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- Multi-word Verbs
Multi-word verbs are verbs that consist of more than one word. They fall into three types:
- prepositional verbs
- phrasal verbs
- phrasal-prepositional verbs
Before we look at each one, we’ll examine more generally what multi-word verbs are.
What are Multi-word Verbs?
Multi-word verbs are made up of a verb and a particle. Particles are words that we use as prepositions and / or adverbs in other contexts. Here are examples of some of these words:
Verbs
- give
- come
- look
- take
- bring
- put
- made
Particles (Prepositions and Adverbs)
- into
- on
- away
- over
- to
- up
- out
When we combine a verb with a particle to make a multi-word verb, it has a different meaning to the meaning of those words when used on their own.
For instance, here are two common meanings of one word taken from each list:
- give = transfer the possession of something to someone else e.g. I gave him my passport.
- up = towards a higher place or position e.g. he went up the stairs
However, we can put these two words together to make a multi-verb word, creating a completely different meaning:
- He wants to give up smoking = stop
So give up is a multi-verb word we have created by placing together a verb and a particle. Neither give nor up have the same meaning as when they are used on their own.
Where do they come in sentences?
Multi-word verbs are no different to other verbs in that they can be used as a main verb (i.e. after a subject and taking a tense) or in other positions, such as acting as an infinitive:
- Main Verb: He gave up smoking last week (used after a subject and in the past tense)
- Infinitive: It is important to give up smoking (base form of the verb used after an adjective)
Some multi-word verbs can be split up, while others cannot:
- Cannot be separated: She looks after the children on Saturdays
- Can be separated: He looked up the word in the dictionary / He looked the word up in the dictionary
Multi-verb words as idiomatic expressions
Given that multi-word verbs have different meanings to the individual words, they tend to be idiomatic expressions.
Some will make sense as you see them but others may look confusing if you are not already aware of what they mean.
For example, in the first two, we can probably guess the meaning, but the others are more difficult:
- The plane took off at 5pm (= became airborne)
- He got up early this morning (= rise to a standing position)
- She put him up for the week (= provided temporary accommodation)
- She let him off (=forgave)
So with these types of verbs you often have to learn them and their meanings as it can be difficult to guess the meanings from context.
Types of Multi-word Verbs
There are three types of multi-word verbs:
- prepositional verbs
- phrasal verbs
- phrasal-prepositional verbs
1. Prepositional Verbs
A prepositional verb is a multi-word verb made up of a verb plus a preposition. These are the key factors which make these multi-word verb prepositional verbs:
- They must have a direct object
- They are transitive (because they have a direct object)
- The main verb and preposition are inseparable (i.e. the object must go after the preposition)
Structure of Prepositional Verbs
Main Verb + Preposition + Direct Object
Here are some examples of prepositional verbs:
Prepositional Verb Examples
- I sailed through my speaking test
- Their house was broken into
- He can’t do without his car
- She really gets into her music
- I will deal with the problems
- I looked after her cat
In none of these cases can we move the direct object to between the verb and particle, or in other words separate them. For instance we can’t say I sailed my speaking test through or He can’t do his car without.
You may have thought that Their house was broken into does not fit because there appears to be no direct object after ‘into’.
But remember that as prepositional verbs are transitive, they can usually be turned into the passive voice. This example has been turned from active to passive:
- The burglars broke into their house (active)
- Their house was broken into (passive)
2. Phrasal Verbs
A phrasal verb is a multi-word verb made up of a verb plus an adverb. There are two types of phrasal verb:
- Type 1: No object (intransitive) i.e. they don’t take an object
- Type 2: Object (transitive) separable i.e. they need an object and this can go between the verb and particle
Structure of Phrasal Verbs
Type 1
Main Verb + Adverb
Type 2
Main Verb + Direct Object + Adverb
or
Main Verb + Adverb + Direct Object
Some of the most common adverb particles used with Phrasal Verbs are: around, at, away, down, in, off, on, out, over, round, up.
Phrasal Verb Examples
Type 1:
- The plane took off late
- She got up before him
- The film came out in 1979
- I can’t make out what she is saying
- The meeting went on for several hours
Type 2:
- I can put up your friend for the weekend
- I can put your friend up for the weekend
- She brought up many issues at the meeting
- She brought many issues up at the meeting
Phrasal Verbs and Pronouns
Something to note with Phrasal Verbs in type 2 constructions is that if the object is a pronoun, then it must go between the verb and adverb particle. It cannot go after it.
So it has to be like this:
- I can put him up for the weekend
- She brought it up at the meeting
2. Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs
The key distinguishing factors of these types of multi-word verbs are:
- They take an object (so are transitive)
- They have two particles
- The particles are inseparable
Structure of Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs
Main Verb + Particle + Particle
Phrasal-Prepositional Verb Examples
- I look up to my uncle
- You must get on with your work
- He couldn’t face up to his problems
- I always look out for her
- Let’s catch up with John next week
- I always look forward to seeing her
It is possible though with certain phrases to put a direct object after the verb. So in this case there will be a direct object and object of the preposition:
Examples with Verb + Object
- She fixed me up with her freind
- I let Jane in on the secret
- He put me up to it
- I put the problem down to them
Some difficulties for learners
Understanding what multi-word verbs mean
Some learners of English find multi-word verbs difficult because they may take the literal meanings of the individual words. For example, with this sentence:
- I was looking forward to seeing her
It actually means to await eagerly, in this case to meet someone at a later date, but taken literally a person could think it means looking in a particular direction, such as looking ahead at someone.
Misunderstanding Multi-word verbs with two meanings
Some verbs can have two meanings, which confuses some people if they only know one. For example:
- I dropped her off at school (= give someone a lift somewhere)
- I dropped off several times during the class (= falling asleep unintentionally)
Only noticing the verb if separated from the particle
If as a learner, you only notice the verb, then this can make you misunderstand the sentence and again take the verb with it’s literal meaning. This can often happen when they are split up with several words between them:
- He put all of the problems that we have been having down to the hot weather
In such a case the phrasal verb may not be recognised.
Understanding the difference between Phrasal Verbs and Prepositional Verbs
This can be unclear; however, it is not really important to know the differences. As long as you understand that multi-word verbs are verbs plus a preposition or adverb (or both) and that they have a differing meaning to the words on their own, that is enough for most purposes.
But the key difference is that an object can go before or after an adverb, but it can only go after a preposition. In other words:
- Prepositional verbs must not be seperated
- Phrasal Verbs can be separated
Of course type 1 Phrasal Verbs would not be separated because they do not have an object at all.
Incorrect Word order
It is often the case that a speaker or writer may get the the word order of the multi-word verb wrong, with the pronoun placed in the wrong place:
- I don’t have the space to put up him (should be put him up)
Differing grammatical explanations
It can sometimes be confusing when you search on ‘multi-word verbs’ or ‘Phrasal Verbs’ as differing sites or books categorise them differently.
For instance, in some cases, all verbs + preposition or / and adverbs are labelled as multi-word verbs, regardless of whether they create a different meaning. For instance:
- He went into the room
- They are waiting for her
- He is suffering from heatstroke
- I agree with you
In these cases, the phrases have their literal meaning and have not been changed. However, these could be seen simply as words that commonly collate together rather than multi-word verbs.
In some cases, all those that have a different meaning are labelled ‘Phrasal Verbs’, with no reference to prepositional verbs.
This should not really concern you though. The main thing to know is the differing structures with regards to whether words can be separated or not and to understand that with multi-word verbs with different meanings (i.e. what some people just call phrasal verbs) you will probably have to gradually learn there differing meanings.
Here you can find a useful phrasal verb list with examples to start leaning some of the words.
Summary
- Multi-word verbs are a verb plus one or two particles
- It is a word combination that changes the meaning from the individual words
- Prepositional verbs must not be seperated
- Phrasal Verbs can be separated
- They are sometimes all simply known as Phrasal Verbs
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Фразовые глаголы в английском языке (phrasal verbs) — проблемная тема, вроде неправильных глаголов или системы времен, причем проблемная не только для начинающих. Одна из трудностей, которая с ними связана — какие фразовые глаголы учить в первую очередь.
Ниже вы увидите два списка — большой и маленький. В большой вошло около 140 фразовых глаголов, в маленький 30 (из этих 140) наиболее употребительных. Кроме того, у меня есть книга по фразовым глаголам, а также упражнения на фразовые глаголы.
Фразовый глагол — это сочетание глагола и 1) наречия, 2) предлога, 3) наречия и предлога. Это цельная смысловая единица, которую нужно воспринимать как одно слово, а не сочетание слов. Зачастую смысл фразового глагола далек от смысла каждого входящего в него слова по отдельности.
1. Глагол + наречие:
2. Глагол + предлог:
3. Глагол + наречие + предлог:
Также иногда говорят, что фразовый глагол состоит из глагола и одной-двух частиц, подразумевая под частицами предлог и наречие.
Важно понимать, что фразовый глагол — это слово, а не сочетание двух-трех слов, то есть его смысл не равен сумме смыслов входящих в него слов.
Возьмем, фразовый глагол go out. По отдельности слова значат следующее: go — идти, out — вне, наружу. Можно предположить, что go out — это «выходить откуда-то». На самом же деле go out — это ходить куда-нибудь гулять, развлекаться.
Более того, go out with в определенном контексте — это встречаться с кем-то, состоять в романтических отношениях.
Еще одна трудность фразовых глаголов в том, что они часто бывают многозначными (как и обычные слова). У глагола go out есть другое значение, которое, правда, встречается в разговорной речи реже:
Сочетания «глагол + предлог» — это не всегда фразовый глагол, существуют еще prepositional verbs (глаголы с предлогами), такие как depend on — зависеть от, be afraid of — бояться чего-то. Об их смысле обычно можно догадаться по глаголу. Подробнее о предлогах и конструкциях, в которых они используются, я рассказал в этом видео:
Фразовые глаголы очень часто встречаются в разговорной речи. Не понимая их, хотя бы основные, вы плохо будете понимать носителей языка. Кстати, не носители языка, говорящие по-английски, часто избегают фразовые глаголы, заменяя их однословными синонимами («continue» вместо «go on»), поэтому с ними общаться легче.
Вообще, чтобы говорить, выражать мысли, многие фразовые глаголы необязательны. Да, они делают речь живее, «разговорнее», короче, но часто их можно заменить синонимами или обойти, выразившись как-то иначе. Фразовые глаголы нужно знать в первую очередь, чтобы понимать живую речь.
