When passing
from general usage into some special
sphere of communication, a word usually undergoes some sort of
specialization of its meaning. (The reverse is also true, but not so
frequent.) Consider the word case,
which alongside of a general meaning possesses special meanings in
law, medicine and grammar. This difference of meaning reveals itself
in different contexts the word gets into (= differences in
distribution), and also in different valency, or combining power. As
a result, we ascribe a different semantic structure
to the word, depending on its
distribution or semantic paradigm.
Consider the word play
as used by: a child; a playwright; a football player; a musician; and
a chess player. It would clearly have different semantic paradigms in
their speech, although a certain general notion (approximately that
of «enjoyment») is preserved. Note also the difference in
the meaning of Careful, this car is hot!
as used: by its owner to a companion
invited for a ride (on a very sunny day); by a proud owner of a
Ferrari to an inexperienced friend; by a road patrolman to his
partner after consulting a list of stolen cars; and by a man armed
with a radiation detector, in a place like Fukushima.
There seems to be a directly proportional
connection between the frequency of a word usage and a number of
notions it may be used to denote (sometimes this is referred to as
«Zipf’s law». Zipf’s law states that given some corpus of
natural language utterances, the frequency of any word is inversely
proportional to its rank in the frequency table. Thus
the most frequent word will occur approximately twice as often as the
second most frequent word, three times as often as the third most
frequent word, etc.). The more often a word
is used, the more objects it applies to, and therefore the vaguer its
meaning becomes. (The most frequently used words are form words,
almost devoid of denotational meaning.) On the other hand, if a word
becomes specialized, it names fewer objects and therefore has fewer
referents. At the same time, the corresponding concept is being
enriched; it includes an ever greater number of relevant features.
The word now applies to fewer things but tells us more about them.
The process described above is known as «narrowing
of meaning», which is slightly misleading, as it is not the
meaning but the applicability of the word that is narrowed or
restricted. We should, therefore, speak of «restriction» or
«specialization» of meaning, or of «differentiation»
of meaning if relations with other words are implied.
History of English is rich in examples of
restriction of meaning. Thus OE mete
meant food in general – the present meaning is only one kind of
food (probably the most important). Note that the old meaning is
preserved in sweetmeat.
OE fuʒol
(cf. German Vogel)
and OE hund
(cf. German Hund)
were likewise generic words but became specialized in meaning as new
generic words, bird and
dog, also
of OE origin, came into use. In other cases the older word was forced
into a specialized use by a borrowing. This was the fate of OE tacen
(cf. Germ. Zeichen)
meaning «sign». The present-day generic word is of Latin
origin, while token
survives in a number of idioms (e.g. as
a token of goodwill) and in specialized
use (lexical token).
The process reverse to specialization is called
generalization,
or widening of
meaning. This means a word is gradually applied to a wider field of
objects, whereas the underlying concept becomes more abstract. In
fact, most abstract words appeared in that way. Prom the point of
view of semantics, the process may be described as loss of less
significant components of meaning. Thus ready
originally meant «prepared for the ride», while fly
implied moving through the air with wings but now may be used for
almost any kind of quick movement. In the case of generic terms like
person or
thing, the
grammatical categorial meaning became dominant in the semantic
structure of the word, while all the other components gradually
weakened or disappeared altogether.
Narrowing and extension of meaning are by far not
the only types of semantic change. More typically, they are
supplemented by various kinds of semantic
transfer, often based on various
associations. Thus, by extension, a word comes to be used for an
object similar to, or connected with, the object originally denoted.
Small children are particularly fond of associative use of the
language, coining their own words for anything they see – thus a
fur coat becomes a
pussy, and
a globe-shaped lampshade, a melon.
The major types of semantic transfer are
well-known to linguists, ever since they were described by Ancient
Greek rhetoric
– the science studying the art of expressive speech (and, by
extension, expressive writing). The most common transfers are those
based on similarity
(the metaphor)
and contiguity,
or connection
(the metonymy).
The names of these and other tropes,
or figures of speech,
are traditional, and therefore should be known to any self-respecting
student of philology.
A metaphor is a meaning transfer based on an
association of similarity, or likeness, and is therefore a hidden
comparison. A thing is therefore
referred to as if it were something perfectly different – but the
thing meant and the thing referred to must have at least one point in
common, as when the trousers of a specific cut are referred to as
bananas (the
similarity is in shape). Many words that originated as metaphors are
no longer felt as such: thus we
say foot
(of a mountain), leg
(of a table), etc. On the other hand, new metaphors are being created
by authors; hence the difference between trite
or dead,
and poetic
metaphors.
