Next type of word

For those interested in a little info about this site: it’s a side project that I developed while working on Describing Words and Related Words. Both of those projects are based around words, but have much grander goals. I had an idea for a website that simply explains the word types of the words that you search for — just like a dictionary, but focussed on the part of speech of the words. And since I already had a lot of the infrastructure in place from the other two sites, I figured it wouldn’t be too much more work to get this up and running.

The dictionary is based on the amazing Wiktionary project by wikimedia. I initially started with WordNet, but then realised that it was missing many types of words/lemma (determiners, pronouns, abbreviations, and many more). This caused me to investigate the 1913 edition of Websters Dictionary — which is now in the public domain. However, after a day’s work wrangling it into a database I realised that there were far too many errors (especially with the part-of-speech tagging) for it to be viable for Word Type.

Finally, I went back to Wiktionary — which I already knew about, but had been avoiding because it’s not properly structured for parsing. That’s when I stumbled across the UBY project — an amazing project which needs more recognition. The researchers have parsed the whole of Wiktionary and other sources, and compiled everything into a single unified resource. I simply extracted the Wiktionary entries and threw them into this interface! So it took a little more work than expected, but I’m happy I kept at it after the first couple of blunders.

Special thanks to the contributors of the open-source code that was used in this project: the UBY project (mentioned above), @mongodb and express.js.

Currently, this is based on a version of wiktionary which is a few years old. I plan to update it to a newer version soon and that update should bring in a bunch of new word senses for many words (or more accurately, lemma).

Each
word consists of morphemes, the smallest meaningful units of the
language. According to the role they play in constructing words,
morphemes are divided into roots and affixes.

The root
expresses the main lexical meaning of a word. The root may often be
homonymous with the word. Such roots are called free morphemes.
Affixes are always bound morphemes, they can function only within a
word.

According
to their function and meaning affixes are divided into derivational
that serve to form new lexemes (words) and functional that express
grammatical meanings and serve to create grammar forms of the same
word. Functional affixes are also called flections (inflections), or
endings. When a functional affix is stripped from a word, what
remains is the stem. If the stem contains nothing but the root, it is
a simple stem. If a stem also contains one or more derivational
affixes, it is a derived stem.

Depending
on their structure and type of formation words are divided into:

1. simple
   words consisting of a root morpheme and the ending or zero-ending
   (e.g. start, helps);

2. affixational
   derivatives consisting of a root morpheme and one or more
   derivational affixes (suddenly, fearless, teacher);

3. compounds
   in which several stems are joined together (peace-loving, car-sick,
   sweetheart);

4. derivational
   compounds where stems are joined together by composition and
   affixation (bare-legged, heart-shaped);

5. shortened
   words (fridge, ed, pram);

6. abbreviations
   (MP, UN).

II. Affixation. Classification of affixes. Suffixes and prefixes.

Affixation
is a way of forming new words by adding derivational affixes to the
stem. Derivational affixes are classified in a number of ways.

According
to their position in a word affixes are divided into prefixes, which
precede the root, suffixes, which follow the root, and infixes
inserted into the root (historically n in stand is an infix).

According
to the degree of productivity affixes are divided into productive
that help to form new words nowadays and non-productive no longer
used in word-formation at the present stage of language development,
e.g. –lock (as in the word wedlock).

According
to their origin affixes are divided into native and borrowed. Native
affixes are those, which already existed in O.E. or were formed from
O.E. words. A root morpheme in a compound word may gradually develop
into a suffix and become a bound form no longer homonymous with any
Modern English word. E.g. –dom (O.E. fate, power), -hood (O.E.
state), etc.

The most
important native affixes are: -d, -dom, -ed, -en, -fold, -ful, -hood,
-ing, -ish, -less, -like, -let, -lock, -ly, -ness, -red,-ship,
-some,-teen, -ty, -th, -wise, -y.

Borrowed
affixes are classified according to their origin: Latin (-able,
-ible, -ant/ent), French (-age, -ance, -ence, -ancy, -ency, -ard,
-ate), Greek (-ist, -ism, -ite), etc. Affixes are borrowed only if a
large number of words with the same affix are borrowed, if both the
meaning and the function of the affix are clear and if the structural
pattern corresponds to the structural patterns already existing in
the language. If all these conditions are fulfilled, the foreign
affix may even become productive and combine with native stems or
borrowed stems within the system of the English vocabulary. E.g.
–able in laughable, unforgettable, unforgivable. The English words
balustrade, brigade, cascade are borrowed from French but the English
word blockade was coined by analogy from an English root with the
borrowed suffix.