Фразовые глаголы, как и любые слова, можно учить по-разному: по карточкам, списками, с помощью упражнений, в процессе чтения и слушания и т. д. — это больше дело личных предпочтений, а не эффективности того или иного приема. Самое важное, что фразовые глаголы нужно запоминать, учитывая их контекст.
Есть слова, скажем, названия предметов быта, которые прекрасно запоминаются без контекста. Микроволновка в любом контексте микроволновка. С фразовыми глаголами такой трюк не пройдет, их значение понятно только в контексте, к тому же они намного лучше запоминаются, когда перед глазами есть пример. Именно поэтому я подготовил список фразовых глаголов с примерами — примеры помогут лучше их понять и запомнить.
Еще один совет по запоминанию фразовых глаголов: не бойтесь их. Да, их много, но они часто встречаются в речи (в речи чаще, чем в текстах), поэтому если вы смотрите фильмы на английском, слушаете передачи, разговариваете, то основные глаголы усвоите быстро за счет их употребительности.
Список, который я предлагаю, составлен на основе здравого смысла и личного опыта — это те фразовые глаголы, которые, как я считаю, знать полезнее всего. Ниже вы также найдете краткую выжимку из этого списка всего из 30 слов. Сокращения smb и smt расшифровываются как somebody (кто-то) и something (что-то). О некоторых глаголах я написал более подробные статьи с фразовыми глаголами, идиомами, полезными выражениями, ссылки вы найдете ниже.
Также у меня есть книга по фразовым глаголам. Она поможет вам выучить полезные фразовые глаголы и закрепить их с помощью упражнений. Книга вышла в двух вариантах: просто PDF, а также PDF + аудио.
- ask smb out — пригласить на свидание
John asked Nancy out to (for) dinner. — Джон пригласил Нэнси на обед.
Did that nice young man ask you out? — Этот приятный молодой человек пригласил тебя на свидание?
- ask around — расспрашивать людей, задавать вопрос нескольким людям
I asked around but nobody knew how to find that hotel. — Я поспрашивал у людей, но никто не знает, как найти этот отель.
What? Sorry, I haven’t seen your cat. Ask around. — Что? Простите, я не видел вашу кошку. Поспрашивайте у людей.
Be
- be after — пытаться что-то получить, найти
What are you after in that room? There’s nothing in there. — Что ты пытаешься найти в этой комнате? Здесь ничего нет.
I don’t know what he is after. — Я не знаю, что ему нужно.
- be away (to somewhere) — отсутствовать, находиться в другом месте
The Johnson’s were away all last week to Mexico. — Семья Джонсонов всю прошлую неделю была в отъезде в Мексике.
- be on/off — быть включенным, выключенным (о приборе)
Is the robot still on? — Робот все еще включен?
The lights are off in the building. — Свет в здании выключен.
Blow
- blow up — взрываться
Cars don’t blow up like they do in movies. — Машины не взрываются, как в кино.
Break
- break up — расстаться (о влюбленных)
Jack and Helen broke up finally. — Джек и Элен наконец-то расстались.
- break down — сломаться (напр., о машине)
Can you give me a ride? My car broke down. — Можете меня подвезти? Моя машина сломалась.
- break in — вломиться
The police broke in and arrested everyone. — Полицейские вломились и всех арестовали.
- break out — сбежать, вырваться
The movie is about a guy who broke out of jail. — Фильм о парне, сбежавшем из тюрьмы.
Bring
- bring along — привести кого-то с собой
He brought along his son to the football match. — Он привел с собой сына на футбольный матч.
- bring over — принести что-то кому-то, взять что-то с собой
Jack brought over a new videogame and we played it together. — Джек принес с собой новую видеоигру, и мы поиграли в нее вместе.
- bring up — 1) упомянуть что-то в разговоре, поднять тему, 2) воспитывать, растить детей
I didn’t want to bring up business at lunch. — Я не хотел упоминать о делах за обедом.
His grandmother brought him up. — Его растила бабушка.
Call
- call (smb) back — перезвонить
I’ve been to ten job interviews, you know what they all said? We’ll call you back. — Я был на десяти собеседованиях, знаешь, что они мне все сказали? Мы вам перезвоним.
- call by — зайти ненадолго, навестить
I wanted to call by on my way home. — Я хотел зайти к тебе по дороге домой.
Calm
- calm (smb) down — успокоиться, успокоить кого-то
Calm down, everything is going to be just fine. — Успокойтесь, все будет просто прекрасно.
The nurse came up to the little girl and calmed her down. — Медсестра подошла к маленькой девочке и успокоила ее.
Chip
- chip in — скинуться деньгами
I’m gonna order a pizza, let’s chip in. — Я закажу пиццу, давайте скинемся.
They each chipped in ten dollars to buy a present. — Они все скинулись по 10 долларов, чтобы купить подарок.
Count
- count on (rely on) — полагаться на кого-то
You can count on my friend, he always keeps his word. — Вы можете положиться на моего друга, он всегда держит слово.
Check
- check in/out — поселиться, выселиться из гостиницы
We checked in on Saturday, and we checked out on Tuesday. — Мы поселились (в гостинице) в субботу, а съехали во вторник.
- check with = согласовать с кем-то, получить одобрение
He needs to check with his wife to make sure they don’t have other plans. — Ему нужно посоветоваться (согласовать) с женой, чтобы убедиться, что у них нет других планов.
Come
Читайте также: «Фразовый глагол Come и употребительные идиомы»
- come across (run across) — наткнуться на что-то, кого-то, случайно встретиться
I came across my ex-wife in the grocery store. — Я случайно наткнулся на бывшую жену в продуктовом магазине.
- come back — возвращаться
He’s gone. But he promised to come back. — Он ушел. Но он пообещал вернуться.
- come up to smb/smt — подойти к кому-то, чему-то
She came up to me and asked if I was lost. — Она подошла ко мне и спросила не заблудился ли я.
- come up with smt — придумывать решение, находить идею
And then all of a sudden Mary came up with her brilliant plan. — А затем совершенно внезапно Мэри придумала свой блестящий план.
Just come up with something. — Просто придумай что-нибудь (решение).
- come from — быть откуда-то родом
Where do you come from? — Откуда ты?
She comes from Spain. — Она из Испании.
- come off — отваливаться
Old paint has come off the wall. — Старая краска отвалилась от стены.
- come out — 1) выходить (о фильме, книге) 2) раскрываться (о тайне)
When is your new book coming out? — Когда выходит ваша новая книга?
It came out that the picture was fake. — Выяснилось, что картина была поддельной.
- come over — прийти к кому-то (обычно домой)
My parents are gone for a business trip, come over. — Мои родители уехали в командировку, приходи ко мне.
- Come on! — выражение со значениями: 1) давай! (подбадривание) 2) пойдем! торопись! 3) прекрати уже! (ну хватит тебе, ну давайте)
Come on, guys, you can do it! — Давайте, ребята, вы сможете!
Come on, we need to hurry. — Пошли, нам нужно спешить.
Oh, come on, dad, I know there is no Santa. — Пап, ну хватит тебе, я знаю, что нет никакого Санты.
- come around — 1) навестить, зайти, 2) приходить в себя после потери сознания
I live just across the street, come around some time. — Я живу через дорогу, заходи как-нибудь.
He was unconscious but the doctor made him come around. — Он был без сознания, но доктор привел его в себя.
Cut
- cut down on smt — 1) урезать, сократить расход чего-то
We’ll have to cut down on water if we want to last until help arrives. — Нам придется снизить расход воды, если мы хотим протянуть до прибытия помощи.
The gevernment is going to cut down on defence spending. — Правительство собирается сократить расходы на оборону.
- cut smt off — 1) отрезать что-то, 2) изолировать
Why did you cut the sleeves off? — Зачем вы отрезали рукава?
On this island, we are cut off from the rest of the world. — На этом острове мы отрезаны от остального мира.
- cut smt out — вырезать что-то
She cut out his picture from the magazine. — Она вырезала его фотографию из журнала.
- cut in (front of smb) — подрезать на автомобиле, резко вклиниться перед другой машиной
The green Ford cut in front of us as if he owned the road! — Зеленый Форд нас подрезал, как будто это его дорога!
Deal
- deal with smt/smb — вести дела
I prefer to deal with the same representative each time. — Я предпочитаю каждый раз вести дела с тем же представителем.
Dress
- dress up (as smb/smt) — приодеться, красиво или строго одеться, переодеться в кого-то, во что-то
You don’t have to dress up to go to the mall, jeans and a T-shirt a fine. — Тебе не нужно наряжаться для торгового центра, джинсы и футболка пойдут.
Ellie dressed up as a witch for Halloween. — Элли переоделась в ведьму на Хэллоуин.
End
- end up — оказаться в итоге в каком-то месте или ситуации
That’s how I ended up in this small town. — Вот как я в итоге оказался в этом городе.
After such a brilliat career, he ended up selling second hand cars. — После такой блестящей карьеры, он в итоге стал продавцом подержанных автомобилей.
Fall
Читайте также: «Глагол FAll, употребительные выражения и фразовые глаголы».
- fall down — падать
My cat fell down from the balcony, but it’s ok. — Мой кот упал с балкона, но он в порядке.
- fall for smb — влюбляться
Mike fell for Jane. — Майк влюбился в Джейн.
- fall for smt — купиться на уловку, поверить в обман
That’s a stupid story, my wife will never fall for it. — Это глупая история, моя жена на такое никогда не купится.
- fall apart — разваливаться
Если речь идет о человеке, то fall apart — тяжело переживать что-то
How are you going to sell your house? It’s falling apart. — Как ты собираешься продать свой дом? Он же разваливается.
After losing my job, I was falling apart. — После того как я потерял работу, я был сам не свой (тяжело переживал).
- fall behind — отставать
Отставать как физически, во время движения, так и в переносном смысле, например, от графика.
One of the tourists fell behind and got lost. — Один из туристов отстал и потерялся.
We have to hurry, we are falling behind the schedule. — Нам нужно поторопиться, мы отстаем от графика.
Fill
- fill in/out — заполнить (бланк)
There will be a lot of paperwork, you’ll have to read, fill in, sign hundreds of documents. — Будет много бумажной работы, тебе придется прочитать, заполнить, подписать сотни документов.
- find out / figure out — узнать, выяснить
I dont’ know how it works but let’s figure it out. — Не знаю, как это работает, но давай это выясним (разберемся).
