Mia is a vegetarian what is usually understood by this word

Comment on the following.
1) Mia is a vegetarian. What is usually understood by this word? What do you think of being a vegetarian? What makes people become vegetarians? Do you think such decisions can help protect animals?
2) Mia likes the Central Park Zoo in New York. What do you think of zoos in big cities? Is it natural for wild animals to live in cages and enclosures? Why, in your opinion, are so many people against zoos? Why do their opponents say it is important to keep zoos? What is a good zoo like as you see it?
3) What do you think of the stickers Mia had on her backpack? Why do you think she put them on it? Was it a good idea? Do you think such things can help people consider wildlife more seriously? Have you ever done anything of the kind? Will you? What kind of sticker will it be?
4) What do you know about the Greenpeace organization? Do you think their activities are useful? In what way can people help animals to survive nowadays?

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Step 3. Задание №1

Listen to the talk between two friends, CD (38), and say which of these facts are true, false or not stated.
1) Greece is a country in Southeast Europe.
2) Boris went to Greece because he felt admiration for the country.
3) Boris speaks about the striking colour of the Mediterranean Sea.
4) Moscow summer temperatures are always lower than in Greece.
5) During his stay in Greece Boris spent more time in the mountains than near the sea.
6) There are 227 islands in Greece.
7) Snow is a typical feature of winter in the Greek mountains.

Послушайте разговор между двумя друзья, CD (38), и скажите, какие утверждения являются правдой, ложью или не упомянуты.
1) Греция – страна в Юго−Восточной Европе.
2) Борис ездил в Грецию, потому что он восхищался этой страной.
3) Борис рассказывает о поразительных цветах Средиземного моря.
4) Температура летом в Москве всегда ниже, чем в Греции.
5) В течение своего пребывания в Греции Борис провел больше времени в горах, чем у моря.
6) В Греции 227 островов.
7) Снег – характерная черта для греческих гор зимой.

AUDIO
− Hi, Bob! Haven’t seen you for ages. How are you doing?
− Not bad, indeed. I’ve just come back from Greece.
− Greece? Why did you go there?
− Because it’s so beautiful. It’s very sunny there nearly all the time. There are so many remarkably picturesque places and the crystal clear blue Mediterranean Sea.
− That’s true. But it’s so hot in Greece, they say. Summers are usually very dry and the temperature can be more than 35 degrees above zero.
− What of it? You may have such temperatures in Moscow in July or August too. But it’s much more pleasant to be near the sea if it’s so hot.
− I agree. So you spent all the time of your stay there on the beach, didn’t you? You look so brown.
− I wouldn’t say that. We travelled a lot. This time I didn’t stay at a hotel but lived in a small bungalow with my relatives, they had a car and we drove to absolutely fantastic little villages situated in the mountains or islands.
− I know that islands are the main feature of the Greek territory.
− Yes and no. Yes, because there are plenty of islands in the country, up to 6 thousand some people say. It depends on the definition, but only 227 are inhabited, and no because mountains are also considered the main feature of Greece.
− Really? I didn’t know that.
− But it’s a fact. 80 per cent of the territory are mountains and hills. So Greece is the most mountainous country in Europe. Snowfalls happen every year in the mountains and northern areas. Even the capital of Greece, the low−lying city of Athens, has seen short periods of heavy snowfalls.

Перевод AUDIO
− Привет, Боб! Сто лет тебя не видел. Как дела?
− Неплохо, на самом деле. Я только что вернулся из Греции.
− Греция? Зачем ты туда ездил?
− Потому что она такая красивая. Там очень солнечно почти все время. Там так много невероятно живописных мест и кристально чистое голубое Средиземное море.
− Это правда. Но в Греции так жарко, говорят, лета там обычно очень сухие и температура может быть выше 35 градусов выше нуля.
− И что? Такая температура может быть и в Москве в июле или в августе. Но гораздо приятнее находиться у моря, когда так жарко.
− Согласен. Так ты провел все свое время там на пляже, не так ли? Ты выглядишь таким загоревшим.
− Я бы так не сказал. Мы много путешествовали. В этот раз я жил не в отеле, а в маленьком бунгало вместе с родственниками, у них была машина, и мы ездили в невероятные маленькие деревеньки, расположенные в горах или на островах.
− Я знаю, что острова – основная черта территории Греции.
− И да, и нет. Да, потому что в стране много островов, до 6 тысяч, как говорят некоторые. Это зависит от определения, но только 227 населены. И нет, потому что горы также считаются основной чертой Греции.
− Правда? Я этого не знал.
− Но это факт. 80% территории – горы и холмы. Поэтому Греция – самая горная страна в Европе. Снегопады случаются каждый год в горах и северных регионах. И даже столица Греции, низкорасположенные Афины, переживают короткие периоды сильных снегопадов.

