грубейшей ошибки. Это не просто грубейшая ошибка — это позорная ошибка для специалиста в языке.

И я, Вадим, ничего не обобщаю :))) Слив не засчитан. Еще недавно вы мне приводили ссылочки на рассказы подростка в качестве доказательства своей правоты. Но не предоставили НИ ОДНОГО легитимного примера из ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ или ЛИТЕРАТУРНЫХ источников. Потому что их просто не существует в природе. Но вы в наглую пытаетесь доказать обратное, не задумываясь о последствиях. Вашему состоянию, Вадим, есть научное объяснение. Это я не шучу сейчас. Поизучайте эту тему, возможно пора что-то предпринять.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Оля, а без ругани можете? ) Вы постепенно приближаетесь к ответу по переводу с hair. Ну раз Вы признали, что исходный русский текст был таким, я еще добавлю «герой моего рассказа», то хочется уточнить, а где Вы в исходном русском тексте видите волосы на голове? Там об этом вообще ничего не сказано. И переводили Вы, используя личное местоимение he. А с чего Вы взяли, что в английском аналоге русского текста можно додумывать обоснованность использования этого местоимения? Так что, про волосы на голове и местоимение he, это Вы все сами придумали, в русском исходном тексте об этом ничего нет. И текст этот стилистически редкий, и в качестве короткого примера неприменим. Так что из базы его убрали вполне обоснованно.

Вадим, если вы способны перепутать «ругань» и то, что я написала вам выше, то это только еще раз доказывает мои опасения. Это первое. Второе: вы троллите, Вадим, именно так называется то, чем вы сейчас занимаетесь. Вы настолько заигрались, что перешли все границы разумного и превращаете ситуацию в фарс именно потому, что вам нечего обоснованно ответить по существу. Вы что пытаетесь мне доказать теперь? Что «герой моего рассказа» — это может быть «she» с описанными волосами не на голове, а на всем организме? Волосатая самка йети? Вы, в попытках сделать из меня идиотку, выглядите сейчас глупцом сам (и я не ругаюсь, еще раз вам хочу напомнить, а только констатирую факт). Какой «стилистически редкий» текст? Вадим, вы не смешите людей. Это ШКОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ, элементарное.

И последнее: почитайте внимательно ЕЩЁ РАЗ все те источники, которые я вам выше привела. Я копировала только те части, где говорится о волосах на голове (мне и в голову не пришло, что вы дойдете до такого абсурда), но в полных статьях про волосы на теле тоже написано. А написано, если обобщить, следующее: когда речь идет о волосах на теле человека (или животного), то, в зависимости от контекста, может быть либо «hair» (как неисчисляемое и без неопределенного артикля, либо с определенным артиклем), либо «hairS» (как множественное число — «волоски», и тогда, естественно, тоже без неопределенного артикля, либо с определенным артиклем). «a hair», Вадим, может быть только в одном случае: когда речь идёт об ОДНОМ волосе.

Вы можете и дальше жить в состоянии отрицания, Вадим, это ваше право. Но я уверена, что вы уже прекрасно и давно осознали, что совершили детсадовскую ошибку, но вы никогда не признаете этого, потому что иначе вам придется признать (хотя я это и так знаю), что вы не имеете ни малейшего отношения к английскому языку, как к науке.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Ну, что тут можно сказать? Видимо только Ух-ты!
На этом дискуссию на этой странице прекращаю. А то скоро здесь начнутся еще какие-нибудь не относящиеся к собственно титульном переводу вопросы. Привожу исходный русский текст, связанный с проблемой детерминантов в группе существительного hair:
Герой моего рассказа выглядит следующим образом: высокий, с красивым телосложением, у него темно-русые волосы, какого-то светлого оттенка. У него хорошие манеры и правильная речь.
1. Школьное вводное описание выглядит примерно так: Герой моего рассказа скаут Джон. Он хороший человек, дружит с товарищами в классе. Из-за занятий баскетболом он необычно высокого роста и спортивного телосложения. У него длинные темно-русые волосы, какого-то светлого оттенка. Он красивый. Речь его правильная. У него хорошие манеры.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

