A navy, naval force, or maritime force is the branch of a nation’s armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions. It includes anything conducted by surface ships, amphibious ships, submarines, and seaborne aviation, as well as ancillary support, communications, training, and other fields. The strategic offensive role of a navy is projection of force into areas beyond a country’s shores (for example, to protect sea-lanes, deter or confront piracy, ferry troops, or attack other navies, ports, or shore installations). The strategic defensive purpose of a navy is to frustrate seaborne projection-of-force by enemies. The strategic task of the navy also may incorporate nuclear deterrence by use of submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Naval operations can be broadly divided between riverine and littoral applications (brown-water navy), open-ocean applications (blue-water navy), and something in between (green-water navy), although these distinctions are more about strategic scope than tactical or operational division.
Etymology and meanings[edit]
First attested in English in the early 14th century,[1] the word «navy» came via Old French navie, «fleet of ships», from the Latin navigium, «a vessel, a ship, bark, boat»,[2] from navis, «ship».[3] The word «naval» came from Latin navalis, «pertaining to ship»;[4] cf. Greek ναῦς (naus), «ship»,[5] ναύτης (nautes), «seaman, sailor».[6] The earliest attested form of the word is in the Mycenaean Greek compound word 𐀙𐀄𐀈𐀗, na-u-do-mo (*naudomoi), «shipbuilders», written in Linear B syllabic script.[n 1]
The word formerly denoted fleets of both commercial and military nature. In modern usage «navy» used alone always denotes a military fleet, although the term «merchant navy» for a commercial fleet still incorporates the non-military word sense. This overlap in word senses between commercial and military fleets grew out of the inherently dual-use nature of fleets; centuries ago, nationality was a trait that unified a fleet across both civilian and military uses. Although nationality of commercial vessels has little importance in peacetime trade other than for tax avoidance, it can have greater meaning during wartime, when supply chains become matters of patriotic attack and defense, and when in some cases private vessels are even temporarily converted to military vessels. The latter was especially important, and common, before 20th-century military technology existed, when merely adding artillery and naval infantry to any sailing vessel could render it fully as martial as any military-owned vessel. Such privateering has been rendered obsolete in blue-water strategy since modern missile and aircraft systems grew to leapfrog over artillery and infantry in many respects; but privateering nevertheless remains potentially relevant in littoral warfare of a limited and asymmetric nature.
History[edit]
Naval warfare developed when humans first fought from water-borne vessels. Before the introduction of the cannon and ships with enough capacity to carry them, navy warfare primarily involved ramming and boarding actions. In the time of ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, naval warfare centered on long, narrow vessels powered by banks of oarsmen (such as triremes and quinqueremes) designed to ram and sink enemy vessels or come alongside the enemy vessel so its occupants could be attacked hand-to-hand. Naval warfare continued in this vein through the Middle Ages until the cannon became commonplace and capable of being reloaded quickly enough to be reused in the same battle.
The Chola Dynasty of medieval Tamil Nadu was known as one of the greatest naval powers of its time from 300 BC to 1279 AD. The Chola Navy, Chola kadarpadai comprised the naval forces of the Chola Empire along with several other Naval-arms of the country. The Chola navy played a vital role in the expansion of the Chola Tamil kingdom, including the conquest of the Sri Lanka islands, Kadaaram (Present day Burma), Sri Vijaya (present day Southeast Asia), the spread of Hinduism, Tamil architecture and Tamil culture to Southeast Asia and in curbing the piracy in Southeast Asia in 900 CE. In ancient China, large naval battles were known since the Qin dynasty (also see Battle of Red Cliffs, 208), employing the war junk during the Han dynasty. However, China’s first official standing navy was not established until the Southern Song dynasty in the 12th century, a time when gunpowder was a revolutionary new application to warfare.
Nusantaran thalassocracies made extensive use of naval power and technologies. This enabled the seafaring local people (either Malays of Srivijaya or Javanese of Mataram) to attack as far as the coast of Tanzania and Mozambique with 1000 boats and attempted to take the citadel of Qanbaloh, about 7,000 km to their West, in 945–946 AD.[11]: 110 [12]: 39 In 1350 AD Majapahit launched its largest military expedition, the invasion of Pasai, with 400 large jong and innumerable smaller vessels.[13] The second largest military expedition, invasion of Singapura in 1398, Majapahit deployed 300 jong with no less than 200,000 men.[14][15] The average jong used by Majapahit would be about 76.18–79.81 m LOA, carrying 600–700 men, with 1200–1400 tons deadweight.[16]: 60–62
The mass and deck space required to carry a large number of cannon made oar-based propulsion impossible, and ships came to rely primarily on sails. Warships were designed to carry increasing numbers of cannon and naval tactics evolved to bring a ship’s firepower to bear in a broadside, with ships-of-the-line arranged in a line of battle. The development of large capacity, sail-powered ships carrying cannon led to a rapid expansion of European navies, especially the Spanish and Portuguese navies which dominated in the 16th and early 17th centuries, and helped propel the age of exploration and colonialism. The repulsion of the Spanish Armada (1588) by the English fleet revolutionized naval warfare by the success of a guns-only strategy and caused a major overhaul of the Spanish Navy, partly along English lines. From the beginning of the 17th century the Dutch cannibalized the Portuguese Empire in the East and, with the immense wealth gained, challenged Spanish hegemony at sea. From the 1620s, Dutch raiders seriously troubled Spanish shipping and, after a number of battles which went both ways, the Dutch Navy finally broke the long dominance of the Spanish Navy in the Battle of the Downs (1639).