Ответ:

1 − not stated, 2 − true, 3 − true, 4 − false, 5 − not stated, 6 − false, 7 − true.

Перевод

1 − не указано, 2 − верно, 3 − верно, 4 − неверно, 5 − не указано, 6 − неверно, 7 − верно.

Задание №2

A. Work in small groups and make a list of advantages/disadvantages of living in the country and in big cities.
Why live in the country
• more space for people and animals;
• more freedom;
• …
Why live in a city
• a diverse life;
• more opportunities to make a good career;
• …
B. Work in pairs. Discuss with your partner possible places to live.
Consider the following:
• live and work in the country;
• live and work in the city;
• live in the country and work in the city;
• live in the city and have a country house where you can spend your holidays.
Remember to:
• discuss all the options;
• take an active part in the conversation and be polite;
• come up with ideas;
• give good reasons;
• find your partner’s attitudes and take them into account;
• invite your friend to come up with suggestions;
• come to an agreement.

A. Работайте в маленьких группах и напишите список плюсов/минусов жизни в сельской местности и в большом городе.
Почему люди живут в сельской местности
• больше места для людей и животных
• больше свободы
• …
Почему люди живут в городе
• разнообразная жизнь
• больше возможностей для хорошей карьеры
• …
B. Работайте в парах. Обсудите со своим партнером возможные места для проживания.
Рассмотрите следующее:
• жить и работать в деревне;
• жить и работать в городе;
• жить в деревне и работать в городе;
• жить в городе и иметь загородный дом, где можно провести отпуск.
Помните:
• обсудить все варианты;
• принимать активное участие в беседе и быть вежливым;
• придумывать идеи;
• привести веские причины;
• найти установки вашего партнера и принять их во внимание;
• пригласить друга выступить с предложениями;
• прийти к соглашению.

Ответ:

A.
Why live in the country
• more space for people and animals;
• more freedom;
• more fresh air
• more friends
• less headaches and stress
Why live in a city
• a diverse life;
• more opportunities to make a good career;
• better schools
• more advanced transport system
• healthcare system is better
B.
− I think living in modern cities with their high−rize buildings, we tend to miss what Mother Nature has created and can offer. Plants and animals help me not to feel bored in the country.
− Yes, a lot of people will tell you that life in big cities is really stressful. But I really enjoy walking in crowded streets, looking at tall buildings and have everything I need beside me.
− I don’t want to feel stressed, bump into each other with other people in crowded streets and shops or breathe the polluted air. The direct contact with nature and wildlife has a positive influence on humans.
− But there is the problem of boredom as people have very little social life in the countryside.
− So if you ask which place is better to live, a city or the countryside, the most objective answer is “It depends”.

Перевод

A.
Почему стоит жить в деревне.
• больше места для людей и животных;
• больше свободы;
• больше свежего воздуха
• больше друзей
• меньше головных болей и стресса
Почему стоит жить в городе
• разнообразная жизнь;
• больше возможностей сделать хорошую карьеру;
v лучшие школы
• более развитая транспортная система
• система здравоохранения лучше
B.
− Я думаю, что, живя в современных городах с их многоэтажными домами, мы склонны скучать по тому, что создала и может предложить Мать−природа. Растения и животные помогают мне не скучать загородом.
− Да, многие скажут вам, что жизнь в больших городах очень напряженная. Но мне очень нравится гулять по людным улицам, смотреть на высокие здания и иметь под рукой все необходимое.
− Я не хочу испытывать стресс, сталкиваться с другими людьми на многолюдных улицах и в магазинах или дышать загрязненным воздухом. Непосредственный контакт с природой и животным миром положительно влияет на человека.
− Но есть проблема скуки, так как у людей очень мало общественной жизни в сельской местности.
− Так что, если вы спросите, где лучше жить, город или сельская местность, самый объективный ответ: «Смотря кому».