Unlike a metaphor, metonymy is based on an
objectively existing connection between a thing named and a thing
implied. The name of a thing may then imply the material
the thing is made of (as book is
indirectly related to bark
because it was the first writing material used), the place
(as cash is
indirectly related to case
– the container where it was kept), the symbol
(as crown for
monarchy), etc.
Other tropes described in rhetoric (hyperbole,
litotes, irony) are less productive as
methods of semantic transfer, since they usually depend on a wider
context. They can, however, be used in forming expressive words and
phrases, with a weakened denotative meaning. A hyperbolic aspect, for
example, is clearly felt in emotive words like splendid!
marvellous!,
etc., used as exclamations, and understatement
is considered to be a typically British way of putting things,
especially in male colloquial speech, so a humble
«not so bad» may actually bе a
term of high praise.
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Semantic Narrowing (Specialization)
Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms — Definition and Examples
Alex Levine / EyeEm / Getty Images
Semantic narrowing is a type of semantic change by which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its earlier meaning. Also known as specialization or restriction. The opposite process is called broadening or semantic generalization.
«Such specialization is slow and need not be complete,» notes linguist Tom McArthur. For example, the word «fowl is now usually restricted to the farmyard hen, but it retains its old meaning of ‘bird’ in expressions like the fowls of the air and wild fowl» (Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992).
Examples and Observations
- «Narrowing of meaning . . . happens when a word with a general meaning is by degrees applied to something much more specific. The word litter, for example, meant originally (before 1300) ‘a bed,’ then gradually narrowed down to ‘bedding,’ then to ‘animals on a bedding of straw,’ and finally to things scattered about, odds and ends. . . . Other examples of specialization are deer, which originally had the general meaning ‘animal,’ girl, which meant originally ‘a young person,’ and meat, whose original meaning was ‘food.'»
(Sol Steinmetz, Semantic Antics: How and Why Words Change Meanings. Random House, 2008) - Hound and Indigenous
«We say that narrowing takes place when a word comes to refer to only part of the original meaning. The history of the word hound in English neatly illustrates this process. The word was originally pronounced hund in English, and it was the generic word for any kind of dog at all. This original meaning is retained, for example, in German, where the word Hund simply means ‘dog.’ Over the centuries, however, the meaning of hund in English has become restricted to just those dogs used to chase game in the hunt, such as beagles. . . .
«Words may come to be associated with particular contexts, which is another type of narrowing. One example of this is the word indigenous, which when applied to people means especially the inhabitants of a country which has been colonized, not ‘original inhabitants’ more generally.»
(Terry Crowley and Claire Bowern, An Introduction to Historical Linguistics, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2010) - Meat and Art
«In Old English, mete referred to food in general (a sense which is retained in sweetmeat); today, it refers to only one kind of food (meat). Art originally had some very general meanings, mostly connected to ‘skill’; today, it refers just to certain kinds of skill, chiefly in relation to aesthetic skill — ‘the arts.'»
(David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook, 2006) - Starve
«Modern English starve means ‘to die of hunger’ (or often ‘to be extremely hungry’; and dialectally, ‘to be very cold’), while its Old English ancestor steorfan meant more generally ‘to die.'»
(April M. S. McMahon, Understanding Language Change. Cambridge University Press, 1994) - Sand
«[M]any Old English words acquired narrower, more specific meanings in ME as a direct result of loans from other languages. . . . OE sand had meant either ‘sand’ or ‘shore.’ When Low German shore was borrowed to refer to the land itself along a body of water, sand narrowed to mean only the granular particles of disintegrated rock that covered this land.»
(C.M. Millward and Mary Hayes, A Biography of the English Language, 3rd ed. Wadsworth, 2012) - Wife, Vulgar, and Naughty
«The Old English version of the word wife could be used to refer to any woman but has narrowed in its application nowadays to only married women. A different kind of narrowing can lead to a negative meaning [pejoration] for some words, such as vulgar (which used to mean simply ‘ordinary’) and naughty (which used to mean ‘having nothing’).
«None of these changes happened overnight. They were gradual and probably difficult to discern while they were in progress.»
(George Yule, The Study of Language, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010) - Accident and Fowl
«Accident means an unintended injurious or disastrous event. Its original meaning was just any event, especially one that was unforeseen. . . . Fowl in Old English referred to any bird. Subsequently, the meaning of this word was narrowed to a bird raised for food, or a wild bird hunted for ‘sport.'»
