Nature of word stress презентация

than the other syllables of
the word are said

to be stressed or accented .
Stress in the isolated

word is termed word
stress ; stress in connected speech is termed
sentence stress .

one or more syllables in a word, which is

accompanied by the change of the force of
utterance, pitch

of the voice, qualitative and
quantitative characteristics of the sound , which is
usually a vowel.
In diferent languages one of the factors
constituting word stress is usually more
signifcant than the others.

achieved mainly through the
intensity of articulation, such type

of stress
is called dynamic, or force stress .

through the change of pitch,
or musical tone, such

accent is called
musical, or tonic . It is characteristic

of the
Japanese, Korean and other oriental
languages.

the changes in the quantity of the
vowels, which

are longer in the stressed syllables
than in the unstressed

ones, such type of stress is
called quantitative .
Qualitative type of stress is achieved through
the changes in the quality of the vowel under
stress.

a word is into those
with a fixed stress

and those with a free stress .
In languages with a

fied stress the
occurrence of the word stress is limited to a
particular syllable in a polysyllabic word.
In languages with a free stress its place is not
confned to a specifc position in the word.
E.g.
‘appetite — be’ginning — ba’lloon

it
may also be shifting , performing the semantic

function of diferentiating leiical units, parts of
speech, grammatical forms.

E.g. ‘contrast — con’trast; ‘music — mu’sician.

word as there are syllables. eiamination
ɪɡ . ˌzæm .

ɪ . ˈneɪʃ . Ə
n
3 2

4 1 5Degrees of Word Stress

number 1, the secondary
stress is the second strongest

marked by 2.
All the other degrees are termed weak

stress . Unstressed syllables are supposed
to have weak stress.

them: primary stress,
secondary stress, tertiary stress and weak

stress . The diference between the secondary
and tertiary stresses

is very subtle and seems
subjective.

are marked by secondary
stress in BrE, in AmE

they are said to have tertiary
stress.
In AmE tertiary

stress also afects the sufies
-ory,
-ary, -ony
of nouns and the sufies –ate, -ize, -y of
verbs, which are considered unstressed in BrE, e.g.
‘territory, ‘ceremony, ‘dictionary; ‘demonstrate,
‘organize, ‘simplify.

Stress

a word into a
language unit having a defnite

accentual
structure, that is a pattern of relationship
among the

syllables; a word does not eiist
without the word stress. Constitutive function

syllables as a
defnite accentual pattern of a word.

Identificatory /
recognitive function

words or their forms.
The accentual patterns of words or

the
degrees of word stress and their positions
form oppositions:

E.g. ‘import — im’port, ‘billow — be’low.Distinctive /
contrastive function

word accent a suprasegmental
phonological unit which performs a

sense-
diferentiating function . He calls it
accenteme .

recessive tendency

The rhythmic tendency

The retentive tendency

The semantic factor Word

Stress
Tendencies

initial syllable or the second syllable, the
root syllable

in the English words with prefies.
Unrestricted recessive tendency is

observed in
the native English words having no prefi, e.g. mother, daughter, brother, swallow,
in assimilated
French borrowings, e.g.
reason, colour, restaurant.
Restricted recessive tendency marks English
words with prefies which have no referential
meaning now,
e.g. foresee, begin, withdraw, apart. The recessive
tendency

to this
tendency in the present-day English which
caused

the appearance of the secondary
stress in the multisyllabic French

borrowings,
e.g. ˌrevo’lution, ˌorgani’sation, aˌssimi’lation,
etc.
It also eiplains the placement of primary
stress on the third syllable from the end in
three- and four-syllable words, e.g.
‘cinema,
‘situate, ar’ticulate. The rhythmic
tendency

accentual structure of English
word stress: a derivative often

retains the
stress of the original or parent word ,

E.g. ‘person — ‘personal — ˌperso’nality,
‘similar
— as’similate,
recom’mend
— recommen ‘dation.The retentive
tendency

so-called separable prefies .
The majority of such words have

two equally
strong stresses, both stressed parts are
considered to

be of equal semantic importance ,
with semantic factor thus canceling the
rhythmic tendency in word stressing, e.g.
Compound adjectives : hard-working, blue-eyed;
Verbs with postpositions : sit down, take of;
Numerals from 13 to 19 : fourteen, siiteen. The semantic factor

of stressed syllables,
their degree or character (the main

and the
secondary stress).
The most widely spread accentual types are:
1.