England emerged as a major naval power in the mid-17th century after successes in the Anglo-Dutch war. The French Navy won some important victories near the end of the 17th century but a focus upon land forces led to the French Navy’s relative neglect, which allowed the Royal Navy to emerge with an ever-growing advantage in size and quality, especially in tactics and experience, from 1695. As a response to growing naval influence of the navies of Portuguese, the warrior king of the Marathas, Shivaji laid the foundation of the Maratha navy in 1654.
Throughout the 18th century the Royal Navy gradually gained ascendancy over the French Navy, with victories in the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714), battles in the War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748), victories in the Seven Years’ War (1754–1763), a partial reversal during the American War of Independence (1775–1783), and consolidation into uncontested supremacy during the 19th century from the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. These conflicts saw the development and refinement of tactics which came to be called the line of battle. The infinite victories of the Royal Navy confirmed the naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the eighteenth century.
The next stage in the evolution of naval warfare was the introduction of metal plating along the hull sides. The increased mass required steam-powered engines, resulting in an arms race between armor and weapon thickness and firepower. The first armored vessels, the French Gloire and British HMS Warrior, made wooden vessels obsolete. Another significant improvement came with the invention of the rotating turrets, which allowed the guns to be aimed independently of ship movement. The battle between CSS Virginia and USS Monitor during the American Civil War (1861–1865) is often cited as the beginning of this age of maritime conflict. The Russian Navy was considered the third strongest in the world on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War, which turned to be a catastrophe for the Russian military in general and the Russian Navy in particular. Although neither party lacked courage, the Russians were defeated by the Japanese in the Battle of Port Arthur, which was the first time in warfare that mines were used for offensive purposes. The warships of the Baltic Fleet sent to the Far East were lost in the Battle of Tsushima. A further step change in naval firepower occurred when the United Kingdom launched HMS Dreadnought in 1906, but naval tactics still emphasized the line of battle.
The first practical military submarines were developed in the late 19th century and by the end of World War I had proven to be a powerful arm of naval warfare. During World War II, Nazi Germany’s submarine fleet of U-boats almost starved the United Kingdom into submission and inflicted tremendous losses on U.S. coastal shipping. The German battleship Tirpitz, a sister ship of Bismarck, was almost put out of action by miniature submarines known as X-Craft. The X-Craft severely damaged her and kept her in port for some months.
A major paradigm shift in naval warfare occurred with the introduction of the aircraft carrier. First at Taranto in 1940 and then at Pearl Harbor in 1941, the carrier demonstrated its ability to strike decisively at enemy ships out of sight and range of surface vessels. The Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944) was arguably the largest naval battle in history; it was also the last battle in which battleships played a significant role. By the end of World War II, the carrier had become the dominant force of naval warfare.
World War II also saw the United States become by far the largest naval power in the world. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the United States Navy possessed over 70% of the world’s total numbers and total tonnage of naval vessels of 1,000 tons or greater.[17] Throughout the rest of the 20th century, the United States Navy would maintain a tonnage greater than that of the next 17 largest navies combined. During the Cold War, the Soviet Navy became a significant armed force, with large numbers of large, heavily armed ballistic missile submarines and extensive use of heavy, long-ranged antisurface missiles to counter the numerous United States carrier battle groups. Only two nations, the United States and France, presently operate CATOBAR carriers of any size, while Russia, China and India operate sizeable STOBAR carriers (although all three are originally of Russian design). The United Kingdom is also operating two Queen Elizabeth-class carriers, which are the largest STOVL vessels in service, and India is currently building one aircraft carrier, INS Vikrant, and considering another. France is also looking at a new carrier, probably using a CATOBAR system and possibly based on the British Queen Elizabeth design.
Operations[edit]
A navy typically operates from one or more naval bases. The base is a port that is specialized in naval operations, and often includes housing, a munitions depot, docks for the vessels, and various repair facilities. During times of war temporary bases may be constructed in closer proximity to strategic locations, as it is advantageous in terms of patrols and station-keeping. Nations with historically strong naval forces have found it advantageous to obtain basing rights in other countries in areas of strategic interest.