Задание №3

Complete the texts with the derivatives of the words on the right.
Life in the Country
1. A warm (1) … (sun) day in June. The warm summer breeze sends its (2) …s (greet) while it plays in the (3) … (striking) green grass. The atmosphere in the garden is (4) … (perfect) (5) … (peace). A very (6) … (attract) young girl is sitting on a garden gate eating fresh strawberries (7) … (direct) from the garden. What a (8) … (picture) scene, that is (9) … (absolute) (10) … (forgettable).
2. You walk in the forest and look with (1) … (admire) at the yellow− (2) … (red) leaves that show their most (3) … (beauty) colours before (4) … (slow) falling down to the ground. The smell of the pine trees fills your senses while you breathe the (5) … (chill) air. A walk in the forest during fall is a voyage of (6) … (discover). You never know what kind of mushroom plays its hide−and−seek (7) … (fantasy) game under the trees or when the sky will pour its (8) … (expected) tears.

Допишите текст, вставляя производные от слов под звездочкой.
Жизнь в сельской местности
1. Теплый (1) … (солнце) день в июне. Теплый летний ветер посылает свои (2) …s (приветствовать), когда играет в (3) … (поразительный) зеленой траве. Обстановка в саду (4) … (совершенный) (5) … (мир). Очень (6) … (привлекать) девочка сидит на калитке и ест свежую клубнику (7) … (направлять) с грядки. Какая (8) … (картина) сцена, это (9) … (абсолютный) (10) … (забытый).
2. Вы заходите в лес и смотрите с (1) … (восхищаться) на желто−(2) … (красный) листья, которые показывают свои самые (3) … (красота) окрасы прежде, чем (4) … (медленный) упасть на землю. Запах сосен наполняет ваше нутро, когда вы дышите (5) … (охлаждать) ветром. Прогулка в лесу во время осени – это путешествие (6) … (открыть). Вы никогда не знаете, какой гриб играет в (7) … (фантазия) игру в прятки под деревом или, когда небо прольет свои (8) … (ожидаемый) слезы.

Ответ:

1. A warm (1) sunny day in June. The warm summer breeze sends its (2) greetings while it plays in the (3) strikingly green grass. The atmosphere in the garden is (4) perfectly (5) peaceful. A very (6) attractive young girl is sitting on a garden gate eating fresh strawberries (7) directly from the garden. What a (8) picturesque scene, that is (9) absolutely (10) unforgettable.
2. You walk in the forest and look with (1) admiration at the yellow− (2) reddish leaves that show their most (3) beautiful colours before (4) slowly falling down to the ground. The smell of the pine trees fills your senses while you breathe the (5) chilly air. A walk in the forest during fall is a voyage of (6) discovery. You never know what kind of mushroom plays its hide−and−seek (7) fantastic game under the trees or when the sky will pour its (8) unexpected tears.

Перевод

1. Теплый (1) солнечный день в июне. Теплый летний ветер посылает свои (2) приветствия, когда играет в (3) невероятно зеленой траве. Обстановка в саду (4) совершенно (5) умиротворенная. Очень (6) симпатичная девочка сидит на калитке и ест свежую клубнику (7) прямо с грядки. Какая (8) живописная сцена, это (9) просто (10) незабываемо.
2. Вы заходите в лес и смотрите с (1) восторгом на желто−(2) красноватые листья, которые показывают свои самые (3) красивые окрасы прежде, чем (4) медленно упасть на землю. Запах сосен наполняет ваше нутро, когда вы дышите (5) прохладным ветром. Прогулка в лесу во время осени – это путешествие (6) открытий. Вы никогда не знаете, какой гриб играет в (7) невероятную игру в прятки под деревом или, когда небо прольет свои (8) нежданные слезы.

Задание №4

Cross the odd words out.
1) swear, scream, shout, cry;
2) crowded, correspondence, convenient, comfortable;
3) attend, expect, correct, collect;
4) suburb, town, countryside, city;
5) failure, picture, feature, nature;
6) thus, though, that’s why, as a result.