2. Такое описание следует правилам литературной стилистики и обеспечивает необходимый и достаточный контекст, морфологическую и синтаксическую информацию, в том числе для переводов.
3. Восстановленная фраза, когда-то предложенная к переводу, а потом абсолютно правильно удаленная из базы ресурса не мною, — это вводное описание без достаточных условий. И оно является одним из вариантов «переводческих ловушек». Подобные задачи решаются в курсах ряда вузов для практического исследования различий между языками и их группами, а также имеются в ознакомительном виде в ряде программ средних школ на стадии AP English Language and Composition и их британских аналогов у хороших преподавателей.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Этот русский исходный текст может описывать не только самку, но самца йетти, или существ, личные местоимения которых, не только he, she но и it. Но это все не имеет особого значения с точки зрения смысла описания волос в обсуждающемся примере. У описания волос в этом тексте есть точная грамматическая характеристика: тип, вид, разновидность волос, без указания иных характеризующих признаков.
Тот, кто выставил для перевода вводное описание без достаточного контекста, мне кажется, надеялся посмеяться, — хорошо если в студенческом общежитии, — над фразой о “голом волосатом существе вида млекопитающих мужского пола на голове и теле которого растут длинные темно-русые волосы какого-то светлого оттенка», написанной на английском языке как he has got long brown … hair в этом недостаточном контексте. Что является одним из вариантов понимания многозначного перевода на английский исходного русского текста.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Чтобы не попадать в такие ситуации, лучше всего делать морфологический (проще говоря, толкование исходных слов, их грамматического значения) и синтаксический разбор исходного текста. Этап, который многие пропускают, надеясь на продуктивные свойства восприятия языка. И сразу отказываться от перевода при наличии очевидной многозначности, либо придавать ему самоcтоятельно письменно и прямо выбранный контекст, тем самым сужая варианты его возможного восприятия на другом языке до наиболее частотных и широко распространенных на практике, зафиксированный в бесплатных и широко распространенных источниках; устраняя ошибочное смысловое и грамматическое утверждение. О чем я Вам написал еще в прошлом году на третьей неделе присутствия здесь, по поводу Вашего собственного обращения ко мне.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

A hair не всегда «один волос“. Но эти случаи очень редки и для практического использования утверждение, что a hair — один волос, высоко, — практически полностью, — достоверно. Пример подобного редкого контекста-исключения для hair, чтобы не забивать Вам голову — на русском языке: «Необычные, ниточка к ниточке плотные, наполненные какой-то жизненной силой, распущенные, непонятной, неизвестной природы, незнакомой красоты! Я бы назвал это: волосы!» Употребление здесь hair, hairs меняет смысловое содержание, заданное в тексте на русском языке.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

A brown long hair that has a lighter tint это конструкция контекстная, передающая смысл » тип, вид, разновидность» без привязки к месту произрастания волоса и роду существ — его носителей (аналогичная русскому исходному тексту), без употребления слов подобных type of, sort of в виду отсутствия их русских аналогов в исходном русском тексте, и их излишностью. По своим свойствам и смыслу она также далека от a hair (где это слово countable, concrete noun), как Темза от Урал-реки. Почему контекстная? Потому что контекст наряду с морфологическими и синтаксическими элементами задает категориальные характеристики существительного, как это принято в английском языке