Navy ships can operate independently or with a group, which may be a small squadron of comparable ships, or a larger naval fleet of various specialized ships. The commander of a fleet travels in the flagship, which is usually the most powerful vessel in the group. Before radio was invented, commands from the flagship were communicated by means of flags. At night signal lamps could be used for a similar purpose. Later these were replaced by the radio transmitter, or the flashing light when radio silence was needed.
A «blue water navy» is designed to operate far from the coastal waters of its home nation. These are ships capable of maintaining station for long periods of time in deep ocean, and will have a long logistical tail for their support. Many are also nuclear powered to save having to refuel. By contrast a «brown water navy» operates in the coastal periphery and along inland waterways, where larger ocean-going naval vessels can not readily enter. Regional powers may maintain a «green water navy» as a means of localized force projection. Blue water fleets may require specialized vessels, such as minesweepers, when operating in the littoral regions along the coast.
Traditions[edit]
A basic tradition is that all ships commissioned in a navy are referred to as ships rather than vessels, with the exception of destroyers and submarines, which are known as boats. The prefix on a ship’s name indicates that it is a commissioned ship.
An important tradition on board naval vessels of some nations has been the ship’s bell. This was historically used to mark the passage of time, as warning devices in heavy fog, and for alarms and ceremonies.
The ship’s captain, and more senior officers are «piped» aboard the ship using a Boatswain’s call.
In the United States, the First Navy Jack is a flag that has the words, «Don’t Tread on Me» on the flag.
By English tradition, ships have been referred to as a «she». However, it was long considered bad luck to permit women to sail on board naval vessels. To do so would invite a terrible storm that would wreck the ship. The only women that were welcomed on board were figureheads mounted on the prow of the ship.
Firing a cannon salute partially disarms the ship, so firing a cannon for no combat reason showed respect and trust. As the tradition evolved, the number of cannon fired became an indication of the rank of the official being saluted.
Naval organization[edit]
Ships[edit]
Historically, navy ships were primarily intended for warfare. They were designed to withstand damage and to inflict the same, but only carried munitions and supplies for the voyage (rather than merchant cargo). Often, other ships which were not built specifically for warfare, such as the galleon or the armed merchant ships in World War II, did carry armaments. In more recent times, navy ships have become more specialized and have included supply ships, troop transports, repair ships, oil tankers and other logistics support ships as well as combat ships.
Modern navy combat ships are generally divided into seven main categories: aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, corvettes, submarines, and amphibious assault ships. There are also support and auxiliary ships, including the oiler, minesweeper, patrol boat, hydrographic and oceanographic survey ship and tender. During the age of sail, the ship categories were divided into the ship of the line, frigate, and sloop-of-war.
Naval ship names are typically prefixed by an abbreviation indicating the national navy in which they serve. For a list of the prefixes used with ship names (HMS, USS, LÉ, etc.) see ship prefix.
Today ships are significantly faster than in years past, thanks to much improved propulsion systems. Also, the efficiency of the engines has improved, in terms of fuel, and of how many sailors it takes to operate them. In World War II, ships needed to refuel very often. However, today ships can go on very long journeys without refueling. Also, in World War II, the engine room needed about a dozen sailors to work the many engines, however, today, only about 4–5 are needed (depending on the class of the ship). Today, naval strike groups on longer missions are always followed by a range of support and replenishment ships supplying them with anything from fuel and munitions, to medical treatment and postal services. This allows strike groups and combat ships to remain at sea for several months at a time.
Boats[edit]
The term «boat» refers to small craft limited in their use by size and usually not capable of making lengthy independent voyages at sea. The old navy adage to differentiate between ships and boats is that boats are capable of being carried by ships. (Submarines by this rule are ships rather than boats, but are customarily referred to as boats reflecting their previous smaller size.)
Navies use many types of boat, ranging from 9-foot (2.7 m) dinghies to 135-foot (41 m) landing craft. They are powered by either diesel engines, out-board gasoline engines, or waterjets. Most boats are built of aluminum, fiberglass, or steel. Rigid-hulled inflatable boats are also used.
Patrol boats are used for patrols of coastal areas, lakes and large rivers.
Soviet PT-76 light amphibious tank moves down the ramp of an Aist-class hovercraft
Landing craft are designed to carry troops, vehicles, or cargo from ship to shore under combat conditions, to unload, to withdraw from the beach, and to return to the ship. They are rugged, with powerful engines, and usually armed. There are many types in today’s navies including hovercraft. They will typically have a power-operated bow ramp, a cargo well and after structures that house engine rooms, pilot houses, and stowage compartments. These boats are sometimes carried by larger ships.