Вычеркните лишние слова.
1) клясться, кричать, кричать, кричать
2) людный, переписка, удобный, удобный
3) посещать, ожидать, правильный, собирать
4) пригород, город, сельская местность, город
5) неудача, картина, черта, природа
6) следовательно, хотя, поэтому, в результате

Ответ:

1) swear (the other words are synonyms)
2) correspondence (the other words are adjectives)
3) correct (the other words can be only verbs)
4) countryside (this word isn’t related to a city)
5) failure (the other words have [ʧ] sound)
6) though (the other words are synonyms)

Перевод

1) ругаться (другие слова − синонимы)
2) корреспонденция (другие слова − прилагательные)
3) правильный (другие слова могут быть только в значении глагола)
4) сельская местность (это слово не относится к городу)
5) неудача (другие слова со звуком [ʧ])
6) хотя (другие слова − синонимы)

Задание №5

A. Read a page from Mia’s diary and say why, in your view, she ran to Central Park.
Later on Thursday
Penguin House
Central Park Zoo
I ran down the street, past the tall high rises, past the big fountain with the gold statues in it, past all the traffic, right into Central Park, where it was getting kind of dark and cold, but I didn’t care. Nobody was going to attack me because I was this five−foot−nine girl running in combat boots, with a big backpack with stickers on it that said SUPPORT GREENPEACE and I BRAKE FOR ANIMALS. Nobody messes with a girl in combat boots, especially when she is a vegetarian.
Anyway, I don’t know how, but my feet sort of knew where they were going and before I knew it, I was at the zoo.
I love the Central Park Zoo. I always have since I was a little kid. It’s way better than the Bronx Zoo, because it’s really small and cosy and the animals are much friendlier, especially the seals and the polar bears. I love polar bears. At the Central Park Zoo, they have this one polar bear and all he does all day long is the backstroke. I swear! He was on the news once, because this animal psychologist was worried he was under too much stress. It must be awful to have people looking at you all day. But then they bought him some toys and after that he was all right. He just kicks back in his enclosure — they don’t have cages at the Central Park Zoo, they have enclosures — and watches you watching him. Sometimes he holds a ball while he does it. I love that bear.
So after I took out a couple of dollars to get in — that’s the other good thing about the zoo: it’s cheap — I paid a little call on the polar bear. He appeared to be doing fine. Much better than I was, at the moment. I wondered where that polar bear had come from. I hoped he was from Iceland. We’re studying Iceland in World Civ. Iceland has the world’s highest literacy rate, because there is nothing to do there but read. They also have these natural hot springs, and everybody goes swimming in them. Once, the opera came to Iceland and every show was sold out and something like 98 per cent of the population attended. Everybody knew all the words to the opera and went around singing it all day.
I would like to live in Iceland some day. It sounds like a fun place. Much more fun than Manhattan.
After a while it got too crowded at the polar bear enclosure, so then I went into the penguin house. It smells kind of bad in here, but it’s fun. There are these windows that look underwater so that you can see the penguins swimming around, having a good penguin time. Little kids put their hands on the glass, and when a penguin swims to them, they start screaming. There’s a bench you can sit on too and that’s where I’m sitting now, writing this. You get used to the smell after a while. I guess you can get used to anything.
(from The Princess Diaries by Meg Cabot)
B. Look through the text again and find in it some facts showing that:
• Mia cares for wildlife
• Mia has been to the Zoo before
• animals are well looked after at the Central Park Zoo
• Mia is a schoolgirl
• Mia was in low spirits then
• Mia is from New York
high rises
combat boots
sticker
seal
backstroke
enclosure
hot springs