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Hair здесь countable, singular, collective noun, соответственно выступает как a unit reffering to a group of seperate strands, threads, i.e. a bunch, wig, head, clump, mass and so on. В качестве аналогии могу привести ряд фраз: a big group, a beautiful furniture in great materials, a large army, a big family, a pride of lions, которые, как я все-таки надеюсь, не вызовут у Вас протеста. Приведенные в этих примерах некоторые collective noun могут быть даже countable, collective noun, например groups, armies, prides.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Раздувать скандал о том, что hair ТОЛЬКО И ТОЛЬКО mass noun, или countable noun, как Вы возможно напишите, не рекомендую. Основная теоретическая категориальная характеристика существительного hair — это uncountable, collective, singular noun. Как одна из его категориальных характеристик mass noun стала превалирующей на практике, — это отдельная история, столь же интересная как появление в противоречии с теорией аспекта и закрепление даже в практических сводах правил предложного наречия времени группы существительного с for в Past Indefinite, — которые Вы можете самостоятельно изучить, ознакомившись с литературой на эти темы.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Насчет примеров конструкций с неопределенным артиклем, определениями и существительным hair, даже без придаточного определительных, во всех регистрах языка, — смотрите корпусы разновидностей английского языка, используйте программные приемы поисковых систем, например, Google, Bing и других. Все инструкции есть в интернете и лингвистической литературе. Большинство примеров — это выдержки из вводных описаний без достаточного контекста, чаще всего с эмфатическим оттенком. На практике крайне не частые в употреблении.
Успехов!

Вадим, выдохните :)) У вас безусловный талант, но не в английском, а в умении прикрыть свою некомпетентность кучей псевдонаучной фигни. Но это ничего Вам известно то, что неизвестно даже англоговорящему миру. Тайны грамматики английского языка от В.С. :)) Увидите единорога, передавайте привет. Успехов!

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Кому-кому не известно? ) Это Вы англоговорящий мир? Скорее я поверю что представители англоговорящего мира это British National Corpus и American National Corpus. Не понимаете, что написано, так и скажите.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

А это, чтобы были на странице примеры и про книги и про учебники, где вопросы о компетентности видимо не должны возникать:
https://books.google.ru/books?id=E8FlsqrH5u4C&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=»a+long+curly+brown+hair»&source=bl&ots=ROcbkJGogu&sig=zr-7zKyBC3EZr7HGnruNdIPYEK8&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiHy5yL9_XLAhXBYpoKHd7BCegQ6AEIGzAB#v=onepage&q=%22a%20long%20curly%20brown%20hair%22&f=false
http://forum.wordreference.com/threads/adjective-order-mismatch-long-blonde-curly-hair.2590467/

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Обращение через копирование ссылки и ее вставку в поисковую строку браузера.

Вадим, одна ошибка в книге на миллион правильных вариантов только доказывает, что ошибки бывают. А по поводу приведённых вами ссылок на форум, вы хоть бы ВНИМАТЕЛЬНО почитали бы их, кто там что пишет, какие ответы даются человеку и также открыли бы и другие ссылки, которые там приводятся, где нет ни одного артикля в подобных же запросах и вообще речь идёт во всех этих обсуждениях о порядке прилагательных в предложении 😂

Используйте артикль перед «hair», Вадим. ВАМ можно 😂

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Оля. ? Чем Вас задел? Вроде, неделя прошла без споров и во взаимопонимании. Чем-то Вас невольно «задел»? Если так, извините. Но вроде бы, ничего предосудительного.) Ну, что, здесь больше дискуссию не длим? А то, Ваше замечание заметил случайно.

Вадим, взаимопонимания у нас с вами быть не может Вы меня ничем не задели, скорее снова (хотя куда уж больше, казалось бы) удивили своей невнимательностью в желании найти доказательства вашей правоты. Но дискуссию в этой ветке я, действительно, больше продолжать не вижу смысла, ибо просто искать ее не удобно. Но в покое я вас, Вадим, не оставлю. До тех пор, пока администрация этого уважаемого мной ресурса не поймет, наконец, что есть разница между человеком, который, пусть и не очень хорошо знает язык, но готов учиться и признавать свои ошибки и человеком, который при недостаточном знании языка выдает себя за лингвиста-профессионала, коим не является даже отдаленно, тем самым вводя в заблуждение (мягко говоря) людей, которые приходят сюда за помощью.
Вы там в переводе про разделение полынцев сами-то поняли, что написали? Очевидно, что нет Внимательно еще раз поизучали бы на досуге:))

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

) Оля. Мы ж тут,просто, о необходимости грамматического и лексического анализа и синтеза, все-таки.

