No one has ever included every word from the language in a single dictionary

Многие новые слова в английском языке образуются путем аффиксации, когда к началу или концу слова (корня) прибавляются префиксы en—joy, dis—like, re—read или суффиксы develop—ment, self—ish.

Аффиксы – префиксы и суффиксы. Префиксы стоят в начале слова, а суффиксы – в конце.

Префиксы, как правило, изменяют значение слова, но не меняют его принадлежности к той или иной части речи:

order (существительное) порядок — disorder (существительное) беспорядок.

Суффиксы служат для образования одной части речи их другой:

beauty (существительное) красота – beautiful (прилагательное) красивый.

Префиксы

Префиксы с отрицательным значением

Префиксы с отрицательным значением – un-, in-, dis-, non-.

Un-

comfortable – uncomfortable,

limited — unlimited.

Префикс un— иногда присоединяется к глаголам для выражения противоположного действия:

to load — to unload,

to lock — to unlock,

In-

ability — inability,

complete — incomplete.

Перед l префикс in— превращается в il-, перед r – в ir-, а перед m и p — в im-:

legal — illegal,

regular — irregular,

patient — impatient.

Dis—

Этот префикс выражает отрицание или противоположное действие:

отрицание противоположное действие

to like – to dislike, to appear – to disappear,

honest – dishonest, to arm — to disarm.

Non—

Слова с префиксом non— чаще всего пишутся через дефис:

conductor – non—conductor.

Префиксы с разными значениями

Префикс	Значение	Соответствие русской приставке	Примеры
anti-	отрицание	анти- противо-	fascist — antifascist
co-	между, взаимно	со-	existence – co-existence
counter-		контр-	attack — counterattack
ex-	бывший	экс-	champion — ex-champion
en-	делать		rich — enrich
inter-	между, среди, взаимно		national — international
mis-	неправильно, неверно		to understand – to misunderstand
over-	сверх, чрезмерно	пере-	to load – to overload
post-	после (противоположен по значению префиксу pre-)		war – postwar
pre-	перед, ранее	до-	historic — prehistoric
re-	снова, заново, вновь.	пере-	to read – to reread
sub-		под	division — subdivision
ultra-	ультра-, сверх		short — ultrashort
under-	недостаточно (противоположен по значению префиксу over-)		to pay — to underpay

Суффиксы

Суффиксы существительных

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
—age	а) действие, условие или резуль- тат; б) количественное значение или значение собирательности; в) место действия, место жительства	to marry – marriage acre — acreage herb – herbage to harbour — harbourage
-ance -ence	процесс, состояние или свойство	important – importance different — difference
-dom	абстрактные и собирательные существительные, обозначающие: а) общественный статус или яв- ление; б) состояние	king — kingdom free — freedom
-ее	лицо, на которое направлено действие	to address — addressee
—er, -or	действующее лицо	to sell – seller to visit — visitor
-ery, -ary, -ry	а) место; б) действие, род занятия или деятельности; поведение или связанное с ним качество; в) состояние или положение	to bind – bindery to rob – robbery chemist – chemistry slave — slavery
-hood	а) состояние, общественное поло- жение; б) качества, свойства; в) совокупность людей или семей-ные отношения	child — childhood saint — sainthood brother — brotherhood
-ian	национальная принадлежность	Russia — Russian
-ician	лицо по роду работы, занятий	mathematics — mathematician
-ion, -ation, -tion, -sion, -ssion	а) действие, процесс, состояние; б) абстрактное понятие; свойство, качество	to transform – transformation to accommodate — accomo-dation
—ism	отвлеченные имена существитель- ные	Marx — Marxism
—ist	профессия, принадлежность к партии, религии, философскому течению	to type — typist Marxist
-ment	a) действие, процесс, состояние; б) результат действия или продукт деятельности	to move – movement to improve – improvement
-ness	качество или состояние	hарру — happiness
-ship	а) положение человека в обществе; звание, должность, титул; б) умение, мастерство, искусство; занятие; с) чувство, отношение к чему-либо; д) абстрактные понятия	captain – captainship draftsman – draftsmanship comrade – comradeship citizen — citizenship
-ute, -ture	а) процесс, состояние; свойства; абстрактное понятие; б) сфера деятельности; офици-альное учреждение и его функции	to depart – departure portrait – portraiture
-y	абстрактные и собирательные существительные	soldier — soldiery

Exercises

1. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса –er или —or. Переведите на русский язык.

To act, to conduct, to compose, to direct, to drive, to fight, to found, to invent, to lead, to mine, to read, to report, to speak, to teach.

1. Образуйте от данных слов существительные при помощи суффиксов —ist, —ism, —ian. Переведите на русский язык.

Art, social, type, capital, music, international, piano, electric, Canada, Russia.

1. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса –ment. Переведите на русский язык.

To improve, to measure, to disappoint, to pave, to announce, to agree, to state, to govern, to require, to arrange, to move, to develop, to achieve.

1. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффиксов –ion, —ation, —sion, —ssion, —tion. Переведите на русский язык.

To collect, to combine, to connect, to dictate, to include, to introduce, to produce, to restrict, to submit.

1. Образуйте от данных прилагательных существительные с помощью суффикса –ness. Переведите на русский язык.

Bitter, absolute, damp, cold, dark, kind, happy, weak.

6. Образуйте как можно больше существительных, используя префиксы и суффиксы из таблицы. Можно пользоваться словарем.

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами – существительными.

7.

More and more often people are told not to be in direct sunlight, because ultraviolet (1)________ from the sun can cause skin cancer. Normally the ozone (2)________ in the atmosphere protects us from such radiation, if there are no holes in it. Many scientists think that these holes are the result of air (3)____________ . The air needs (4)________ and care. Man is beginning to understand that his (5)_________ is not just his own town or country, but the whole earth.

RADIATE LAY POLLUTE PROTECT ENVIRON

KEY: 1 radiation, 2 layer, 3 pollution, 4 protection, 5 environment.

8.

(1)__________ are proud of their Constitution. It was written more than 200 years ago and it is still working! But the people of the United states can change the Constitution. Changes in the Constitution are called (2)___________. The first ten of them are called the Bill of Rights. They were made in 1791. The Bill of Rights guarantees to people of the USA very important rights and (3)__________. Soon after the Civil War (1861-1865) there were three important amendments. The 13th amendment ended (4)_________ , the 14th amendment made all Black people (5)__________ of the United States, the 15th amendment gave Blacks the right to vote.

AMERICA AMEND FREE SLAVE CITY

Key: 1 Americans, 2 amendments, 3 freedoms, 4 slavery, 5 citizens.

9.

Lord Byron (1788-1824) didn’t live a long life. He was an aristocrat and a fashionable man. But he loved (1)_________ and a simple country life. His (2)_________ attracted Britain and all Europe. He brought to his (3)_________ romanticism of his times. He was talented and handsome, noble and brave. (4)_________ admired him. In 1812 he became famous after the (5)__________of his autobiographic poem “Childe Harold”.

FREE PERSONAL POET LONDON PUBLIC

KEY: 1 freedom, 2 personality, 3 poetry, 4 Londoners, 5 publication.

10.

I always wanted to be a great (1)_________. I had the dreams of discovering a new drug that would save the lives of hundreds of people. Unfortunately I was never good at (2)_________ at school and the teacher used to be very cross with me. After a while I decided I would become an (3)_________ and design an amazing new (4)_________ which would become a household name. A few weeks later I had a brilliant idea for a pen that would write upside down. To my (5)_________ a friend of mine pointed out that it was not a new (6)________.

SCIENCE SHEMIST INVENT PRODUCE DISAPPOINT DISCOVER

Key: 1 scientist, 2 chemistry, 3 inventor, 4 production, 5 disappointment, 6 discovery.

11.

The trade union (1) _____________ has a long and important history in Britain, but since 1980 the influence of trade unions has declined dramatically. Trade union (2)_____________ has fallen because of changes in the structure of (3)______ , including (4)__________, the shift away from manufacturing, the rise in smaller firms, the increase in part-time employment, and the constructing out of work. The Conservative government restricted unions’ (5)___________ to launch strikes and made unions legally responsible for the actions of(6)____________; this has considerably reduced union power and substantially decreased the number of strikes, called (7)____________.

MOVE MEMBER EMPLOY PRIVATIZE ABLE STRIKE STOP

Key: 1 movement, 2 membership, 3 employment, 4 privatization, 5 ability, 6 strikers, 7 stoppages.

Суффиксы прилагательных

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-able	а) возможность осуществления; б) обладание некоторым качест-вом	to change – changeable to comfort — comfortable
-al	подобие, сходство, обладание некоторым сходством	addition — additional
-an, -ian -ean	принадлежность к какой-нибудь народности, родовому клану; идеологическому течению, науч-ной школе и т. п	Arab — Arabian
-ant, -ent	cоответствующие существитель-ные имеют суффиксы –ant и —ent	importance – important difference — different
-ar	обладание чем-то, сходство с чем-то	circle — circular
-ary -ery	качество	diet — dietary
-en	сделанный из чего-либо	wood — wooden
-er	сравнительная степень прилага-тельных	big — bigger
-ern	прилагательные, образованные от названий сторон света	east — eastern
-ese	национальность или язык	China – Chinese
-est	превосходная степень прилага-тельных	tall – the tallest
-ic,	состав, структура чего-либо, отношение к чему-либо	drama — dramatic
—ish	а) национальная принадлежность; б) слабая степень качества (соответствует русским суффиксам –оват, еват)	Scotland – Scottish red — reddish
-ive	относящийся к, принадлежащий, связанный с	nature — native
-ful	наличие качества	beauty — beautiful
-less	отсутствие качества	hope — hopeless
-ous	обладающий данным свойством, признаком, характеристикой в значительной степени	danger — dangerous
-y	качество	stone — stony

Exercises

1. Образуйте от данных существительных прилагательные при помощи суффиксов –full и —less. Переведите их на русский язык.

Aim, care, beauty, hope, doubt, fruit, use, power, thank, harm, colour.

2. Образуйте от данных глаголов прилагательные при помощи суффиксов –able и —ible. Переведите их на русский язык.

To change, to eat, to compare, to convert, to profit, to read, to comfort, to respect, to expect.

3. Образуйте от данных существительных прилагательные при помощи суффикса –al. Переведите на русский язык.

Centre, culture, form, intellect, post, accident, comic.

4. Образуйте от данных существительных прилагательные при помощи суффикса –y. Переведите на русский язык.

Cloud, dirt, fog, frost, rain, sun, thirst, wind.

5. Образуйте как можно больше прилагательных, используя префиксы и суффиксы из таблицы. Можно пользоваться словарем.

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами – прилагательными.

6.

All my classmates say that I’m (1)________. I enjoy wearing (2)________ clothes. I like to look smart and (3)________. We can’t go through life with the same hairstyle or make-up. It’s very (4)_________ to follow fashion. I hate when people dress alike, because they buy clothes in “chain” stores. I prefer hand-made or design clothes. My classmates say that I’m (5)________, but it’s not a sin, is it? Sometimes I turn up in something really (6)_________. When you are up with fashion you feel you are individual.

TREND STYLE ATTRACT IMPORTANCE MATERIALIST EXTRAVAGANCE

Key: 1 trendy, 2 stylish, 3 attractive, 4 important, 5 materialistic, 6 extravagant.

7.

For (1)_________ people, the ‘Far East” is the broad coast along the Pacific Ocean, facing Alaska in the far north and Japan in the sub-tropical south, and including the large island of Sakhalin. Inland lie forests, mountains, lakes, rivers and marshes known as Siberia. Siberia is usually divided into Western and Eastern, the former is (2)________ and low-lying and rich in oil, the latter is (3)________and rich in minerals, gold and diamonds. The twenty million people who live in this region are mostly Russians and Ukrainians by origin. Besides there live other people. They all call themselves (4)_______ and speak of Russia as beginning west of the Urals.

RUSSIA MARSH MOUNTAIN SIBERIA

KEY: 1 Russian, 2 marshy, 3 mountainous, 4 Siberians.

8.

Water pollution is a serious (1)________ problem today. “Water, water everywhere, not any drop to drink,” said the sailor from Coleridge’s poem describing to a friend how awful it was to be without drinking water on a ship in the middle of the ocean. It is strange to think that the water around his ship was probably quite safe to drink. It was (2)________ — but not polluted. The sea waters today are much more (3)_________ . Many seas are used for dumping (4)________ and nuclear waste.

ECOLOGY SALT DANGER INDUSTRY

Key: 1 ecological, 2 salty, 3 dangerous, 4 industrial.

9.

The United States is a large country with many (1)__________ natural wonders. It goes from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to the islands of Hawaii in the Pacific, and from cold, snowy (2)__________ Alaska to (3)_________ Florida in the southeast. Also, it has many kinds of land – (4)________ coasts, dry empty deserts, (5)__________ rivers, wide plains and grasslands, lakes of all sizes, high mountains, great forests, sunny beaches and lands of (6)__________ winter. More than 250 million people live in the US. But the country is very big, so there is still a lot of open space and (7)_______ scenery outside the cities. Americans have tried to save many of the most (8)__________ wild areas of the United States. There are a lot of parks, forests and wildlands where you can enjoy the beauty and power of wild America. The Grand Canyon, Yosemite Valley, and Yellow-stone are among the most (9)________.

DIFFER NORTH SUN ROCK POWER END NATURE BEAUTY FAME

KEY: 1 different, 2 northern, 3 sunny, 4 rocky, 5 powerful, 6 endless, 7 natural, 8 beautiful, 9 famous.

10. Переведите следующие слова, выделите в них суффиксы и префиксы. Назовите часть речи.

Brotherhood, helpless, boredom, unequal, drinkable, golden, leader, Japanese, secondary, anti-fascist, similar, peacemaker, surgery, furniture, comical, convenient, acceptable, achievement, anonymous, academician, Georgian, disarmament, witty, hysterical, Buddhism, co-existence, scientific, materialist, radiant, rootless, international, measurement, underground, creature, dirty, agrarian, absoluteness, yellowy, inventor, technical, various, tactless, comradeship, creature, reddish.

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами – существительными и прилагательными.

11.

Alan Alexander Milne, the youngest of the family’s three sons, went to Westminster School at the age of 11 and then went on to Cambridge to become a (1)__________ . But he never did. Instead he became (2)_________ of the university journal “Granta” in which he published some of his light (3)_________ poems. Then he went to London hoping to earn his living as a (4)_______. By and by London magazines began to publish his (5)________ works, and in 1905 he published his first book, a shilling paper-back (6)_________ of humorous essays. Aged only 24 he was given a post of (7)________ editor of the (8)__________ magazine “Punch”.

MATHEMATICS EDIT HUMOUR WRITE WIT COLLECT ASSIST FAME

Key: 1 mathematician, 2 editor, 3 humorous, 4 writer, 5 witty, 6 collection, 7 assistant, 8 famous.

12.

The Olympic Games are an (1)___________ sports festival that began in ancient Greece. The (2)_________ Greek games took place every fourth year for several hundred years, until they were brought to an end in the early (3)__________ era. The Olympic games were renewed in 1896, and since then they have been staged every fourth years, except during World War I and World War II. Perhaps the main (4)_________ between ancient and modern Olympics is that for the ancient Greeks the Games were a way of saluting their gods, when the modern Games are a manner of saluting the (5)________ talents of people of all nation. The original Olympics included (6)__________ in music, oratory, and theatre (7)_________ as well. The modern Games haven’t got them, but they represent a lot more sports than before. For two weeks and a half any international conflicts must be stopped and replaced with friendly competitions. This is the noble idea on which the modern Olympic (8)________ is based.

NATION ORIGIN CHRIST DIFFER ATHLETE COMPETE PERFORM MOVE

Key: 1 international, 2 original, 3 Christian, 4 difference, 5 athletic, 6 competitions, 7 performances, 8 movement.

13.

The people of the United States are a (1)________ of many (2)________. Every American schoolchild learns that the United States is the big “melting pot” of countries. In a melting pot (3)________ metals are melted together to make a new metal. The United States is like a melting pot for people. In the past, people from many different (4)_________ countries came to the US and made one country out of many. These different people brought to their new land a (5)________ mixture of customs and traditions. The Germans brought Christmas trees, the Irish brought St. Patrick’s Day (6)__________, the Scots brought Hallowe’en.