A. Прочитайте страницу из дневника Мии и скажите, почему, по Вашему мнению, она побежала в Центральный парк.
Позже в четверг
Вольер с пингвинами
Зоопарк в Центральном Парке
Я бежала по улице, миновала высотные дома, большой фонтан с золотыми статуями, дорогу, и прибежала прямо в Центральный Парк, где становилось как−то темно и холодно, но мне было все равно. Никто не собирался на меня нападать, потому что я была девочкой ростом 175 см в армейских ботинках и с большим рюкзаком со стикерами, на которых было написано ПОДДЕРЖИВАЮ ГРИНПИС и ТОРМОЖУ (НАЖИМАЮ НА ТОРМОЗА) ПЕРЕД ЖИВОТНЫМИ. Никто не связывается с девочкой в армейских ботинках, особенно, если она вегетарианка.
Ладно, не знаю, как, но мои ноги будто знали, куда они идут, и до того, как я осознала, я оказалась в зоопарке.
Я люблю зоопарк в Центральном парке. Я всегда его любила, с самого детства. Он намного лучше Бронксского зоопарка, потому что он очень маленький и уютный, и животные намного дружелюбнее, особенно тюлени и полярные медведи. Я обожаю полярных медведей. В зоопарке Центрального парка есть полярный медведь, и все, чем он занимается целыми днями – плавает на спине. Клянусь! Он однажды был в новостях, потому что один зоопсихолог забеспокоился о том, что он переживает сильный стресс. Должно быть, ужасно, когда люди смотрят на тебя целый день. Но потом они купили ему игрушки, и после этого он пришел в норму. Он просто пинает мяч в своем ограждении – в зоопарке Центрального парка нет клеток – и смотрит, как за ним наблюдаешь ты. Иногда он держит в это время мяч. Я люблю этого медведя.
Так, после того, как я достала пару долларов для входа – это еще одна хорошая вещь в зоопарке: он дешевый – я посетила полярного медведя. Казалось, у него все хорошо. Гораздо лучше, чем у меня в тот момент. Я задавалась вопросом, откуда родом этот полярный медведь. Я надеялась, что он из Исландии. Мы проходим Исландию на мировой истории. В Исландии самый высокий показатель грамотности, потому что там больше нечем заняться, кроме чтения. Там также есть природные горячие источники, все там купаются. Однажды опера приехала в Исландию, и все билеты были распроданы, около 98% населения посетили это шоу. Все знали каждое слово в опере, ходили и пели их весь день.
Я бы хотела пожить однажды в Исландии. Она похожа на веселое место. Намного веселее Манхеттена.
Спустя время стало слишком людно у вольера с медведем, поэтому я подошла к вольеру с пингвинами. Здесь довольно плохо пахнет, но здесь весело. Здесь есть окна, через которые можно взглянуть под воду, так что вы можете следить за плавающими пингвинами, хорошо проводя время с ними. Маленькие дети кладут свои ладони на стекло, а когда пингвин подплывает к ним, они начинают кричать. Здесь есть лавочка, на которую можно присесть, тут я сейчас и сижу, пишу это. К запаху через какое−то время привыкаешь. Полагаю, можно привыкнуть ко всему.
(из “Дневников принцессы” Мэг Кабо)
В. Просмотрите текст еще раз и найдите слова, подтверждающие, что:
• Миа заботится о дикой природе
• Миа была в зоопарке и раньше
• в зоопарке Центрального парка за животными хорошо ухаживают
• Миа – школьница
• Миа тогда была в плохом настроении
• Миа из Нью−Йорка
небоскребы
боевые сапоги
наклейка
тюлень
плавание на спине
ограждение
горячие источники

Ответ:

A.
Mia ran to Central Park because she loved the Central Park Zoo.
B.
• Mia cares for wildlife because she has stickers that said SUPPORT GREENPEACE and I BRAKE FOR ANIMALS on her big backpack.
• Mia has been to the Zoo before. She said that she had loved this Zoo since she was a little kid and she knew the polar bear’s habits and story.
• Animals are well looked after at the Central Park Zoo because there is even an animal psychologist.
• Mia is a schoolgirl. She said that they were studying Iceland in World Civ.
• Mia was in low spirits then. She said that the polar bear had appeared to be doing fine, much better than she had been.
• Mia is from New York because she lives in Manhattan.

Перевод

A.
Миа побежала в Центральный парк, потому что ей нравился зоопарк Центрального парка.
B.
• Мия заботится о дикой природе, потому что на ее большом рюкзаке есть наклейки с надписью ПОДДЕРЖИВАЙТЕ ГРИНПИС и Я НАЖИМАЮ НА ТОРМОЗ ПЕРЕД ЖИВОТНЫМИ.
• Миа уже бывала в зоопарке. Она сказала, что любила этот зоопарк с детства и знала повадки и историю белого медведя.
• В зоопарке Центрального парка о животных хорошо заботятся, ведь здесь есть даже зоопсихолог.
• Миа — школьница. Она сказала, что они изучали Исландию на Мировой истории.
• Мия тогда была в плохом настроении. Она сказала, что с белым медведем все в порядке, гораздо лучше, чем с ней.
• Миа из Нью−Йорка, потому что она живет на Манхэттене.