Uli, где Вы это откопали?

хахаха, я не знаю, я наткнулся на него, ища что-то другое) Этот WS тот еще кадр, да?

это просто шикарный человек, да. а уж их диалоги с Ольгой можно читать бесконечно

это точно!

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Hi Uly! )

Maybe, with me the things get too hot, though your Russian translation looks actually like that follows,

I know it’s a strange request, but here goes… Could you give me $300? You’d be a real lifesaver!

‘Знаю, это странный запрос (требование), но, все-таки я попробую… Не дал бы мне 300 долларов? Ты был бы спасителем!’

Now, the source in Russian,

‘Понимаю ,что просьба очень странная . И всё же . Если бы ты мог дать мне 300$,то просто спас бы меня .’

Tell the difference.

In the context ,’ просьба’, it seems, has no English equivalent here.

In any case, thanks for the interest in learning Russian-English translation . Please, take into account, that is a stern science as grammars and usage.

Sincerely, W.S.

Thank you, dearest WS, for your keen observations and comments. Просьба, as I understand it, is in fact a FAVOR, yet the loan of money can hardly be called a FAVOR in English, since favors involve concrete actions, e.g. buying me milk, watching my baby, etc. Consequently, I took poetic license and came up with a phrasing that would be more palatable to the English eye and ear, and a version that I would be quite likely to utter myself in such straits

Most Sincerely,
Uly

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

))) Thanks, Uly, for your kind reply!
Without any doubt I agree with your preparatory analysis for the translation. My opinion on ‘favour’ here is the same as you have written about it.
As well, I do agree to some as you put it ‘poetic license’ in translation in case when a native speaker as you uses it. Cos such unique knowledge and skill are the things that are of the most interest for the target audience of the site. Who are mostly the Russian language youth of the CIS taking interest in foreign cultures and languages. My only intention with the ’stern science’ remark was some attraction of your attention to the regulatory framework of the translation work in general.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Though, as far as I can get it you clearly see the limits established in the profession.
Surprised by your level of understanding nuances of the Russian language!
My appologies for not introducing myself in the proper manner taken as a rule of a polite behaviour in the English speaking cultures. The English language linguistics is my hobby, though it gives me some cash sometimes. That is why I have to avoid any possible ’accusations’ from the side of my friends and colleagues in operating the media as a promotional tool.
Wish you every possible success!
With respect,
Sincerely yours, W.S.

Always a pleasure to compare notes with an esteemed colleague. Judging from the way you wield our language so deftly and eloquently, I’m surprised you only occasionally dabble in translations. If you’ll excuse my ignorance, what are the CIS and COS?

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Dear colleague, Uly,
I have appeared here, because of my respect to Abbyy and Collins, whose products I employed in teaching. Immediately after the site starting, the community here, as that seemed to me, was somewhat joyful but untidy with the quality of many translations and discussion on the grammar topics. I came here to help as if I was participating in a game. Though, very soon, everything became to me as usual : long ‘literary compositions’ about the English and Russian languages, but now in the open Internet media and for free. These days you have come here, there are some other educated and experienced guys here , all of you are themselves the benchmark of the community activities quality. When I commence missing my more energetic participation in the community , I think, I’ll come back. )
Sorry, my fault, ‘Cos’ is a BrE informal word for ‘because’.
The CIS is The Commonwealth of the Independent States, the former USSR republics, except the Baltic states.

WS, I hope my presence here, and my contributions, have been for the betterment of this site and have helped the users to glean some insight into the intricacies and finer points of English. When I first joined, I saw a need for a native perspective, since the level of English here seemed a bit encapsulated and somewhat removed from the reality of the language, and some of the users where even a bit proprietous about their brand of English, which allowed no exceptions — even in the form of corrections from a native. However, now I regularly entertain questions from the serious users and am always happy to oblige, inasmuch as my suggestions can be of value to them.

PS: The abomination ‘COS is also AmE slang, but we only see it in comic books, and hear it in rap songs.