MIX NATION DIFFER EUROPE WONDER CELEBRATE

Key: 1 mixture, 2 nationalities, 3 different, 4 European, 5 wonderful, 6 celebrations.

14.

Isn’t it (1)_________ to discover new places? Travel has always been a part of people’s (2)__________. It teaches people about art and culture. It teachers them to be understanding. You can also improve your knowledge of foreign languages. What is more, (3)________ is the basis of the biggest (4)________ in the world. Tourists spend a lot of money. Rich countries can sell cars and computers. But what can poor countries sell? Their (5)________ beaches and their wonderful countryside.

WONDER EDUCATE TOUR BUSY BEAUTY

Key: 1 wonderful, 2 education,3 tourism, 4 business, 5 beautiful.

15.

There are amateur cricket clubs all over England, but there is a big (1)_________ between the amateur and the (2)_________ cricketer. The amateur cannot get money for the game. The professional (3)_________ is in a much (4)__________ class. He has to learn many kinds of skills. He has to be an athlete, to run fast and jump and turn like a gymnast. He must be (5)___________, and must not let other (6)_____________ be (7)__________ with him.

DIFFER PROFESSION CRICKET HIGH PATIENCE PLAY HONEST

Key: 1 difference, 2 professional, 3 cricketer, 4 higher, 5 patient, 6 players, 7 dishonest.

16.

This museum is the world’s (1)_______ museum of (2)_________ arts. It houses many of the world’s (3)_________ treasures. Here you’ll find the national collection of (4)_________, furniture, music instruments, textiles and dress, ceramics and glass, silver and (5)_________ from European and non-western countries.________

FINE DECORATE GREAT SCULPT JEWEL

Key: 1 finest, 2 decorative, 3 greatest, 4 sculpture, 5 jewellery.

17.

Action films? What a bore! Criminals, shooting, (1)________. Nothing else. I agree that such films have the right to exist. They have some positive features. They are dynamic, (2)________ and full of special effects. But they are (3)_________. I can’t believe one man can win over the Mafia. Some people watch (4)_________ to cool off and such films are good for them. But other people can get sick and (5)________ especially teenagers. There are (6)_________ ways to cool off, I think.

EXPLOSIVE DRAMA REAL VIOLENT NERVE GOOD

Key: 1 explosions, 2 dramatic, 3 unrealistic, 4 violence, 5 nervous, 6 better.

Суффиксы глаголов

Глагол несет значение соответствующего прилагательного или существительного, на основе которого он сформирован.

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-ate	делать, осуществлять	active — activate
—en	действие, придающее качество, выраженное в основе глагола	sharp – to sharpen
—fy, —ify	делать, осуществлять, превращать	simple — simplify
-ize(AE) -ise(BE)	вести себя подобно, проводить ту или иную политику или производить действие	private — privatize

Exercises

1. Образуйте от данных прилагательных глаголы, используя суффикс –en. Переведите на русский язык.

Black, sharp, short, red, soft, deep, dark, bright, weak white, sweet, wide.

2. Образуйте от данных прилагательных глаголы, используя суффикс –fy. Переведите на русский язык.

Simple, pure, beauty, solid, identic(al), false intense.

3. Образуйте от данных существительных глаголы, используя суффикс –ize(ise). Переведите на русский язык.

Character, crystal, sympathy, agony, apology.

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами – глаголами.

4.

Like many modern developed countries, The United Kingdom has a mixed economy. This means that some sectors of economy are operated by the government and some are operated by private business. Since World War II, Britain has worked to (1)_________ the mix of private and public enterprises in order to (2)_________ the country’s economy and (3)_________ the economic well-being of its citizens. After World War II the government (4)__________, or took over, a number of large and troubled industries. These included coal, electricity, transport, gas, oil, steel, car and truck manufacturing, shipbuilding and aircraft building. Since the 1950s, the government has (5)________ a number of these industries, selling them to private firms.

EQUAL MAXIMUM SURE NATION PRIVATE

Key: 1 equalize, 2 maximize, 3 ensure, 4 nationalized, 5 privatized.

Суффиксы наречий

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-ly	наречие с тем же качеством, что и слово, от которого оно образовано	bad — badly
-wards -ward	направление или направленность	after – afterwards home — homeward

Exercises

1. Образуйте наречия при помощи суффикса –ly и переведите их.

Silent, wide, cruel, happy, rapid, quick, part, first, extreme.

Суффиксы числительных

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-teen	числительные от 13 до 19	six — sixteen
—ty	десятки	six- sixty
-th	порядковые числительные	six- sixth

Exercises

1. Напишите противоположное по значению слово, используя префиксы. Можно пользоваться словарем.

Appear, kind, join, equal, normal, credible, friendly, employed, trust, cover, known, use, important, honest, professional, safe, fair, pleased, emotional, pack, correct, agree, possible, regular, understand, definite, legal, like, advice.

2. Выделите словообразующие элементы, исходное слово, определите, к какой части речи относятся данные слова. Переведите на русский язык.

Weakly – weakness – to weaken, bitterly – bitterness, unhappy — happily – happiness, suddenly – suddenness, equally – unequal – equality, to enrich – enrichment, patiently – impatient – patience, irresponsible – responsibility, unstable – stability – to stabilize – stabilization, harmful – harmless – harmlessness, glorious – inglorious –to glorify, to discontinue – continuation – continual – continually, relation – relative – relatively, attractive – unattractive – attraction.

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Подумайте над следующими вопросами:

1. Каким членом предложения является пропущенное слово?

2. Какой частью речи этот член предложения выражен (обратите внимание на исходную форму слова, напечатанную заглавными буквами на полях)?

3. Какая грамматическая форма образуется по контексту?

4. Каковы особенности правописания этой формы?

3.

The individual states all have (1)________ forms of government with a senate and a house. There is only one (2)_________, Nebraska, which has only one (3)________ body of 49 senators. All have (4)________ branches headed by state governors and (5)_________ court systems. Each state has its own constitution. But all must respect the federal laws and not make laws that interfere with the laws of the other states. The Us Constitution determines federal(6)__________. All other (7)__________ belong to the states and to the local (8)__________ .

REPUBLIC ECEPT LEGISLATE EXECUTE DEPEND RESPONSIBLE AUTOMATICAL COMMUNE

Key: 1 republican, 2 exception, 3 legislative, 4 executive, 5 independent, 6 responsibilities, 7 automatically, 8 communities.

4.

Bike (1)_________ appeared in Russia with the (2)___________ of Moscow motorbike club ‘Night Wolves’. (3)__________ it was founded on May 31,1989. But the core of it appeared in the early 80s. A (4)__________ in Russia prefers a heavy bike like Harley Davidson and a leather jacket. The club is so (5)________ not only in Russia but also all over the world that the first Russian Bike Show, which took place in 1995, attracted a lot of guests from abroad.

CULTURE APPEAR OFFICIAL BIKE FAME

Key: 1 subculture, 2 appearance, 3 officially, 4 biker, 5 famous.

5.

Football (soccer) is the (1)________ sport, and British club teams are often (2)________ in Europe. But British football today has a bad fame at home and abroad, because of the (3)_________ of some groups of fans who get drunk and fight with each other. Most British fans (4)_________ violence and help the police to put an end to it.

NATION SUCCESS VIOLENT LIKE

Key: 1 national, 2 successful, 3 violence, 4 dislike.

6.

In Britain people (1)________ pay compliments on the things they like about the people they are talking to. They also expect to hear “Thank you!” in response to a compliment. Besides, they add something to keep the (2)________ going. In Britain people usually do not (3)_________ with compliments. Sometimes they pay a compliment in return. Too many compliments may be interpreted as (4)_______. But not enough compliments may be interpreted as a sign of (5)_________.

USUAL CONVERSE AGREE SINCERE LIKE

Key: 1 usually, 2 conversation, 3 disagree, 4 insincerity, 5 dislike.

7.

Every year more than eleven million tourists visit Britain. In fact, tourism is an (1)__________ industry, employing thousands of people. Most (2)__________ come in the summer months when they can expect good weather. Tourists (3)_________ spend a few days in London, then go on to other well-known cities. Perhaps the least visited places in England are old (4)_________ towns. But many people think that nineteenth-century cities show the (5)_________ of Britain. The (6)_________ of the past is to be still seen in their old streets.

IMPORTANCE VISIT USUAL INDUSTRY REAL GREAT

Key: 1 important, 2 visitors, 3 usually, 4 industrial, 5 reality, 6 greatness.

Test

1. Выделите словообразующие элементы, исходное слово, определите, к какой части речи относятся данные слова. Переведите на русский язык.

Patiently – impatient – patience, unstable – stability – to stabilize – stabilization, possibly – impossible – possibility, inattention – attentive – attentively, helpless – helplessly – helplessness, limitation – unlimited – limitless, to coexist – existent – existence – coexistence, to disappear- to reappear – appearance – disappearance.

2. Образуйте как можно больше существительных, используя префиксы и суффиксы из таблицы.

3. От данных прилагательных образуйте прилагательные, используя префиксы in-, un— il-, ir-, im-, dis-, ultra-.

Happy, honest, patient, comfortable, legal, short, possible, modern, responsible, direct, logical.

4. Образуйте прилагательные, используя суффиксы –able, -al, -ant, -ent, -ful, -ish,-less.

To differ, to eat, to compare, brown, care, to resist, use, fruit, home, to resist, form, shame.

5. Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.

The English language is (1)________ growing and changing. No one has ever included every word from the language in a single dictionary. To do that would mean to (2)_______ the dictionary every day, which is (3)________. But people have a lot of (4)________ about the growing and (5)________of the language, its (6)_________ . Scholars have (7)________ ideas of how any new (8)________ contributes to the process of new words (9)________. When people are faced with a new (10)________ and they do not have a word for its (11)________, they sometimes make up one. But no one makes a formal (12)________ about it.

CONSTANT WRITE POSSIBLE INFORM DEVELOP EXPAND VARY DISCOVER ADOPT SITUATE DESCRIBE DECIDE

Key: 1 constantly, 2 rewrite, 3 impossible, 4 information, 5 development, 6 expansion, 7 various, 8 discovery, 9 adoption, 10 situation, 11 description, 12 decision.

Добрый день, читатели блога grammar-tei.com. Сегодня мы займемся словообразованием и выполним несколько упражнений на словообразование в английском языке. Все упражнения даются с ответами, поэтому Вы сможете проверить себя.

Тема словообразование в английском – очень сложная, поэтому практиковаться нужно много. Всем известно, что задания на словообразования есть в ЕГЭ. Не будем откладывать и выполним упражнения на словообразование в английском.

Задания на словообразование. Word building exercises.

Упражнение 1. Раскройте скобки. Образуйте существительные.

1. The study calculated that replacing weekly fruit juice … with whole fruits could bring health benefits. (consume)
2. For my birthday Mother baked a cake with yellow … . (ice)
3. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are called … because they provide the fuel your body needs. (nutrition)
4. Many women have to juggle … and a full-time job. (mother)
5. … are unavoidable when three … live under one roof. (argue, generate)
6. Her deep … of her sister was evident. (hate)
7. Older people who live alone often need help with gardening and house … (maintain)
8. Positive attitude helps employees to get along with … and managers. (worker)
9. China’s air… has cut life … by an average of 5.5 years in the north of the country and caused higher rates of lung cancer. (pollute, expect)
10. It is much safer to use stainless steel or glass … instead of plastic ones. (contain)

Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки. Образуйте прилагательные.

1. My favorite … book is “Appetite” by Nigel Slater. (cooker)
2. Eating can also make you …, and so can waking up in the morning. (thirst)
3. You shouldn’t rest on your laurels but try to improve your … performance. (academy)
4. Highly … gas is naturally found in coal mines. (explode)
5. An … species is a species of organisms facing a very high risk of extinction. (danger)
6. The most… earthquake struck in Shanxi, China 1556. (disaster)
7. … exploitation of nature by man has resulted in the effects we have to deal with now. (thought)
8. Laos is a landlocked … country, widely covered by tropical forest. (mountain)
9. I decided to take a walk. It would be too … to wait in the queue. (tire)

Упражнение 3. Используйте отрицательные приставки. Образуйте подходящие по смыслу слова.

1. The service was slow and the waiter’s familiarity was … , so we left without paying. (accept)
2. Some children are a challenge, especially when they … in public places. (behaviour)
3. To my … , the restaurant was overbooked and we had to spend the evening at home. (appoint)
4. Michael was … about what dessert to order. (decide)
5. Parents’… of their children’s behaviour and life choices can ruin their lives. (approve)
6. There is a huge difference between … children and those merely … to listen to their parents’ advice. (obey, will)
7. Young children mustn’t be left … either at home or at public places. (attention)
8. She was frequently left alone by her … husband. (faith)
9. If you describe someone as …, you are criticising them because they are unable to do their job or a task properly or are … to act in this capacity. (competence, qualifications)
10. Banks are still seen as … and many people keep their savings at home. (security)

Упражнение 4. Раскройте скобки, образуйте глаголы.

1. Guar gum also is used in the food industry to … products like ice cream. (thick)
2. Old Manchester houses are made of red brick… by soot. (black)
3. David spotted the pink silk lampshade in a shop and thought it would … up the room. (bright)
4. Do we ever stop to think about the importance of the air we … ? (breath)
5. I’d like to … this dress for one in a larger size. (change)
6. They … 100 dollars from a bank account an hour ago. (draw)

Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки. Образуйте подходящие по смыслу слова.

1. Sometimes one’s … are the only people one can … in. (parental, confidence)
2. Many people … that getting a spouse can put them out of their…, which later… wrong, because sometimes marriage makes life more difficult. (belief, miserable, proof)
3. An … Roman … has been discovered in northwest England, (extend, settle)
4. The dining-room is elegantly … and … carpeted, (furniture, luxury)
5. Everyone is … of her having the chance to … abroad, (envy, student)
6. When employers look at… candidates, beyond skills, experience, and training, they look for those who demonstrate … (prospect, enthuse)
7. In the city the … and … were insufferable, (hot, humid)
8. Our planet’s… regions, located just north and south of the equator, are known for their… and … (tropic, warm, humid)
9. Next to Shakespeare, no … gets more love on Broadway than Tennessee Williams, (play)
10. During Elizabeth’s reign England significantly … its trade … and in 1580 Sir Francis Drake became the first Englishman to successfully … the earth, (expansion, sea, circumnavigation)

Упражнение 6. Образуйте слова от данных. Вставьте слова в текст.

A.

RESTORATION, LOOK, DEMOLITION, EXTEND, GOTH, ACCOMMODATE, PANELLING, UNEXPECTED

Located in Wiltshire, an outstanding and beautifully __________ (1), late ________ (2) style manor house was built of limestone. Originally it was a much larger property that was mostly ___________ (3). Solid in appearance and structure, it offers _________ (4) and well presented ___________ (5). As one would ___________ (6) there is a grand drawing room with oak _________ (7) walls and a large open fireplace. The large windows __________ (8) a parkland setting.

B.

FORM, ILLEGAL, EDUCATIONAL, QUALIFICATIONS, TUITION

Home education is when a child is __________ (1) at home rather than at school. It’s perfectly __________ (2) in the UK and one doesn’t need to be a __________ (3) teacher to do so. Children who are home educated receive all their education from their parents, sometimes with the help of outside __________ (4). If you decide to home educate your child you don’t have to follow __________ (5) rules about how you teach or when you teach.

C.

CHIEF, SEARCH, SCIENCE, INDUCE, COLLECT, APPLY, ADOPTION, FOUND

English philosopher, statesman, and jurist who rose to become Lei Chancellor (1618—1621) to James I but is __________ (1) remembered for the status he gave to __________ (2) research in England. Although his name is associated with the method of __________ (3) and the rejection of a priori reasoning in science, the painstaking __________ (4) of miscellaneous facts without any use of error theory which he supported in the Novum Organum has never been __________ (5)  as a practical method of __________ (6). The __________ (7) of the Baconian method was, however, an important object in the __________ (8) of the Royal Society some years later.

D.

DEPTH, HARMLESS, DESIRE, MODERATE, ACCESS

We’ve all heard of emotional eating. There’s also such a thing as emotional shopping. In __________ (1), neither of these activities is __________ (2), but in excess both can have serious consequences. The __________ (3) and the affordability of goods make shopping all the more appealing. For many compulsive buyers, a big part of the appeal of shopping is the process of searching out and obtaining that new, better, __________ (4) item. This process is so mesmerising that it often ruins long-term financial plans, leaving shoppers __________ (5) in debt.