Задание №6

Comment on the following.
1) Mia is a vegetarian. What is usually understood by this word? What do you think of being a vegetarian? What makes people become vegetarians? Do you think such decisions can help protect animals?
2) Mia likes the Central Park Zoo in New York. What do you think of zoos in big cities? Is it natural for wild animals to live in cages and enclosures? Why, in your opinion, are so many people against zoos? Why do their opponents say it is important to keep zoos? What is a good zoo like as you see it?
3) What do you think of the stickers Mia had on her backpack? Why do you think she put them on it? Was it a good idea? Do you think such things can help people consider wildlife more seriously? Have you ever done anything of the kind? Will you? What kind of sticker will it be?
4) What do you know about the Greenpeace organization? Do you think their activities are useful? In what way can people help animals to survive nowadays?

Прокомментируйте следующее.
1) Миа – вегетарианка. Что обычно понимается под этим словом? Что Вы думаете о вегетарианстве? Что заставляет людей становиться вегетарианцами? Вы думаете, такие решения помогают защищать животных?
2) Мие нравится зоопарк в Центральном парке в Нью−Йорке. Что Вы думаете о зоопарках в больших городах? Естественно ли для диких зверей жить в клетках и вольерах? Почему, по Вашему мнению, многие люди против зоопарков? Почему их оппоненты говорят, что зоопарки важны? Как Вы представляете себе хороший зоопарк?
3) Что Вы думаете о стикерах на рюкзаке Мии? Как Вы думаете, зачем она их туда наклеила? Было ли это хорошей идеей? Как Вы думаете, могут ли такие вещи помочь людям воспринимать дикую природу серьезней? Вы когда−нибудь делали что−то подобное? Будете? Какой это будет стикер?
4) Что Вы знаете о Гринписе? Считаете ли Вы, что их деятельность полезна? Как люди могут помочь животным выжить сейчас?

Ответ:

1) A vegetarian is a person who doesn’t eat meat or any animal products. I suppose it is a nice idea. People become vegetarian because they love animals and care of them. I do believe that such decision can help to protect animals.
2) I like visiting zoos but I think they shouldn’t be in big cities. They can be organized in suburbs or in the countryside. On the one hand, zoos can save many endangered animals. On the other hand, in some zoos the conditions are too violent, animals are not treated well. It is absolutely bad for the animals to live in small dirty cages. And many people think we must close zoos. Other people believe that we need to maintain the zoo to save animals. I think a perfect zoo is an area which is similar to natural environment, free from cages and enclosures where animals can move freely and people have to use cars to travel around.
3) In my opinion some stickers are really useful. I guess Mia put them to indicate that she supports Greenpeace. This sticker can make other people think about the idea to protect our Mother Nature. I think it is a good idea and most probably I’ll get one for myself.
4) Greenpeace is a world−wide organization that helps nature. Most of times their activities are useful. To help animals to survive people can organize special wildlife parks, stop eating animals and stop test our products on animals.

Перевод

1) Вегетарианец — это человек, который не ест мясо или любые продукты животного происхождения. Я полагаю, это хорошая идея. Люди становятся вегетарианцами, потому что любят животных и заботятся о них. Я верю, что такое Решение может помочь защитить животных.
2) Мне нравится посещать зоопарки, но я думаю, что их не должно быть в больших городах. Их можно организовать в пригороде или в сельской местности. С одной стороны, зоопарки могут спасти многих животных, находящихся под угрозой исчезновения. С другой стороны, в некоторых зоопарках слишком жестокие условия, с животными плохо обращаются. Животным совсем плохо жить в маленьких грязных клетках. И многие люди думают, что мы должны закрыть зоопарки. Другие люди считают, что нам нужно содержать зоопарк, чтобы спасти животных. Я считаю, что идеальный зоопарк — это территория, похожая на естественную среду, свободная от клеток и вольеров, где животные могут свободно передвигаться, а людям приходится передвигаться на автомобилях.
3) На мой взгляд, некоторые стикеры действительно полезны. Думаю, Миа наклеила их, чтобы показать, что она поддерживает Гринпис. Эта наклейка может натолкнуть других людей на мысль о защите нашей матушки−природы. Я думаю, что это хорошая идея, и, скорее всего, я возьму один для себя.
4) Гринпис — всемирная организация, помогающая природе. В большинстве случаев их деятельность полезна. Чтобы помочь животным выжить, люди могут организовать специальные парки дикой природы, перестать есть животных и перестать тестировать нашу продукцию на животных.