Excuse me, WS, but what exactly did you teach — how to use Google translate? I’m sorry, but I’ve read your last message five times and still don’t understand what you’re saying. I admire Uly more than ever as a linguist for managing to decipher your «English.» If you had that much respect «for» this site, you would limit yourself to writing exclusively in your native Russian. The site was «joyful and untidy?» Do you mean «fun and disorganized?» I’m sure the users here are giddy in anticipation of you «commencing missing your more energetic participation in the community» and coming back. Let me give you a tip: if you want to impress with your knowledge of English, avoid the word «cos» …unless you’re a 16-year-old girl or a rapper. Also, as I woman, I take exception to you referring to us users collectively as «guys.» In closing, I»d love to know who pays you cash in exchange for your English? Uly, «esteemed colleague»? Really?

Oh my god! 😱 Seriously? Wadim, why on earth did you do that? Why did you have to come back? You should’ve just kept staying in the shadows, saving yourself the embarrassment. Don’t you at all realize how utterly poor your English is? Do you really think that a native speaker with a master’s degree in English linguistics would seriously call you a colleague? You can’t even see Uly’s sarcasm. It’s unbelievable.
Remember how often you used to tell me that I have no one to prove me right? Well, now we have TWO professional linguists among us. Enjoy! 😄

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

) ?
Olga, what is a reason of your delight?
Olivia simply tells lies. The proof is easy.

Olivia) Sorry. Why have you written it in such angry manner? You are not able to understand several lines? But, please explain me, why you should understand that has written not for you. If you breach common decency and read practically private correspondence in a far corner of the internet site, please do it quiet.

What concerns ‘cos’, please open the Cambridge dictionary, BrE sector and read, that I explain you additionally with the help of a Cambridge grammar handbook, in modern BrE ‘cos’ is a marker of a friendly disposition, for example, in a private texting exchange. Check in the Corpus of the modern British English.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

As you, I hope, know ‘two nations are divided by common language’.
As for, so insulting for you as you have said about that, the meaning and usage of the word ‘guys’, please, do express your anguish and hatred not to me, but,sorry, now, to the editorial staff of the Oxford dictionary.
Again, open the BrE sector of the internet dictionary, type the word ‘guys’ and find the second meaning of the word. Read and take pleasure.
I have checked, Google translate returns the phrase ‘When I begin to miss my more energetic…’ And in this part your defamatory accusations are false.
And for a dessert, dear Olivia, buy any good handbook on American or British literature, thoroughly read it and then I hope you will be able to name one of the techniques which every writer in the world knows very well that gives such phrases as ‘joyful and untidy’ in such a context.

Ooooohhh, I see… one of those! Alrighty then I am old enough and smart enough to not argue with you. I have dealt with your type before and I know better than to fight a losing battle with a psycho. However, in closing, I’ll assure you from experience that your challenge here isn’t just linguistic, it’s psychological. If you can honestly read through all this bullshit that you have managed to piece together into your own brand of Franeksteinglish and tell me that it’s impeccable, I will support you. As for the Oxford Dictionary you so fondly cite, I have a degree in English Semantics (all varieties of English) from one of the most prestigious universities in the land. I don’t need a dictionary and much less you, to tell me how to receive and use my own language. What you write here is comical, Vadim. You should take Olga’s advice and save yourself the embarrassment. So take your English and your Oxford Dictionary and shove them straight up your ass, cos you’re a moron!

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Olga, this is the entire proof. What I write she understands very well.
Everything else is emotion.

Vadim, please stop trying to write in English. Just stop right there, please. It’s unbearable to read this awful mishmash, seriously. It’s a friendly advice, I’m not even trying to be sarcastic right now. It’s over, Vadim. Do you understand it? It would be really stupid of you to keep pretending that you’re some kind of a linguist. You are not. It’s crystal clear that your English skills are very poor. It’s extremely hard to understand what you’re trying to say. Why don’t you just keep learning the language and stop pretending to be someone you’re not? Don’t you understand that you’re only embarrassing yourself?