Ответы к упражнениям на словообразование. Word building exercises – answers.

Exercise 1.

1 consumption, 2 icing, 3 nutrients, 4 motherhood/maternity, 5 arguments, generations, 6 hatred, 7 maintenance,  8 co-workers, 9 pollution, expectancy

Exercise 2.

1 cookery, 2 thirsty, 3 academic, 4 explosive, 5 endangered, 6 disastrous, 7 thoughtless, 8 mountainous, 9 tiresome

Exercise 3.

1 unacceptable, 2 misbehave, 3 disappointment, 4 indecisive, 5 disapproval, 6 disobedient, unwilling, 7 unattended,  8 unfaithful, 9 incompetent, unqualified, 10 insecure

Exercise 4.

1 thicken, 2 blackened, 3 brighten, 4 breathe, 5 exchange, 6 withdrew

Exercise 5.

1 parents, confide, 2 believe, misery, proves, 3 extensive, settlement, 4 furnished, luxuriously 5 envious, study, 6 prospective, enthusiasm, 7 heat, humidity, 8 tropic (al), warmth, humidity, 9 playwright, 10 expanded, oversea (s), circumnavigate

Exercise 6.

A

1 restored, 2 gothic, 3 demolished, 4 extensive 5 accommodation, 6 expect, 7 panel (l) ed, 8 overlook

B

1 educated, 2 legal, 3 qualified, 4 tutors, 5 formal

C

1 chiefly, 2 scientific, 3 induction,  4 collection, 5 adopted, 6 research, 7 application, 8 foundation

D.

1 moderation, 2 harmful, 3 accessibility, 4 desirable, 5 deeply

Надеюсь, эти упражнения на словообразование помогут Вам в изучении этого непростого раздела английского языка. Word building exercises are very useful!

Понравилось? Сохраните на будущее и поделитесь с друзьями!

Многие новые слова в английском языке образуются путем аффиксации, когда к началу или концу слова (корня) прибавляются префиксы en—joy, dis—like, re—read или суффиксы develop—ment, self—ish.

Аффиксы – префиксы и суффиксы. Префиксы стоят в начале слова, а суффиксы – в конце.

Префиксы, как правило, изменяют значение слова, но не меняют его принадлежности к той или иной части речи:

order (существительное) порядок — disorder (существительное) беспорядок.

Суффиксы служат для образования одной части речи их другой:

beauty (существительное) красота – beautiful (прилагательное) красивый.

Префиксы

Префиксы с отрицательным значением

Префиксы с отрицательным значением – un-, in-, dis-, non-.

Un-

comfortable – uncomfortable,

limited — unlimited.

Префикс un— иногда присоединяется к глаголам для выражения противоположного действия:

to load — to unload,

to lock — to unlock,

In-

ability — inability,

complete — incomplete.

Перед l префикс in— превращается в il-, перед r – в ir-, а перед m и p — в im-:

legal — illegal,

regular — irregular,

patient — impatient.

Dis—

Этот префикс выражает отрицание или противоположное действие:

отрицание противоположное действие

to like – to dislike, to appear – to disappear,

honest – dishonest, to arm — to disarm.

Non—

Слова с префиксом non— чаще всего пишутся через дефис:

conductor – non—conductor.

Префиксы с разными значениями

Префикс	Значение	Соответствие русской приставке	Примеры
anti-	отрицание	анти- противо-	fascist — antifascist
co-	между, взаимно	со-	existence – co-existence
counter-		контр-	attack — counterattack
ex-	бывший	экс-	champion — ex-champion
en-	делать		rich — enrich
inter-	между, среди, взаимно		national — international
mis-	неправильно, неверно		to understand – to misunderstand
over-	сверх, чрезмерно	пере-	to load – to overload
post-	после (противоположен по значению префиксу pre-)		war – postwar
pre-	перед, ранее	до-	historic — prehistoric
re-	снова, заново, вновь.	пере-	to read – to reread
sub-		под	division — subdivision
ultra-	ультра-, сверх		short — ultrashort
under-	недостаточно (противоположен по значению префиксу over-)		to pay — to underpay

Суффиксы

Суффиксы существительных

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
—age	а) действие, условие или резуль- тат; б) количественное значение или значение собирательности; в) место действия, место жительства	to marry – marriage acre — acreage herb – herbage to harbour — harbourage
-ance -ence	процесс, состояние или свойство	important – importance different — difference
-dom	абстрактные и собирательные существительные, обозначающие: а) общественный статус или яв- ление; б) состояние	king — kingdom free — freedom
-ее	лицо, на которое направлено действие	to address — addressee
—er, -or	действующее лицо	to sell – seller to visit — visitor
-ery, -ary, -ry	а) место; б) действие, род занятия или деятельности; поведение или связанное с ним качество; в) состояние или положение	to bind – bindery to rob – robbery chemist – chemistry slave — slavery
-hood	а) состояние, общественное поло- жение; б) качества, свойства; в) совокупность людей или семей-ные отношения	child — childhood saint — sainthood brother — brotherhood
-ian	национальная принадлежность	Russia — Russian
-ician	лицо по роду работы, занятий	mathematics — mathematician
-ion, -ation, -tion, -sion, -ssion	а) действие, процесс, состояние; б) абстрактное понятие; свойство, качество	to transform – transformation to accommodate — accomo-dation
—ism	отвлеченные имена существитель- ные	Marx — Marxism
—ist	профессия, принадлежность к партии, религии, философскому течению	to type — typist Marxist
-ment	a) действие, процесс, состояние; б) результат действия или продукт деятельности	to move – movement to improve – improvement
-ness	качество или состояние	hарру — happiness
-ship	а) положение человека в обществе; звание, должность, титул; б) умение, мастерство, искусство; занятие; с) чувство, отношение к чему-либо; д) абстрактные понятия	captain – captainship draftsman – draftsmanship comrade – comradeship citizen — citizenship
-ute, -ture	а) процесс, состояние; свойства; абстрактное понятие; б) сфера деятельности; офици-альное учреждение и его функции	to depart – departure portrait – portraiture
-y	абстрактные и собирательные существительные	soldier — soldiery

Exercises

1. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса –er или —or. Переведите на русский язык.

To act, to conduct, to compose, to direct, to drive, to fight, to found, to invent, to lead, to mine, to read, to report, to speak, to teach.

1. Образуйте от данных слов существительные при помощи суффиксов —ist, —ism, —ian. Переведите на русский язык.

Art, social, type, capital, music, international, piano, electric, Canada, Russia.

1. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса –ment. Переведите на русский язык.

To improve, to measure, to disappoint, to pave, to announce, to agree, to state, to govern, to require, to arrange, to move, to develop, to achieve.

1. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффиксов –ion, —ation, —sion, —ssion, —tion. Переведите на русский язык.

To collect, to combine, to connect, to dictate, to include, to introduce, to produce, to restrict, to submit.

1. Образуйте от данных прилагательных существительные с помощью суффикса –ness. Переведите на русский язык.

Bitter, absolute, damp, cold, dark, kind, happy, weak.

6. Образуйте как можно больше существительных, используя префиксы и суффиксы из таблицы. Можно пользоваться словарем.

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами – существительными.

7.

More and more often people are told not to be in direct sunlight, because ultraviolet (1)________ from the sun can cause skin cancer. Normally the ozone (2)________ in the atmosphere protects us from such radiation, if there are no holes in it. Many scientists think that these holes are the result of air (3)____________ . The air needs (4)________ and care. Man is beginning to understand that his (5)_________ is not just his own town or country, but the whole earth.

RADIATE LAY POLLUTE PROTECT ENVIRON

KEY: 1 radiation, 2 layer, 3 pollution, 4 protection, 5 environment.

8.

(1)__________ are proud of their Constitution. It was written more than 200 years ago and it is still working! But the people of the United states can change the Constitution. Changes in the Constitution are called (2)___________. The first ten of them are called the Bill of Rights. They were made in 1791. The Bill of Rights guarantees to people of the USA very important rights and (3)__________. Soon after the Civil War (1861-1865) there were three important amendments. The 13th amendment ended (4)_________ , the 14th amendment made all Black people (5)__________ of the United States, the 15th amendment gave Blacks the right to vote.

AMERICA AMEND FREE SLAVE CITY

Key: 1 Americans, 2 amendments, 3 freedoms, 4 slavery, 5 citizens.

9.

Lord Byron (1788-1824) didn’t live a long life. He was an aristocrat and a fashionable man. But he loved (1)_________ and a simple country life. His (2)_________ attracted Britain and all Europe. He brought to his (3)_________ romanticism of his times. He was talented and handsome, noble and brave. (4)_________ admired him. In 1812 he became famous after the (5)__________of his autobiographic poem “Childe Harold”.

FREE PERSONAL POET LONDON PUBLIC

KEY: 1 freedom, 2 personality, 3 poetry, 4 Londoners, 5 publication.

10.

I always wanted to be a great (1)_________. I had the dreams of discovering a new drug that would save the lives of hundreds of people. Unfortunately I was never good at (2)_________ at school and the teacher used to be very cross with me. After a while I decided I would become an (3)_________ and design an amazing new (4)_________ which would become a household name. A few weeks later I had a brilliant idea for a pen that would write upside down. To my (5)_________ a friend of mine pointed out that it was not a new (6)________.

SCIENCE SHEMIST INVENT PRODUCE DISAPPOINT DISCOVER

Key: 1 scientist, 2 chemistry, 3 inventor, 4 production, 5 disappointment, 6 discovery.

11.

The trade union (1) _____________ has a long and important history in Britain, but since 1980 the influence of trade unions has declined dramatically. Trade union (2)_____________ has fallen because of changes in the structure of (3)______ , including (4)__________, the shift away from manufacturing, the rise in smaller firms, the increase in part-time employment, and the constructing out of work. The Conservative government restricted unions’ (5)___________ to launch strikes and made unions legally responsible for the actions of(6)____________; this has considerably reduced union power and substantially decreased the number of strikes, called (7)____________.

MOVE MEMBER EMPLOY PRIVATIZE ABLE STRIKE STOP

Key: 1 movement, 2 membership, 3 employment, 4 privatization, 5 ability, 6 strikers, 7 stoppages.

Суффиксы прилагательных

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-able	а) возможность осуществления; б) обладание некоторым качест-вом	to change – changeable to comfort — comfortable
-al	подобие, сходство, обладание некоторым сходством	addition — additional
-an, -ian -ean	принадлежность к какой-нибудь народности, родовому клану; идеологическому течению, науч-ной школе и т. п	Arab — Arabian
-ant, -ent	cоответствующие существитель-ные имеют суффиксы –ant и —ent	importance – important difference — different
-ar	обладание чем-то, сходство с чем-то	circle — circular
-ary -ery	качество	diet — dietary
-en	сделанный из чего-либо	wood — wooden
-er	сравнительная степень прилага-тельных	big — bigger
-ern	прилагательные, образованные от названий сторон света	east — eastern
-ese	национальность или язык	China – Chinese
-est	превосходная степень прилага-тельных	tall – the tallest
-ic,	состав, структура чего-либо, отношение к чему-либо	drama — dramatic
—ish	а) национальная принадлежность; б) слабая степень качества (соответствует русским суффиксам –оват, еват)	Scotland – Scottish red — reddish
-ive	относящийся к, принадлежащий, связанный с	nature — native
-ful	наличие качества	beauty — beautiful
-less	отсутствие качества	hope — hopeless
-ous	обладающий данным свойством, признаком, характеристикой в значительной степени	danger — dangerous
-y	качество	stone — stony

Exercises

1. Образуйте от данных существительных прилагательные при помощи суффиксов –full и —less. Переведите их на русский язык.

Aim, care, beauty, hope, doubt, fruit, use, power, thank, harm, colour.

2. Образуйте от данных глаголов прилагательные при помощи суффиксов –able и —ible. Переведите их на русский язык.

To change, to eat, to compare, to convert, to profit, to read, to comfort, to respect, to expect.

3. Образуйте от данных существительных прилагательные при помощи суффикса –al. Переведите на русский язык.

Centre, culture, form, intellect, post, accident, comic.

4. Образуйте от данных существительных прилагательные при помощи суффикса –y. Переведите на русский язык.

Cloud, dirt, fog, frost, rain, sun, thirst, wind.

5. Образуйте как можно больше прилагательных, используя префиксы и суффиксы из таблицы. Можно пользоваться словарем.

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами – прилагательными.

6.

All my classmates say that I’m (1)________. I enjoy wearing (2)________ clothes. I like to look smart and (3)________. We can’t go through life with the same hairstyle or make-up. It’s very (4)_________ to follow fashion. I hate when people dress alike, because they buy clothes in “chain” stores. I prefer hand-made or design clothes. My classmates say that I’m (5)________, but it’s not a sin, is it? Sometimes I turn up in something really (6)_________. When you are up with fashion you feel you are individual.

TREND STYLE ATTRACT IMPORTANCE MATERIALIST EXTRAVAGANCE

Key: 1 trendy, 2 stylish, 3 attractive, 4 important, 5 materialistic, 6 extravagant.

7.

For (1)_________ people, the ‘Far East” is the broad coast along the Pacific Ocean, facing Alaska in the far north and Japan in the sub-tropical south, and including the large island of Sakhalin. Inland lie forests, mountains, lakes, rivers and marshes known as Siberia. Siberia is usually divided into Western and Eastern, the former is (2)________ and low-lying and rich in oil, the latter is (3)________and rich in minerals, gold and diamonds. The twenty million people who live in this region are mostly Russians and Ukrainians by origin. Besides there live other people. They all call themselves (4)_______ and speak of Russia as beginning west of the Urals.

RUSSIA MARSH MOUNTAIN SIBERIA

KEY: 1 Russian, 2 marshy, 3 mountainous, 4 Siberians.

8.

Water pollution is a serious (1)________ problem today. “Water, water everywhere, not any drop to drink,” said the sailor from Coleridge’s poem describing to a friend how awful it was to be without drinking water on a ship in the middle of the ocean. It is strange to think that the water around his ship was probably quite safe to drink. It was (2)________ — but not polluted. The sea waters today are much more (3)_________ . Many seas are used for dumping (4)________ and nuclear waste.

ECOLOGY SALT DANGER INDUSTRY

Key: 1 ecological, 2 salty, 3 dangerous, 4 industrial.

9.

The United States is a large country with many (1)__________ natural wonders. It goes from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to the islands of Hawaii in the Pacific, and from cold, snowy (2)__________ Alaska to (3)_________ Florida in the southeast. Also, it has many kinds of land – (4)________ coasts, dry empty deserts, (5)__________ rivers, wide plains and grasslands, lakes of all sizes, high mountains, great forests, sunny beaches and lands of (6)__________ winter. More than 250 million people live in the US. But the country is very big, so there is still a lot of open space and (7)_______ scenery outside the cities. Americans have tried to save many of the most (8)__________ wild areas of the United States. There are a lot of parks, forests and wildlands where you can enjoy the beauty and power of wild America. The Grand Canyon, Yosemite Valley, and Yellow-stone are among the most (9)________.

DIFFER NORTH SUN ROCK POWER END NATURE BEAUTY FAME

KEY: 1 different, 2 northern, 3 sunny, 4 rocky, 5 powerful, 6 endless, 7 natural, 8 beautiful, 9 famous.

10. Переведите следующие слова, выделите в них суффиксы и префиксы. Назовите часть речи.

Brotherhood, helpless, boredom, unequal, drinkable, golden, leader, Japanese, secondary, anti-fascist, similar, peacemaker, surgery, furniture, comical, convenient, acceptable, achievement, anonymous, academician, Georgian, disarmament, witty, hysterical, Buddhism, co-existence, scientific, materialist, radiant, rootless, international, measurement, underground, creature, dirty, agrarian, absoluteness, yellowy, inventor, technical, various, tactless, comradeship, creature, reddish.

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами – существительными и прилагательными.

11.

Alan Alexander Milne, the youngest of the family’s three sons, went to Westminster School at the age of 11 and then went on to Cambridge to become a (1)__________ . But he never did. Instead he became (2)_________ of the university journal “Granta” in which he published some of his light (3)_________ poems. Then he went to London hoping to earn his living as a (4)_______. By and by London magazines began to publish his (5)________ works, and in 1905 he published his first book, a shilling paper-back (6)_________ of humorous essays. Aged only 24 he was given a post of (7)________ editor of the (8)__________ magazine “Punch”.