(Francis Katamba, English Words: Structure, History, Usage. Routledge, 2004)
Говоря научным языком, лексическое значение слова – это содержание слова, отображающее в сознании представление о предмете, свойстве, процессе или явлении. Простыми словами – это то, что обозначает слово. Словарь любого «живого» языка с каждым днём изменяется и пополняется новыми лексическими значениями уже давно нам известных слов. Слову свойственно иметь более одного лексического значения. Например, слово «язык» тоже имеет несколько лексических значений:
- речь, способность говорить
- исторически сложившаяся система звуковых словарных и грамматических средств
- система знаков (звуков, сигналов), передающих информацию
Можно даже сказать, что чем чаще слово употребляется в повседневной жизни, тем больше значений оно имеет. Существует много причин, по которым слова изменяют своё лексическое значение. Одной из главных является сама природа языка, которая предполагает приобретение словами новых значений в зависимости от жизненных ситуаций, в которых они употребляются. Также слова меняют лексическое значение под влиянием культурных и социокультурных изменений в обществе носителей языка.
Наука лексикология выделяет такие тенденции изменения лексического значения слова как:
- расширение значения слова (extension of meaning or generalization)
- сужение значения слова (narrowing of meaning or specialization)
- улучшение значения слова (elevation of meaning or amelioration)
- ухудшение значения слова (degradation of meaning or pejoration)
А теперь давайте разберём каждую тенденцию отдельно.
Расширение значения слова (extension of meaning or generalization)
Расширение значения слова обозначает расширение ряда слов с одним и тем же лексическим значением. Это означает, что первоначально в языке слово имело только одно лексическое значение и употреблялось в узком смысле, а теперь оно имеет более широкий смысл и имеет более чем одно лексическое значение, оно стало более часто употребляемым в речи. Например:
- Английское слово wretch первоначально обозначало только exile (изгнанник), теперь этим словом называют any miserable or vile person (любого несчастного или подлого человека).
- Слово barn первоначально обозначало только a place for storing barley (место для хранения ячменя), теперь это слово обозначает «любой амбар, сарай или хлев».
- Слово paper первоначально обозначало an Egyptian plant (египетское растение), теперь это слово обозначает «любой вид бумаги».
- Слово journal первоначально обозначало daily (ежедневная газета), теперь это слово используется для обозначения «любой периодической публикации».
- Прилагательное ready первоначально обозначало prepared for a ride (готовый к езде), теперь это слово имеет более широкое значение и обозначает «готовый к чему-либо».
Сужение значения слова (narrowing of meaning or specialization)
В процессе сужения значения слово с широким значением приобретает узкое, специальное. Другими словами, первоначально различные предметы или явления назывались одним словом, а с течением времени этим словом стал называться только один предмет или явление. Например:
- Английское слово deer, которое первоначально означало «любой зверь», теперь означает только «олень».
- Слово girl, которое первоначально обозначало «любой молодой человек любого пола, девочка или мальчик», теперь обозначает только «девочка».
- Слово wife, которое когда-то обозначало просто «любая женщина», теперь приобрело узкое значение «жена».
- Слово meat, которое первоначально обозначало «еду или питьё» в общем, теперь обозначает только «мясо».
- Слово worm, которое когда-то обозначало «любое насекомое или пресмыкающееся», теперь означает только «червь».
Улучшение значения слова (elevation of meaning or amelioration)
В процессе известном в английском языке как elevation of meaning or amelioration слова с первоначальным негативным значением слова с течением времени улучшают его и приобретают положительное. Например:
- Английское слово nice первоначально имело негативное значение foolish (глупый), а со временем приобрело позитивное значение «милый».
- Слово fame когда-то обозначало rumour (молва, слушок), теперь приобрело значение «слава».
- Слово marshal первоначально означало horse-servant (конюх), теперь это слово означает «высший военный чин в армии».
- Слово minister однажды имело значение servant (слуга), а теперь оно означает«важное государственное лицо».
- Слово chiffon изначально имело значение a rag (тряпка), а со временем приобрело значение «шифон».
- Слово actor в шекспировские времена воспринималось как оскорбление rogue (мерзавец) или vagabond (бродяга), в наши же времена это слово значительно улучшило своё лексическое значение, которое сегодня звучит как «актёр».