How did you find out where to find me? — Как вы выяснили, где меня найти?
Get
Читайте также: «Фразовый глагол Get, разговорные выражения и идиомы».
- get along with — ладить с кем-то, быть в хороших отношениях
In school, I didn’t get along with my classmates. — В школе я не ладил с одноклассниками.
- get through — дозвониться по телефону
I called you twice but couldn’t get through. — Я два раза вам звонил, но не мог дозвониться.
- get in — садиться в машину.
Hey, we gotta hurry! Get in! — Эй, нам нужно торопиться! Садись в машину!
He didn’t see the truck coming when we was getting in his car. — Он не видел, что приближается грузовик, когда садился в машину.
- get on — садиться в поезд, самолет, судно, автобус
I am afraid, we got on the wrong train. — Боюсь, что мы сели не на тот поезд.
- get off — 1) сходить с транспорта (машины, поезда, автобуса и др.), 2) слезть, снять с чего-то
I’m getting off here, see you later! — Я здесь выхожу, увидимся!
Get your feet off my table! — Убери свои ноги с моего стола!
- get up/down — подниматься, вставать / падать, пригибаться
The boxer got up and continued to fight. — Боксер поднялся и продолжил бой.
When something exploded I got down, but it was just a firework. — Когда что-то взорвалось, я пригнулся, но это был всего лишь фейерверк.
- get away (with smt) — избежать наказания за что-то
How to get away with murder. — Как избежать наказания за убийство.
- get over — 1) перебраться через препятствие, 2) справиться с проблемой, болезнью
The cat is so fat that it can’t get over a fence. — Этот кот такой толстый, что не можешь перелезть через забор.
If you have a problem, you have to get over it. — Если у тебя проблема, тебе придется с ней справиться.
Give
- give up — 1) сдаваться, 2) прекращать что-то делать
Fight and never give up. — Дерись и никогда не сдавайся.
I gave up smoking. — Я бросил (прекратил) курить.
- give smt away — 1) выдавать тайну, секрет, 2) отдавать, раздавать (даром)
Someone gave your little secret away. — Кто-то рассказал о твоем маленьком секрете.
The are giving away some unsold stuff. — Они раздают какие-то нераспроданные вещи.
- give back — возвращать
You took my phone! Give it back! — Ты взял мой телефон! Верни его!
- give out — раздавать, обычно бесплатно и большому количеству людей
You can’t just give out the candies, they are one dollar each. — Ты не можешь просто так раздавать конфеты, они стоят по доллару за штуку.
Go
Читайте также: «Фразовый глагол Go, выражения и идиомы».
- go on (with smt) — продолжать делать что-то
Go on, please, I’m listening. — Продолжайте, пожалуйста, я слушаю.
After a short pause, Jane went on with her story. — После короткой паузы Джейн продолжила свой рассказ.
- go out — ходить куда-нибудь развлекаться, гулять
I go out with my friends every Friday night. — Я хожу куда-нибудь с друзьями вечером каждую пятницу.
- go out with smb — встречаться с кем-нибудь, состоять в романтических отношениях
Are you still going out with Bob? — Ты все еще встречаешься с Бобом?
- go with — подходить, сочетаться, идти к чему-то (об одежде, еде)
These shoes don’t go well with your pants. — Эти туфли плохо сочетаются с твоими брюками.
What wine goes with fish? — Какой вино подходит к рыбе?
- go back to — возвращаться к какому-то занятию
We went back to work after a short break. — Мы вернулись к работе после короткого перерыва.
- go down/up — сокращаться/увеличиваться
Are you expecting the prices to go down? Normally, they only go up. — Ты ожидаешь, что цены упадут? Обычно они только растут.
- go without smt — обходиться, справляться без чего-то
This time you’ll have to go without my help. — На этот раз тебе придется обойтись без моей помощи.
Hand
- hand out — раздавать группе людей
Hand out the invitations to everyone. — Раздайте всем приглашения.
- hand in — сдавать (напр. домашнюю работу)
You have to hand in your essay by Monday. — Вы должны сдать сочинение до понедельника.
Grow
- grow up — расти, стать взрослым
When I grow up, I want to be a doctor. — Я хочу стать врачом, когда вырасту.
- grow back — отрасти, вырасти заново
Don’t worry about your haircut, it’ll grow back. — Не беспокойся насчет своей стрижки, волосы отрастут.
- grow out of smt — вырасти из чего-то, стать для этого слишком большим или взрослым
My kids grew out of the clothes I had bought just a few months ago. — Мои дети выросли из одежды, которую я купила всего несколько месяцев назад.
I grew out of cartoons. — Я уже слишком взрослый для мультиков.
Hang
- hang in — держаться, не падать духом
Hang in there! We’re coming to rescue you. — Держитесь! Мы идем на помощь.
- hang out — тусоваться с кем-то, проводить время
I’m gonna hang out with my friends today. — Я сегодня собираюсь потусоваться с друзьями.
- hang up — повесить трубку, закончить разговор по телефону
Wait! Don’t hang up! — Подожди! Не вешай трубку!
Примечание: pick up — поднять трубку.
Hold
Читайте также: «Hold on! Фразовый глагол Hold и основные выражения».
- hold on — 1) просьба подождать, 2) не сдаваться, держаться
Hold on, I forgot my phone. — Подожди, я забыл телефон.
Hold on, guys, help is coming. — Держитесь, ребята, помощь уже в пути.
- hold it against smb — держать зло на кого-то
He lied to me but I don’t hold it against him. — Он мне солгал, но я не держу на него зла за это.
- hold back — сдерживать физически
A seven nation army couldn’t hold me back. – Армия семи народов (стран) не могла меня сдержать.
Hurry
- hurry up — торопиться
You have to hurry up, we are almost late. — Тебе нужно торопиться, мы почти опоздали.
Keep
- keep (on) doing smt — продолжать что-то делать
Вместо «doing» можно взять другой глагол.
Keep on stirring until it boils. — Продолжайте помешивать пока не закипит.
Keep going, keep going. — Вперед, вперед (идем, идем).
- keep smt from smb — держать что-то в тайне от кого-то
You can’t keep your disease from your family. — Ты не можешь скрывать свою болезнь от семьи.
- keep smt/smb out — не давать приблизиться, войти, не впускать
You should keep your dog out of my lawn. — Тебе лучше держать свою собаку подальше от моего газона.
Keep your hands out of me! — Держи свои руки от меня подальше!
Let
- let smb down — подвести
Don’t worry, you can rely on me, I won’t let you down. — Не беспокойся, ты можешь на меня положиться. Я тебя не подведу.
- let smb in — впустить, пропусти
Guy, let me in, it’s cold out there! — Ребята, впустите меня, там холодно!
Log
- log in / out — входить/выходить из учетной записи (в интернете), логиниться/разлогиниваться
How can I log in if I forgot my password? — Как мне залогиниться, если я забыл пароль?
Log out first, then log in again and check if the game works. — Выйди из учетной записи, войди снова и проверь, работает ли игра.
Look
Читайте также: «Фразовый глагол Look, примеры с переводом».
- look for — искать
I am looking for a post office. — Я ищу почтовое отделение.
- look forward to — ждать с нетерпением чего-то
После «to» используется герундий или существительное, но не инфинитив.
We are looking forwad to your next visit. — Мы с нетерпением ждем вашего следующего визита.
We are looking forward to visiting you. — Мы ждем с нетерпением, когда посетим вас.
- look after — приглядывать, присматривать
Can you look after my stuff, please? I’ll be right back. — Не могли бы вы присмотреть за моими вещами, пожалуйста? Я сейчас вернусь.
- look up — найти информацию (обычно в книге)
I don’t know this word, look it up in the dictionary. — Я не знаю такое слово, посмотри в словаре.
- look out — опасаться чего-то
Обычно используется как восклицание «Look out!» — «Берегись!»
Look out! Someone’s coming! — Берегись! Кто-то идет!
Make
Читайте также: «Глаголы Make и Do».
- make smt up — выдумать, солгать о чем-то
I had to make up a story about why I was late. — Мне пришлось сочинить историю о том, почему я опоздал.
I told you she made it up! — Говорил же я тебе, что она все это выдумала!
- make out — страстно и долго целоваться
Jack cought his girlfriend making out with his friend. — Джек застал свою девушку, целующейся с его другом.
Move
- move in (to) — поселяться в новом жилье, заезжать
We moved in yesterday and know no one here. — Мы переехали сюда вчера и никого здесь не знаем.
I’m going to move in to my friend’s place. — Я собираюсь переехать к другу.
- move away (to) — уезжать откуда-то, съездать с жилья
The Patterson’s have moved away, but I can give you their new address. — Паттерсоны съехали (переехали), но я могу дать вам их новый адрес.
I was born in Germany but we moved away to England, when I was a kid. — Я родился в Германии, но мы переехали в Англию, когда я был ребенком.
- move on — перейти от одного дела а другому, двигаться дальше
I think we’ve talked enough about it, let’s move on. — Думаю, мы достаточно об этом поговорили, давайте уже дальше (перейдем к другой теме).
I want to change my job, I need to move on. — Я хочу сменить работу, мне нужно двигаться дальше.
Pass
- pass away — уходить в мир иной, умирать
Pass away — это формальный, наиболее вежливый и осторожный синоним слова die (умирать).
My grandfather passed away when I was ten. — Мой дедушка покинул нас, когда мне было десять.
- pass by — проходить, проезжать мимо и не остановиться
We were passing by the City Hall, when Ann saw Harry in the street. — Мы проезжали мимо мэрии, когда Энн увидела на улице Гарри.
- pass out — терять сознание
It was hot in the church and an old lady passed out. — В церкви было жарко, и пожилая женщина упала в обморок.
Примечание: come round — приходить в себя.
Pay
- pay smb back — вернуть долг, отплатить
Morgan bought me a ticket, but I haven’t paid him back yet. — Морган купил мне билет, но я еще не вернул ему деньги.
- pay off — окупиться
Your effort will pay off. — Твои труды окупятся.
Pick
- pick up — 1) подбирать с пола, 2) поднимать трубку, 3) «снимать», «цеплять» (о знакомстве)
Have you just dropped a cigarette on the ground? Pick it up! — Ты что, только что сигарету бросил на землю? Подними!
It’s my boss calling, dont’ pick it up. — Это звонит мой начальник, не поднимай трубку.