MATHEMATICS EDIT HUMOUR WRITE WIT COLLECT ASSIST FAME

Key: 1 mathematician, 2 editor, 3 humorous, 4 writer, 5 witty, 6 collection, 7 assistant, 8 famous.

12.

The Olympic Games are an (1)___________ sports festival that began in ancient Greece. The (2)_________ Greek games took place every fourth year for several hundred years, until they were brought to an end in the early (3)__________ era. The Olympic games were renewed in 1896, and since then they have been staged every fourth years, except during World War I and World War II. Perhaps the main (4)_________ between ancient and modern Olympics is that for the ancient Greeks the Games were a way of saluting their gods, when the modern Games are a manner of saluting the (5)________ talents of people of all nation. The original Olympics included (6)__________ in music, oratory, and theatre (7)_________ as well. The modern Games haven’t got them, but they represent a lot more sports than before. For two weeks and a half any international conflicts must be stopped and replaced with friendly competitions. This is the noble idea on which the modern Olympic (8)________ is based.

NATION ORIGIN CHRIST DIFFER ATHLETE COMPETE PERFORM MOVE

Key: 1 international, 2 original, 3 Christian, 4 difference, 5 athletic, 6 competitions, 7 performances, 8 movement.

13.

The people of the United States are a (1)________ of many (2)________. Every American schoolchild learns that the United States is the big “melting pot” of countries. In a melting pot (3)________ metals are melted together to make a new metal. The United States is like a melting pot for people. In the past, people from many different (4)_________ countries came to the US and made one country out of many. These different people brought to their new land a (5)________ mixture of customs and traditions. The Germans brought Christmas trees, the Irish brought St. Patrick’s Day (6)__________, the Scots brought Hallowe’en.

MIX NATION DIFFER EUROPE WONDER CELEBRATE

Key: 1 mixture, 2 nationalities, 3 different, 4 European, 5 wonderful, 6 celebrations.

14.

Isn’t it (1)_________ to discover new places? Travel has always been a part of people’s (2)__________. It teaches people about art and culture. It teachers them to be understanding. You can also improve your knowledge of foreign languages. What is more, (3)________ is the basis of the biggest (4)________ in the world. Tourists spend a lot of money. Rich countries can sell cars and computers. But what can poor countries sell? Their (5)________ beaches and their wonderful countryside.

WONDER EDUCATE TOUR BUSY BEAUTY

Key: 1 wonderful, 2 education,3 tourism, 4 business, 5 beautiful.

15.

There are amateur cricket clubs all over England, but there is a big (1)_________ between the amateur and the (2)_________ cricketer. The amateur cannot get money for the game. The professional (3)_________ is in a much (4)__________ class. He has to learn many kinds of skills. He has to be an athlete, to run fast and jump and turn like a gymnast. He must be (5)___________, and must not let other (6)_____________ be (7)__________ with him.

DIFFER PROFESSION CRICKET HIGH PATIENCE PLAY HONEST

Key: 1 difference, 2 professional, 3 cricketer, 4 higher, 5 patient, 6 players, 7 dishonest.

16.

This museum is the world’s (1)_______ museum of (2)_________ arts. It houses many of the world’s (3)_________ treasures. Here you’ll find the national collection of (4)_________, furniture, music instruments, textiles and dress, ceramics and glass, silver and (5)_________ from European and non-western countries.________

FINE DECORATE GREAT SCULPT JEWEL

Key: 1 finest, 2 decorative, 3 greatest, 4 sculpture, 5 jewellery.

17.

Action films? What a bore! Criminals, shooting, (1)________. Nothing else. I agree that such films have the right to exist. They have some positive features. They are dynamic, (2)________ and full of special effects. But they are (3)_________. I can’t believe one man can win over the Mafia. Some people watch (4)_________ to cool off and such films are good for them. But other people can get sick and (5)________ especially teenagers. There are (6)_________ ways to cool off, I think.

EXPLOSIVE DRAMA REAL VIOLENT NERVE GOOD

Key: 1 explosions, 2 dramatic, 3 unrealistic, 4 violence, 5 nervous, 6 better.

Суффиксы глаголов

Глагол несет значение соответствующего прилагательного или существительного, на основе которого он сформирован.

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-ate	делать, осуществлять	active — activate
—en	действие, придающее качество, выраженное в основе глагола	sharp – to sharpen
—fy, —ify	делать, осуществлять, превращать	simple — simplify
-ize(AE) -ise(BE)	вести себя подобно, проводить ту или иную политику или производить действие	private — privatize

Exercises

1. Образуйте от данных прилагательных глаголы, используя суффикс –en. Переведите на русский язык.

Black, sharp, short, red, soft, deep, dark, bright, weak white, sweet, wide.

2. Образуйте от данных прилагательных глаголы, используя суффикс –fy. Переведите на русский язык.

Simple, pure, beauty, solid, identic(al), false intense.

3. Образуйте от данных существительных глаголы, используя суффикс –ize(ise). Переведите на русский язык.

Character, crystal, sympathy, agony, apology.

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами – глаголами.

4.

Like many modern developed countries, The United Kingdom has a mixed economy. This means that some sectors of economy are operated by the government and some are operated by private business. Since World War II, Britain has worked to (1)_________ the mix of private and public enterprises in order to (2)_________ the country’s economy and (3)_________ the economic well-being of its citizens. After World War II the government (4)__________, or took over, a number of large and troubled industries. These included coal, electricity, transport, gas, oil, steel, car and truck manufacturing, shipbuilding and aircraft building. Since the 1950s, the government has (5)________ a number of these industries, selling them to private firms.

EQUAL MAXIMUM SURE NATION PRIVATE

Key: 1 equalize, 2 maximize, 3 ensure, 4 nationalized, 5 privatized.

Суффиксы наречий

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-ly	наречие с тем же качеством, что и слово, от которого оно образовано	bad — badly
-wards -ward	направление или направленность	after – afterwards home — homeward

Exercises

1. Образуйте наречия при помощи суффикса –ly и переведите их.

Silent, wide, cruel, happy, rapid, quick, part, first, extreme.

Суффиксы числительных

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-teen	числительные от 13 до 19	six — sixteen
—ty	десятки	six- sixty
-th	порядковые числительные	six- sixth

Exercises

1. Напишите противоположное по значению слово, используя префиксы. Можно пользоваться словарем.

Appear, kind, join, equal, normal, credible, friendly, employed, trust, cover, known, use, important, honest, professional, safe, fair, pleased, emotional, pack, correct, agree, possible, regular, understand, definite, legal, like, advice.

2. Выделите словообразующие элементы, исходное слово, определите, к какой части речи относятся данные слова. Переведите на русский язык.

Weakly – weakness – to weaken, bitterly – bitterness, unhappy — happily – happiness, suddenly – suddenness, equally – unequal – equality, to enrich – enrichment, patiently – impatient – patience, irresponsible – responsibility, unstable – stability – to stabilize – stabilization, harmful – harmless – harmlessness, glorious – inglorious –to glorify, to discontinue – continuation – continual – continually, relation – relative – relatively, attractive – unattractive – attraction.

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Подумайте над следующими вопросами:

1. Каким членом предложения является пропущенное слово?

2. Какой частью речи этот член предложения выражен (обратите внимание на исходную форму слова, напечатанную заглавными буквами на полях)?

3. Какая грамматическая форма образуется по контексту?

4. Каковы особенности правописания этой формы?

3.

The individual states all have (1)________ forms of government with a senate and a house. There is only one (2)_________, Nebraska, which has only one (3)________ body of 49 senators. All have (4)________ branches headed by state governors and (5)_________ court systems. Each state has its own constitution. But all must respect the federal laws and not make laws that interfere with the laws of the other states. The Us Constitution determines federal(6)__________. All other (7)__________ belong to the states and to the local (8)__________ .

REPUBLIC ECEPT LEGISLATE EXECUTE DEPEND RESPONSIBLE AUTOMATICAL COMMUNE

Key: 1 republican, 2 exception, 3 legislative, 4 executive, 5 independent, 6 responsibilities, 7 automatically, 8 communities.

4.

Bike (1)_________ appeared in Russia with the (2)___________ of Moscow motorbike club ‘Night Wolves’. (3)__________ it was founded on May 31,1989. But the core of it appeared in the early 80s. A (4)__________ in Russia prefers a heavy bike like Harley Davidson and a leather jacket. The club is so (5)________ not only in Russia but also all over the world that the first Russian Bike Show, which took place in 1995, attracted a lot of guests from abroad.

CULTURE APPEAR OFFICIAL BIKE FAME

Key: 1 subculture, 2 appearance, 3 officially, 4 biker, 5 famous.

5.

Football (soccer) is the (1)________ sport, and British club teams are often (2)________ in Europe. But British football today has a bad fame at home and abroad, because of the (3)_________ of some groups of fans who get drunk and fight with each other. Most British fans (4)_________ violence and help the police to put an end to it.

NATION SUCCESS VIOLENT LIKE

Key: 1 national, 2 successful, 3 violence, 4 dislike.

6.

In Britain people (1)________ pay compliments on the things they like about the people they are talking to. They also expect to hear “Thank you!” in response to a compliment. Besides, they add something to keep the (2)________ going. In Britain people usually do not (3)_________ with compliments. Sometimes they pay a compliment in return. Too many compliments may be interpreted as (4)_______. But not enough compliments may be interpreted as a sign of (5)_________.

USUAL CONVERSE AGREE SINCERE LIKE

Key: 1 usually, 2 conversation, 3 disagree, 4 insincerity, 5 dislike.

7.

Every year more than eleven million tourists visit Britain. In fact, tourism is an (1)__________ industry, employing thousands of people. Most (2)__________ come in the summer months when they can expect good weather. Tourists (3)_________ spend a few days in London, then go on to other well-known cities. Perhaps the least visited places in England are old (4)_________ towns. But many people think that nineteenth-century cities show the (5)_________ of Britain. The (6)_________ of the past is to be still seen in their old streets.

IMPORTANCE VISIT USUAL INDUSTRY REAL GREAT

Key: 1 important, 2 visitors, 3 usually, 4 industrial, 5 reality, 6 greatness.

Test

1. Выделите словообразующие элементы, исходное слово, определите, к какой части речи относятся данные слова. Переведите на русский язык.

Patiently – impatient – patience, unstable – stability – to stabilize – stabilization, possibly – impossible – possibility, inattention – attentive – attentively, helpless – helplessly – helplessness, limitation – unlimited – limitless, to coexist – existent – existence – coexistence, to disappear- to reappear – appearance – disappearance.

2. Образуйте как можно больше существительных, используя префиксы и суффиксы из таблицы.

3. От данных прилагательных образуйте прилагательные, используя префиксы in-, un— il-, ir-, im-, dis-, ultra-.

Happy, honest, patient, comfortable, legal, short, possible, modern, responsible, direct, logical.

4. Образуйте прилагательные, используя суффиксы –able, -al, -ant, -ent, -ful, -ish,-less.

To differ, to eat, to compare, brown, care, to resist, use, fruit, home, to resist, form, shame.

5. Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.

The English language is (1)________ growing and changing. No one has ever included every word from the language in a single dictionary. To do that would mean to (2)_______ the dictionary every day, which is (3)________. But people have a lot of (4)________ about the growing and (5)________of the language, its (6)_________ . Scholars have (7)________ ideas of how any new (8)________ contributes to the process of new words (9)________. When people are faced with a new (10)________ and they do not have a word for its (11)________, they sometimes make up one. But no one makes a formal (12)________ about it.

CONSTANT WRITE POSSIBLE INFORM DEVELOP EXPAND VARY DISCOVER ADOPT SITUATE DESCRIBE DECIDE

Key: 1 constantly, 2 rewrite, 3 impossible, 4 information, 5 development, 6 expansion, 7 various, 8 discovery, 9 adoption, 10 situation, 11 description, 12 decision.

В 2008 году закончился эксперимент по введению Единого государственного экзамена (ЕГЭ), а с 2009 года для всех выпускников и желающих поступить в вузы ЕГЭ стал обязательным. Согласно официальным данным  раздел «Грамматика и лексика», где проверяется языковая компетенция выпускников,  экзаменуемые выполняют хуже, чем разделы «Аудирование» и «Чтение», поэтому подготовка к нему требует серьезного внимания.  Но особенно трудными для выпускников являются задания на словообразование.

 
настроение: рабочее

ключевые слова: словообразующие элементы, префиксы, суффиксы, система упражнений, грамматические формы, лексическое соответствие

город: Балаково, Саратовская обл.

e-mail: korolyeva@i-yazyki.ru

 
В разных учебниках упражнения на словообразование встречаются, но должной систематизации нет ни в одном из них.
В связи с этим у меня возникла необходимость создать систему упражнений вместе со справочником по обобщению и систематизации знаний учащихся по теме «Словообразование». Основу упражнений составляют тексты для чтения из учебников (авторов В.П. Кузовлева и О.В. Афанасьевой), из которых выделены слова на необходимые правила словообразования.

На первый взгляд может показаться, что таких упражнений в любом сборнике много. Но структура данной подборки такова, что систематизация проводится от простого к сложному, с увеличением и расширением информации. Сначала учащиеся упражняются в словообразовании при помощи аффиксов только существительных, затем только прилагательных, затем существительных и прилагательных, после этого добавляются глаголы, наречия и числительные. Есть упражнения на распознавание суффиксов различных частей речи, на определение состава слов. Заканчивается подборка упражнений контрольной работой, которая включает в себя все виды упражнений.

Данная система упражнений может быть использована в подготовке учащихся средней школы к Единому государственному экзамену.

Многие слова в английском языке образуются путем аффиксации, когда
к началу или концу слова (корня) прибавляются префиксы en-joy, dis—like, re-read или суффиксы develop-ment, self-ish.

Аффиксы — префиксы и суффиксы. Префиксы стоят в начале слова,
а суффиксы — в конце.

Префиксы, как правило, изменяют значение слова, но не меняют его принадлежности к той или иной части речи:
order (существительное) порядок — disorder (существительное) беспорядок.

Суффиксы служат в основном для образования одной части речи из другой:
beauty (существительное) красота — beautiful (прилагательное) красивый.

Префиксы

Префиксы с отрицательным значением

Префиксы с отрицательным значением — un-, in-, dis-, non-.

Un-
comfortable — uncomfortable,
limited — unlimited.
Префикс un— иногда присоединяется к глаголам для выражения противоположного действия:
to load — to unload,
to lock — to unlock.

In-
ability — inability,
complete — incomplete.
Перед l префикс in— превращается в il-, перед r — в ir-,
а перед m и p — в im-:
legal — illegal,
regular — irregular,
patient — impatient.

Dis—
Этот префикс выражает отрицание или противоположное действие:
отрицание противоположное действие
to like — to dislike, to appear — to disappear,
honest — dishonest, to arm — to disarm.

Non—
Слова с префиксом non- чаще всего пишутся через дефис:
conductor — non-conductor.