The next
classification deals with suffixes and divides them according to the
part of speech the words they help to form belong to:

1)
noun-forming suffixes: -age (bondage, breakage), -ance/-ence
(assistance, reference), -ant/-ent (desinfectant, student), -dom
(freedom, kingdom), -hood(widowhood, sisterhood), -ee(nominee,
trainee, employee), -er(teacher, writer), -ess(actress, lioness),
-ing (building, moving), -ion (rebellion), -tion (creation), -ation
(explanation), -ism (heroism, criticism),

-ist(novelist),
-ment (government), -ness (tenderness), -ship(scholarship), -ty
(minority);

2)
adjective-forming suffixes: -able(unbearable), -al(formal), -ant/ent
(dependent),

-ary(revolutionary),
-ate/ete(accurate, complete), -ful(delightful), -an(African),
-ish(reddish, childish), -ive(active), -less(useless), -ly(manly),
-ous(curious), some (tiresome), -y(cloudy, dressy);

1. adverb-forming
   suffixes: -ly(coldly); -wards(northwards), -wise(likewise);

2. numeral-forming
   suffixes: -teen(fourteen), -ty (sixty), -th(seventh);

3. verb-forming
   suffixes: -ate(facilitate), -er(twitter), -en(shorten),
   -fy(terrify),

-ise
(specialise),
-ish (establish).

As
to their lexico-grammatical meanings suffixes can be further
subdivided, for example, noun suffixes into:

1. suffixes
   of abstract nouns: -dom, -hood, -ion, -ism, -ment, -ness.

2. suffixes
   of personal nouns which are emotionally neutral: -an(grammarian),
   -ent (student), -ant (servant), -er (porter), -or (inspector), -ist
   (linguist), -ician (musician);

3. feminine
   suffixes as a subgroup of personal noun suffixes: -ess (actress,
   lioness, tigress, hostess), -ine (heroine), -ette (cosmonette);

4. derogatory
   suffixes of personal nouns: -ard (drunkard), -ster (gangster), -ton
   (simpleton);

5. diminutive
   suffixes (used to name both persons and things): -y/ie (hanky,
   daddy, auntie, nightie), -let (booklet), -ock (hillock), -ette
   (kitchenette).

In contrast
to suffixes most prefixes do not radically change the basic
lexico-grammatical

meaning
of the stem but just modify it. So the prefixed derivative and its
prototype usually belong to the same part of speech. E.g. behave-
misbehave, read – re-read, please – displease, grateful –
ungrateful. Some prefixes are used with words of one part of speech
only, others – with several parts of speech, e.g. re- with verbs
and nouns, un- with adjectives, verbs and nouns.

In
some cases, however, prefixes may also change general
lexico-grammatical meaning and form words belonging to a different
part of speech as compared with the original word:

1. verb-forming
   prefixes be- (with adjective and noun stems), e.g. belittle,
   benumb, befriend, becloud, behead; en-/em- (with adjective and noun
   stems), e.g. encamp, enable, enslave, encase, embed;

2. adjective-forming
   prefixes pre-, post-, non-, anti- (with noun stems): pre-war,
   post-war, anti-war, non-party.

The
meanings conveyed by prefixes are as follows:

1)
negative or reversative: de-, dis-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, un,
anti-.

e.g.
decentralise, disagree, impatient, illiterate, irregular, nonsense,
unhappy, unmask ,

anticlockwise.

2)
repetitive: re-.

e.g.
rearrange, remake, remarriage.

1. adverbial
   of size or degree: out-, over-, under-, super-.

e.g.
outdo, outnumber, overgrow, overfeed, underestimate, superman.

1. adverbial
   of manner: mis-.

e.g.
misbehave, mistake.

1. adverbial
   of time: post-, pre-.

e.g.
post-mortem, postgraduate, prepay, pre-war.

1. adverbial
   of place: trans-, sub-, in-, out-, a-.

e.g.
transatlantic, subway, input, output, aboard.

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На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

I’ll try a different type next time.

Keyboard corrects errors and omissions and can predict what word the user wants to type next.

Клавиатура исправляет ошибки и опечатки и умеет предсказывать, какое слово пользователь захочет ввести следующим.