«He came home with a girl he had picked up in a bar.» — «You mean she had picked him up?» — «Он пришел домой с девушкой, которую подцепил в баре.» — «Ты имеешь в виду, которая его подцепила?»
Play
- play along (with smb) — подыгрывать
Jim played along with Ron, when he said he was a movie producer. — Джим подыграл Рону, когда тот сказал, что он кинопродюсер.
Don’t worry, just play along, ok? — Не волнуйся, просто подыгрывай, хорошо?
- play around (fool around) — дурачиться
Aren’t you too big boys for playing around? — Разве вы не слишком большие ребята для того, чтобы дурачиться?
The teacher was angry because we were fooling around. — Учитель рассердился, потому что мы дурачились.
Pull
- pull over — остановить машину у дороги, на обочине
We pulled over to check our tires. — Мы остановились у дороги, чтобы проверить колеса.
- pull oneself together — собраться, взять себя в руки
Come on, pull yourself together, we have to work. — Давай уже, соберись, нам нужно работать.
Put
- put on — надеть
Put your hat on. — Наденьте шляпу.
Put on your seat belts. — Пристегните (наденьте) ремни безопасности.
Run
Читайте также: «Фразовый глагол Run, выражения и идиомы».
- run away — убегать
Tell me that funny story how you ran away from a dog. — Расскажи им эту забавную историю, как ты убежал от собаки.
- run for — догонять, бежать за чем-то
I lost my wallet when I was running for a bus. — Я потерял бумажник, когда бежал за автобусом.
- run across / run into smb (come across) — случайно наткнуться на кого-то
Ron ran across his teacher, miss Smith, in the park when he was supposed to be at school. — Рон случайно наткнулся на свою учительницу, мисс Смит, в парке, в то время, когда он должен был быть в школе.
- run around — быть очень занятым, делать много дел
After running around all day, James is too tired to play with his kids. — После того как он занимался делами весь день, Джеймс слишком устал, чтобы поиграть с детьми.
- run on smt — работать на чем-то (об источнике энергии)
Does this bus run on gas or electricity? — Этот автобус работает на бензине или электричестве?
- run over smt/smb — переехать на машине
The deer was ran over by a car. — Оленя переехала машина.
Set
- set smt up — 1) устроить, организовать, 2) подставлять
Can you set up a meeting with him? — Вы можете устроить с ним встречу?
The police have set him up. They put some drugs in his pocket. — Полиция его подставила. Они подкинули ему наркотики в карман.
Примечание: слово «police» в значении «сотрудники полиции» — это множественное число, а не единственное, поэтому здесь «police have», а не «police has».
Show
- show off — хвастаться, выпендриваться
He bought the most expensive guitar to show off to his friends. — Он купил самую дорогую гитару, чтобы хвататься перед друзьями.
- show up — появиться, прийти
Show up — это обычно прийти неожиданно или с опозданием, как «заявиться» в руссском языке. Часто используется, когда кого-то ждали, а он так и не пришел.
We’ve been waiting for him for an hour but he didn’t show up. — Мы ждали его целый час, но он не пришел.
He showed up in the middle of the night. — Он заявился посреди ночи.
Sleep
- sleep over — переночевать у кого-то в гостях
It’s too late to go back home, why don’t you sleep over? — Уже слишком поздно возвращаться домой, почему бы тебе не остаться переночевать?
Can I sleep over at my friend’s house? — Могу я переночевать у друга дома?
Slow
- slow down — снизить скорость
The car slowed down passing us by. — Машина снизила скорость, проезжая мимо нас.
Shut
- shut (smt/smb) up — замолчать, заткнуться
Hey, shut up, I can’t hear anything. — Эй, заткнитесь, я ничего не слышу.
Somebody shut this alarm up. — Кто-нибудь заткните уже эту сигнализацию.
Sign
- sign in — 1) войти на сайт, введя логин и пароль (синоним log in), 2) вписать свое имя в бланк перед тем, как куда-то зайти (на проходной или у администратора)
Sing in or create a new account to continue. — Войдите в учетную запись или создайте новую, чтобы продолжить.
Mr. Nixon’s office is on the third floor, please sign in first. — Кабинет мистера Никсона на третьем этаже, пожалуйста, сначала запишитесь (в бланке регистрации посетителей).
- sign up (to/for) — 1) зарегистрироваться на сайте, 2) согласиться на что-то, «подписаться» под чем-то
«To» используется, если после sign up идет глагол, если существительное или местоимение, тогда «for».
In order to sign up for Facebook, all users are first required to agree to the «Terms of Service». — Чтобы зарегистрироваться на Face
They needed a volunteer and I signed up. — Им нужен был доброволец и я согласился.
He signed up to join the party. — Он дал свое согласие на вступление в партию.
I never signed up for that. — Я на такое не подписывался/соглашался.
Stand
- stand out — выделяться, отличаться
You are not supposed to write the best essay ever, but it has to stand out. — Ты не должен писать лучшее эссе во все времена, но оно должно чем-то отличаться.
The tourist guide was wearing an orange jacket so that he stood out in a crowd. — Гид был одет в оранжевую жилетку, чтобы выделяться в толпе.
Stick
- stick to smt — придерживаться чего-то
You can’t lose weight if you don’t stick to the diet. — Ты не сможешь похудеть, если не будет придерживаться диеты.
Take
Читайте также: «Фразовый глагол Take, выражения и идиомы».
- take smt out — вынимать, вытаскивать
He took a large pizza out of the box. — Он вытащил большую пиццу из коробки.
- take back — забрать обратно, вернуть себе (не путать с «вернуть = отдать кому-то)
I’d like to take back the bike I gave you yesterday. — Я бы хотел забрать обратно велосипед, который я дал тебе вчера.
You can’t just take back what you have said. — Ты не можешь просто забрать слова обратно (вернуть то, что сказал).
- take off — 1) снять (об одежде), 2) взлететь (о самолете)
Take off your shoes and come in. — Разувайтесь (снимайте обувь) и заходите.
The plane took off and landed at the same airport four hours later. — Самолет взлетел и сел в том же аэропорту через четыре часа.
- take smb for smb — принять кого-то за кого-то, перепутать
You father looks young, I took him for your brother. — Твой отец молодо выглядит, я принял его за твоего брата.
- take apart — разобрать на части
The boy took apart his toy because he wanted to see what’s inside. — Мальчик разобрал свою игрушку, потому что хотел увидеть, что внутри.
Try
Читайте также: «Фразовый глагол Turn, выражения и идиомы».
- try on — примерить
This hat looks great, try it on. — Эта шляпа выглядит отлично, примерь.
Turn
- turn on/off — включать, выключать
Turn on the TV. — Включи телевизор.
The laptop is turned off. — Ноутбук выключен.
Примечание: похожий глагол switch on/off обычно используется, когда речь идет о механическом тумблере, о чем-то щелкающем, меняющем положение, хотя в общем-то swtch on/off и turn on/off взаимозаменяемы, азницы между ними практически никакой.
Swith the light off. — Выключи свет.
- turn up/down — увеличивать, уменьшать громкость.
Could you turn down the volume, please? — Не могли бы вы уменьшить громкость, пожалуйста?
This is my niece singing, turn it up! — Это моя племянница поет, сделай погромче!
- turn around — оборачиваться
Even if hear something creepy, don’t turn around. — Даже если услышишь что-нибудь жуткое, не оборачивайся.
- turn away — отворачиваться
Harry stared at her and she turned away. — Гарри уставился на нее, и она отвернулась.
- turn in — 1) сдать (отдать кому-то) что-то, напр. домашнюю работу, 2) «сдавать» кого-то
Don’t forget to turn in your homework tomorrow. — Не забудь сдать (отдать) свою домашнюю работу завтра.
He caught me sleeping on the post but didn’t turn me in. — Он застал меня спящим напосту, но не сдал (не доложил).
Примечание: у глагола turn in в значении «сдать что-то» есть синоним hand in: Hand in your essay. — Сдайте ваше сочинение.
- turn out (to be smt/smb) — оказываться кем-то, чем-то
Her husband turned out to be a serial killer. — Ее муж оказался серийным убийцей.
- turn into — превращаться
In that fairy tale, a boy could turn into a wolf. — В этой сказке мальчик умел превращаться в волка.
Use
- use up smt — истратить
Have you used up all the painkillers? — Ты уже истратил все обезболивающее?
Wake
- wake (smb) up — проснуться, разбудить
Hey, sorry, I just woke up, didn’t hear you calling. — Привет, извини, я только проснулся, не слышал, что ты звонишь.
Don’t wake the dogs up. — Не разбуди собак.
Warm
- warm smt up — подогреть
The water is too cold, you shoud warm it up first. — Вода слишком холодная, тебе нужно ее сначала подогреть.
- warm up — размяться, разогреться перед тренировкой
If you want to avoid injuries, warm up before you go for a run. — Если хочешь избежать травм, разминайся перед пробежкой
Work
- work out — 1) тренироваться, заниматься спортом, 2) срабатывать, получаться
Alicia Vikander worked out six days a week for her Lara Croft role. — Алисия Викандер тренировалась шесть дней в неделю для роли Лары Крофт.
It that your genious plan? I don’t believe it’s gonna work out. — Это и есть твой гениальный план? Я не верю, что это сработает.
Топ-30: основные фразовые глаголы для начинающих
Поскольку список получился длинным, выделю из него 30 основных фразовых глаголов, которые обязательно нужно знать начинающим. В этот сокращенный спиосок вошли глаголы, которые, на мой взгляд, встречаются чаще других. Поскольку список короткий, мне удалось сгруппировать фразовые глаголы по темам, с длинным списком я не стал так делать, оставив группировку по глаголам, потому что иначе получилось бы слишком запутанно (множество мелких тем по 2-3 слова и несколько крупных).
Приборы
- be on/off — быть включенным, выключенным
Is your phone on or off now? — Ваш телефон сейчас включен или выключен?
- turn on/off (switch on/off) — включить, выключить
Напомню, разницы между switch on/off и turn on/off почти никакой, обычно switch употребляется по отношению к механическим тумблерам, а turn к кнопкам. То есть switch — это щелкающее переключение, а turn — нещелкающее.
She turned off the recorder and continued the interview. — Она выключила диктофон и продолжила интервью.
How do you switch off this machine? — Как выключается этот станок?
Телефон
- call back — перезвонить
I told you I’m busy now, my secretary will call you back. — Я же сказал вам, что занят сейчас, мой секретарь вам перезвонит.