[‘___]. This accentual type marks both
simple and compound words. The accentual
structures of this type may include two and
more syllables, e.g. ‘father, ‘possibly, ‘mother-
in-law, ‘gas-pipe. The Typology of Accentual
Structure

realized in compound words,
most of them are with

separable prefies,
e.g. ‘radio-‘active, ‘re’write, ‘diso’bey.
3. [‘_
ˌ ___]. The

type is realized both in
simple and compound words, very
common among compound words, e.g.
‘hair-,dresser, ‘substructure.

of simple words and some
compound words as well.

In simple words the
stresses fall onto:

the prefi and the

root:
ˌmaga’zine;

the root and the sufi:
ˌhospi’tality;

the prefi and the sufi
.

connected speech. The accentual
structure of words may be

altered under the
infuence of rhythm , e.g. An ‘unpolished

‘stone
but:
The ‘stone was un’polished.
The tempo of speech may infuence the
accentual pattern of words . With the quickening
of the speed the carefulness of articulation is
diminished, the vowels are reduced or elided,
the secondary stress may be dropped, e.g.
The
‘whole organi’zation of the ‘meeting was ‘faulty.

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Word Stress
Lecture 5

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Plan
General Notes on Word Stress.
Types of Word Stress.
Degrees of Word Stress.
Placement of Word Stress.
Common Rules of Word Stress in English.
Functions of Word Stress.

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The Nature of Word Stress

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The Nature of Word Stress
Word Stress
is a greater degree of prominence of a syllable or syllables as compared to the other syllables of the word

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The Nature of Word Stress
Scientists about Word Stress:

D. Jones: Word Stress is the degree of force, which is accompanied by a strong force of exhalation and gives an impression of loudness.
A. C. Gimson: English word stress or accent is a complex phenomenon, marked by the variations in force, pitch, quality and quantity.

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The Nature of Word Stress
Scientists about Word Stress:
B. A. Bogoroditsky: Stress as an increase of energy, accompanied by an increase of expiratory and articulatory activity.
S. F. Leontyeva: Word stress can be defined as the singling out of one or more syllables in a word, which is accompanied by the change of the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the sound which is usually a vowel.

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The Nature of Word Stress

The effect of prominence of the stressed syllable is achieved by a number of phonetic parameters:
Pitch
Loudness
Length
Vowel Quality
These 4 factors usually work together in combination, but they are not equally important. The strongest effect is produced by pitch and length.

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The Nature of Word Stress
In the stressed syllable:
the force of utterance is greater, which is connected with more energetic articulation;
the pitch of the voice is higher, which is connected with stronger tenseness of the vocal cords and the walls of resonance cavity;
the quantity of the vowel is greater, the vowel becomes longer;
the quality of the vowel is different (in unstressed syllables it is usually narrow).

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The Nature of Word Stress
Word Stress

is singling out of one or more syllables in a word, which is accompanied by the change of the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the sound, which is usually a vowel.

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Types of Word Stress

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Types of Word Stress
We distinguish the following types of Word Stress:
dynamic (force) stress is achieved by greater force with which the syllable is pronounced (Russian, English, French, German);
musical (tonic) stress is achieved through the change of pitch/musical tone (Japanese, Korean);
quantitative stress is achieved through the changes in the quantity of the vowels, which are longer in the stressed syllables (Russian);
qualitative stress is achieved through the changes in the quality of the vowel (Russian).

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Types of Word Stress

English Word Stress
is traditionally defined as dynamic, but in fact, the special prominence of the stressed syllables is manifested not only through the increase of intensity, but also through the changes in the vowel quantity, consonant and vowel quality and pitch of the voice.