Vadim, of course she understands. And so do I. But to understand it I had to read almost every sentence several times. You still don’t get it, do you? You can’t fool the natives, Vadim. You probably could fool a few people here with your pseudolinguistics, writing «smart words», trying to make it look scientifically legitimate. But you could never fool me. And now you can’t fool these two wonderful native English speakers, who also happen to be REAL linguists.
I hate to break it to you, Vadim, but people actually see you for who you are.

Vadim, I’m afraid I have to admit that I don’t understand half of what you write and find myself reading it more than once to make sense of it. For example this passage is practically unintelligible: «As for, so insulting for you as you have said about that, the meaning and usage of the word ‘guys’, please, do express your anguish and hatred not to me, but,sorry, now, to the editorial staff of the Oxford dictionary.» It’s just not English. In fact, it is so far removed from English, that it is basically another language. English looks like this: As for the meaning of the word «guys,» which you found so offensive, please direct your anger and hatred at the editorial staff of the Oxford English dictionary and not at me.» I would love to help you with your English, as I have others on the site, but it sounds like you’re convinced that you don’t need help with it, and that’s your right

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Uly, I thought that our correspondence was almost private. Instead of it, I have a right to consider it to be a kind of ambush. I cannot understand how Olga and Olivia could find this page without your hint. Moreover, Olivia has been on the site just the third time. It’d be better if you confirmed what I wrote her about ‘cos’ and ‘guys’, instead of teaching me how I ought to choose style of writing while penning texts for would-be friends or cutting short rudeness.

It’s a public resource, Vadim. There is no such thing as a «private correspondence» here. Not yet, a least. That’s why anyone can visit any post they like and there is nothing rude or inappropriate about it. As well as there is nothing wrong in participating in a public conversation on a public resource.
Now to your writing style. Unfortunately, Vadim, you don’t have any «style of writing», that’s the whole point. It’s brainhurting to read what you write, do you understand it? You make mistakes, misuse words and times and you’re not able to put together a decent sentence. Simply put, your English is quite poor. And I personally wouldn’t have any problem with it, if only you were honest with people here. I simply don’t understand why you keep pretending to be a linguist when it’s obvious to anyone with, a least, an advanced level of English, that you are nothing else but an imposter.

Vadim, I personally don’t know Olivia and don’t have a way to reach contact her on here. As for GUYS and COS, I can only speak from experience. GUYS is used by some people to ADRESS mixed company, for example a waiter will say «Welcome, guys, have a seat and I’ll be with you in a moment.» However, when one is not directly addressing a group, GUYS means парни. If you’re not addressing a group of people directly, you can’t refer to them as guys, unless… they’re all guys! As for COS, it’s a silly word used to reflect the fact that in the SPOKEN language, we often reduce the word «because» this way. However, it has no place in the WRITTEN language, except in very informal chats, transcriptions of songs (especially rap), and in direct quotes that show how someone speaks: «I asked him why and he said ‘Cos I don’t want to!'» But aside from all that, when someone is trying so hard to sound educated and formal in his writing, it’s just ludicrous to see COS amongst all the big words.

As for ambushing you, I don’t need to. People read your texts because they’re fascinating — especially your arguments with Olga. (See Igor Yurchenko’s comment above: это просто шикарный человек, да. а уж их диалоги с Ольгой можно читать бесконечно). So of course Olga follows our discussions. She is the closest thing to a native English speaker on this site. But because she’s Russian, people would often question her suggestions and translations — especially you. I can assure you that her level of English is staggering because she is able to not only express herself like a native speaker, but she has a feeling and intuition for the language that many would kill to have — especially having never lived in an English-speaking country! Instead of arguing with her, you should be working with her to help you bring some coherence to your English. You seem to know a lot of words, but you have trouble with syntax. In fact, you use a Russian syntax.