Special operations craft are high-speed craft used for insertion and extraction of special forces personnel and some may be transportable (and deployed) by air.
Boats used in non-combat roles include lifeboats, mail boats, line handling boats, buoy boats, aircraft rescue boats, torpedo retrievers, explosive ordnance disposal craft, utility boats, dive boats, targets, and work boats. Boats are also used for survey work, tending divers, and minesweeping operations. Boats for carrying cargo and personnel are sometimes known as launches, gigs, barges or shore party boats.
Units[edit]
Naval forces are typically arranged into units based on the number of ships included, a single ship being the smallest operational unit. Ships may be combined into squadrons or flotillas, which may be formed into fleets. The largest unit size may be the whole Navy or Admiralty.
A task force can be assembled using ships from different fleets for an operational task.
Personnel[edit]
Despite their acceptance in many areas of naval service, female sailors were not permitted to serve on board U.S. submarines until the U.S. Navy lifted the ban in April 2010.[18] The major reasons historically cited by the U.S. Navy were the extended duty tours and close conditions which afford almost no privacy. The United Kingdom’s Royal Navy has had similar restrictions. Australia, Canada, Norway, and Spain previously opened submarine service to women sailors.[19]
Ranks[edit]
Newly commissioned officers celebrate their new positions by throwing their midshipmen covers into the air as part of a U.S. Naval Academy graduation and commissioning ceremony
A navy will typically have two sets of ranks, one for enlisted personnel and one for officers.
Typical ranks for commissioned officers include the following, in ascending order (Commonwealth ranks are listed first on each line; USA ranks are listed second in those instances where they differ from Commonwealth ranks):
- Midshipman / Ensign / Corvette Lieutenant
- Sub Lieutenant / Lieutenant Junior Grade / Frigate Lieutenant
- Lieutenant (Commonwealth & USA)/ Ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant / Captain Lieutenant
- Lieutenant Commander (Commonwealth & USA)/ Corvette Captain
- Commander (Commonwealth & USA)/ Frigate Captain
- Captain (Commonwealth & USA)/ Ship-of-the-Line Captain
- Commodore / Flotilla Admiral (in USA only: Rear Admiral (lower half))
- Rear Admiral (in USA only: Rear Admiral (upper half))
- Vice Admiral (Commonwealth & USA)
- Admiral (Commonwealth & USA)
- Admiral of the Fleet (Commonwealth) / Fleet Admiral (USA) / Grand Admiral
«Flag officers» include any rank that includes the word «admiral» (or commodore in services other than the US Navy), and are generally in command of a battle group, strike group or similar flotilla of ships, rather than a single ship or aspect of a ship. However, commodores can also be temporary or honorary positions. For example, during World War II, a Navy captain was assigned duty as a convoy commodore, which meant that he was still a captain, but in charge of all the merchant vessels in the convoy.
The most senior rank employed by a navy will tend to vary depending on the size of the navy and whether it is wartime or peacetime, for example, few people have ever held the rank of Fleet Admiral in the U.S. Navy, the chief of the Royal Australian Navy holds the rank of Vice Admiral, and the chief of the Irish Naval Service holds the rank of Commodore.
Naval infantry[edit]
Jaubert commandos of the French Navy demonstrating a mock, seaborne assault on the support vessel Alcyon
Naval infantry, commonly known as marines, are a category of infantry that form part of a state’s naval forces and perform roles on land and at sea, including amphibious operations, as well as other, naval roles. They also perform other tasks, including land warfare, separate from naval operations.
During the era of the Roman empire, naval forces included marine legionaries for maritime boarding actions. These were troops primarily trained in land warfare, and did not need to be skilled at handling a ship. Much later during the age of sail, a component of marines served a similar role, being ship-borne soldiers who were used either during boarding actions, as sharp-shooters, or in raids along shorelines.
The Spanish Infantería de Marina was formed in 1537, making it the oldest, current marine force in the world. The British Royal Marines combine being both a ship-based force and also being specially trained in commando frogman-style operations and tactics, operating in some cases separately from the rest of the Royal Navy. The Royal Marines also have their own special forces unit.
In the majority of countries, the marine force is an integral part of the navy but there are variations such as the French Troupes de marine which is actually part of the French Army. The United States Marine Corps is a separate armed service within the United States Department of the Navy, with its own leadership structure.
Naval aviation[edit]
A Sea Harrier on the flight deck of an Indian Navy aircraft carrier in 2007
Naval aviation is the application of military air power by navies, whether from warships that embark aircraft, or land bases.
In World War I several navies used floatplanes and flying boats — mainly for scouting. By World War II, aircraft carriers could carry bomber aircraft capable of attacking naval and land targets, as well as fighter aircraft for defence. Since World War II helicopters have been embarked on smaller ships in roles such as anti-submarine warfare and transport. Some navies have also operated land-based aircraft in roles such as maritime patrol and training.