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Degrees of Word Stress

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Degrees of Word Stress
The syllables in a word are characterized by different degrees of prominence. There are as many degrees of stress in a word as there are syllables.

In English there are 3 degrees of stress:
primary (strong, main, principal);
secondary (half-stressed, half-strong);
weak (unstressed).

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Degrees of Word Stress

In American English there are 4 degrees of stress:
primary (strong, main, principal);
secondary (half-stressed, half-strong);
tertiary (on the last but one syllable in the words with suffixes -ary, -ory, -ony: ´dictioˏnary.
weak (unstressed).

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Degrees of Word Stress

In transcription stress is indicated by placing the stress mark before the symbol of the first sound of the stressed syllable.
Primary stress is marked by a raised short vertical stroke and secondary stress is marked by a lowered one:
examination [ɪgˏzᴂmɪ´neɪʃ(ǝ)n]

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Placement of Word Stress

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Placement of Word Stress
According to its placement in a word,
stress can be:

fixed
free
shifting

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Placement of Word Stress
Fixed
(the position of the word stress is always the same,
it is restricted to a particular syllable):
in French (the last syllable),
in Finnish and Czech (the first syllable),
in Polish (the last but one syllable).

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Placement of Word Stress
Free
(the location of the word stress is not
confined to a specific position,
it can fall on any syllable of the word):
English, Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, etc.

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Placement of Word Stress
Shifting
(the word stress can change
its position in different forms
of the word and its derivatives):
´music — mu´sician

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Placement of Word Stress
To define the position of word stress
it is necessary to take into account
a number of factors:

phonological structure of the syllable;
the number of syllables in a word;
morphological factor;
the part of speech the word belongs to;
the semantic factor.

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Placement of Word Stress
The phonological structure of the syllable is related to the status of a particular syllables in terms of the degree of sonority.
The sounds that possess a greater degree of sonority contribute to the greater prominence of the syllable. A syllable is strong when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or a short vowel followed by two consonants:
a´rrive — de´velop

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Placement of Word Stress
The number of syllables in a word influences the number of stresses and the position of stress.

There are stress patterns typical of two-syllable words, three-syllable words and so on.
In multi-syllable words there appears secondary stress.

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Placement of Word Stress
Morphological factor shows that in complex words the placement of stress depends on the type of suffix.
Suffixes are divided into:
stress-neutral (which do not affect the stress placement in the stem);
stress-fixing (which influence stress in the stem);
stress-attracting (which carry stress themselves).

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Placement of Word Stress

stress-neutral (-al, -able, -en, -ful, -ing, -ish, -less, -ness, -ly, -ment):
´comfort – ´comfortable;
stress-fixing (-ion, -ic, -ity, -ial, -ive):
´curious — curi´osity;
stress-attracting(-ade, -eer, -ee, -esque, -ette, -ain):
ˏrefu´gee, ˏciga´rette.

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Placement of Word Stress
The grammatical category the word belongs to:
´contrast – to con´trast
´habit – ha´bitual
´music – mu´sician
´insult – to in´sult
´record – to re´cord
´present – to pre´sent

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Placement of Word Stress
The semantic factor (for compound words and words with the so-called separable prefixes).
The majority of such words have two equally strong stresses, both stressed parts are considered to be of equal semantic importance:
compound adjectives: ´hard-´working, ´blue-´eyed,
verbs with post positions : ´sit´down, ´take´off,
numerals from 13 to 19: ´ four´teen, ´six´teen.

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Common Rules of Word Stress

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Common Rules of Word Stress

Two-syllable words (verbs, adjectives, adverbs):
the second syllable is stressed if it contains a long vowel or a diphthong, or if it ends with more than one consonant: a´pply, a´ssist. But! ´honest.
the first syllable is stressed if the final syllable contains a short vowel and one (or no) final consonant: ´enter, ´open.
Two-syllable words (nouns):
the first syllable is stressed if the second syllable contains a short vowel: ´money;
the second syllable is stressed if the second syllable contains a long vowel or a diphthong: es´tate.