Were it not for the fact that I’m starting to understand Russian syntax, I wouldn’t be able to make anything out in your writing. For instance, in your sentence: «As for, so insulting for you as you have said about that, the meaning and usage of the word ‘guys’, please, do express your anguish and hatred not to me, but,sorry, now, to the editorial staff of the Oxford dictionary.» After reading it three times, I realized that «so insulting for you as you have said about that» is there to modify the noun phrase «meaning and usage of the word «guys».» Unfortunately, English doesn’t work like Russian in that way. Words that modify nouns our noun phrases, come AFTER them: …the meaning and usage of the word «guys,» which as you said, were so insulting to you.»

You see, English uses a «left-headed» syntax here: the HEAD (principal word) of the phrase is on the left, and everything that describes it is on the right. For example: WORDS not known to me. In Russian, this is a right-headed expression: неизвестные мне СЛОВА. That is why I didn’t understand the sentence you wrote to Olivia right away. I hope this helps. Again, I’m happy to help you if you’re open to help. Otherwise, I wish you luck on your journey towards perfecting our beautiful language, as I continue to learn yours. Please feel free to correct my Russian or offer suggestions. I’m open to everyone’s help

Thank you, Uly! Your opinion means a lot to me. I actually lived in London for quite some time and moved back to Moscow last December

Oh, I didn’t know that. Still, I know people who have lived in the states for ten years and still don’t have the mastery of English that you have.

Gentlemen, I think it’s time to get back to our «hairy matter» :))
Uly, could you please clarify once and for all the usage of an indefinite article with the word «hair»? Are there ANY grammatical circumstances when «a» can be used with «hair» when it comes to describing someone’s appearance?

A HAIR very simply refers to ONE STRAND of hair. Otherwise, HAIR is uncountable, it refers to the entire head of hair. It very rarely takes an article — most often a possessive adjective, his hair, my hair, etc.

Vadim, I don’t understand what you mean by «after doesn’t mean because.» Please explain. Also, as to the question about the hair, here is an interesting discussion on the subject, where everyone agrees that the variant without the article is the most correct: http://forum.wordreference.com/threads/she-had-a-beautiful-hair.1643550/ Remember, just because a lot of people say something, doesn’t make it correct. I’ve seen a lot of Russians use в течении and try to convince me that it’s correct.

In terms of speaking one-on-one, you’re welcome to friend me on BK or contact me on Skype and I’ll be happy to chat with you

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Uly, of course, I thank you for the conciliatory tone. I found out all that I needed to know. I am not accusing you of anything. Really, ‘after’ doesn’t always mean ‘because’.

Some human has problems with tact and discretion here. She is not going to give us a chance to talk one to one, until
you tell each other everything she wants.

Translation of her question, is it possible to say ‘ She has a beautiful blonde long curly hair’ ?

I am waiting until you are all done talking. Then I might answer.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Uly, ‘After doesn’t always mean because’ these words present my apology for the sentence ‘I cannot understand how … could found this page without your hint.’
I am going to read the discussion.
I don’t like any visual connection. No information could be deleted from the Web.
What about Google +, open correspondence. A convenient platform.
I am sorry for delay. As for as I can understand they have implemented the keyboard autocorrect function here. A lot of trouble. I would want to switch it off.

«Some human», Vadim?:))) Are you word-to-word translating from Russian?
Do you think you can offend me with this crap? Talking about me as if I’m not here? Well, you can’t, so chill :))
Oh, and your «After» doesn’t always mean «because» is still a complete mumbo jumbo. The reason is the same — you make a word-to-word translation. But even as a Russian I don’t understand it.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Ok. Let us continue to write a novel on the page.
‘Some human’ was equal to the phrase ‘a certain human’ 30 — 50 years ago. ‘Some’ is described in the contemporary dictionaries as ‘ determiner, Used to refer to someone or something that is unknown or unspecified, for example, she married some newspaper magnate…’ The sense remains practically the same.
You haven’t met the phrase ‘After’ doesn’t mean ‘because of’ , because you work with a certain terminology. If you were acquainted with, for example, the investment phraseology, you wouldn’t ask this question. Please, try to find examples in MarketWatch.