Ухудшение значения слова (degradation of meaning or pejoration)
Процесс, известный в английском языке как degradation of meaning or pejoration, является противоположным процессу улучшения значения слова и предполагает изменение значения слова в худшую сторону. Приличные слова приобретают негативный или даже неприличный смысл. Например:
- Английское слово idiot первоначально имело положительное значение a private person (частное лицо), с течением времени это слово приобрело негативное значение «дурак».
- Слово silly ранее означало happy (счастливый), а в настоящее время приобрело негативное значение «глупый».
- Слово vulgar изначально означало сommon, ordinary (обыкновенный), а с течением времени приобрело значение «вульгарный», «грубый».
- Слово gossip первоначально обозначало a god parent (крёстный, крёстная), а в наши дни приобрело значение «сплетня».
- Слово churl первоначально означало «мужчина», а с течением времени приобрело значение «грубиян», «плохо воспитанный человек».
Изменение значения слова является устоявшейся закономерностью языка. Без существования науки лексикологии и сложившихся в ней тенденций любой «живой» язык со временем превратился бы в «мёртвый».
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Narrowing is a process that takes place in semantics. It is important that we first understand what semantics is and what semantic change is.
- Semantics refers to the study of the meaning of words or phrases. There are two types of semantics: logical and lexical. Logical semantics has to do with reference (the symbolic relationship between language and real-world objects) and implication (the relationship between two sentences). Lexical semantics is about the analysis of word meaning.
- Semantic change refers to how the meaning of words changes over time.
Narrowing is a type of semantic change in which the meaning of a word becomes less generalised over time. Narrowing may also be called ‘semantic specialisation’ and is a common process that can occur slowly over many years.
The opposite of semantic narrowing is called semantic broadening. This is when a word’s meaning becomes more generalised over time.
What causes narrowing?
Semantic narrowing is typically caused by extra-linguistic factors. These are defined as factors that occur outside the system of the language spoken. This type of semantic change occurs naturally and gradually over time.
Narrowing is typically caused when a definition of a word is used more commonly than other definitions so the word’s meaning changes to be more specific. This can be caused by factors such as socio-cultural and psychological reasons.
Let’s take a look at some examples of this.
Sociocultural causes
Sociocultural factors can also cause narrowing. This happens when there is a major shift in a country’s politics or social landscape. Factors such as revolutions, wars and civil rights movements can lead to narrowing. One major example of this is how the meaning of some words changed following the Industrial Revolution.
Engine
The word engine (known as ‘egin’ in Old French and ‘egyn’ in Middle English) was traditionally used to describe machines used in war. Before industrialisation the word was used to describe devices used in war, such as catapults. Following the Industrial Revolution, the word came to mean a mechanical device used to achieve a purpose. This shows that the word’s meaning became narrower over time.
Psychological Causes
Narrowing can also happen when a language undergoes widespread change. Major changes like this can affect how people view a word and its meaning. This is especially common when the meaning of word becomes taboo or is used as a euphemism, like the way that ‘passed away’ can be used to describe someone dying.
Hound Fig. 1 ‘Hound’ is an example of narrowing.
The word ‘hound’, comes from the German word, ‘hund’, meaning ‘dog’. It was then traditionally used to refer to any type of dog in English also. However, over the centuries, as the English language developed, the meaning narrowed, until it was only used for dogs and related to the action of hunting (using breeds like beagles and bloodhounds).
Examples of narrowing
Now that we have established what semantic narrowing is and how it occurs, let’s look at some examples:
Meat
The word ‘meat’ has undergone semantic narrowing over the years. The word originally just meant ‘food’. In time, this meaning grew to become more specific, until the word ‘meat’ was only used for one type of food (the flesh of an animal).
Deer
Originally, ‘deer’ came from the Old English word ‘dēor’. Records from before 900 AD show that this word meant ‘beast’, and was used to refer to any four-legged animal. However, by 1400 AD, the meaning of the word had significantly narrowed to only refer to one type of creature.
Fig. 2 — ‘Deer’ is an example of narrowing.
Girl
A similar process occurred for the word ‘girl’. The word was used in Middle English to refer to any young child, regardless of gender. Over time this changed, and now the word is only used to refer to young and adolescent women.
Narrowing — key takeaways
-
Semantics is a term that refers to the study of the meaning of words.
-
Semantic change refers to how the meaning of a word can change over time.
-
Narrowing is a specific process of semantic change where a word’s meaning becomes more specific over time.