- get through — дозвониться
«Did you get through?» — «No, the line was busy». — «Ты дозвонился?» — «Нет, линия была занята.»
- pick up/hang up — поднять трубку (ответить на звонок), повесить трубку (закончить звонок)
I dialed the number from the magazine but no one picked up. — Я набрал номер из журнала, но никто не взял трубку.
I hate it when someone hangs up in the middle of conversation. — Ненавижу, когда кто-нибудь вешает трубку посреди разговора.
Движения
- come back — возвращаться
Stephen’s father went to buy cigarettes and never came back. — Отец Стивена пошел купить сигарет и больше не вернулся.
- wake (smb) up — просыпаться, будить
I don’t need an alarm clock to wake up at five in the morning. — Мне не нужен будильник, чтобы просыпаться в пять утра.
Don’t wake my cat up. — Не будите моего кота.
- work out — заниматься спортом, тренироваться
You don’t need a gym to work out, you can do it at home. — Тебе необязательно нужен спортзал, чтобы тренироваться, можешь заниматься дома.
- run away — убегать
In horror movies people don’t run away when they see a monster, they come closer. — В фильмах ужасов люди не убегают, когда видят монстра, они подходят ближе.
Мыслительные процессы
- look for — искать
I am looking for Platrorm Nine and Three-Quarters. — Я ищу платформу девять и три четверти.
- find out/figure out — выяснить, узнать
The reporter managed to find out where I live. — Репортеру удалось выяснить, где я живу.
I don’t know who that person is but we’ll figure it out. — Я не знаю, кто этот человек, но мы это выясним.
- look forward to — ждать с нетерпением
Dear Santa, I’m looking forward to your visit. — Дорогой Санта, жду с нетерпением, когда ты придешь.
- calm (smb) down — успокоиться, успокоить
Calm down, it’s just a joke. — Успокойся, это просто шутка.
A flight attendant calmed him down. — Стюардесса успокоила его.
Транспорт
- get in (on) — садиться в транспорт
Сесть в машиту — get in, сесть на поезд, самолет, судно — get on.
He stopped the car and said, «Get in (the car)’. — Он остановил машину и сказал: «Садись (в машину)».
How did you get on the plane without a ticket? — Как ты сел на самолет без ?
- get off — выходить из транспорта
Where do we get off? — Где мы выходим?
Взаимоотношения
- ask smb out — пригласить на свидание
He wanted to ask her out but was too shy. — Он хотел пригласить ее на свидание, но слишком стеснялся.
- break up — расставаться (о романтических отношениях)
They broke up soon after their engagement. — Они расстались вскоре после помолвки.
- get along with — ладить с кем-то
Jack doesn’t get along with his sister. — Джек не ладит со своей сестрой.
- go out (with smb) — 1) ходить куда-то гулять, веселиться, 2) встречаться с кем-то (свидания)
I’m not in the mood to go out tonight. — Я не в настроении сегодня куда-то идти (отдыхать, развлекаться).
Viktoria is going out with that creepy guy. — Виктория встречается с этим жутким парнем.
- look after — присматривать за кем-то, чем-то
Swear that you will look after my family if I never come back. — Поклянись, что присмотришь за моей семьей, если я не вернусь.
Don’t worry, I’ll look after your bag. — Не беспокойтесь, я присмотрю за вашей сумкой.
Действие и этапы
- go on — продолжать
Go on, that’s a very interesting story. — Продолжайте, это очень интересная история.
- hold on — просьба подождать
Hold on, please, I’ll take a pen. Ok, I’m ready. — Подождите, пожалуйста, я возьму ручку. Хорошо, я готов.
- end up — оказаться в итоге где-то или в какой-то ситуации
I don’t remember how we ended up in a hotel room. — Я не помню, как в итоге мы оказались в гостиничном номере.
She ended up working as a teacher. — В итоге она стала работать учителем.
Документы и интернет
- fill in/out — заполнить бумаги
Fill in these papers, please. — Заполните эти документы, пожалуйста.
- sign up — зарегистироваться на сайте, подписаться (согласиться на что-то)
Some content is available only if you sign up. — Некоторый контент доступен только если зарегистрируешься.
- log in/out — войти/выйти из учетной записи на сайте
If the app isn’t working, log out and log in again. — Если приложение не работает, выйди из учетной записи и войди обратно.
- check in/out — поселиться/выселиться из гостиницы
We are supposed to check in before nine and check out before ten on the next day. — Мы должны поселиться в гостинице до девяти часов и съехать до десяти часов следующего дня.
Одежда
- put on — надеть одежду
Put your coat on, it’s cold out there. — Надень пальто, на улице холодно.
- take off — снять одежду
Take your hat off and put this cap on. — Сними шляпу и надень эту кепку.
- try on — примерить одежду
Nice shoes! May I try them on? — Приятные туфли! Можно я их примерю?
Contents
- 1 Advanced Grammar for IELTS: Multi-word verbs – Diagnose Test, Grammar Explanation & Practice Exercises
- 1.1 Diagnostic Test
- 1.1.1 Multi-word Verbs
- 1.2 Grammar Explanation: Multi-word Verbs
- 1.2.1 Form and Use
- 1.2.2 Phrasal Verbs
- 1.2.3 Prepositional Verbs
- 1.2.4 Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs
- 1.2.5 Word List: Common Multi-word Verbs
- 1.3 Practice Exercise
- 1.4 Answer Key for Diagnostic Test
- 1.5 Answer Key for Practice Test
- 1.1 Diagnostic Test
Advanced Grammar for IELTS: Multi-word verbs – Diagnose Test, Grammar Explanation & Practice Exercises
Diagnostic Test
Multi-word Verbs
Rewrite these sentences replacing the underlined words with the words in brackets. Make any necessary changes to word order.
Example:
- She repaid the debt punctually. (on time/paid/back/it)
- ==> __She paid it back on time__
- The whole story was invented by Suzy’s brother. (by/him/made/was/up)
- Maintain the good work. (up/it/keep)
- Make sure you carefully follow the guidelines. (strictly/to/stick)
- This tie doesn’t match that shirt ___(it/with/go)
- We met my wife’s cousin by chance at the museum. (into/him/ran)
- These are the beliefs our movement upholds. (stands/which/for/our movement)
- The company won’t tolerate this kind of behaviour. (with/it/put/up)
- I revealed the secret to Elizabeth. (it/her/in/let/on)
Eight of the following sentences contain grammatical mistakes or an inappropriate verb or multi-word verb. Tick (✓) the correct sentences and correct the others.
Examples:
- They’re a company with which we’ve been dealing for many years. ✓
- Her Majesty turned up at the ceremony in the dazzling Imperial State Coach. ==> arrived
- That division was taken by head office over.
- The very first breakout of the disease was reported in Namibia.
- Steve was left by his ex-girlfriend out from her wedding invitation list.
- It is a condition of receiving this Internet account that you do not give away your confidential PIN number to any third party.
- Could you activate the kettle, darling? I’m dying for a cup of tea.
- He fell down the floor and hurt himself.
- Come on! We’re going to be late!
- The plane took off the ground at incredible speed.
- The government brought recently in some legislation to deal with the problem.
- There are few people for whom he cares so deeply.
- They took Clive up on his invitation.
- We look forward eagerly to your wedding.
Grammar Explanation: Multi-word Verbs
A common feature of English is the combination of verbs with prepositions and/or adverbs to create multi-word verbs, e.g. to put off, to put out, to put up with. These verbs can be difficult for learners because the meanings often cannot be worked out from the individual words, and there are special rules about the position of objects with these verbs. We sometimes refer to all multi-word verbs as ‘phrasal verbs’, although there are several different types.
Form and Use
Overview
Multi-word verbs are formed from a verb, e.g. grow, plus an adverbial particle, e.g. away, back, out, or a prepositional particle, e.g. on, off, up. There are four types of multi-word verb and each type has different rules, for example about the use or position of the object:
Type 1 | intransitive phrasal verbs
e.g. take off:
|
Type 2 | transitive phrasal verbs
e.g. put something off :
(The noun object can go before or after the particle.) |
Type 3 | prepositional verbs
e.g. cope with something :
|
Type 4 | phrasal-prepositional verbs
e.g. look forward to something :
|
Learner dictionaries indicate which type a verb is by showing a noun object with the verb:
put sb/ sth off phr v [T] to arrange to do something at a later time or date, especially because there is a problem, difficulty etc:
- They’ve put the meeting off till next week.
Multi-word verbs form tenses, and are used in questions and negatives and in the passive voice, in the same way as other verbs:
- Will you be putting the party off? (future continuous question)
- The party has been put off until next month. (present perfect passive)
We never separate the verb and particle in the passive form:
X That story was made by a resentful employee up
✓ That story was made up by a resentful employee.
We can sometimes form nouns from multi-word verbs.
- The car broke down five kilometres from home. (multi-word verb)
- The breakdown happened five kilometres from home. (noun)
In some cases the order of the verb and particle is reversed in the noun derived from them:
- The epidemic first broke out in Namibia. (multi-word verb)
- The first outbreak of the epidemic was in Zaire. (noun)
Formal and Informal Use
Where a multi-word verb has no exact synonym, e.g. grow up, we can use it in formal and informal contexts. However, when there is a single verb with an equivalent meaning, e.g. think about (= consider), the multi-word verb tends to be used in informal contexts while the single verb is more formal. Compare these examples:
- [The bank will think about your application in due course.]
- The bank will consider your application in due course. (formal)
- [Honestly, how can you consider money at a time like this!]
- Honestly, how can you think about money at a time like this! (informal)
Meaning
It is sometimes possible to get an idea of the meaning of a multi-word verb from its particle, because some particles are associated with areas of meaning, for example:
on – starting/continuing/progressing, e.g. carry on, take on, get on |
out – thoroughness, e.g. work out, see out, mark out |
up – completion/finality, e.g. give up, break up, eat up |
Note: However, these areas of meaning can be abstract and may not cover all cases.
Phrasal Verbs
Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive phrasal verbs (type 1) consist of a verb plus an adverb. Phrasal verbs usually have a meaning which is different from the meaning of the separate parts:
- Getting by on my salary isn’t easy! (= managing)
- Rollerblading never really caught on in England. (= became popular)
As intransitive phrasal verbs have no direct object, they cannot be made passive:
X My car broke down the engine.
✓ My car broke down
Intransitive phrasal verbs are sometimes used in imperatives:
- Watch out. That floor’s not very solid.