Префиксы с разными значениями

Префикс	Значение	Соответствие русской приставке	Примеры
anti-	отрицание	анти- противо-	fascist — anti-fascist
co-	между, взаимно	со-	existence — coexistence
counter-		контр-	attack — counterattack
ex-	бывший	экс-	champion — ex-champion
en-	делать		rich — enrich
inter-	между, среди, взаимно	интер-	national — international
mis-	неправильно, неверно		to understand — to misunderstand
over-	сверх, чрезмерно	пере-	to load — to overload
post-	после (противоположен по значению префиксу pre-)	пост-	war — postwar
pre-	перед, ранее	до-	historic — prehistoric
re-	снова, заново, вновь	пере-	to read — to reread
sub-	под	под-, суб-	division — subdivision
ultra-	ультра-, сверх		short — ultrashort
under-	недостаточно(противоположен по значению префиксу over-)	недо-	to pay — to underpay

Суффиксы

Суффиксы существительных

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
—age	а) действие, условие или результат; б) количественное значение или значение собирательности; в) место действия, место жительства	to marry — marriage acre — acreage herb — herbage to harbour — harbourage
-ance, -ence	процесс, состояние или свойство	important — importance different — difference
-dom	абстрактные и собирательные существительные, обозначающие: а) общественный статус или явление; б) состояние	king — kingdom free — freedom
-ее	лицо, на которое направлено действие	to address — addressee
—er, -or	действующее лицо	to sell — seller to visit — visitor
-ery, -ary, -ry	а) место; б) действие, род занятия или деятельности; поведение или связанное с ним качество; в) состояние или положение	to bind — bindery to rob — robbery chemist — chemistry  slave — slavery
-hood	а) состояние, общественное положение; б) качества, свойства; в) совокупность людей или семейные отношения	child — childhood saint — sainthood brother — brotherhood
-ian	национальная принадлежность	Russia — Russian
-ician	лицо по роду работы, занятий	mathematics — mathematician
-ion, -ation, -tion, -sion, -ssion	а) действие, процесс, состояние; б) абстрактное понятие; свойство, качество	to transform — transformation to accommodate — accomodation
—ism	отвлеченные имена существительные	Marx — Marxism
—ist	профессия, принадлежность к партии, религии, философскому течению	to type — typist Marxist
-ment	a) действие, процесс, состояние; б) результат действия или продукт деятельности	to move — movement to improve — improvement
-ness	качество или состояние	hарру — happiness
-ship	а) положение человека в обществе; звание, должность, титул; б) умение, мастерство, искусство; занятие; с) чувство, отношение к чему-либо; д) абстрактные понятия	captain — captainship aaaaaaaa draftsman — draftsmanship comrade — comradeship citizen — citizenship
-ute, -ture	а) процесс, состояние; свойства; абстрактное понятие; б) сфера деятельности; официальное учреждение и его функции	to depart — departure portrait — portraiture
-y	абстрактные и собирательные существительные	soldier — soldiery

Exercises

1. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса —er или —or. Переведите на русский язык.
To act, to conduct, to compose, to direct, to drive, to fight, to found, to invent, to lead, to mine, to read, to report, to speak, to teach.

2. Образуйте от данных слов существительные при помощи суффиксов —ist, —ism, —ian. Переведите на русский язык.
Art, social, type, capital, music, international, piano, electric, Canada, Russia.

3. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса —ment. Переведите на русский язык.
To improve, to measure, to disappoint, to pave, to announce, to agree, to state, to govern, to require, to arrange, to move, to develop, to achieve.

4. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффиксов —ion, —ation, —sion, —ssion, —tion. Переведите на русский язык.
To collect, to combine, to connect, to dictate, to include, to introduce, to produce, to restrict, to submit.

5. Образуйте от данных прилагательных существительные с помощью суффикса —ness. Переведите на русский язык.
Bitter, absolute, damp, cold, dark, kind, happy, weak.

6. Образуйте как можно больше существительных, используя префиксы и суффиксы из таблицы. Можно пользоваться словарем.

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами — существительными.

7.

More and more often people are told not to be in direct sunlight, because ultraviolet (1)________ from the sun can cause skin cancer. Normally the ozone (2)________ in the atmosphere protects us from such radiation, if there are no holes in it. Many scientists think that these holes are the result of air (3)____________ . The air needs (4)________ and care. Man is beginning to understand that his (5)_________ is not just his own town or country, but the whole earth.

aaaaaaaa RADIATE  LAY aaaaaaaa POLLUTE PROTECT ENVIRON

Key: 1 radiation, 2 layer, 3 pollution, 4 protection, 5 environment.

8.

(1)__________ are proud of their Constitution. It was written more than 200 years ago and it is still working! But the people of the United states can change the Constitution. Changes in the Constitution are called (2)___________. The first ten of them are called the Bill of Rights. They were made in 1791. The Bill of Rights guarantees to people of the USA very important rights and (3)__________. Soon after the Civil War (1861-1865) there were three important amendments. The 13th amendment ended (4)_________ , the 14th amendment made all Black people (5)__________ of the United States, the 15th amendment gave Blacks the right to vote.

AMERICA AMEND aaaaaaaa FREE aaaaaaaa SLAVE CITY

Key: 1 Americans, 2 amendments, 3 freedoms, 4 slavery, 5 citizens.

9.

Lord Byron (1788-1824) didn’t live a long life. He was an aristocrat and a fashionable man. But he loved (1)_________ and a simple country life. His (2)_________ attracted Britain and all Europe. He brought to his (3)_________ romanticism of his times. He was talented and handsome, noble and brave. (4)_________ admired him. In 1812 he became famous after the (5)__________of his autobiographic poem “Childe Harold”.

FREE PERSONAL POET LONDON PUBLIC

Key: 1 freedom, 2 personality, 3 poetry, 4 Londoners, 5 publication.

10.

I always wanted to be a great (1)_________. I had the dreams of discovering a new drug that would save the lives of hundreds of people. Unfortunately I was never good at (2)_________ at school and the teacher used to be very cross with me. After a while I decided I would become an (3)_________ and design an amazing new (4)_________ which would become a household name. A few weeks later I had a brilliant idea for a pen that would write upside down. To my (5)_________ a friend of mine pointed out that it was not a new (6)________.

SCIENCE aaaaaaaa SHEMIST INVENT PRODUCE aaaaaaaa DISAPPOINT DISCOVER

Key: 1 scientist, 2 chemistry, 3 inventor, 4 production, 5 disappointment,
6 discovery.

11.

The trade union (1) _____________ has a long and important history in Britain, but since 1980 the influence of trade unions has declined dramatically. Trade union (2)_____________ has fallen because of changes in the structure of (3)______ , including (4)__________, the shift away from manufacturing, the rise in smaller firms, the increase in part-time employment, and the constructing out of work. The Conservative government restricted unions’ (5)______ to launch strikes and made unions legally responsible for the actions of(6)_______; this has considerably reduced union power and substantially decreased the number of strikes, called (7)_______.

MOVE aaaaaaaa MEMBER EMPLOY PRIVATIZE ABLE STRIKE STOP

Key: 1 movement, 2 membership, 3 employment, 4 privatization, 5 ability,
6 strikers, 7 stoppages.

Суффиксы прилагательных

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-able	а) возможность осуществления; б) обладание некоторым качеством	to change — changeable to comfort — comfortable
-al	подобие, сходство, обладание некоторым сходством	addition — additional
-an, -ian, -ean	принадлежность к какой-нибудь народности, родовому клану; идеологическому течению, научной школе и т. п	Arab — Arabian
-ant, -ent	соответствующие существительные имеют суффиксы –ant и -ent	importance — important difference — different
-ar	обладание чем-то, сходство с чем-то	circle — circular
-ary, -ery	качество	diet — dietary
-en	сделанный из чего-либо	wood — wooden
-er	сравнительная степень прилагательных	big — bigger
-ern	прилагательные, образованные от названий сторон света	east — eastern
-ese	национальность или язык	China — Chinese
-est	превосходная степень прилагательных	tall — the tallest
-ic	состав, структура чего-либо, отношение к чему-либо	drama — dramatic
—ish	а) национальная принадлежность; б) слабая степень качества (соответствует русским суффиксам –оват, еват)	Scotland — Scottish red — reddish
-ive	относящийся к, принадлежащий, связанный с	nature — native
-ful	наличие качества	beauty — beautiful
-less	отсутствие качества	hope — hopeless
-ous	обладающий данным свойством, признаком, характеристикой в значительной степени	danger — dangerous
-y	качество	stone — stony

Exercises

1. Образуйте от данных существительных прилагательные при помощи суффиксов —full и —less. Переведите их на русский язык.
Aim, care, beauty, hope, doubt, fruit, use, power, thank, harm, colour.

2. Образуйте от данных глаголов прилагательные при помощи суффиксов —able и —ible. Переведите их на русский язык.
To change, to eat, to compare, to convert, to profit, to read, to comfort, to respect, to expect.

3. Образуйте от данных существительных прилагательные при помощи суффикса —al. Переведите на русский язык.
Centre, culture, form, intellect, post, accident, comic.

4. Образуйте от данных существительных прилагательные при помощи суффикса —y. Переведите на русский язык.
Cloud, dirt, fog, frost, rain, sun, thirst, wind.

5. Образуйте как можно больше прилагательных, используя префиксы и суффиксы из таблицы. Можно пользоваться словарем.

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами — прилагательными.

6.

All my classmates say that I’m (1)________. I enjoy wearing (2)________ clothes. I like to look smart and (3)________. We can’t go through life with the same hairstyle or make-up. It’s very (4)_________ to follow fashion. I hate when people dress alike, because they buy clothes in “chain” stores. I prefer hand-made or design clothes. My classmates say that I’m (5)________, but it’s not a sin, is it? Sometimes I turn up in something really (6)_________. When you are up with fashion you feel you are individual.

TREND STYLE ATTRACT IMPORTANCE  MATERIALIST EXTRAVAGANCE

Key: 1 trendy, 2 stylish, 3 attractive, 4 important, 5 materialistic,
6 extravagant.

7.

For (1)_________ people, the ‘Far East” is the broad coast along the Pacific Ocean, facing Alaska in the far north and Japan in the sub-tropical south, and including the large island of Sakhalin. Inland lie forests, mountains, lakes, rivers and marshes known as Siberia. Siberia is usually divided into Western and Eastern, the former is (2)________ and low- lying and rich in oil, the latter is (3)________and rich in minerals, gold and diamonds. The twenty million people who live in this region are mostly Russians and Ukrainians by origin. Besides there live other people. They all call themselves (4)_______ and speak of Russia as beginning west of the Urals.

RUSSIA MARSH MOUNTAIN SIBERIA

Key: 1 Russian, 2 marshy, 3 mountainous, 4 Siberians.

8.

Water pollution is a serious (1)________ problem today. “Water, water everywhere, not any drop to drink,” said the sailor from Coleridge’s poem describing to a friend how awful it was to be without drinking water on a ship in the middle of the ocean. It is strange to think that the water around his ship was probably quite safe to drink. It was (2)________ — but not polluted. The sea waters today are much more (3)_________ . Many seas are used for dumping (4)________ and nuclear waste.

ECOLOGY SALT DANGER INDUSTRY

Key: 1 ecological, 2 salty, 3 dangerous, 4 industrial.

9.

The United States is a large country with many (1)__________ natural wonders. It goes from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to the islands of Hawaii in the Pacific, and from cold, snowy (2)__________ Alaska to (3)_________ Florida in the southeast. Also, it has many kinds of land — (4)________ coasts, dry empty deserts, (5)__________ rivers, wide plains and grasslands, lakes of all sizes, high mountains, great forests, sunny beaches and lands of (6)__________ winter. More than 250 million people live in the US. But the country is very big, so there is still a lot of open space and (7)_______ scenery outside the cities. Americans have tried to save many of the most (8)__________ wild areas of the United States. There are a lot of parks, forests and wildlands where you can enjoy the beauty and power of wild America. The Grand Canyon, Yosemite Valley, and Yellow-stone are among the most (9)________.

DIFFER aaaaaaaa NORTH SUN ROCK POWER aaaaaaaa END NATURE BEAUTY aaaaaaaa FAME

Key: 1 different, 2 northern, 3 sunny, 4 rocky, 5 powerful,
6 endless, 7 natural, 8 beautiful, 9 famous.

10. Переведите следующие слова, выделите в них суффиксы и префиксы. Назовите часть речи.

Brotherhood, helpless, boredom, unequal, drinkable, golden, leader, Japanese, secondary, anti-fascist, similar, peacemaker, surgery, furniture, comical, convenient, acceptable, achievement, anonymous, academician, Georgian, disarmament, witty, hysterical, Buddhism, coexistence, scientific, materialist, radiant, rootless, international, measurement, underground, creature, dirty, agrarian, absoluteness, yellowy, inventor, technical, various, tactless, comradeship, creature, reddish.

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами — существительными и прилагательными.

11.

Alan Alexander Milne, the youngest of the family’s three sons, went to Westminster School at the age of 11 and then went on to Cambridge to become a (1)__________ . But he never did. Instead he became (2)_________ of the university journal “Granta” in which he published some of his light (3)_________ poems. Then he went to London hoping to earn his living as a (4)_______. By and by London magazines began to publish his (5)________ works, and in 1905 he published his first book, a shilling paper-back (6)_________ of humorous essays. Aged only 24 he was given a post of (7)________ editor of the (8)__________ magazine “Punch”.

aaaaaaaa MATHEMATICS EDIT HUMOUR WRITE WIT COLLECT ASSIST FAME

Key: 1 mathematician, 2 editor, 3 humorous, 4 writer, 5 witty,
6 collection, 7 assistant, 8 famous.

12.

The Olympic Games are an (1)___________ sports festival that began in ancient Greece. The (2)_________ Greek games took place every fourth year for several hundred years, until they were brought to an end in the early (3)__________ era. The Olympic games were renewed in 1896, and since then they have been staged every fourth years, except during World War I and World War II. Perhaps the main (4)_________ between ancient and modern Olympics is that for the ancient Greeks the Games were a way of saluting their gods, when the modern Games are a manner of saluting the (5)________ talents of people of all nation. The original Olympics included (6)__________ in music, oratory, and theatre (7)_________ as well. The modern Games haven’t got them, but they represent a lot more sports than before. For two weeks and a half any international conflicts must be stopped and replaced with friendly competitions. This is the noble idea on which the modern Olympic (8)________ is based.

NATION ORIGIN CHRIST DIFFER aaaaaaaa ATHLETE aaaaaaaa COMPETE PERFORM aaaaaaaa MOVE

Key: 1 international, 2 original, 3 Christian, 4 difference, 5 athletic,
6 competitions, 7 performances, 8 movement.

13.

The people of the United States are a (1)________ of many (2)________. Every American schoolchild learns that the United States is the big “melting pot” of countries. In a melting pot (3)________ metals are melted together to make a new metal. The United States is like a melting pot for people. In the past, people from many different (4)_________ countries came to the US and made one country out of many. These different people brought to their new land a (5)________ mixture of customs and traditions. The Germans brought Christmas trees, the Irish brought St. Patrick’s Day (6)__________, the Scots brought Hallowe’en.

MIX NATION  DIFFER aaaaaaaa EUROPE aaaaaaaa WONDER CELEBRATE

Key: 1 mixture, 2 nationalities, 3 different, 4 European, 5 wonderful,
6 celebrations.

14.

Isn’t it (1)_________ to discover new places? Travel has always been a part of people’s (2)__________. It teaches people about art and culture. It teachers them to be understanding. You can also improve your knowledge of foreign languages. What is more, (3)________ is the basis of the biggest (4)________ in the world. Tourists spend a lot of money. Rich countries can sell cars and computers. But what can poor countries sell? Their (5)________ beaches and their wonderful countryside.

WONDER EDUCATE  TOUR BUSY aaaaaaaa BEAUTY

Key: 1 wonderful, 2 education,3 tourism, 4 business, 5 beautiful.

15.

There are amateur cricket clubs all over England, but there is a big (1)_________ between the amateur and the (2)_________ cricketer. The amateur cannot get money for the game. The professional (3)_________ is in a much (4)__________ class. He has to learn many kinds of skills. He has to be an athlete, to run fast and jump and turn like a gymnast. He must be (5)___________, and must not let other (6)_____________ be (7)__________ with him.

aaaaaaaa DIFFER PROFESSION  CRICKET HIGH aaaaaaaa PATIENCE PLAY HONEST

Key: 1 difference, 2 professional, 3 cricketer, 4 higher, 5 patient, 6 players,
7 dishonest.

16.

This museum is the world’s (1)_______ museum of (2)_________ arts. It houses many of the world’s (3)_________ treasures. Here you’ll find the national collection of (4)_________, furniture, music instruments, textiles and dress, ceramics and glass, silver and (5)_________ from European and non-western countries.

FINE DECORATE GREAT SCULPT  JEWEL

Key: 1 finest, 2 decorative, 3 greatest, 4 sculpture, 5 jewellery.

17.

Action films? What a bore! Criminals, shooting, (1)________. Nothing else. I agree that such films have the right to exist. They have some positive features. They are dynamic, (2)________ and full of special effects. But they are (3)_________. I can’t believe one man can win over the Mafia. Some people watch (4)_________ to cool off and such films are good for them. But other people can get sick and (5)________ especially teenagers. There are (6)_________ ways to cool off, I think.

aaaaaaaa EXPLOSIVE  DRAMA REAL VIOLENT NERVE GOOD

Key: 1 explosions, 2 dramatic, 3 unrealistic, 4 violence, 5 nervous, 6 better.

Суффиксы глаголов

Глагол несет значение соответствующего прилагательного или существительного, на основе которого он сформирован.