Vadim, no offense, but I’m not interested enough to look it up. If something is so cryptic that the reader has research it, why not just say it in a way everyone understands in the first place and avoid misunderstandings? I’ve never met that phrase, and I hope I never meet again

By the way, «some person» and «a certain person» mean the same thing, even today.

A human, in my opinion, is the opposite of an alien

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

))) Uly, no offence taken. It is just a little misunderstanding. I am sorry, I haven’t responded to your long message yet. I just reacted to a short remark of Olga. As a gentleman, I am standing by to assist with all her possible questions here. When she stops asking questions, I am going to answer your long message as soon as possible.

Vadim, you have no idea what being a gentleman is :))) First of all, a gentleman, being a decent person, would NEVER speak of someone like they are not there. Not to mention a gentlemen would never lie about being a linguist when he really isn’t. And who the hell do you think you are waiting for me to stop writing what I want and whenever I want?! Scroll a little up and read the last sentence of Olivia’s post. And don’t you dare writing to me in your condescending manner.

«I am standing by to assist with all her possible questions here» :))) Gosh, you are nothing but a joke. YOU CAN’T ASSIST TO ANYONE HERE, VADIM. It’s you who needs assistance here.

Vadim, I don’t know what happened, but that last message is the most correct and coherent English I have seen you write yet. I understood it the first time through. To me, the essence of fluency is word economy, and when you write succinctly and realistically, your English is actually quite normal and decent. Incidentally, Olga’s English is ALWAYS exemplary, so I don’t think she’ll be needing your assistance anytime soon But I think you know that, which why you choose to mortify her with these outlandish suggestions. If you were truly a gentleman, you would give her her place for her mastery of English and her willingness to share her knowledge to help others learn English. In fact, I think you owe her an apology and not me.

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Uly, I thank you. Not, I owe only you an appology for the twist in conversation.
Nothing happened. I am just curious. I have not been a part of the forum for a long time. I don’t really see how I am blocking her highlighting skills in English at the forum. She is an influential resident, I am an ‘easy in — easy out’. I am patiently getting hold up of talking to you about possible linguistic cooperation on one of many thousands pages of the forum, because of her pains and diligence. That’s why I have no reason to apologise to her. I am sorry, which outlandish suggestion?

W. S.добавил комментарий 7 лет назад

There is such an example a bit above.
She doubted that the phrase ‘some human’ is correct grammatically. Also, she considered the phrase »After doesn’t mean ‘because of» as a calque from the Russian language that should have no sensible meaning in English.
Actually, it is a calque from the Roman phrase ‘Post hoc ergo propter hoc’ with a contrary logical sense, though, being used seldom. I have answered to her with good intent to correct her wrong opinion on these two topics. Instead of gratitude, I suffered insults for today and abusive language as usually. If you doubt it, please, read the post of Olivia. She mentioned it when she characterised me. If you read every post of the thread, you would understand that I don’t ignore her to abuse for her behaviour. On the contrary, I reply to her questions always. But there are the limits. There are the legal ways not to get additional problems in public space also. That is why I stopped answering to her personally.

Vadim, the correct translation of post hoc ergo propter hoc is «after this, therefore because of this.» It’s not a financial statement, it’s an expression used to dispel the belief that some outcome can be considered the result of a previous action. I don’t see how it applies in your comments.

Uly, dear, thank you for your kind support I really appreciate it.
Vadim, I questioned your use of «some human», because PEOPLE DON’T SPEAK LIKE THAT!
People would say «some PERSON here», «certain PERSON here» or simply «SOMEONE here». Now to my «abusive language». I know that sometimes I get too emotional. But you know what, Vadim? YOUR HABITUAL CONDESCENDING TONE IS OFFENSIVE. I’ve told you this a hundred times over the past year: CHANGE YOUR TONE. Did you change it? Not a bit. You have no right to use this tone, Vadim, as you’re NOT a linguist and your lack of English is obvious to everyone who knows the language enouph to be able to tell the difference.

The translations just get more and more ridiculous!