- Come on! I can’t wait all day!
Transitive Verbs
Transitive phrasal verbs (type 2) consist of a verb + adverb and have a direct object (either a pronoun or a noun):
- It isn’t true, I made it up. I made up that story.
If the object is a noun, it can either be between the verb and particle, or after the particle:
- I made a story up. I made up a story.
If the object is a pronoun, we put it between the verb and particle, but not after the particle:
X I made up it.
✓ I made it up.
Note: We can’t put an adverb between the verb and particle or between the particle and object:
X I paid early back the loan.
X I paid back early the loan.
✓ I paid the loan back early.
Note: We can’t put a relative pronoun immediately before or after the particle.
X That’s the room which up I did.
X That’s the room up which I did.
✓ That’s the room which I did up.
Some phrasal verbs have a transitive use with one meaning, and an intransitive use with a different meaning. Compare:
- The plane took off on time. (take off, intransitive = become airborne)
- The man took off his coat. (take something off, transitive = remove)
Prepositional Verbs
Form and Use
Prepositional verbs (type 3) consist of a verb, e.g. look, plus a preposition, e.g. into, at. for. The combination of the verb and preposition creates a new meaning which can sometimes, but not always, be worked out from the parts:
- She looked for her missing passport. (= searched, tried to find)
- Would you mind looking into his complaint? (= investigating, researching)
These verbs are transitive. We put the noun or pronoun object after the preposition, and not between the verb and preposition:
X We didn’t fall his story for.
X We didn’t fall it for.
✓ We didn’t fall for it/his story
With prepositional verbs (but not phrasal verbs above) we can put an adverb between the verb and preposition. But we cannot put an adverb between the preposition and object:
X She parted with reluctantly her money.
✓ She parted reluctantly with her money.
Special Uses
In formal English we sometimes prefer to avoid a preposition at the end of a sentence. With prepositional verbs (but not phrasal verbs above) we can put the preposition in front of the relative pronouns whom or which:
- These are the principles (which) our party stands for.
- ==>These are the principles for which our party stands.
- That’s the type of client (whom) I’m dealing with.
- ==> That’s the type of client with whom I’m dealing.
Note: But we cannot put the preposition after whom or which:
X These are the principles which for our party stands.
Some prepositional verbs are mainly used in the passive form , especially in written English:
- The marketing strategy is aimed at a target audience of 18 to 25 year olds.
Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs
Form and Use
These verbs (type 4) are formed by combining a verb with an adverb and Form and preposition. The combination creates a new meaning which cannot usually be use understood from the meanings of the individual parts:
- We look forward to hearing from you. (= anticipate with pleasure)
They are transitive and can be made passive:
- All her employees looked up to her. (active)
- She was looked up to by all her employees. (passive)
We can never use a noun or pronoun object between the particles:
X I can’t put up this treatment/it with any longer.
We cannot usually put a noun or pronoun object immediately after the verb:
X I can’t put this treatment /it up with any longer.
✓ I can’t put up with this treatment/ it any longer.
The exception is when the verb has two objects, e.g. let somebody in on something, take somebody up on something:
- We let James in on the plan.
- We took her up on her offer.
Note: We cannot put an adverb before the first particle or after the final particle, but we can use an adverb between the two particles:
X He stands strongly up for his principles. (verb + adverb + particle)
X He stands up for strongly his principle.(particle + particle + adverb)
✓ He stands up strongly for his principles. (particle + adverb+ particle)
Word List: Common Multi-word Verbs
These tables include all multi-word verbs which occur at least ten times per million words in the Longman Corpus Network. (Below, sb = somebody and sth = something.)
Type 1: Intransitive Phrasal Verbs
break down (= stop working), catch on (= understand/become popular), come back (= return), come in, come on. fall out (= quarrel), fall through, fit in, get by (= manage/cope), get up, go away, go on (= continue), go out, grow up, look out, pass out (= faint), shut up. sit down, stand up, stay on (= remain), take off, turn up (= arrive), wake up, watch out.
Type 2: Transitive Phrasal Verbs
act sth out {= perform/demonstrate), bottle sth up {= not allow a feeling to show), bring sth in (= introduce), bring sb up (= rear), bring sth up (= mention sth/introduce a topic), carry sth out (= perform/undertake). do sth up (= restore/redecorate). fill sth in/out (= complete in writing), find sth out (= discover), fix sth up (= arrange), give sth away (= reveal), give sth up (= stop), hold sth up (= delay), keep sth up (= maintain), leave sth/sb out, let sth out (= release), look sth up. make sth up (= invent), pay sb back, pick sth up (= collect), point sth out (= highlight/explain), pull sth/sb down (= demolish, demote), put sth away, put sth off (= postpone), put sth on, put sb up (= accommodate), run sb down (= criticise), set sth up (= establish/implement/organise), take sth over, take sth up, throw sth away, turn sthlsb down (= refuse), turn sth/sb out.
Type 3: Prepositional Verbs
call for sb, care for sb, come across sth (= encounter), cope with sth, deal with sth (= manage, handle), fall for sth (= be tricked), feel like sth, get at sb/sth, get over sth (= recover from), get through {= finish successfully), go into sth, go with sth (= match), ead to sth, look after sb/sth, look at sth (= observe), look into sth (= investigate), look like sth (= resemble), look round sth (= visit, etc.), part with sth, pay for sth, rely on sth/sb, run into sb (= meet by chance), see to sth (= organise/manage), send for sb, stand for sth (= represent/mean/tolerate), stick to sth (= persevere/follow), take after sb, talk about sth, think about sth (= consider).
The following prepositional verbs are usually used in the passive:
be aimed at (= intended for), be applied to, be considered as, be derived from, be known as, be regarded as, be used as, be used in
Type 4: Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs
back out of sth, break in on sth, catch up on sth/sb, catch up with sb, check up on sth / sb, come across as sth (= appear to be), come down to sth (= be essentially), come up with sth (= invent), cut down on sth (= reduce), do away with sth, drop in on sb, face up to sth (= confront), get away with sth, get back to sth (= return), get down to sth, get on with sth, get out of sth, give in to sth, go out for sth, go up to sb (= approach), keep away from sb/sth (= avoid), keep up with sb. look down on sb, look forward to sth (= anticipate), look out for sblsth, look up to sb (= admire/respect), make away with sth, move on to sth, put up with sth/sb (= tolerate), run away with sb, run off with sth, stand up for sth (= defend), turn away from sth, walk out on sth/sb
The following phrasal-prepositional verbs are usually used in the passive:
be cut off from, be made up of, be set out in
Also check:
- Grammar for IELTS
- IELTS Grammar books
- English Pronunciation in use Intermediate pdf
Practice Exercise
Q 1.
Underline the most suitable verb in bold in each of these sentences.
- Don’t stop now Liz. Continue/ Go on, I’m dying to hear the end of the story!
- In a bid to improve diplomatic relations, the Foreign Office has arranged/fixed up a visit by senior embassy staff.
- The court sentences you to life imprisonment, with the recommendation that you not be released /let out for a minimum period of twenty years.
- Owing to a lack of military support, the United Nations feels unable to maintain /keep up its presence in the war-torn province.
- I don’t think your dad trusts me – he’s always observing / looking at me.
- You’ve got to make an effort, darling. You’ll never lose weight unless you reduce / cut down on the amount of fatty food you eat.
- The government have announced plans to abolish/ do away with the disabled person’s vehicle allowance in the next budget.
- My little brother’s always getting bullied at school. He just won’t confront/ face up to the other kids.
- The presidential party will arrive / turn up at the palace shortly before luncheon.
- My best friend always exaggerates – half the things he says are just invented/ made up!
Q 2.
Rewrite these sentences using an appropriate multi-word verb. You must use a pronoun ( it, him, her, them) to replace the underlined object. In some cases you may have to change the word order. The exercise begins with an example (0).
- (0) They’ve postponed the housewarming party until Friday.
- ==> They’ve put it off until Friday
- Would you mind organising the removal yourself?
- I met Steve and Terri quite by chance at the supermarket this morning.
- I’ve arranged the meeting for ten o’clock tomorrow.
- You’re always criticising your colleagues.
- I’m sure the police will investigate the burglary.
- The builders undertook the job very professionally.
- Could you collect the children from school tonight?
- Has Perry recovered from the flu yet?
- She really resembles her parents, doesn’t she?
- Would you highlight the advantages for me?
Q 3.
What are the people saying in the pictures on the next page? Write a short sentence for each situation using multi-word verbs and a suitable pronoun (it, them, you, etc.). All the multi-word verbs you need can be formed from the verbs in brackets and the particles in the box. The first one has been done as an example (0).
with | after | at | down | off | out | up (x2) |
Q 4.
Rewrite the parts of the sentences in brackets with the words in the correct order.
- (0) Don’t (tomorrow/put/until/off/it); do it now.
- ==> Don’t put it off until tomorrow
1. Thanks for the invitation; (looking/to/I’m/it/forward).
2. The evil witch (frog/prince/the/into/turned/handsome/a).
3. I won’t have any sugar thank you; (it/I’ve/up/given).
4.There isn’t a death penalty any longer; (away/they’ve/it/done/with).
5. He’s the footballer (million/a/team/manager/for/the/paid/whom/dollars).
6. I have a small trust fund; (by/it/my/was/set/grandfather/up).
Q 5.
Read the magazine article below. Then use the information in the text to complete the informal summary on the next page. Use no more than three words for each gap (1-18), including the word in brackets. The words you need are all multi-word verbs and do not occur in the newspaper article. The exercise begins with an example (0).
When Anger is Healthy
Everyone knows that not allowing oneself to show feelings of anger and resentment can be very unhealthy, leading to stress and long-term feelings of inadequacy and powerlessness. But how do we release our anger without looking foolish or petulant?
The first thing to learn is that expressing your anger and losing your temper arc not the same thing at all. One is natural and healthy, the other is destructive and dangerous. We usually admire those who can express their anger calmly, and see them as ‘firm but fair’ or mature and self-confident. While those who lose their temper appear to be immature, childish, selfish and aggressive.
Mandy Dickson is a psychologist who has established a successful one-day anger workshop that helps ordinary people to learn about and manage their anger. The seminar is not intended for criminals or the mentally ill, but for those ordinary people who feel powerless to control their own tempers.