Naval aviation forces primarily perform naval roles at sea. However, they are also used in a variety of other roles.
Further reading[edit]
- Non-fiction:
- Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft and Systems — Naval Institute Press. Published annually. Comprehensive.
- Braudel, Fernand, The Mediterranean in the Ancient World
- Corbett, Sir Julian, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy, 1911.
- Hughes, Jr., Wayne P., Fleet Tactics and Coastal Combat, 1999, Naval Institute Press, ISBN 1-55750-392-3
- Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery. New York: Scribner, 1976. ISBN 0-394-54674-1
- Mahan, Alfred Thayer, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, 1918, Little Brown, Boston.
- Marder, Arthur. The Anatomy of British Seapower. New York: Octagon Books, 1940.
- Marder, Arthur. «The Influence of History on Sea Power: The Royal Navy and the Lessons of 1914-1918,» Pacific Historical Review. November, 1972.
- Richmond, Herbert. National Policy and National Strength and other Essays. London: Longman, Green and Co., 1928.
- Sprout, Harold and Margaret Sprout. Toward a New Order of Sea Power: American Naval Policy … 1918-1922. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940.
- Starr, Chester G., The Influence of Sea Power on Ancient History, 1989, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-505666-3
- Tangredi, Sam, «Globalization and Maritime Power», 2002 — National Defense University, ISBN 1-57906-060-9
- Trafalgar 200 Through the Lens, ISBN 0-9553004-0-1
- Wombacher, Joerg and Joerg Felfe. (2012) United We Are Strong: An Investigation into Sense of Community among Navy Crews, Armed Forces & Society, Vol. 38, No. 4
- Woolley, Peter J. «The Role of Strategy in Great Power Decline,» Naval War College Review. Vol. XLIX, no. 1 (1996). ISBN 1-884733-06-9
- Fiction:
- Alan Lewrie series by Dewey Lambdin
- Aubrey–Maturin series by Patrick O’Brian
- Horatio Hornblower series by C. S. Forester
- Richard Bolitho series by Alexander Kent (Pseudonym of Douglas Reeman)
- Tom Clancy, The Hunt for Red October, Red Storm Rising
See also[edit]
- Blue-water navy
- Coast guard
- List of naval battles
- List of navies
- Number of warships in service worldwide
- List of submarine classes in service
- List of naval ship classes in service
- List of auxiliary ship classes in service
- Modern naval tactics
- Naval fleet
- Naval warfare
- Navies of landlocked countries
- Marines
Notes[edit]
- ^ Found on the KN U 736, PY Na 568, PY Vn 865 and PY Xn 990 tablets.[7][8][9] Cf. ναυπηγός.[10]
References[edit]
- ^ Harper, Douglas. «navy». Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ navigium. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
- ^ navis. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
- ^ navalis. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
- ^ ναῦς. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ^ ναύτης in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ «The Linear B word na-u-do-mo». Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages.
- ^ Raymoure, K.A. «na-u-do-mo». Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean. Archived from the original on 2013-10-13. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
- ^ «KN 736 U (unknown)». «PY 568 Na (1)». «PY 865 Vn + fr. (Ci)». «PY 990 Xn (unknown)». DĀMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo. University of Oslo. Archived from the original on 2014-03-25.
- ^ ναυπηγός.
- ^ Kumar, Ann (2012). ‘Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia’s Maritime Reach’, in Geoff Wade (ed.), Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122.
- ^ Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011). Majapahit Peradaban Maritim. Suluh Nuswantara Bakti. ISBN 978-602-9346-00-8.
- ^ Hill (June 1960). «Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai». Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 33: p. 98 and 157: «Then he directed them to make ready all the equipment and munitions of war needed for an attack on the land of Pasai – about four hundred of the largest junks, and also many barges (malangbang) and galleys.» See also Nugroho (2011). p. 270 and 286, quoting Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai, 3: 98: «Sa-telah itu, maka di-suroh baginda musta’idkan segala kelengkapan dan segala alat senjata peperangan akan mendatangi negeri Pasai itu, sa-kira-kira empat ratus jong yang besar-besar dan lain daripada itu banyak lagi daripada malangbang dan kelulus.» (After that, he is tasked by His Majesty to ready all the equipment and all weapons of war to come to that country of Pasai, about four hundred large jongs and other than that much more of malangbang and kelulus.)
- ^ Nugroho (2011), p. 271, 399–400, quoting Sejarah Melayu, 10.4: 77: «… maka bagindapun segera menyuruh berlengkap tiga ratus buah jung, lain dari pada itu kelulus, pelang, jongkong, tiada terbilang lagi.» (then His Majesty immediately ordered to equip three hundred jong, other than that kelulus, pelang, jongkong in uncountable numbers.)