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Common Rules of Word Stress

Three-syllable words (verbs):
the last but one syllable is stressed if the last syllable contains a short vowel and ends with one consonant: de´termine.
the final syllable is stressed if it contains a long vowel or a diphthong, or ends with more than one consonant: enter´tain.

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Common Rules of Word Stress

Three-syllable words (nouns, adjectives):
the middle syllable is stressed if the syllable preceding the final syllable contains a long vowel or a diphthong, or if it ends with more than one consonant:
di´saster;
the first syllable is stressed if the final syllable contains a short vowel and the middle syllable contains a short vowel and ends with not more than one consonant:
´cinema
´insolent

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Common Rules of Word Stress

Words with prefixes:
in words with prefixes the primary stress typically falls on the syllable following the prefix:
im´possible, re´call ;
in words with prefixes with their own meaning, the place of secondary stress is on the prefix:
ˏex-´minister.
in prefixal verbs which are distinguished from similarly spelt nouns and adjectives, the second syllable is stressed:
to in´crease – ´increase.

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Common Rules of Word Stress

Words with suffixes:

suffixes -esce, -esque, -ate, -ize, -fy, -ette, -ique, -ee, -eer, — ade have stress on themselves or the preceding syllable:
ˏmari´nade, ˏspecia´lize;
suffixes -ical, -ic, -ion, -ity, -ial, -cient, -iency, -eous,-ual, -uous, -ety, -itous, -ive, -ative, -itude, -ident, -inal, -wards have stress on the preceding syllable:
eco´nomic, ma´jority.

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Common Rules of Word Stress

Words of 4 or more syllables:

The stress is on the antepenultimate syllable (third from the end):
e´mergency
his´torical

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Common Rules of Word Stress

Compound words:
The first element is stressed when:
Compounds are written as one word: ´bedroom.
Nouns are compounded of a verb and an adv.:´make-up.
The second element is stressed when:
Food items have the first element which is of a material used in manufacturing the whole: ˏapple ´tart.
Parts of the house are implied: ˏfront ´door.

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Common Rules of Word Stress

Compound words:
The first element is stressed when:
Adjectives with past participle characterize people:
ˏthick-´skinned.
Nouns ending in -er, -ing are followed by adverbs:
ˏpasser´by.
The first element of compounds is a number:
second-´class, three -´wheeler.
Compound function as an adverb:
head-´first.

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Common Rules of Word Stress

The most common types of English stress pattern
´_ _ (´after)
_´_ (be´fore)
´_ _ _ (´family)
_´_ _ (im´portance)

Some words have 2 variants of stress:
ki´lometer – ´kilometer

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Functions of Word Stress

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Word Stress

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Functions of Word Stress

The constitutive function:
word stress organizes the syllables into a word
The recognitive (identicatory) function:
word stress makes it possible to identify and recognize a word in the chain of speech.
The distinctive function:
word stress is capable of differentiating the meaning of words or their forms: ´import — im´port.

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Questions:

What is WORD STRESS?
What types of word stress do you know?
How does stress perform constitutive, distinctive and recognitive function?
What is the terminology suggested by different authors to distinguish between different degrees of word stress?
What factors determine the place of word stress?

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Literature

Леонтьева С.Ф. Теоретическая фонетика современного английского языка (на англ. яз.) /С.Ф. Леонтьева.- М., 2002. – 336 с.
Соколова М.А. Практическая фонетика английского языка /М.А. Соколова. – М.: Гуманит. изд. центр ВЛАДОС, 1997. – 384 с.
O’Connor L.D. Phonetics /L.D. O’Connor. Penguin, 1977.
Sokolova M.A. English Phonetics. A theoretical course /M.A. Sokolova. M., 1996. – 286 p.
Vassilyev V.A. English Phonetics: A theoretical Course /V.A. Vassilyev. M., 1980. – 323 p.

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Thank you for your attention!