Try to get 3 or more objects of the same type next to each other in order to remove them from the game.

Попытайся получить З или более одинаковых предмета рядом друг с другом, чтобы удалить их из игры.

A crumb of comfort for diesel is the fact that the number intending to stick with the fuel type next time they buy remained stable between 2017 and 2018.

Мягкой комфорт для дизельного топлива является тот факт, что число, намеревающееся придерживаться типа топлива в следующий раз, когда они покупают, остается стабильным в период с 2017 по 2018 год.

Indeed, SwiftKey had been working away behind the scenes for two years with Hawking to develop technology specifically for him — the system learns from Hawking and predicts the characters and words he plans to type next based on historical patterns.

На самом деле, SwiftKey работала с Хокингом два года над разработкой технологии специально для его нужд — система училась у физика и предсказывала буквы и слова, которые ему могут понадобиться, на основании уже накопленных шаблонов.

Metal Gear Survive is getting a new co-op mission type next month

В Metal Gear Survive появится новый вид кооперативных миссий

Hybrids of this type next appear in the episode «The Time of the Doctor» (2013), where the crew of the spacecraft Church of the Papal Mainframe are killed by the Daleks during the battle for the planet Trenzalore and turned into Dalek puppets.

Гибриды этого типа впоследствии появляются в эпизоде «Время Доктора»^ все члены церкви Папского Мейнфрейма погибли в сражении за Трензалор и были преобразованы в «марионеток».

Smart email systems that use artificial intelligence to predict what will type next can make it quicker to write messages to our friends, colleagues and family, but do we risk losing something in the process?

Новые редакторы электронной почты, использующие искусственный интеллект (ИИ), обещают упростить написание писем нашим коллегам, друзьям и домашним, но не рискуем ли мы при этом что-то…

Другие результаты

Select Manual setup or additional server types>Next.

Тут же доступен раздел «Ручная настройка или дополнительные типы серверов».

Right now, almost all of SquareEnix’s Final Fantasy-related staff is concentrated on Kingdom Hearts III, Final Fantasy VII REMAKE (Episode 1) and (to a way lesser extent) Final Fantasy Type-1 (currently known as «Final Fantasy Type-Next«).

Прямо сейчас практически все сотрудники Square Enix, имеющие отношение к серии Final Fantasy, работают над Kingdom Hearts III, первым эпизодом Final Fantasy VII Remake и Final Fantasy Type-1, который пока называют Final Fantasy Type-Next.

The next type of security to consider is encryption.

Следующая мера безопасности, которую вы должны рассмотреть, это шифрование.

Type the next character and the same response.

Следующее полотно, и тот же самый ответ.

Have you noticed another type of next?

From a business perspective, itâs helpful to think of blockchain technology as a type of next-generation business process improvement software.

С точки зрения бизнеса, полезно подумать о технологии blockchain как о типе программного обеспечения для улучшения бизнес-процессов следующего поколения.

Dental bridges are the next type of procedure that we’ll discuss.

Металлический сайдинг — это следующий вид сайдинга, который мы рассмотрим.

The next type of psychic attack which we must consider is that conducted by means of artificial elementals.

Следующий тип психического нападения, который мы должны рассмотреть, проводится посредством искусственных элементалей.

That’s why there is the next type of keywords.

If the positive scenario does not work, we need to be ready for the next type of sanctions.

«Если не сработает позитивный сценарий, мы должны быть готовы к следующему типу санкций.

The next type of age-related changes of hair, very similar to the processes in the skin.

Следующий тип возрастных изменений волос, очень похож на процессы, происходящие с кожей.

The next type is a local fish, which can also be divided into categories.

Следующий тип — это отечественные рыбы, которые также можно подразделить на категории.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 2359. Точных совпадений: 8. Затраченное время: 443 мс

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WORD STRUCTURE IN MODERN ENGLISH

  I.   The morphological structure of a word. Morphemes. Types of morphemes. Allomorphs.

II.   Structural types of words.

III.   Principles of morphemic analysis.

  IV.   Derivational level of analysis. Stems. Types of stems. Derivational types of words.

I.   The morphological structure of a word. Morphemes. Types of Morphemes.  Allomorphs.

There are two levels of approach to the study of word- structure: the level of morphemic analysis and the level of derivational or word-formation analysis.