- ^ Leyden, John (1821). Malay Annals: Translated from the Malay language. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. p. 86: «The bitara immediately fitted out 300 junks together with the vessels calúlús, pelang, and jongkong in numbers beyond calculation, and embarked on board of them two Cati of Javans (200,000). Then having set sail, they arrived at Singhapura, and immediately engaged in battle.»
- ^ Averoes, Muhammad (2022). «Re-Estimating the Size of Javanese Jong Ship». HISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidik Dan Peneliti Sejarah. 5 (1): 57–64. doi:10.17509/historia.v5i1.39181. S2CID 247335671.
- ^ Weighing the US Navy Defense & Security Analysis, Volume 17, Issue December 3, 2001, pp 259-265
- ^ «The Associated Press: Biden notes big year, sub service for Navy women». 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 1 June 2010.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ «NATO Review — Vol. 49 — No 2 — Summer 2001». www.nato.int. Archived from the original on 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to Navy.
Look up navy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- Naval Technology — News, projects, images and white papers on the naval industry
- NOSI (Naval Open Source Intelligence) — a library of world naval operational news
- Navy at Scottish Military Heritage Centre
- «Navy, The» . Collier’s New Encyclopedia. 1921.
1
: a group of ships : fleet
2
: a nation’s ships of war and of logistic support
3
often capitalized
: the complete naval establishment of a nation including yards, stations, ships, and personnel
4
: a dark grayish purplish blue
Example Sentences
A similar submarine is used by several foreign navies.
a career in the navy
The shirt comes in black, white, and navy.
Recent Examples on the Web
The association with water is established in the 42-seat dining room with navy-blue banquettes set against brick or white walls.
—Tom Sietsema, Washington Post, 7 Apr. 2023
Gerber wore a navy-blue Adidas pair, worn with a breezy dress and roomy overcoat.
—André-naquian Wheeler, Vogue, 31 Mar. 2023
Think blue for something classically country—from an airy sky blue to a handsome navy.
—Erin Cavoto, Country Living, 19 Mar. 2023
The only human inhabitants on Trindade are members of the Brazilian navy, which maintains a base on the island and protects the nesting turtles.
—Reuters, NBC News, 16 Mar. 2023
The only human inhabitants on Trindade are members of the Brazilian navy, which maintains a base on the island and protects the nesting turtles.
—Reuters, CNN, 15 Mar. 2023
And with the exception of a green stripe oxford and a solid navy, every one of them is either light blue, white, or some combination of these two.
—Eric Twardzik, Robb Report, 15 Mar. 2023
The dress also comes in classic black and a sophisticated navy.
—Madison Yauger, Peoplemag, 3 Mar. 2023
After breakfast, Pestian and I piled into a boxy navy-blue Ford with two tour guides.
—Dhruv Khullar, The New Yorker, 27 Feb. 2023
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These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘navy.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.
Word History
Etymology
Middle English navie, from Anglo-French, from Latin navigia ships, from navigare
First Known Use
14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1
Time Traveler
The first known use of navy was
in the 14th century
Dictionary Entries Near navy
Cite this Entry
“Navy.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/navy. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.
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Merriam-Webster unabridged
морское ведомство, эскадра, флотилия, военно-морской
существительное ↓
прилагательное ↓
- военно-морской
navy psychologist — военно-морской психолог
royal navy hospital — военно-морской госпиталь
Мои примеры
Словосочетания
navy-blue — тёмно-синий
Примеры с переводом
Dad’s always loved the navy.
Папа всегда очень любил военно-морской флот.
The two boys opted for the Navy.
Оба парня выбрали военно-морской флот.
Royal Navy
ВМС Великобритании
Two boys from our village have enlisted in the navy.
Двое ребят из нашей деревни записались добровольцами во флот.
She picked out a navy blue dress.
Она выбрала тёмно-синее платье.
The country is defended with a strong navy.
Страна находится под защитой сильного военно-морского флота.
Sex scandals sink US Navy’s reputation.
Скандалы на сексуальной почве позорят военно-морской флот США.
ещё 17 примеров свернуть
Примеры, ожидающие перевода
Is your brother still in the navy?
He joined the navy after graduation.
After graduating, I enlisted in the navy.
Для того чтобы добавить вариант перевода, кликните по иконке ☰, напротив примера.