-
This is a common process that often takes place over many years.
-
Narrowing can be caused by socio-cultural and psychological factors.
Semantics refers to the study of meaning. There are two types of semantics: logical and lexical. Logical semantics is the study of reference (the symbolic relationship between language and real-world objects) and implication (the relationship between two sentences). Lexical semantics is the analysis of word meaning.
What is semantic change?
The term semantic change refers to how the meaning of words changes over time. We will cover five types of semantic change: narrowing, broadening, amelioration, pejoration, and semantic reclamation.
Let’s learn about the causes of semantic change, the different types of semantic change, and look at some examples.
The term ‘semantic shift’ can also be used to refer to the changing meanings of words.
The nature of semantic change
It is important to remember that the nature of semantic change is a gradual process. The meaning of a word doesn’t just change in an instant, it can take many years.
Semantic change often occurs as societal values change. This means that different social or ethnic groups may experience semantic change differently for different words.
Causes of semantic change
There are two different causes of semantic change. These are extralinguistic causes (not involving language) and linguistic causes (involving language).
Extralinguistic causes
Extralinguistic causes in semantic change are mainly to do with the social or historical causes of semantic change. If we break the term ‘extralinguistic’ down we can see that it refers to factors that are ‘extra’ so exist outside the language itself. Linguist Andreas Blank breaks down this factor into three main subcategories.
1. Psychological factors
Psychological factors are factors that affect how people view a word and its meaning. If a word’s original meaning is unclear, it is given new meaning. The meaning of a word may also become taboo or is used as a euphemism, eg. the term ‘pass away’ can be used to describe someone dying.
2. Sociocultural factors
This is perhaps the most common factor for extralinguistic causes of semantic change. Changes in the social, economical or political status of a country can have a significant impact on semantics. An example of this is how the meaning of words changed following the Industrial Revolution e.g. the meaning of the word ‘engine’ changed from describing general devices used in war to describing a specific mechanical device. This means that the word went the semantic change (more specifically narrowing).
3. Cultural/encyclopaedic factors
These factors refer to the cultural reasons why a word’s meaning may change. This can be because of cultural changes that lead to a change in how the word is categorised (causing a semantic change). For example, the word ‘cool’ was originally used in the context of jazz music but as the popularity of jazz increased, the word became associated with anything trendy.
Extralinguistic causes |
The fuzziness of a meaning |
Cultural importance changes |
Word becomes taboo |
Change in a word’s popularity |
Communicative changes |
Changes in worldview |
Linguistic causes
Linguistic causes of semantic change are factors that occur within the system of the language spoken. Natural language changes tend to take longer than extralinguistic causes. We see this throughout history, for example, Old English took centuries to develop into Middle English.
Linguistic factors can include:
Metonymy
Metonymy occurs when the name of an object is substituted for an attribute or adjective. For example, sometimes when discussing horse racing, the tracks are referred to as ‘turf’.
Metaphors
Metaphors may also affect what certain words are associated with. The meaning words may be extended to show a connection between two similar things.
Ellipsis
This occurs when two words are consistently used together in a sentence until they acquire the same meaning. For example, the verb ‘to starve’ originally meant ‘to die’; however, it was frequently used in sentences about hunger. This led to the word’s meaning to die of hunger.
There are factors within these causes that will also impact semantic changes. Have a look at the table below to see some examples of extralinguistic and linguistic causes of semantic change.
Linguistic causes |
Metonymy / metaphor |
Ellipses |
Changes in the referents (what is being referred to) |
Excessive length |
Wordplay and puns |
Disguising language / misnomers (i.e. an inaccurate name) |
Different types of semantic change
There are five major types of semantic change. These changes occur for either extralinguistic or linguistic reasons. The five major kinds of semantic change are: narrowing, broadening, amelioration, pejoration, and semantic reclamation.
Below, we will discuss the characteristics of these, and look at examples of each type of semantic change.
Narrowing
Semantic narrowing is the process by which a word’s meaning becomes less generalised (in other words more specific) over time. This means that the new meaning derives directly from the original meaning. Typically this process is caused by linguistic factors, such as ellipses, and can take many years to occur. Narrowing can also be referred to as semantic specialisation or semantic restriction.
Let’s look at two examples of semantic narrowing:
Hound
The word ‘hound’, traditionally was used to refer to any type of dog. However, over the centuries the meaning narrowed until it was only used when discussing dogs used when hunting (such as beagles and bloodhounds).