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-ate	делать, осуществлять	active — activate
—en	действие, придающее качество, выраженное в основе глагола	sharp — to sharpen
—fy, —ify	делать, осуществлять, превращать	simple — simplify
-ize(AE), -ise(BE)	вести себя подобно, проводить ту или иную политику или производить действие	private — privatize

Exercises

1. Образуйте от данных прилагательных глаголы, используя суффикс —en. Переведите на русский язык.

Black, sharp, short, red, soft, deep, dark, bright, weak white, sweet, wide.

2. Образуйте от данных прилагательных глаголы, используя суффикс —fy. Переведите на русский язык.

Simple, pure, beauty, solid, identic(al), false intense.

3. Образуйте от данных существительных глаголы, используя суффикс —ize(ise). Переведите на русский язык.

Character, crystal, sympathy, agony, apology.

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами — глаголами.

4.

Like many modern developed countries, The United Kingdom has a mixed economy. This means that some sectors of economy are operated by the government and some are operated by private business. Since World War II, Britain has worked to (1)_________ the mix of private and public enterprises in order to (2)_________ the country’s economy and (3)_________ the economic well-being of its citizens. After World War II the government (4)__________, or took over, a number of large and troubled industries. These included coal, electricity, transport, gas, oil, steel, car and truck manufacturing, shipbuilding and aircraft building. Since the 1950s, the government has (5)________ a number of these industries, selling them to private firms.

EQUAL MAXIMUM SURE NATION aaaaaaaa PRIVATE

Key: 1 equalize, 2 maximize, 3 ensure, 4 nationalized, 5 privatized.

Суффиксы наречий

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-ly	наречие с тем же качеством, что и слово, от которого оно образовано	bad — badly
-wards, -ward	направление или направленность	after — afterwards home — homeward

Exercises

1. Образуйте наречия при помощи суффикса —ly и переведите их.

Silent, wide, cruel, happy, rapid, quick, part, first, extreme.

Суффиксы числительных

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-teen	числительные от 13 до 19	six — sixteen
—ty	десятки	six — sixty
-th	порядковые числительные	six — sixth

Exercises

1. Напишите противоположное по значению слово, используя префиксы. Можно пользоваться словарем.

Appear, kind, join, equal, normal, credible, friendly, employed, trust, cover, known, use, important, honest, professional, safe, fair, pleased, emotional, pack, correct, agree, possible, regular, understand, definite, legal, like, advice.

2. Выделите словообразующие элементы, исходное слово, определите, к какой части речи относятся данные слова. Переведите на русский язык.

Weakly — weakness — to weaken, bitterly — bitterness, unhappy —
happily — happiness, suddenly — suddenness, equally — unequal — equality, to enrich — enrichment, patiently — impatient — patience, irresponsible — responsibility, unstable — stability — to stabilize — stabilization, harmful — harmless — harmlessness, glorious — inglorious –to glorify, to discontinue — continuation — continual — continually, relation — relative — relatively, attractive — unattractive — attraction.

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Подумайте над следующими вопросами:

1) Каким членом предложения является пропущенное слово?
2) Какой частью речи этот член предложения выражен (обратите внимание на исходную форму слова, напечатанную заглавными буквами на полях)?
3) Какая грамматическая форма образуется по контексту?
4) Каковы особенности правописания этой формы?

3.

The individual states all have (1)________ forms of government with a senate and a house. There is only one (2)_________, Nebraska, which has only one (3)________ body of 49 senators. All have (4)________ branches headed by state governors and (5)_________ court systems. Each state has its own constitution. But all must respect the federal laws and not make laws that interfere with the laws of the other states. The US Constitution determines federal(6)__________. All other (7)__________ belong to the states and to the local (8)__________ .

REPUBLIC ECEPT LEGISLATE EXECUTE DEPEND RESPONSIBLE AUTOMATICAL COMMUNE

Key: 1 republican, 2 exception, 3 legislative, 4 executive, 5 independent,
6 responsibilities, 7 automatically, 8 communities.

4.

Bike (1)_________ appeared in Russia with the (2)___________ of Moscow motorbike club ‘Night Wolves’. (3)__________ it was founded on May 31,1989. But the core of it appeared in the early 80s. A (4)__________ in Russia prefers a heavy bike like Harley Davidson and a leather jacket. The club is so (5)________ not only in Russia but also all over the world that the first Russian Bike Show, which took place in 1995, attracted a lot of guests from abroad.

CULTURE APPEAR OFFICIAL  BIKE FAME

Key: 1 subculture, 2 appearance, 3 officially, 4 biker, 5 famous.

5.

Football (soccer) is the (1)________ sport, and British club teams are often (2)________ in Europe. But British football today has a bad fame at home and abroad, because of the (3)_________ of some groups of fans who get drunk and fight with each other. Most British fans (4)_________ violence and help the police to put an end to it.

NATION SUCCESS  aaaaaaaa VIOLENT LIKE

Key: 1 national, 2 successful, 3 violence, 4 dislike.

6.

In Britain people (1)________ pay compliments on the things they like about the people they are talking to. They also expect to hear “Thank you!” in response to a compliment. Besides, they add something to keep the (2)________ going. In Britain people usually do not (3)_________ with compliments. Sometimes they pay a compliment in return. Too many compliments may be interpreted as (4)_______. But not enough compliments may be interpreted as a sign of (5)_________.

USUAL CONVERSE AGREE aaaaaaaa SINCERE LIKE

Key: 1 usually, 2 conversation, 3 disagree, 4 insincerity, 5 dislike.

7.

Every year more than eleven million tourists visit Britain. In fact, tourism is an (1)__________ industry, employing thousands of people. Most (2)__________ come in the summer months when they can expect good weather. Tourists (3)_________ spend a few days in London, then go on to other well-known cities. Perhaps the least visited places in England are old (4)_________ towns. But many people think that nineteenth-century cities show the (5)_________ of Britain. The (6)_________ of the past is to be still seen in their old streets.

aaaaaaaa IMPORTANCE  VISIT USUAL aaaaaaaa INDUSTRY REAL GREAT

Key: 1 important, 2 visitors, 3 usually, 4 industrial, 5 reality, 6 greatness.

Test

1. Выделите словообразующие элементы, исходное слово, определите, к какой части речи относятся данные слова. Переведите на русский язык.

Patiently — impatient — patience, unstable — stability — to stabilize — stabilization, possibly — impossible — possibility, inattention — attentive — attentively, helpless — helplessly — helplessness, limitation — unlimited — limitless, to coexist — existent — existence — coexistence, to disappear — to reappear — appearance — disappearance.

2. Образуйте как можно больше существительных, используя префиксы
и суффиксы из таблицы.

3. От данных прилагательных образуйте прилагательные, используя префиксы in-, un-, il-, ir-, im-, dis-, ultra-.

Happy, honest, patient, comfortable, legal, short, possible, modern, responsible, direct, logical.

4. Образуйте прилагательные, используя суффиксы —able, -al, -ant, -ent,
-ful, -ish,-less.

To differ, to eat, to compare, brown, care,
to resist, use, fruit, home, to resist, form, shame.

5. Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.

The English language is (1)________ growing and changing. No one has ever included every word from the language in a single dictionary. To do that would mean to (2)_______ the dictionary every day, which is (3)________. But people have a lot of (4)________ about the growing and (5)________of the language, its (6)_________ . Scholars have (7)________ ideas of how any new (8)________ contributes to the process of new words (9)________. When people are faced with a new (10)________ and they do not have a word for its (11)________, they sometimes make up one. But no one makes a formal (12)________ about it.

CONSTANT WRITE POSSIBLE INFORM DEVELOP EXPAND VARY DISCOVER ADOPT SITUATE DESCRIBE DECIDE

Key: 1 constantly, 2 rewrite, 3 impossible, 4 information, 5 development,
6 expansion, 7 various, 8 discovery, 9 adoption, 10 situation, 11 description, 12 decision.

[links&resources]

1. ЕГЭ 2009. Английский, немецкий, французский языки. Федеральный банк экзаменационных материалов / Авт.-сост. М.В. Вербицкая, Н.М. Епихина, В.В. Матюшенко, Т.М. Фоменко. — М.: Эксмо, 2008.
2. ЕГЭ 2009. Английский язык. Справочник / Авт.-сост. Н.А. Гринченко, В.И. Омельяненко, — М.: Эксмо, 2008.
3. Качалова К.Н., Израилевич Е.Е. Практическая грамматика английского языка: Учебник. — М., 1996.
4. Миловидов В.А. Английский язык: полный справочник для подготовки к ЕГЭ. — М.: АСТ: Астрель, 2009.
5. Подготовка к итоговой аттестации по английскому языку. Тестирование. Серия «Единый госэкзамен» под ред. О.В. Афанасьевой и И.В. Михеевой. — Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2003.
6. Романова Л.И. ЕГЭ Английский язык. Грамматика и лексика. — М.: Айрис-пресс, 2009.

Activity Book

Word Formation

Lesson 1

Parts of Speech. Rules of Writing

Remember:

parts of speech — части речи;

noun – имя существительное,

adjective – имя прилагательное,

verb – глагол,

adverb – наречие,

pronoun – местоимение,

numeral – числительное,

conjunction – союз,

preposition – предлог,

article – артикль.

Служебные части речи (местоимение, союз, предлог, артикль) в словообразовании не участвуют.

1. Divide the words in columns according to the parts of speech.

An apple, to give, beautiful, healthy, to know, happily, three, to understand, a demonstration, the sixteenth, English, to discuss, unknown, a government, one, instruments, to order, understandable.

Noun	Adjective	Verb	Adverb	Numeral

1. Decide on the parts of speech of the words in bold.

A well-known journalist ( noun ) went to interview (___________) Jack Parrish in an expensive (__________) New York restaurant. The journalist was late, but fortunately (__________) when he arrived (__________), he found the great (__________) man was not there yet. Some time later, a waiter (_________) approached him and said (_________)that there was a young man at the door (_________) who claimed (___________) that he was supposed to be having lunch (________) with the journalist. The waiter thought that the young man was just trying to be funny (__________), because he said that his name was Jack Parrish.

1. Form new words. Remember rules of writing

Beauty + ful = ________________

sun + y = ____________________

move + ment = _______________

slave + ry = _________________

argue + ment = ______________

change + able = ______________

skill + ful = _________________

write + er = _________________

free + dom = ________________

improve + ment = ____________

hope + ful = _________________

true + ly = __________________

happy + ness = ______________

big + er = __________________

joy + ful = __________________

Lesson 2

Word Formation with Prefixes

Remember:

prefix – приставка,

suffix – суффикс.

1. Divide the words into two columns, underline prefixes and suffixes.

Illegal, wonderful, helpless, prehistoric, subway, connection, kingdom, rewrite, international, difference, seventeen, misunderstanding, suitable, reread, underground, unhappy, childhood, disarm.

Prefixes	Suffixes

2. Form new words and translate them into Russian.

Example: In + legal = illegal (нелегальный).

In + literate = ______________(___________),

in + mobility = _____________(___________),

dis + honest = ______________(___________),

in + moral = ________________(___________),

in + polite = ________________(___________),

un + happy = _______________(___________),

in + action = _______________(___________),

in + regular = ______________(___________),

in + effective = _____________(___________),

in + constant = ______________(__________),

in + recognizable = ______________(____________),

mis + understand = ______________(____________),

anti + terror = _______________(______________).

3. There are mistakes in the sentences. Correct them, please.

1. Simon is really healthy (__________). He smokes a packet of cigarettes every day and he never does any exercises.

2. It’s very difficult to get a job to an experienced (__________) person.

3. He was able (__________)to finish the match because he had hurt his leg.

4. Our seats for the match were so far that it was possible (___________) to see what was happening on the court.

5. My brother and I had a serious understanding (______________) about the housework and we didn’t speak to each other for a couple of days.

4.Translate the words from English into Russian paying attention to the meaning of prefixes. You may use a dictionary.

Disobedient (____________), forehead (_________), irregular (_________), submarine (__________), prehistoric (___________), subway (_________), to rewrite (__________), non-alcoholic (_________), disorder (_________), to encircle (__________), subtropical (___________), indefinite (_______).

5. Form new words with the help of prefixes: il-, over-, im-, re-, mis-, pre-, ultra-, inter-.

Shadow — ____________________,

action — _____________________,

historic — _____________________,

understanding — ________________,

literate — ______________________,

measurable — ___________________,

read — _________________________,

modern — ______________________.

6. Form new words using different prefixes.

Переплатить (to pay) – ___________________,

послевоенный (war) – ____________________,

экс-президент (president) – ________________,

ультрафиолетовый (violet) — _______________,

антифашистский (fascist) – ________________,

сотрудничество (operation) – _______________,

перестроить (to build) — ____________________,

нелогичный (logical) — _____________________.

Lessons 3-4

Suffixes of Nouns

1. Form nouns from the verb with the help of suffixes –er or -or. Translate them into Russian.

To act — ______________(__________),

to conduct — __________(__________),

to compose — _________(___________),

to direct — ____________(___________),

to drive — _____________(__________),

to fight — _____________(___________),

to found — ____________(___________),

to invent — ____________(___________),

to lead — ______________(___________),

to mine — _____________(___________),

to read — ______________(__________ ).

1. Form nouns from the words with the help of suffixes -ist, -ism, -ian. Translate them into Russian.

Art — _________________(___________),

social — _______________(___________),

type — _________________(___________),

capital — _______________(___________),

music — ________________(___________),

international — _______________(____________),

piano — _________________(___________),

electric — ________________(___________),

Canada — ________________(___________),

Russia — _________________(___________).

1. Form nouns from the verbs with the help of a suffix –ment. Translate them into Russian.

To improve — _____________(___________),

to measure — ______________(___________),

to disappoint — ____________(____________),

to pave — _________________(____________),

to announce — _____________(____________),

to agree — _________________(___________),

to state — __________________(___________),

to govern — ________________(___________),

to require — ________________(___________),

to arrange — ________________(___________).

1. Form new nouns with the help of a suffix –ness. Translate them into Russian.

Bitter — ______________________(____________),

damp — ______________________(____________),

cold — _______________________(____________),

dark — _______________________(____________),

kind — _______________________(____________),

happy — ______________________(____________),

weak — _______________________(____________).

1. Form nouns from the verbs with the help of suffixes –ion, -ation, -sion, -ssion, -tion. Translate them into Russian,

To collect — ________________(____________),

to combine — _______________(____________),

to connect — ________________(____________),

to dictate — _________________(____________),

to include — _________________(____________),

to introduce — ________________(____________),

to produce — _________________(____________),

to restrict — __________________(____________),

to submit — __________________(____________).

1. Form nouns from the adjectives with the help of suffixes. –ness, -ment, -ist и –ant. Translate them into Russian.

To appoint — ___________________(____________),

mad — ________________________(___________ ),

material — _____________________(____________),

to advertise — __________________(____________),

judge — _______________________(____________),

to consult — ____________________(____________),

to type — ______________________(____________).

1. Form as many nouns as you can with the help of prefixes and suffixes. You may use a dictionary/

dis- excite -y un- appoint -ship im- honest -ment patient —ness success —ion direct -full kind -less profit help friend luck like

1. Form nouns from different parts of speech. Use suffixes. –al, -ment, -ant, -hood, -ness, -y, -er, -or, -ence, -sion.

1. She drives well. She’s a good _________________.

2. Mike assists me. He is my __________________.

3. We all want to be happy. We all seek ______________.

4. Who discovered this? Who made this _________________.

5. I was a child then. That was in my ________________.

6. She is absent. Can you explain her _______________.

7. We all agree. We’re all in _________________.

8. I decided this. It was my _____________.

9. We’ll arrive tomorrow. We’ll be met on the ______________.

Read the texts below. Use the words given in capitals to form a noun that fits in each gap.

9.More and more often people are told not to be in direct sunlight, because ultraviolet (1)________ from the sun can cause skin cancer. Normally the ozone (2)________ in the atmosphere protects us from such radiation, if there are no holes in it. Many scientists think that these holes are the result of air (3)____________ . The air needs (4)________ and care. Man is beginning to understand that his (5)_________ is not just his own town or country, but the whole earth.