Возможные однокоренные слова
naval — морской, флотский, военно-морской
Формы слова
noun
ед. ч.(singular): navy
мн. ч.(plural): navies
Associated Press/Mexico’s Secretary Navy In this image released by Mexico’s navy, sailors guard weapons seized after a battle between the navy and drug cartel gunmen following the killing of 72 migrants in San Fernando, eastern Mexico, Aug. 24. ❋ Unknown (2010)
On Navy Day July 27, 2008 the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy Admiral Vladimir Vysotsky spoke of a revival of Russian naval power over the next decade and declared that the navy would add six carrier battle groups to its complement of warships. ❋ Unknown (2009)
Right now our navy is the smallest it has been since the beginning of World War 1. ❋ Unknown (2007)
But she is clearly bitter about what she calls the navy‘s «» betrayal. » ❋ Unknown (2008)
A predecessor of mine in the office of Chief Justice, the late John R. Cartwright, was fond of saying that the Supreme Court like the navy is a silent service. ❋ Unknown (1981)
That is exactly what the men in navy services have always done, and what they did before the war, when those songs were written; what the navy is always doing more than anybody else, because nobody can say that any human being is really at home on the sea. ❋ Unknown (1923)
I am not a naval man, but these are not questions for Canada to blink; they should be faced, and they point to this, that for the security of the territorial waters of Canada, a Canadian navy is required, that is, a navy whose primary duty is to defend her waters, although if circumstances permit, it can be employed on any sea for the maintenance of the Empire. ❋ Unknown (1911)
Aalborg BK special EURO 2008-09 shirts in navy blue and dark brown on the main part of the AaB shirts. ❋ Azmie Aka Switch Image (2009)
What our army and navy is was splendidly demonstrated when our bluejackets marched aboard their ships before our drawn-up soldiers while Admiral Fletcher transferred the command of Vera Cruz to General Funston. ❋ Unknown (2010)
Manchester City jersey sponsor, Thomas Cook, have their name written across the middle of the shirt in navy blue colours. ❋ Azmie Aka Switch Image (2009)
Two men climbed out, both wearing the company coveralls in navy blue — third shift navy blue. ❋ Unknown (2010)
The AaB shirts back players numbers shirts and in navy blue and numbers also appears on short. ❋ Azmie Aka Switch Image (2009)
He likes tablecloths that are plain navy blue or a shade of brown, often in a rough raw silk. ❋ Unknown (2010)
Subject: pete s oh yeah, a oooo (4-0) rating in navy boot camp in orlando florida in ❋ Unknown (2010)
If a blockade runner refuses to be boarded peacefully, the navy is entitled to useforce. ❋ Unknown (2010)
The navy is pressing for the carriers, which would be equipped with US planes costing at least £100m each, in a package that could cost £15bn. ❋ Richard Norton-Taylor (2010)
I thought the doctor looked really striking in navy blue. ❋ Meg Pokrass (2010)
I caved to curiosity and have purchased a capedress in navy and white check that will eliminate need for a vest; this will be a ‘home and to the shops only’ dress. ❋ Unknown (2009)
[Danno] [enlisted] [in the Navy]. ❋ Nicolaivich (2004)
person 1: I really [like that] [black shirt] you are wearing.
person 2: dude it’s [not black]…it’s navy. ❋ Pirate Joe (2007)
[The Navy] transports the [Marines] because the Marines are part of [the Navy]. ❋ Kabighter (2006)
Guy:[Im gonna] go to [the navy] because army the [army football] team sucks. ❋ CoCo (2005)
For a perfect example, go to your local [Navy] [recruiter] to see how you can [sign up]. ❋ Screw Navy (2007)
thats ok you be [scared] and [lazy] while we fight and fuck [fine] women. ❋ You Momma (2004)
Shit, just got the 12 inch [non skid dildo] ram [rodded] up my ass again by [the navy]! ❋ Fmlifeftnavy (2009)
[The Navy] [will] be my [home]. ❋ FhillyMan (2004)
BM3: Ow, [ooch], man, thats kinda rough
AV2: NAVY ?
BM3: yes, put a [nice thick] [coat on]. ❋ BattlePhrogPip (2007)
SAILOR 1:Hey Jim, wanna lick my balls?
SAILOR 2:Sure I’m in [the NAVY], I love [ball licking].
EX.2
CIVILIAN: Man where can i go to get college money and still be accepted for being a total homo?
NAVY [RECRUITER]: IN [THE NAVY]! Join now and we will provide 35k for college and a gallon of vaseline. What else could you ask for. ❋ F-MAFIA (2006)
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1
navy
1) ( часто the N.) вое́нно-морско́й флот, вое́нно-морски́е си́лы;
the Royal N. вое́нно-морски́е си́лы Великобрита́нии
2)
поэт.
эска́дра, флоти́лия
3) морско́е ве́домство
4)
attr.
вое́нно-морско́й;
N. Department амер. вое́нно-морско́е министе́рство
Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > navy
-
2
navy
- navy
- n
одноковшовый экскаватор
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык.
.