Word is the principal and basic unit of the language system, the largest on the morphologic and the smallest on the syntactic plane of linguistic analysis.

It has been universally acknowledged that a great many words have a composite nature and are made up of morphemes, the basic units on the morphemic level, which are defined as the smallest indivisible two-facet language units.

The term morpheme is derived from Greek morphe “form ”+ -eme. The Greek suffix –eme has been adopted by linguistic to denote the smallest unit or the minimum distinctive feature.

The morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of form. A form in these cases a recurring discrete unit of speech. Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words, not independently, although a word may consist of single morpheme. Even a cursory examination of the morphemic structure of English words reveals that they are composed of morphemes of different types: root-morphemes and affixational morphemes. Words that consist of a root and an affix are called derived words or derivatives and are produced by the process of word building known as affixation (or derivation).

The root-morpheme is the lexical nucleus of the word; it has a very general and abstract lexical meaning common to a set of semantically related words constituting one word-cluster, e.g. (to) teach, teacher, teaching. Besides the lexical meaning root-morphemes possess all other types of meaning proper to morphemes except the part-of-speech meaning which is not found in roots.

Affixational morphemes include inflectional affixes or inflections and derivational affixes. Inflections carry only grammatical meaning and are thus relevant only for the formation of word-forms. Derivational affixes are relevant for building various types of words. They are lexically always dependent on the root which they modify. They possess the same types of meaning as found in roots, but unlike root-morphemes most of them have the part-of-speech meaning which makes them structurally the important part of the word as they condition the lexico-grammatical class the word belongs to. Due to this component of their meaning the derivational affixes are classified into affixes building different parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs.

Roots and derivational affixes are generally easily distinguished and the difference between them is clearly felt as, e.g., in the words helpless, handy, blackness, Londoner, refill, etc.: the root-morphemes help-, hand-, black-, London-, fill-, are understood as the lexical centers of the words, and –less, -y,      -ness, -er, re- are felt as morphemes dependent on these roots.

 Distinction is also made of free and bound morphemes.

Free morphemes coincide with word-forms of independently functioning words. It is obvious that free morphemes can be found only among roots, so the morpheme boy- in the word boy is a free morpheme; in the word undesirable there is only one free morpheme desire-; the word pen-holder has two free morphemes  pen- and hold-. It follows that bound morphemes are those that do not coincide with separate word- forms, consequently all derivational morphemes, such as –ness, -able, -er are bound. Root-morphemes may be both free and bound. The morphemes theor- in the words theory, theoretical, or horr- in the words horror, horrible, horrify; Angl- in  Anglo-Saxon; Afr- in Afro-Asian are all bound roots as there are no identical word-forms.

It should also be noted that morphemes may have different phonemic shapes. In the word-cluster please , pleasing , pleasure , pleasant the phonemic shapes of the word stand in complementary distribution or in alternation with each other. All the representations of the given morpheme, that manifest alternation are called allomorphs/or morphemic variants/ of that morpheme.

The combining form allo- from Greek allos “other” is used in linguistic terminology to denote elements of a group whose members together consistute a structural unit of the language (allophones, allomorphs). Thus, for example, -ion/ -tion/ -sion/ -ation are the positional variants of the same suffix, they do not differ in meaning or function but show a slight difference in sound form depending on the final phoneme of the preceding stem. They are considered as variants of one and the same morpheme and called its allomorphs.

Allomorph is defined as a positional variant of a morpheme occurring in a specific environment and so characterized by complementary description.

Complementary distribution is said to take place, when two linguistic variants cannot appear in the same environment.

Different morphemes are characterized by contrastive distribution, i.e. if they occur in the same environment they signal different meanings. The suffixes –able and –ed, for instance, are different morphemes, not allomorphs, because adjectives in –able mean “ capable of beings”.

Allomorphs will also occur among prefixes. Their form then depends on the initials of the stem with which they will assimilate.

Two or more sound forms of a stem existing under conditions of complementary distribution may also be regarded as allomorphs, as, for instance, in long a: length n.

II. Structural types of words.

The morphological analysis of word- structure on the morphemic level aims at splitting the word into its constituent morphemes – the basic units at this level of analysis – and at determining their number and types. The four types (root words, derived words, compound, shortenings) represent the main structural types of Modern English words, and conversion, derivation and composition the most productive ways of word building.