Fig. 1 — An example of semantic narrowing is ‘hound.’
Meat
Similarly, ‘meat’, has also undergone semantic narrowing over the years. The word originally just meant ‘food’. This meaning grew more specific until the word ‘meat’ was only used when relating to one type of food (animal flesh).
Broadening
Broadening is the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more generalised over time. In order words, the word can be used in more contexts than it could originally. This is sometimes referred to as semantic generalisation.
Semantic broadening is the antonym of semantic narrowing, as the process that takes place is the opposite. However, like semantic narrowing, this process often occurs over the course of many years. Broadening can be caused by both extralinguistic and linguistic causes, such as a change in worldview, or linguistic analogy.
Below are two examples of semantic broadening:
Business
The word, ‘business’ originally was only used to refer to being busy. However, over the years, the meaning of this word broadened to refer to any type of work or job.
Cool
The term, ‘cool’, was popular within the language of jazz musicians, as it referred to a specific style of music (‘cool jazz’)! Over time, as jazz music grew in popularity, the word started to be used in other contexts.
Fig. 2 — An example of semantic broadening is ‘Jazz.’
Amelioration
Amelioration is a term that refers to when a word acquires a more positive meaning over time. It may also be referred to as semantic amelioration or semantic elevation. Typically this process occurs due to different extralinguistic reasons, such as cultural and worldview changes occurring.
The word ‘nice’ is possibly the most well-known example of amelioration. In the 1300s, the word originally meant that a person was foolish or silly. However, by the 1800s, the process of amelioration had changed this, and the word came to mean that someone was kind and thoughtful. From this, we can see that amelioration is a process that can take centuries to occur.
Sick
Many slang terms, such as ‘sick’, have undergone the process of amelioration over the years. Terms such as ‘sick’ or ‘wicked’ now also have positive connotations. This is because when used as slang, they gain a new, positive, meaning and are associated with the word, ‘cool’.
Pejoration
Pejoration is a term used to describe the process where a word that once had a positive meaning acquires a negative one. It is sometimes also referred to as semantic deterioration. This type of semantic change usually occurs due to extralinguistic causes. This can include a word becoming taboo, or being linked with a taboo within the culture.
Below, we will look at two different examples of pejoration:
Silly
The word, ‘silly’, is a common example of pejoration. In Old and Middle English, the term was used to mean that someone was happy, or spiritually blessed. However, over the centuries, this changed and by the 1500s, the word became associated with acting foolishly — as it is today!
Attitude
This word was originally used to refer to someone’s pose or posture. The meaning of the word changed, referring to someone’s way of thinking instead. From this, the term began to be used colloquially which led it to be associated with acting rude or unkind. A phrase such as ‘he has a bad attitude’ can become shortened to ‘he has an attitude’, showing that the word has gained a negative meaning.
Semantic change: reclamation
Semantic reclamation occurs when a group of people who have been oppressed reclaim (or take back) a word that has been used in the past to disparage them. The people who reclaim these words use them in a positive context and in doing this, the word is stripped of its power to disparage the group.
Semantic reclamation is often a political and controversial act, as these words become special to one particular group. Words have been reclaimed by groups such as women, ethnic minorities and the LGBTQIA community.
It is important to remember when discussing this form of semantic change that, unlike amelioration, the word may still also be used in the pejorative sense.
Words that have undergone semantic change
We’ve discussed examples of the different types of semantic change. However, here are a few more interesting examples that show the change of the English language over time!
- Girl (narrowing)- originally referred to a child of either gender. The meaning narrowed to refer to a female child.
- Playdough (broadening)- was originally the brand name. The meaning broadened to refer to the product as well.
- Fun (amelioration)- originally had negative connotations meaning ‘to cheat or trick’. The meaning now has positive connotations of amusement.
- Stench (pejoration)- originally meant ‘smell, odour, or fragrance’. The meaning now has negative connotations of a bad or unpleasant smell.
Semantic Change — Key Takeaways
- Semantic change refers to a type of language change in which the meaning of a word changes over time. Semantic change can be caused by extralinguistic and linguistic factors.
- Narrowing is when a word’s meaning becomes more specialised in time.
- Broadening is when a word becomes more generalised and gains additional meanings.
- Amelioration is when a word’s meaning changes from negative to positive.
- Pejoration is when a word’s meaning changes from positive to negative.
- Semantic reclamation is a process where a word that was once used to disparage a group of people is reclaimed by the group.