The first thing Mandy explains is that anger is a natural and normal feeling, and that feeling angry about something is nothing to be ashamed of. But we need to recognise anger when we feel it, and to investigate its true causes. Once we know the real cause of anger we can confront it and begin to do something positive about it. Mandy asks participants to complete a questionnaire about things that make them angry. By comparing these ‘triggers’ people often discover that the true causes of anger are other feelings, especially fear, disappointment and grief. But because it is not socially acceptable in our culture to openly demonstrate these feelings, we express them as anger. This is particularly true for men who, even in these enlightened times, are expected to hide any feelings of inadequacy or fear and be strong and stoical in all situations.
Having recognised the causes of anger, the first step is to learn how to avoid anger-inducing situations. The next step is to learn how to express one’s feelings calmly and firmly. Mandy believes that when we are angry we want other people to understand our anger and sympathise with it. But we often fall into the trap of expressing anger by criticising those around us, when what we really want is their support and empathy. One of the most common causes of anger is when other people fail to behave in a way you expect them to. But as Mandy explains, human beings are not telepathic, they cannot be expected to automatically anticipate other people’s desires and wishes. So an essential tool in reducing the occurrence of anger-inducing situations is to always explain exactly what you want and expect from those around you. It is all essentially a question of communication.
We know (0)_bottling up_(bottle) anger can be unhealthy. But how do we (1)__(let) our anger without seeming foolish? Expressing anger and losing your temper are different things. One is healthy, the other dangerous. We (2)___(look) people who express anger calmly, but those who lose their temper (3)__(come) immature and aggressive. Mandy Dickson has (4)___(set) a one-day anger workshop which helps people learn about and (5)___(deal) their anger. It is (6)__(aim) ordinary people who don’t feel able to control their tempers. She (7)___(point) that anger is natural and nothing to be ashamed of, but we should recognise it and (8)___(look) its true causes. Then we can (9)___(face) it, and begin to do something positive. Participants (10)___(fill) a questionnaire about things that make them angry. They compare their responses and often (11)____(find) that the causes are other feelings such as fear or grief. But in our culture it isn’t acceptable to (12)___(act) these feelings in public. Men, in particular, are supposed to (13)____(cover) these feelings.
Once we know the causes of anger, we must learn how to (14)___(keep) situations which will induce them. When we are angry we want other people to understand us, but we often make the mistake of (15) ___(run) those around us. Anger is often caused by the feeling that you have been (16)___(let) by other people. But we can’t always expect other people to know our feelings. So the most important way to (17) ____(cut) the number of anger-producing situations is to tell people exactly how we feel. It really all (18)____(come) communication.
Q 6.
Rewrite John’s half of this unnatural telephone conversation in a more natural, informal style. Use the multi-word verbs in the box to replace the underlined verbs and phrases. Replace nouns with pronouns where possible and make any other necessary changes, as in this example:
JOHN: (0) I’ve just demolished the conservatory. ==> …. I’ve just pulled it down…..
do sth up | take sth off |
put up with sb | look forward to sth |
stay up | sit down |
get on with sb | take sth up |
put sb up | finish sth off |
turn sth into sth | sort sth out |
look down on sb | turn sth down |
put sth up | pull sth down |
DAVE: John, it’s Dave. How are things?
JOHN: Sorry, I can’t hear you. (1) I’ll just reduce the volume on the radio. That’s better.
DAVE: How are things? Still working on the house?
JOHN: Yes. (2) We’ve completed the work on the kitchen and (3) we’re renovating the dining room. (4) We’re transforming the room into a second bedroom. (5) I’ve just mounted the wallpaper but I’ve been having trouble getting it (6) to remain vertically attached.
DAVE: I know what you mean. I hate wallpapering.
JOHN: (7) And it’s all got to be organised and ready by Saturday. Jane’s mother is coming and we’re (8) providing accommodation for her for a few days.
DAVE: I thought you didn’t like her.
JOHN: (9) We don’t interact in a friendly way with each other but (10) I can tolerate her for a few days.
DAVE: Why do you dislike her so much?
JOHN: (11) I’m sure she regards me as inferior to her. And she’s so lazy, I mean she comes in, (12) removes her coat, (13) assumes a seated position and expects us to wait on her hand and foot!
DAVE: I see what you mean. Sounds like a nightmare.
JOHN: (14) Mm. I think I might commence gardening as a hobby – just to get me out of the house!
DAVE: Good idea. Well, I’d better let you get on. And don’t forget about our party on Friday.
JOHN: (15) Of course not. I’m anticipating the party with pleasure.
Answer Key for Diagnostic Test
- was made up by him.
- Keep it up.
- stick strictly to
- go with it.
- ran into him
- which our movement stands for./ for which our movement stands.
- put up with it.
- let her in on it.
- by head office over ==> over by head office
- breakout ==> outbreak
- left by his ex- girlfriend out ==> left out by his ex-girlfriend
- not give away ==> not reveal (give away is an inappropriate verb in a formal context)
- activate ==> turn on/switch on (activate is an inappropriate verb in an informal context)
- down the floor and ==> down (on the floor) and
- ✓
- took off the ground at incredible speed ==> took off (from the ground) at incredible speed.
- brought recently in ==> recently brought in
- ✓
- ✓
- ✓
Answer Key for Practice Test
Q 1.
- Go on
- arranged
- released
- maintain
- looking at
- cut down on
- abolish
- face up to
- arrive
- made up
Q 2.
- Would you mind seeing to it/sorting it out yourself?
- I ran into them at the supermarket this morning.
- I’ve fixed it up for ten o’clock tomorrow.
- You’re always running them down.
- I’m sure the police will look into it.
- The builders carried it out very professionally.
- Could you pick them up from school tonight?
- Has Perry got over it yet?
- She really looks like them/takes after them, doesn’t she?
- Would you point them out for me?
Q 3. (Suggested Answers)
- He takes after you.
- Put it down!
- Please take it off.
- It doesn’t go with it.
- Pick it up!
- Drink it up.
- Look at them!
Q 4.
- I’m looking forward to it
- turned the handsome prince into a frog/turned the frog into a handsome prince
- I’ve given it up
- they’ve done away with it
- for whom the team manager paid a million dollars
- it was set up by my grandfather
Q 5.
- let out
- look up to
- come across as
- set up
- deal with
- aimed at
- points out
- look into
- face up to
- fill in/fill out
- find out
- act out
- cover up
- keep away from
- running down
- let down
- cut down
- comes down to
Q 6.
- I’ll just turn the radio down
- We’ve finished off the kitchen
- We’re doing up the dining room
- We’re turning it into a second bedroom
- I’ve just put the wallpaper up
- stay up
- sorted out
- putting her up
- get on with each other
- put up with her
- looks down on me
- takes her coat off
- sits down
- I think I might take up gardening
- looking forward to it
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Phrasal Verbs present problems for many learners. One initial problem is that writers on the subject disagree as to exactly what a phrasal verb is: others use different names for different types. For example, some differentiate between phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs and present both as sub-classes of multi-word verbs; some consider prepositional verbs to be a sub-class of phrasal verbs; and some use different terminology altogether. However, whatever the name, the concept of what we may neutrally call multi-word verbs is useful. It helps you see that there is a real difference in the meaning of the underlined words in:
1. He looked up the stairwell in the old house.
2. He looked up ‘stairwell’ in the dictionary
In #1, look is a verb with a meaning similar to turn one’s eyes in a particular direction, and up is a preposition conveying the idea of to or in a higher position somewhere. Each word can be used naturally with these meanings in thousands of other sentences, as for example:
1a. If you look carefully, you can just see the old house.
2a. She pushed the pram up the hill.
In #2, however, the words look and up together make up a unit with a meaning similar to seek information about; this meaning cannot easily be inferred from the core meaning of the two parts. A further difference between the sentences is that it is possible to re-position up in #2 but not in #1:
2b. He looked the word up in the dictionary.
1b. *He looked the stairwell up in the old house.
It is useful, therefore, to consider the two parts of the ‘unit’ of look up (=seek information about) as a single multi-word verb (called by some writers a phrasal verb). The name is not important, though understanding how the verb groups are used is. It is also important for you not to worry if examples such as look for are given different names by different writers. For example, a phrasal verb, a prepositional verb or a verb followed by a preposition. Look for still means something like seek or try to find, whatever we call it, and #3 is always unacceptable:
3. *I have told Luke to look the missing file for.
In the following sections we examine the ways in which multi-word verbs are used. We shall see that the verbs fall into distinct types. For the sake of easy reference, each type has been given a name but, as noted above, the name is not important; what we are examining is how each type is used.
1. Types of Multi-word verbs
1.1. Verbs followed by a preposition
4. Emma went into the room. (from, past, through, etc)
5. The cat got over the hedge (under, through, etc)
In both these sentences the word in bold is a preposition, and can be replaced by other prepositions such as those in brackets, changing the meaning of the sentence as the meaning of the preposition changes. The meaning of the underlined word, an intransitive verb, does not change. We are not dealing with multi-word verbs here, any more than we are with:
6. The cat sat on the mat.
7. I am in Prague.
The fact that some of these verb + preposition groups can be replaced by a nearly synonymous verb without a preposition (e.g., enter = go into) is irrelevant.
For verbs followed by a preposition two pattern are normally possible:
a. verb+preposition+noun object: 6. The cat sat on the mat.
b. verb+preposition+single pronoun object: 6a. The cat sat on it.
A third pattern is possible, but not common:
c. verb+preposition+pronoun object
coordinated with a noun or another pronoun: 6b. The cat sat on it and the table.
Two patterns are not possible:
d. verb+noun object+preposition: 6c. *The cat sat the mat on.
e. verb+pronoun object+preposition : 6d. *The cat sat it on.
1.2. Prepositional verbs
Now consider these:
8. The manager went into the matter thoroughly.
9. She can’t get over her shyness.
Here, the underlined word-pairs take on a meaning beyond the literal meanings of the original verb and preposition, (though it may be possible to see the meaning as metaphorical extensions of those literal meanings). It can be useful to consider such verb + preposition groups as multi-word verbs. Some writers call this type of multi-word verbs (inseparable) phrasal verbs – inseparable because the two parts cannot be separated by their object; #8a and #9a are not possible:
8a. * The manager went the matter into thoroughly.
9a. * She can’t get her shyness over.
However, as they differ in usage from other types of ‘phrasal verbs’, and because they are used in the same patterns as verbs followed by a preposition (1.1 above) it is more useful to call them prepositional verbs.