According to the number of morphemes words can be classified into monomorphic and polymorphic. Monomorphic or root-words consist of only one root-morpheme, e.g. small, dog, make, give, etc. All polymorphic word fall into two subgroups:  derived words and compound words – according to the number of root-morphemes they have. Derived words are composed of one root-morpheme and one or more derivational morphemes, e.g. acceptable, outdo, disagreeable, etc. Compound words are those which contain at least two root-morphemes, the number of derivational morphemes being insignificant. There can be both root- and derivational morphemes in compounds as in pen-holder, light-mindedness, or only root-morphemes as in lamp-shade, eye-ball, etc.

These structural types are not of equal importance. The clue to the correct understanding of their comparative value lies in a careful consideration of: 1)the importance of each type in the existing wordstock, and 2) their frequency value in actual speech. Frequency is by far the most important factor. According to the available word counts made in different parts of speech, we find that derived words numerically constitute the largest class of words in the existing wordstock; derived nouns comprise approximately 67% of the total number, adjectives about 86%, whereas compound nouns make about 15% and adjectives about 4%. Root words come to 18% in nouns, i.e. a trifle more than the number of compound words; adjectives root words come to approximately 12%.

But we cannot fail to perceive that root-words occupy a predominant place. In English, according to the recent frequency counts, about 60% of the total number of nouns and 62% of the total number of adjectives in current use are root-words. Of the total number of adjectives and nouns, derived words comprise about 38% and 37% respectively while compound words comprise an insignificant 2% in nouns and 0.2% in adjectives. Thus it is the root-words that constitute the foundation and the backbone of the vocabulary and that are of paramount importance in speech. It should also be mentioned that root words are characterized by a high degree of collocability and a complex variety of meanings in contrast with words of other structural types whose semantic structures are much poorer. Root- words also serve as parent forms for all types of derived and compound words.

III. Principles of morphemic analysis.

In most cases the morphemic structure of words is transparent enough and individual morphemes clearly stand out within the word. The segmentation of words is generally carried out according to the method of Immediate and Ultimate Constituents. This method is based on the binary principle, i.e. each stage of the procedure involves two components the word immediately breaks into. At each stage these two components are referred to as the Immediate Constituents. Each Immediate Constituent at the next stage of analysis is in turn broken into smaller meaningful elements. The analysis is completed when we arrive at constituents incapable of further division, i.e. morphemes. These are referred to Ultimate Constituents.

A synchronic morphological analysis is most effectively accomplished by the procedure known as the analysis into Immediate Constituents. ICs are the two meaningful parts forming a large linguistic unity.

The method is based on the fact that a word characterized by morphological divisibility is involved in certain structural correlations. To sum up: as we break the word we obtain at any level only ICs one of which is the stem of the given word. All the time the analysis is based on the patterns characteristic of the English vocabulary. As a pattern showing the interdependence of all the constituents segregated at various stages, we obtain the following formula:

un+ { [ ( gent- + -le ) + -man ] + -ly}

Breaking a word into its Immediate Constituents we observe in each cut the structural order of the constituents.

A  diagram presenting the four cuts described looks as follows:

1. un- / gentlemanly

2.   un- / gentleman / — ly

3.   un- / gentle / — man / — ly

4.   un- / gentl / — e / — man / — ly

A similar analysis on the word-formation level showing not only the morphemic constituents of the word but also the structural pattern on which it is built.

The analysis of word-structure at the morphemic level must proceed to the stage of Ultimate Constituents. For example, the noun friendliness is first segmented into the ICs: [frendlı-] recurring in the adjectives friendly-looking and friendly and [-nıs] found in a countless number  of nouns, such as unhappiness, blackness, sameness, etc. the IC [-nıs] is at the same time an UC of the word, as it cannot be broken into any smaller elements possessing both sound-form and meaning. Any further division of –ness would give individual speech-sounds which denote nothing by themselves. The IC [frendlı-] is next broken into the ICs [-lı] and [frend-] which are both UCs of the word.

Morphemic analysis under the method of Ultimate Constituents may be carried out on the basis of two principles: the so-called root-principle and affix principle.

According to the affix principle the splitting of the word into its constituent morphemes is based on the identification of the affix within a set of words, e.g. the identification of the suffix –er leads to the segmentation of words singer, teacher, swimmer into the derivational morpheme – er  and the roots teach- , sing-, drive-.