RADIATE LAY POLLUTE PROTECT ENVIRON

10.(1)__________ are proud of their Constitution. It was written more than 200 years ago and it is still working! But the people of the United States can change the Constitution. Changes in the Constitution are called (2)___________. The first ten of them are called the Bill of Rights. They were made in 1791. The Bill of Rights guarantees to people of the USA very important rights and (3)__________. Soon after the Civil War (1861-1865) there were three important amendments. The 13th amendment ended (4)_________ , the 14th amendment made all Black people (5)__________ of the United States, the 15th amendment gave Blacks the right to vote.

AMERICA AMEND FREE SLAVE CITY

11.Lord Byron (1788-1824) didn’t live a long life. He was an aristocrat and a fashionable man. But he loved (1)_________ and a simple country life. His (2)_________ attracted Britain and all Europe. He brought to his (3)_________ romanticism of his times. He was talented and handsome, noble and brave. (4)_________ admired him. In 1812 he became famous after the (5)__________of his autobiographic poem “Childe Harold”.

FREE PERSONAL POET LONDON PUBLIC

12.I always wanted to be a great (1)_________. I had the dreams of discovering a new drug that would save the lives of hundreds of people. Unfortunately I was never good at (2)_________ at school and the teacher used to be very cross with me. After a while I decided I would become an (3)_________ and design an amazing new (4)_________ which would become a household name. A few weeks later I had a brilliant idea for a pen that would write upside down. To my (5)_________ a friend of mine pointed out that it was not a new (6)________.

SCIENCE SHEMIST INVENT PRODUCE DISAPPOINT DISCOVER

13.The trade union (1) _____________ has a long and important history in Britain, but since 1980 the influence of trade unions has declined dramatically. Trade union (2)_____________ has fallen because of changes in the structure of (3)______ , including (4)__________, the shift away from manufacturing, the rise in smaller firms, the increase in part-time employment, and the constructing out of work. The Conservative government restricted unions’ (5)___________ to launch strikes and made unions legally responsible for the actions of(6)____________; this has considerably reduced union power and substantially decreased the number of strikes, called (7)____________.

MOVE MEMBER EMPLOY PRIVATIZE ABLE STRIKE STOP

Lessons 5-6

Suffixes of Adjectives

1. Form adjectives from the nouns with the help of suffixes –full и -less. Translate them into Russian.

Aim — ________________(____________),

care — ________________(____________),

beauty — ______________(____________),

hope — ________________(____________),

doubt- ________________(_____________),

fruit — _________________(_____________),

use — __________________(_____________),

power — ________________(_____________),

harm — _________________(_____________),

colour — ________________(_____________).

1. Form adjectives from the verbs with the help of suffixes. –able и -ible. Translate them into Russian.

To change — ________________(_____________),

to eat — ____________________(_____________),

to compare — _______________(______________),

to convert — _________________(______________),

to comfort — _________________(_____________),

to respect — __________________(_____________),

to expect — __________________(______________).

1. Form adjectives from the nouns with the help of a suffix –al. Translate them into Russian.

Centre — _________________(_________+____),

culture — _________________(______________),

form — ___________________(______________),

post — ___________________(_______________),

accident — ________________(_______________),

comic — __________________(_______________).

1. Form adjectives from the nouns with the help of a suffix –y. Translate them into Russian.

Cloud — ___________________(_____________),

dirt — _____________________(_____________),

fog — _____________________(_____________),

frost — ____________________(_____________),

rain — _____________________(_____________),

sun — ______________________(_____________),

thirst — _____________________(_____________),

wind — _____________________(_____________).

1. Form as many adjectives as you can with the help of prefixes and suffixes. You may use a dictionary.

un- patient -able dis- history -al non- honest -ant in- west —ern il- marvel -y ir- happy -less im- national -ous pre- conscious -ful post- act -ish inter- war —ive legal -ic regular —ern capable beauty hope boy sun rain skill home care comfort brown interest usual help

Read the texts below. Use the words given in capitals to form an adjective that fits in each gap.

All my classmates say that I’m (1)________. I enjoy wearing (2)________ clothes. I like to look smart and (3)________. We can’t go through life with the same hairstyle or make-up. It’s very (4)_________ to follow fashion. I hate when people dress alike, because they buy clothes in “chain” stores. I prefer hand-made or design clothes. My classmates say that I’m (5)________, but it’s not a sin, is it? Sometimes I turn up in something really (6)_________. When you are up with fashion you feel you are individual.

TREND STYLE ATTRACT IMPORTANCE MATERIALIST EXTRAVAGANCE

7.For (1)_________ people, the ‘Far East” is the broad coast along the Pacific Ocean, facing Alaska in the far north and Japan in the sub-tropical south, and including the large island of Sakhalin. Inland lie forests, mountains, lakes, rivers and marshes known as Siberia. Siberia is usually divided into Western and Eastern, the former is (2)________ and low-lying and rich in oil, the latter is (3)________and rich in minerals, gold and diamonds. The twenty million people who live in this region are mostly Russians and Ukrainians by origin. Besides there live other people. They all call themselves (4)_______ and speak of Russia as beginning west of the Urals.

RUSSIA MARSH MOUNTAIN SIBERIA

8.Water pollution is a serious (1)________ problem today. “Water, water everywhere, not any drop to drink,” said the sailor from Coleridge’s poem describing to a friend how awful it was to be without drinking water on a ship in the middle of the ocean. It is strange to think that the water around his ship was probably quite safe to drink. It was (2)________ — but not polluted. The sea waters today are much more (3)_________ . Many seas are used for dumping (4)________ and nuclear waste.

ECOLOGY SALT DANGER INDUSTRY

9.The United States is a large country with many (1)__________ natural wonders. It goes from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to the islands of Hawaii in the Pacific, and from cold, snowy (2)__________ Alaska to (3)_________ Florida in the southeast. Also, it has many kinds of land – (4)________ coasts, dry empty deserts, (5)__________ rivers, wide plains and grasslands, lakes of all sizes, high mountains, great forests, sunny beaches and lands of (6)__________ winter. More than 250 million people live in the US. But the country is very big, so there is still a lot of open space and (7)_______ scenery outside the cities. Americans have tried to save many of the most (8)__________ wild areas of the United States. There are a lot of parks, forests and wildlands where you can enjoy the beauty and power of wild America. The Grand Canyon, Yosemite Valley, and Yellow-stone are among the most (9)________.

DIFFER NORTH SUN ROCK POWER END NATURE BEAUTY FAME

1. Translate the words given below. Undeline prefixes and suffixes. Name parts of speech.

Brotherhood, helpless, boredom, unequal, drinkable, golden, leader, Japanese, secondary, anti-fascist, similar, peacemaker, surgery, furniture, comical, convenient, acceptable, achievement, anonymous, academician, Georgian, disarmament, witty, hysterical, Buddhism, co-existence, scientific, materialist, radiant, rootless, international, measurement, underground, creature, dirty, agrarian, absoluteness, yellowy, inventor, technical, various, tactless, comradeship, creature, reddish.

Read the texts given below. Use the words given in capitals to form nouns and adjectives that fit in each gap.

11.Alan Alexander Milne, the youngest of the family’s three sons, went to Westminster School at the age of 11 and then went on to Cambridge to become a (1)__________ . But he never did. Instead he became an (2)_________ of the university journal “Granta” in which he published some of his light (3)_________ poems. Then he went to London hoping to earn his living as a (4)_______. By and by London magazines began to publish his (5)________ works, and in 1905 he published his first book, a shilling paper-back (6)_________ of humorous essays. Aged only 24 he was given a post of (7)________ editor of the (8)__________ magazine “Punch”.

MATHEMATICS EDIT HUMOUR WRITE WIT COLLECT ASSIST FAME

12.The Olympic Games are an (1)___________ sports festival that began in ancient Greece. The (2)_________ Greek games took place every fourth year for several hundred years, until they were brought to an end in the early (3)__________ era. The Olympic games were renewed in 1896, and since then they have been staged every fourth years, except during World War I and World War II. Perhaps the main (4)_________ between ancient and modern Olympics is that for the ancient Greeks the Games were a way of saluting their gods, when the modern Games are a manner of saluting the (5)________ talents of people of all nation. The original Olympics included (6)__________ in music, oratory, and theatre (7)_________ as well. The modern Games haven’t got them, but they represent a lot more sports than before. For two weeks and a half any international conflicts must be stopped and replaced with friendly competitions. This is the noble idea on which the modern Olympic (8)________ is based.

NATION ORIGIN CHRIST DIFFER ATHLETE COMPETE PERFORM MOVE

13.The people of the United States are a (1)________ of many (2)________. Every American schoolchild learns that the United States is the big “melting pot” of countries. In a melting pot (3)________ metals are melted together to make a new metal. The United States is like a melting pot for people. In the past, people from many different (4)_________ countries came to the US and made one country out of many. These different people brought to their new land a (5)________ mixture of customs and traditions. The Germans brought Christmas trees, the Irish brought St. Patrick’s Day (6)__________, the Scots brought Hallowe’en.

MIX NATION DIFFER EUROPE WONDER CELEBRATE

14.Isn’t it (1)_________ to discover new places? Travel has always been a part of people’s (2)__________. It teaches people about art and culture. It teachers them to be understanding. You can also improve your knowledge of foreign languages. What is more, (3)________ is the basis of the biggest (4)________ in the world. Tourists spend a lot of money. Rich countries can sell cars and computers. But what can poor countries sell? Their (5)________ beaches and their wonderful countryside.

WONDER EDUCATE TOUR BUSY BEAUTY

15There are amateur cricket clubs all over England, but there is a big (1)_________ between the amateur and the (2)_________ cricketer. The amateur cannot get money for the game. The professional (3)_________ is in a much (4)__________ class. He has to learn many kinds of skills. He has to be an athlete, to run fast and jump and turn like a gymnast. He must be (5)___________, and must not let other (6)_____________ be (7)__________ with him.

DIFFER PROFESSION CRICKET HIGH PATIENCE PLAY HONEST

16.This museum is the world’s (1)_______ museum of (2)_________ arts. It houses many of the world’s (3)_________ treasures. Here you’ll find the national collection of (4)_________, furniture, music instruments, textiles and dress, ceramics and glass, silver and (5)_________ from European and non-western countries.________

FINE DECORATE GREAT SCULPT JEWEL

17.Action films? What a bore! Criminals, shooting, (1)________. Nothing else. I agree that such films have the right to exist. They have some positive features. They are dynamic, (2)________ and full of special effects. But they are (3)_________. I can’t believe one man can win over the Mafia. Some people watch (4)_________ to cool off and such films are good for them. But other people can get sick and (5)________ especially teenagers. There are (6)_________ ways to cool off, I think.

EXPLOSIVE DRAMA REAL VIOLENT NERVE GOOD

Lesson 7

Suffixes of Verbs And Adverbs

1. Form verbs from the adjectives with the help of a suffix –en. Translate them into Russian.

Black ___________(__________), sharp______________(___________), short_______________(__________), red______________(___________), soft________________(__________), deep______________(__________), dark________________(__________), bright_____________(___________), weak_______________(___________), white______________(__________), sweet_______________(___________), wide_______________(__________).

1. Form verbs from the adjectives with the help of a suffix –fy. Translate them into Russian.

Simple______________(____________), pure_____________(___________), beauty_______________(____________), solid___________(___________), identic_______________(____________), false____________(___________), intense_______________(____________).

1. Form verbs from the nouns with the help of a suffix –ize(ise). Translate them into Russian.

Character______________(___________), crystal__________(__________), sympathy______________(___________), agony___________(__________), apology_______________(___________). private__________(__________), maximum_____________(___________).

Read the text below. Use the words given in capitals to form a verb that fits in each gap.

1. Like many modern developed countries, The United Kingdom has a mixed economy. This means that some sectors of economy are operated by the government and some are operated by private business. Since World War II, Britain has worked to (1)_________ the mix of private and public enterprises in order to (2)_________ the country’s economy and (3)_________ the economic well-being of its citizens. After World War II the government (4)__________, or took over, a number of large and troubled industries. These included coal, electricity, transport, gas, oil, steel, car and truck manufacturing, shipbuilding and aircraft building. Since the 1950s, the government has (5)________ a number of these industries, selling them to private firms.

   EQUAL MAXIMUM SURE NATION PRIVATE

2. Form adjectives with the help of a suffix –ly and translate them into Russian,

Silent______________(_________), wide______________(___________), cruel_______________(_________), happy_____________(___________), rapid_______________(_________), quick______________(___________), part________________(_________), first_______________(___________), extreme_____________(_________).

1. Write antonyms using the prefixes. You may use a dictionary.

Appear — _________, kind — ________, join — _______, equal — ________, normal — __________, credible — __________, friendly — _________, employed- ___________, trust — _________, cover — __________, known — __________, use — _________, important — _________, honest — __________, professional — ____________, safe — _________, fair — _______, pleased — ________, emotional — ________, pack — __________, correct — _________, agree — ________, possible — __________, regular — _________, understand — __________, definite — __________, legal — _________, like — _________, advice — ____________.

1. Decide on the parts of speech. Underline prefixes and suffixes. Translate the words into Russian.

Weakly – weakness – to weaken ________________________________, bitterly – bitterness___________________________________________, unhappy — happily – happiness__________________________________, suddenly – suddenness________________________________________, equally – unequal – equality________________________________________, to enrich – enrichment_______________________________________, patiently – impatient – patience______________________________, irresponsible – responsibility___________________________________, unstable – stability – to stabilize – stabilization____________________, harmful – harmless – harmlessness______________________________, glorious – inglorious –to glorify_____________________________________, to discontinue – continuation – continual – continually__________________, relation – relative – relatively__________________________________, attractive – unattractive – attraction___________________________________.

Lesson 8

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Подумайте над следующими вопросами:

1. Каким членом предложения является пропущенное слово?

2. Какой частью речи этот член предложения выражен (обратите внимание на исходную форму слова, напечатанную заглавными буквами на полях)?

3. Какая грамматическая форма образуется по контексту?

4. Каковы особенности правописания этой формы?

1.

The individual states all have (1)________ forms of government with a senate and a house. There is only one (2)_________, Nebraska, which has only one (3)________ body of 49 senators. All have (4)________ branches headed by state governors and (5)_________ court systems. Each state has its own constitution. But all must respect the federal laws and not make laws that interfere with the laws of the other states. The Us Constitution determines federal(6)__________. All other (7)__________ belong to the states and to the local (8)__________ .

REPUBLIC ECEPT LEGISLATE EXECUTE DEPEND RESPONSIBLE AUTOMATICAL COMMUNE

2.

Bike (1)_________ appeared in Russia with the (2)___________ of Moscow motorbike club ‘Night Wolves’. (3)__________ it was founded on May 31,1989. But the core of it appeared in the early 80s. A (4)__________ in Russia prefers a heavy bike like Harley Davidson and a leather jacket. The club is so (5)________ not only in Russia but also all over the world that the first Russian Bike Show, which took place in 1995, attracted a lot of guests from abroad.

CULTURE APPEAR OFFICIAL BIKE FAME

3.

Football (soccer) is the (1)________ sport, and British club teams are often (2)________ in Europe. But British football today has a bad fame at home and abroad, because of the (3)_________ of some groups of fans who get drunk and fight with each other. Most British fans (4)_________ violence and help the police to put an end to it.

NATION SUCCESS VIOLENT LIKE

4.

In Britain people (1)________ pay compliments on the things they like about the people they are talking to. They also expect to hear “Thank you!” in response to a compliment. Besides, they add something to keep the (2)________ going. In Britain people usually do not (3)_________ with compliments. Sometimes they pay a compliment in return. Too many compliments may be interpreted as (4)_______. But not enough compliments may be interpreted as a sign of (5)_________.

USUAL CONVERSE AGREE SINCERE LIKE

5.

Every year more than eleven million tourists visit Britain. In fact, tourism is an (1)__________ industry, employing thousands of people. Most (2)__________ come in the summer months when they can expect good weather. Tourists (3)_________ spend a few days in London, then go on to other well-known cities. Perhaps the least visited places in England are old (4)_________ towns. But many people think that nineteenth-century cities show the (5)_________ of Britain. The (6)_________ of the past is to be still seen in their old streets.