Other verbs are extremely restricted in respect to the number of possible prepositions that can follow them. Some writers consider such verb + preposition groups as look at, look for, approve of, cope with as prepositional verbs, but it is more useful to consider them to be simply verbs which collocate frequently with specific prepositions. This is not important; the grammar of cope + with is the same whether we think of it as a prepositional verb or a verb followed by a preposition. (It is important, of course, that you to learn the appropriate preposition.)
By grammar we understand here the way in which the words can be used. For prepositional verbs the possible word order patterns are the same as for verbs followed by a preposition. Two are normal:
a. verb+preposition+noun object: 8. The manager went into the matter thoroughly.
b. verb+preposition+single pronoun object: 8b. The manager went into it thoroughly.
A third pattern is possible, but not common:
b. verb+preposition+pronoun object
coordinated with a noun or another pronoun: 8a. The manager went into it and other matters thoroughly.
Two word-order patterns are not possible:
d. verb+noun object+preposition: 8d. *The manager went the matter into thoroughly.
e. verb+pronoun object+preposition: 8e. *The manager went it into thoroughly.
1.3. Phrasal verbs
Now consider this sentence:
10. The terrorists blew up the police headquarters.
Once again, the underlined word-pair takes on a meaning (explode) beyond the original dictionary definitions of its parts However, the word up is not being used as a preposition here, but as an adverb or, as some writers refer to a word used in this way, a particle. In this paper we use the term phrasal verb for such combinations of verb+adverb/particle. Others call them (separable) phrasal verbs — separable because the two parts can be separated by their object; #10a is possible:
10a. The terrorists blew the police headquarters up.
Some writers regard such groups as those italicised in #11 and #12 as phrasal verbs:
11. He put down his book. 11a. He put his book down.
12. You can throw away that old radio. 12a. You can throw that radio away.
However, verb and adverb/particle are used here with their core meanings, and there is little point in considering them as phrasal verbs. Once again, this is not important. Whether we think of them as phrasal verbs or as verbs plus adverb/particle, the grammar is the same.
For both phrasal verbs and verbs followed by a particle used transitively, i.e., with a direct object. three patterns are possible:
a. verb+particle+ noun object:
10. The terrorists blew up the police headquarters.
11. He put down his book.
b. verb+noun object+particle: 10a. The terrorists blew the police headquarters up.
11a. He put his book down.
c. verb+ pronoun object+ particle 10b. The terrorist blewit up.
11b. He put it and his glasses down.
A fourth pattern is possible, if not very common:
d. verb+particle+pronoun object coordinated
with a noun or another pronoun: 10c The terrorists blew upit and the nearby mill.
11c. He put it and his glasses down.
One pattern is not possible:
e. verb+particle+single pronoun object: 10d * The terrorists blew upit.
11d * He put down it.
Thus we have a difference in word-order patterns between what we have called prepositional verbs and verbs followed by a preposition on the one hand, and phrasal verbs and verbs followed by a particle/adverb on the other, as we can see on the following table:
Verb + Preposition |
Verb + particle |
√ He went into the room. √ He went into it. √ He went into it and other things. * He went the room into. * He went it into. |
√ He put down the book. * He put down it. √ He put down it and his glasses √ He put the book down. √ He put it down. |
Prepositional Verb |
Phrasal Verb |
√ She got over her illness. √ She got over it. √ She got over it and losing her job. * She got her illness over. * She got itover. |
√ They blew up the house. * They blew up it. √ They blew up it and the nearby factory. √ They blew the house up. √ They blew it up. |
With blow up in #10 we see the dangers of labeling combinations without taking context into consideration. In #10-10d it is used transitively (meaning explode), and it is used as a phrasal verb (so * he blew up it is not acceptable). However, we can use blow as a simple intransitive verb and follow it with the preposition up. Think of an organist testing for blockages in a pipe: he pursed his lips, he put them to the end of the pipe and
13. He blew up the pipe.
Here we have a simple verb blew (for which we could substitute other verbs such as called, shouted) and a preposition up (for which we could substitute other prepositions such as down, through). In this sense it is possible to say: he blew up it.
The phrasal verb blow up can itself be used intransitively (1.5, below).
1.4. Intransitive verbs followed by a particle/adverb.
14. as I opened the door, Mike walked past. (away, by, in. past, over, up, etc)
15. Margaret looked away, (down, round, up, etc)
In both these sentences the word in bold is a particle/adverb, and can be replaced by others such as those in brackets, changing the meaning of the sentence as the meaning of the particle/adverb changes. The meaning of the underlined word, the verb, does not change. We are not dealing with multi-word verbs here, though some writers class such verbs as the following as phrasal verbs;
bend over come round fall over get up/ away go away
lie down look up/down/round sit down/up stand up wake up
Three patterns are possible:
a. Verb + particle: 14a. As I opened the door, Mike walked past.
b. Verb + adverb of manner + particle: 14b. As I opened the door, Mike walked quickly past.
c. Verb + particle + adverb of manner: 14c. As I opened the door, Mike walked past quickly.
1.5. Intransitive phrasal verbs
Now consider this sentence:
16. We fell out over the incident.
Here, the italicised word-pair takes on a meaning (disagreed, argued) beyond the original dictionary definitions of the two parts. In this paper we use the term (intransitive) phrasal verb for such combinations of verb+adverb/particle.
Note that many phrasal verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively.
10. The terrorists blew up the police headquarters.
17. A passer-by was killed when the car blew up.
Two patterns are possible with intransitive phrasal verbs:
a. Verb + particle:
18a. The plane took off.
b. Verb + particle + adverb of manner:
18b. The plane took off slowly.
One pattern is not common:
c. Verb + adverb of manner+ particle:
18c. *The plane took slowly off.
Thus we have a difference in word-order patterns and intransitive phrasal verbs as we can see on the following table:
Intransitive verbs followed by a particle/adverb |
Intransitive phrasal verbs |
√ Mike walked past. √ Mike walked quickly past. √ Mike walked past quickly. |
√ He The plane took off. *The plane took slowly off. √ The plane took off slowly. |
1.6. Phrasal-prepositional verbs
These consist of a phrasal verb followed by a preposition.
19 He caught up with his brothers in Brno.
Noun and pronoun objects must follow all three parts of phrasal-prepositional verbs, and the word order patterns are therefore:
Possible |
Not Possible |
√ He caught up with Jim (and us). √ He caught up with him. |
* He caught Jim (and us) up with.* He caught up Jim(and us) with. * He caught up Jim and us with. * He caught Jim and us up with. * He caught him up with. * He caught up him with. |
Once learners have mastered the basic idea of phrasal verbs, phrasal-prepositional verbs present few additional difficulties.
One problem is that learners sometimes do not find it easy to accept to as a preposition in such phrasal-prepositional verbs as look forward to, be/get used to, be/get accustomed to. A common mistake is:
20. * I look forward to see you.
Here, learners need to be aware that we are not dealing with the to-infinitive form to see, but with the phrasal prepositional verb look forward to, which is followed by a noun phrase (eg your visit) or by a verb-noun form, traditionally known as the gerund (= verb + ING).
A second problem is that not all sentences containing a verb and two prepositions/ particles necessarily involve phrasal-prepositional verbs. They may contain multi-word prepositions see 2.1 below).
2. Further Problems
The preceding section has examined most of what teachers and learners need to know about how multi-word verbs are used. In section 2 we examine a number of further problems that can be encountered, usually with more advanced learners. These are often best dealt with as they arise, but beginning teachers need to be aware of them in order not to fall into the trap of misleading learners by giving incorrect explanations.
2.1. Multi-word prepositions
21. John sat next to his sister.
There is no multi-word verb here. Sat is the verb, and next to is a preposition consisting of two words; near-synonyms might be: by, alongside, beside.
Some common multi-word prepositions are:
ahead of all over apart from away from close by close to
In back of in between In front of inside of near to next to
on top of out of outside of prior to up against up to
2.2. Particles and prepositions occurring together
22. I hung the picture up in my room.
23. Andrea looked up from her book.
There are no phrasal-prepositional verbs here. In #22 and #23 we have what in this paper are considered as verbs collocating with an adverb/particle, hang up (here used transitively). and look up (here used intransitively), followed by a preposition + noun. Some authorities may call hang up and look up phrasal verbs, but that does not change how they are used
2.3. An uncommon pattern
24. I shut George up when he began moaning about the conditions.
A number of phrasal verbs are not normally used with the 1.3. a. pattern verb + particle + noun object, unless the object consists of several words. Thus, #24a would be possible, though #24b is very unlikely.
24a. I shut up the representatives from the union.
24b. ? I shut up George.
Many of these verbs normally take a human object. Some more common verbs of this type are:
answer back brush off call back catch out hear out
Invite in/out/over play along push around stand up tell apart
2.4. Which pattern?
Some verbs can be used in different patterns, sometimes with different meanings. We have already noted blow up:
10. The terrorists blew up the police headquarters.
Here, meaning explode, the verb is used transitively, with four possible word-order patterns (see section 1.3). The verb, still with the meaning of explode, can also be used intransitively (section 1.5):
17. A passer-by was killed when the car blew up.
With the pattern of an intransitive verb followed by a preposition (section 1.3), the two words have a literal meaning in:
13. He blew up the pipe.
The two words can be used with other meanings. The entry for blow up in the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary reads:
blow up: 1 to explode, be destroyed by… 2 to start suddenly and with force.
blow sth…up: 1 to destroy sth by an explosion… 2. to fill sth with air or gas so that it becomes firm…
3 to make a photograph bigger… 4 to make sth more important, better, worse, etc than it really is…
blow up (at sb): get angry with sb
Phrasal verbs are no different from any other word or word-group in English in having different meanings and different possible word order patterns. The example of blow up has been given simply to illustrate the risks beginning teachers take if they introduce the expression with some such explanation as, “Blow up is a separable phrasal verb meaning explode.”
2.5. Differences in British and American usage
British teachers using American materials and Americans using British materials should be aware that phrasal verbs can have very different meanings in the two dialects.
A British friend of mine was staying with an American colleague. The American looked a little taken aback when my friend, after saying goodnight, asked him to knock her up at seven next morning. The expression on his face caused my friend to explain that she had no alarm clock and wanted him to knock on her door to wake her; the American was relieved that she had not been asking him to make her pregnant.
When working with materials from the other side of the Atlantic, it is a good idea to use a dictionary to check the meanings of what appear to be phrasal verbs.