1995.Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > navy
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3
navy
Персональный Сократ > navy
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4
navy
[ˈneɪvɪ]
merchant navy торговый флот navy военно-морские силы navy военно-морской флот, военно-морские силы; the Royal Navy военно-морские силы Великобритании navy военно-морской флот navy морское ведомство navy поэт. эскадра, флотилия navy военно-морской флот, военно-морские силы; the Royal Navy военно-морские силы Великобритании
English-Russian short dictionary > navy
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5
navy
Англо-русский морской словарь > navy
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6
navy
1. военно-морской флот
2. морской
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > navy
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7
navy
n военно-морской флот, военно-морские силы
Синонимический ряд:
naval force (noun) amphibious force; argosy; armada; coast guard; fleet; flotilla; naval force; squadron; submarine force
English-Russian base dictionary > navy
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8
navy
[ʹneıvı]
1. военно-морской флот, военно-морские силы
Navy List, Navy Register — список кораблей и командного состава военно-морских сил
2. = navy blue
НБАРС > navy
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9
navy
Англо-русский синонимический словарь > navy
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10
navy
сущ.
1)
а)
воен.
военно-морской флот, военно-морские силы
navy yard — военная верфь, судостроительный [судоремонтный] завод военно-морских сил
See:
б)
воен.
флотилия, эскадра
Syn:
2)
трансп.
транспортный флот
Syn:
3)
гос. упр.
морское ведомство
Англо-русский экономический словарь > navy
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11
Navy
военно-морские силы, ВМС;
* * *
English-Russian military dictionary > Navy
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12
navy
военно-морские силы, ВМС;
* * *
English-Russian military dictionary > navy
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13
navy
English-Russian big medical dictionary > navy
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14
navy
English-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > navy
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15
navy
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > navy
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16
navy
The Americanisms. English-Russian dictionary. > navy
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17
Navy
воен.
военно-морские силы (
сокр.
ВМС)
военно-морской флот (
сокр.
ВМФ)
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > Navy
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18
navy
воен.
военно-морские силы (
сокр.
ВМС)
военно-морской флот (
сокр.
ВМФ)
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > navy
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19
Navy, U.S.
English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Navy, U.S.
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20
navy
[‘neɪvɪ]
сущ.
1)
а) военно-морской флот, военно-морские силы
б) флотилия, эскадра
Syn:
Syn:
Англо-русский современный словарь > navy
Страницы
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См. также в других словарях:
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NAVY.ru — http://www.navy.ru Коммерческий: нет Регистрация: по желанию NAVY.ru негосударственное некоммерческое интернет издание о Военно Морском Фл … Википедия
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Navy — ist die im englischsprachigen Raum gebräuchliche Bezeichnung für Marine: United States Navy der Vereinigten Staaten Royal Navy von Großbritannien Royal Australian Navy von Australien Royal Canadian Navy von Kanada, siehe Canadian Forces Maritime… … Deutsch Wikipedia
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Navy.ru — URL: http://www.navy.ru Коммерческий: нет Регистрация: по желанию Посещаемость … Википедия
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Navy — Na vy; n.; pl. {Navies}. [ OF. navie, fr. L. navis ship. See {Nave} of a church.] 1. A fleet of ships; an assemblage of merchantmen, or so many as sail in company. The navy also of Hiram, that brought gold from Ophir. 1 kings x. 11. [1913… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
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navy — (n.) early 14c., fleet of ships, especially for purposes of war, from O.Fr. navie fleet, ship, from L. navigia, plural of navigium vessel, boat, from navis ship (see NAVAL (Cf. naval)). Meaning a nation s collective, organized sea power is from… … Etymology dictionary
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navy — bean (small white bean); navy blue (dark blue); navy plug (tobacco) … Eponyms, nicknames, and geographical games
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navy — Bendroji informacija Rūšis: naujai skolinta citata Kilmė: anglų, navy. Pateikta: 2012 02 13. Atnaujinta: 2014 01 02. Reikšmė ir vartosena Apibrėžtis: spalvos pavadinimas: tamsiai mėlynas, a. Pastabos vartotojams: bendrinėje kalboje nevartotina… … Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas
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Navy — Na vy, a. Having a color of navy blue. [PJC] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
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navy — blue Na vy blue , n. 1. A dark grayish blue. Also called {navy}. [PJC] 2. Prussian blue. [archaic] [Webster 1913 Suppl. +PJC] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
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navy — ► NOUN (pl. navies) 1) the branch of a state s armed services which conducts military operations at sea. 2) (also navy blue) a dark blue colour. ORIGIN Old French navie ship, fleet , from Latin navis ship … English terms dictionary
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navy — [nā′vē] n. pl. navies [ME navie < OFr < VL * navia < L navis, a ship < IE base * nāus, boat (prob. dugout) > Sans nāuh, boat, Gr naus, ship, ON nōr, ship] 1. Archaic a fleet of ships 2. all the warships of a nation 3. [often N ] a) … English World dictionary