IMPORTANCE VISIT USUAL INDUSTRY REAL GREAT

Lesson 9

Test

1. Decide on the parts of speech. Underline prefixes and suffixes.

Patiently (наречие) – impatient (прил.) – patience (сущ.), unstable (________)– stability (_________)– to stabilize (________)– stabilization (________), possibly (_________) – impossible (________) – possibility (________), inattention (________) – attentive (________) – attentively (________), helpless (_________) – helplessly (_________) – helplessness (________), limitation (________) – unlimited (________) – limitless (________), to coexist (_________) – existent (__________)– existence (________) – coexistence (________), to appear (________) — to disappear (_________) — to reappear (________), – appearance (_________) – disappearance (__________).

1. Form as many nouns as you can using prefixes and suffixes.

.

un- fit -ality ex- act -ity re- member -ty over- popular -ation dis- love -ition use -(t)ion cruel -ance happy -er collect -ship develop -ment organize -ness agree explain protect perform champion appear

1. Form adjectives from the adjectives given below. Use the prefixes in-, un- il-, ir-, im-, dis-, ultra-.

Happy — __________, honest — _________, patient — _______, comfortable — ____________, legal — _________, short — _________, possible _ _______, modern — __________, responsible _ __________, direct — ___________, logical — _____________.

1. Form adjectives with the help of suffixes –able, -al, -ant, -ent, -ful, -ish,-less.

To differ — _________, to eat — __________, to compare — ________, brown — ____________, care — _________, to resist — __________, use — _______, fruit — ____________, home — __________, to resist _ ____________, form — ______, shame — ____________.

1. Read the text below. Use the words given in capitalsto form a word that fits in each gap.

The English language is (1)________ growing and changing. No one has ever included every word from the language in a single dictionary. To do that would mean to (2)_______ the dictionary every day, which is (3)________. But people have a lot of (4)________ about the growing and (5)________of the language, its (6)_________ . Scholars have (7)________ ideas of how any new (8)________ contributes to the process of new words (9)________. When people are faced with a new (10)________ and they do not have a word for its (11)________, they sometimes make up one. But no one makes a formal (12)________ about it.

CONSTANT WRITE POSSIBLE INFORM DEVELOP EXPAND VARY DISCOVER ADOPT SITUATE DESCRIBE DECIDE

Keys

Lessons 3-4

Ex. 9. 1 radiation, 2 layer, 3 pollution, 4 protection, 5 environment.

Ex. 10. 1americans, 2 amendments, 3 freedoms, 4 slavery, 5 citizens.

Ex. 11. 1 freedom, 2 personality, 3 poetry, 4 Londoners, 5 publications.

Ex. 12. 1 scientist, 2 chemistry, 3 inventor, 4 production, 5 disappointment, 6 discovery.

Ex. 13. 1 movement, 2 membership, 3 employment, 4 privatization, 5 ability, 6 strikers, 7 stoppage.

Lessons 5-6

Ex. 6. 1trendy, 2 stylish, 3 attractive, 4 important, 5 materialistic, 6 extravagant.

Ex. 7. 1 Russian, 2 marshy, 3 mountainous, 4 Siberians.

Ex. 8 1 ecological, 2 salty, 3 dangerous, 4 industrial.

Ex. 9. 1 different. 2 northern, 3 sunny, 4 rocky, 5 powerful, 6. Endless, 7 natural, 8 beautiful,

9 famous.

Ex. 11. 1 mathematician, 2 editor, 3 humorous, 4 writer, 5 witty, 6 содlection, 7 assistant,

8 famous.

Ex. 12. 1 international, 2 original, 3 Christian, 4 difference, 5 athletic, 6 competitions,

7 performances, 8 movement.

Ex. 13. 1 mixture, 2 nationalities, 3 different, 4 European, 5 wonderful, 6 celebrations.

Ex. 14. 1 wonderful, 2 education, 3 tourism, 4 business, 5 beautiful.

Ex. 15. 1 difference, 2 professional, 3 cricketer, 4 higher, 5 patient, 6 players, 7 dishonest.

Ex. 16. 1 finest, 2 decorative, 3 greatest, 4 sculpture, 5 jewellery.

Ex. 17. 1 explosions, 2 dramatic, 3 unrealistic, 4 violence, 5. Nervous, 6 better.

Lesson 7

Ex. 4 . 1 equalize, 2 maximize, 3 ensure, 4 nationalized, 5 privatized.

Lesson 8

Ex. 1. 1 republican, 2 exception, 3 legislative, 4 executive. 5 independent, 6 responsibilities,

7 automatically, 8 communities.

Ex. 2. 1 subculture, 2 appearance, 3 officially, 4 biker, 5 famous.

Ex. 3. 1 national, 2 successful, 3 violence, 4 dislike.

Ex. 4. 1 1usually, 2 conversation, 3 disagree, 4. Insincerity, 5 dislike.

Ex. 5. 1 important, 2 visitors, 3 usually, 4 industrial, 5 reality, greatness.

Lesson 9

Ex. 5. 1 constantly, 2 rewrite, 3 impossible, 4 information, 5 development, 6 expansion, 7 various, 8 discovery, 9 adoption, 10 situation, 11 description, 12 decision.

Grammar Support

Word Formation

1. Классификация частей речи

Все слова делятся на разряды, называемые частями речи.

Noun (имя существительное)	Имя существительное – часть речи, обозначающая предмет и отвечающая на вопрос «кто? что?» Имена существительные обычно сопровождаются артиклями и часто сочетаются с предлогами. Артикли и предлоги являются основными признаками существительного: a book, the book- книга on the floor- на полу, under the chair- под стулом.
Adjective (имя прилагательное)	Имя прилагательное – часть речи, обозначающая признак предмета и отвечающая на вопрос « какой?» Имена прилагательные в английском языке не изменяются ни по родам , ни по числам, ни по падежам. Имена прилагательные в английском языке могут только изменяться по степеням сравнения, например: big, bigger, the biggest большой, больше, самый большой
Verb (глагол)	Глагол — часть речи, обозначающая действие или состояние лица или предмета. Глагол отвечает на вопрос ’’What does the person (thing) do? ’’, ’’ What is done to the person (thing)? например: sleep — спать,write — писать, do — делать.
Adverb (наречие)	Наречие — часть речи, указывающая на признак действия или на обстоятельства, при которых протекает действие. Наречие относится к глаголу и отвечает на вопросы: « как?», «где?», « когда?», «почему?», «каким образом?», например: here — здесь, lately- последнее время, loudly — громко.
Pronoun (местоимение )	Местоимение- часть речи, употребляемая вместо имени существительного. Местоимения обозначают признак предмета, не называя его, обладают категориями рода и числа, например: he — он, his — его, himself- сам, something – что-то
Numeral (имя числительное)	Имя числительное- часть речи, обозначающая количество или порядок предметов, например: ten — десять, the tenth – десятый.
Conjunction (союз)	Союз – служебная часть речи, соединяющая слова, фразы, предложения, например: and-и, а; because — потому что; but – но
Preposition (предлог)	Предлоги – служебные слова, указывающие на связь существительных или местоимений с другими словами в предложении, например: on- на, in- в, above- над.
Article (артикль)	Артикль — служебное слово, определяющее существительное, например: a, an – неопределенный артикль, the – определенный артикль

1. Правила орфографии

1. При добавлении суффикса –ful к слову, оканчивающемуся на –ll, вторая l опускается:

skill + ful = skilful.

1. Нечитаемая буква “e” в конце слова обычно опускается, если суффикс начинается с гласной буквы:

drive + er =driver.

1. Нечитаемая буква “e” в конце слова не опускается, если суффикс начинается с согласной (-ful, -ness, -ment, -ly –less и др.):

hope + less = hopeless.

Исключения из этого правила:

true – truly,

due – duly,

argue – argument,

wide – width,

wise – wisdom,

nine – ninth,

whole – wholly.

1. При добавлении суффиксов –able и –ous к слову, оканчивающемуся на –ee или –ge, буква “e”, как правило, сохраняется:

change + able = changeable.

1. Если слово оканчивается на букву “y” с предшествующей согласной, при добавлении суффикса “y” меняется на “i” (исключение – суффикс -ing):

happy + ness = happiness.

1. В словах, оканчивающихся на “y” с предшествующей гласной при добавлении суффиксов буква “y” сохраняется:

employ + ment = employment.

1. В односложных словах, оканчивающихся на одну согласную, при добавлении суффикса конечная согласная удваивается:

rob + er = robber.

1. Словообразование при помощи аффиксов

Многие новые слова в английском языке образуются путем аффиксации, когда к началу или концу слова (корня) прибавляются префиксы en-joy, dis—like, re-read или суффиксы develop-ment, self-ish.

Аффиксы – префиксы и суффиксы. Префиксы стоят в начале слова, а суффиксы – в конце.

Префиксы, как правило, изменяют значение слова, но не меняют его принадлежности к той или иной части речи:

order (существительное) порядок — disorder (существительное) беспорядок.

Суффиксы служат для образования одной части речи из другой:

beauty (существительное) красота – beautiful (прилагательное) красивый.

1. Словообразование при помощи префиксов

1. Префиксы с отрицательным значением

Префиксы с отрицательным значением – un-, in-, dis-, non-.

Un-

comfortable – uncomfortable,

limited — unlimited.

Префикс un— иногда присоединяется к глаголам для выражения противоположного действия:

to load — to unload,

to lock — to unlock,

In-

ability — inability,

complete — incomplete.

Перед l префикс in— превращается в il-, перед r – в ir-, а перед m и p — в im-:

legal — illegal,

regular — irregular,

patient — impatient.

Dis—

Этот префикс выражает отрицание или противоположное действие:

отрицание противоположное действие

to like – to dislike, to appear – to disappear,

honest – dishonest, to arm — to disarm.

Non—

Слова с префиксом non- чаще всего пишутся через дефис:

conductor – non-conductor.

1. Префиксы с разными значениями

Префикс	Значение	Соответствие русской приставке	Примеры
anti-	отрицание	анти- противо-	fascist — antifascist
co-	между, взаимно	со-	existence – co-existence
counter-		контр-	attack — counterattack
ex-	бывший	экс-	champion — ex-champion
en-	делать		rich — enrich
inter-	между, среди, взаимно		national — international
mis-	неправильно, неверно		to understand – to misunderstand
over-	сверх, чрезмерно	пере-	to load – to overload
post-	после (противоположен по значению префиксу pre-)		war – postwar
pre-	перед, ранее	до-	historic — prehistoric
re-	снова, заново, вновь.	пере-	to read – to reread
sub-		под-	division — subdivision
ultra-	ультра-, сверх		short — ultrashort
under-	недостаточно (противоположен по значению префиксу over-)		to pay — to underpay
trans-		через-	national — transnational
super-	чрезмерный	супер-, сверх-	natural — supernatural

1. Префиксы различных частей речи

Существительные почти не имеют характерных префиксов. Префиксы существительных в основном совпадают с префиксами глаголов и прилагательных, т. к. они встречаются в существительных, образованных от этих частей речи: reconstruction, disarmament.

К наиболее распространенным префиксам прилагательных относятся:

un- : unhappy, unequal;

in- : incomplete, indifferent.

Наиболее характерные префиксы глаголов:

re- : to reread, to reconstruct,

dis- : to disarm, to disappear.

Наречия и числительные образуют новые формы с помощью суффиксов. (См. грамматический справочник п. 2.4, 2.5)???????????????

1. Словообразование при помощи суффиксов

1. Суффиксы существительных

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
—age	а) действие, условие или резуль- тат; б) количественное значение или значение собирательности; в) место действия, место жительства	to marry – marriage acre — acreage herb – herbage to harbour — harbourage
-ance -ence	процесс, состояние или свойство	important – importance different — difference
-dom	абстрактные и собирательные существительные, обозначающие: а) общественный статус или яв- ление; б) состояние	king — kingdom free — freedom
-ее	лицо, на которое направлено действие	to address — addressee
—er, -or	действующее лицо	to sell – seller to visit — visitor
-ery, -ary, -ry	а) место; б) действие, род занятия или деятельности; поведение или связанное с ним качество; в) состояние или положение	to bind – bindery to rob – robbery chemist – chemistry slave — slavery
-hood	а) состояние, общественное поло- жение; б) качества, свойства; в) совокупность людей или семей-ные отношения	child — childhood saint — sainthood brother — brotherhood
-ian	национальная принадлежность	Russia — Russian
-ician	лицо по роду работы, занятий	mathematics — mathematician
-ion, -ation, -tion, -sion, -ssion	а) действие, процесс, состояние; б) абстрактное понятие; свойство, качество	to transform – transformation to accommodate — accommo-dation
—ism	отвлеченные имена существитель- ные	Marx — Marxism
—ist	профессия, принадлежность к партии, религии, философскому течению	to type — typist Marxist
-ment	a) действие, процесс, состояние; б) результат действия или продукт деятельности	to move – movement to improve – improvement
-ness	качество или состояние	hарру — happiness
-ship	а) положение человека в обществе; звание, должность, титул; б) умение, мастерство, искусство; занятие; с) чувство, отношение к чему-либо; д) абстрактные понятия	captain – captainship draftsman – draftsmanship comrade – comradeship citizen — citizenship
-ute, -ture	а) процесс, состояние; свойства; абстрактное понятие; б) сфера деятельности; офици-альное учреждение и его функции	to depart – departure portrait – portraiture
-y	абстрактные и собирательные существительные	soldier — soldiery

1. Суффиксы прилагательных

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-able	а) возможность осуществления; б) обладание некоторым качест-вом	to change – changeable to comfort — comfortable
-al	подобие, сходство, обладание некоторым сходством	addition — additional
-an, -ian -ean	принадлежность к какой-нибудь народности, родовому клану; идеологическому течению, науч-ной школе и т. п	Arab — Arabian
-ant, -ent	cоответствующие существитель-ные имеют суффиксы –ant и -ent	importance – important difference — different
-ar	обладание чем-то, сходство с чем-то	circle — circular
-ary -ery	качество	diet — dietary
-en	сделанный из чего-либо	wood — wooden
-er	сравнительная степень прилага-тельных	big — bigger
-ern	прилагательные, образованные от названий сторон света	east — eastern
-ese	национальность или язык	China – Chinese
-est	превосходная степень прилага-тельных	tall – the tallest
-ic,	состав, структура чего-либо, отношение к чему-либо	drama — dramatic
—ish	а) национальная принадлежность; б) слабая степень качества (соответствует русским суффиксам –оват, еват)	Scotland – Scottish red — reddish
-ive	относящийся к, принадлежащий, связанный с	nature — native
-ful	наличие качества	beauty — beautiful
-less	отсутствие качества	hope — hopeless
-ous	обладающий данным свойством, признаком, характеристикой в значительной степени	danger — dangerous
-y	качество	stone — stony

1. Суффиксы глаголов

Глагол несет значение соответствующего прилагательного или существительного, на основе которого он сформирован.

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-ate	делать, осуществлять	active — to activate
—en	действие, придающее качество, выраженное в основе глагола	sharp – to sharpen
—fy, —ify	делать, осуществлять, превращать	simple — to simplify
-ize(AE) -ise(BE)	вести себя подобно, проводить ту или иную политику или производить действие	private — to privatize

1. Суффиксы наречий

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-ly	наречие с тем же качеством, что и слово, от которого оно образовано	bad — badly
-wards -ward	направление или направленность	after – afterwards home — homeward

Некоторые наречия имеют такую же форму, как и соответствующие им прилагательные. Отличить такие наречия от прилагательных можно по роли в предложении:

• прилагательные характеризуют существительное,

• наречия характеризуют глагол.

Прилагательные Наречия

daily – ежедневный daily – ежедневно

early – ранний early – рано

far – дальний far – далеко

fast – быстрый, скорый fast – быстро

little – маленький little – мало

long – длинный long – долго

much – много much – много

straight – прямой straight – прямо

Некоторые слова, образуемые от существительных при помощи суффикса –ly, являются и наречиями, и прилагательными:

friendly – дружественный, дружественно,

early – ранний, рано.

Правила орфографии при образовании наречий

1.Если прилагательное оканчивается на –y, то она меняется на i:

easy – easily.

2.Если прилагательное оканчивается на –le, то конечное e заменяется на y:

simple – simply.

3.Если существительное оканчивается на –iс, то добавляется –ally:

automatic – automatically.

4.Если прилагательное оканчивается на —ue, то конечное e отпадает:

true – truly.

Если прилагательное заканчивается на –ll, то добавляется только гласная y:

full – fully.

1. Суффиксы числительных

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-teen	числительные от 13 до 19	six — sixteen
—ty	десятки	six- sixty
-th	порядковые числительные	six- sixth