According to the root-principle, the segmentation of the word is based on the identification of the root-morpheme in a word-cluster, for example the identification of the root-morpheme agree-  in the words agreeable, agreement, disagree.

As a rule, the application of these principles is sufficient for the morphemic segmentation of words.

However, the morphemic structure of words in a number of cases defies such analysis, as it is not always so transparent and simple as in the cases mentioned above. Sometimes not only the segmentation of words into morphemes, but the recognition of certain sound-clusters as morphemes become doubtful which naturally affects the classification of words. In words like retain, detain, contain or  receive, deceive, conceive, perceive the sound-clusters [rı-], [dı-] seem to be singled quite easily, on the other hand, they undoubtedly have nothing in common with the phonetically identical prefixes  re-, de- as found in words re-write, re-organize, de-organize, de-code. Moreover, neither the sound-cluster [rı-] or [dı-], nor the [-teın] or [-sı:v] possess any lexical or functional meaning of their own. Yet, these sound-clusters are felt as having a certain meaning because [rı-] distinguishes retain from detain and [-teın] distinguishes retain from receive.

It follows that all these sound-clusters have a differential and a certain distributional meaning as their order arrangement point to the affixal status of re-, de-, con-, per- and makes one understand —tain and –ceive as roots. The differential and distributional meanings seem to give sufficient ground to recognize these sound-clusters as morphemes, but as they lack lexical meaning of their own, they are set apart from all other types of morphemes and are known in linguistic literature as pseudo- morphemes. Pseudo- morphemes of the same kind  are also encountered in words like rusty-fusty.

IV.   Derivational level of analysis. Stems. Types of Stems. Derivational types of word.

The morphemic analysis of words only defines the constituent morphemes, determining their types and their meaning but does not reveal the hierarchy of the morphemes comprising the word. Words are no mere sum totals of morpheme, the latter reveal a definite, sometimes very complex interrelation. Morphemes are arranged according to certain rules, the arrangement differing in various types of words and particular groups within the same types. The pattern of morpheme arrangement underlies the classification of words into different types and enables one to understand how new words appear in the language. These relations within the word and the interrelations between different types and classes of words are known as derivative or word- formation relations.

The analysis of derivative relations aims at establishing a correlation between different types and the structural patterns words are built on. The basic unit at the derivational level is the stem.

The stem is defined as that part of the word which remains unchanged throughout its paradigm, thus the stem which appears in the paradigm (to) ask ( ), asks, asked, asking is ask-; thestem of the word singer ( ), singer’s, singers, singers’ is singer-. It is the stem of the word that takes the inflections which shape the word grammatically as one or another part of speech.

The structure of stems should be described in terms of IC’s analysis, which at this level aims at establishing the patterns of typical derivative relations within the stem and the derivative correlation between stems of different types.

There are three types of stems: simple, derived and compound.

Simple stems are semantically non-motivated and do not constitute a pattern on analogy with which new stems may be modeled. Simple stems are generally monomorphic and phonetically identical with the root morpheme. The derivational structure of stems does not always coincide with the result of morphemic analysis. Comparison proves that not all morphemes relevant at the morphemic level are relevant at the derivational level of analysis. It follows that bound morphemes and all types of pseudo- morphemes are irrelevant to the derivational structure of stems as they do not meet requirements of double opposition and derivative interrelations. So the stem of such words as retain, receive, horrible, pocket, motion, etc. should be regarded as simple, non- motivated stems.

Derived stems are built on stems of various structures though which they are motivated, i.e. derived stems are understood on the basis  of the derivative relations between their IC’s and the correlated stems. The derived stems are mostly polymorphic in which case the segmentation results only in one IC that is itself a stem, the other IC being necessarily a derivational affix.

Derived stems are not necessarily polymorphic.

Compound stems are made up of two IC’s, both of which are themselves stems, for example match-box, driving-suit, pen-holder, etc. It is built by joining of two stems, one of which is simple, the other derived.

In more complex cases the result of the analysis at the two levels sometimes seems even to contracted one another.

The derivational types of words are classified according to the structure of their stems into simple, derived and compound words.

Derived words are those composed of one root- morpheme and one or more derivational morpheme.

Compound words contain at least two root- morphemes, the number of derivational morphemes being insignificant.

Derivational compound is a word formed by a simultaneous process of composition and derivational.

Compound words proper are formed by joining together stems of word already available in the language.

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Word structure in modern english 
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