Задание №7

Choose the appropriate words to complete the sentences.
1) She is a member of the club but does not (attend/visit) it regularly. 2) What are the places to (attend/visit), what are the things to do in Ireland? 3) Come and see all that awaits you in London. Find out what to (attend/visit), what to see and the best places to stay. 4) This is a very (comfortable/convenient) chair. You can even sleep in it. 5) The flat is nice and comfortable/convenient) but it is far from the underground station which is not (comfortable/convenient). 6) Sundays and Saturdays are the most (comfortable/convenient) days to see our friends and relatives. Nobody works on these days. 7) At every meeting I have (attended/visited) I explained my point of view. He was born in India and (attended/visited) high school there. 9) Wait a minute, I would like to change my shoes, these are not (comfortable/convenient) enough. 10) How often do you (attend/visit) your grandparents?

Выберите правильные слова, чтобы закончить предложения.
1) Она является членом кружка, но не (ходит/посещает) на него регулярно. 2) Какие места нужно (сходить/посетить) в Исландии, чем там нужно заняться? 3) Приезжай и посмотри все, что ждет тебя в Лондоне. Узнай, какие места (сходить/посетить), что посмотреть, лучшие места для проживания. 4) Это очень (удобный/подходящий) стул. На нем можно даже поспать. 5) Квартира красивая и уютная, но она далеко от станции метро, что (удобный/подходящий). 6) Воскресенья и субботы – самые (удобный/подходящий) дни для встреч с друзьями и родственниками. Никто не работает в эти дни. 7) На каждом собрании, которое я (сходить/посетить), я выражал свою точку зрения. Он родился в Индии, и там (сходить/посетить) старшую школу. 9) Подожди минуту, я бы хотел поменять обувь, эти недостаточно (удобный/подходящий). 10) Как часто вы (сходить/посетить) своих бабушек и дедушек?

Ответ:

1) She is a member of the club but does not attend it regularly.
2) What are the places to visit, what are the things to do in Ireland?
3) Come and see all that awaits you in London. Find out what to visit, what to see and the best places to stay.
4) This is a very comfortable chair. You can even sleep in it.
5) The flat is nice and comfortable but it is far from the underground station which is not convenient.
6) Sundays and Saturdays are the most convenient days to see our friends and relatives. Nobody works on these days.
7) At every meeting I have attended I explained my point of view.
He was born in India and attended high school there.
9) Wait a minute, I would like to change my shoes, these are not comfortable enough.
10) How often do you visit your grandparents?

Перевод

1) Она является членом кружка, но не ходит в него регулярно.
2) Какие места нужно посетить в Исландии, чем там нужно заняться?
3) Приезжай и посмотри все, что ждет тебя в Лондоне. Узнай, какие места посетить, что посмотреть, лучшие места для проживания.
4) Это очень удобный стул. На нем можно даже поспать.
5) Квартира красивая и уютная, но она далеко от станции метро, что неудобно.
6) Воскресенья и субботы – самые удобные дни для встреч с друзьями и родственниками. Никто не работает в эти дни.
7) На каждом собрании, которое я посетил, я выражал свою точку зрения.
Он родился в Индии, и там посещал старшую школу.
9) Подожди минуту, я бы хотел поменять обувь, эти недостаточно удобные.
10) Как часто вы посещаете своих бабушек и дедушек?

Задание №8

A. Use either comfortable or convenient to complete the sentences.
1) It is a … seat. My body feels at ease when I’m in this armchair. 2) You can see the stage very well from this seat. It is … . 3) The new train is very … . It has soft seats. 4) I think the 7.15 train is the most … . It starts at a suitable time and you don’t have to change. 5) It is a very … blouse. It feels very nice on your body. 6) It is a … blouse. It is easy to wash and you don’t have to iron it.
B. Use the appropriate words in the required forms to complete the sentences.
1) The meeting will (attend/visit) by finance ministers from many countries.
2) Brian usually (attend/visit) us at weekends. But yesterday he didn’t come.
3) They (attend/visit) college together when they lived in Brighton.
4) She is made (attend/visit) church regularly.
5) He will be (attend/visit) four big cities on his journey to Canada.
6) When did you last (attend/visit) our local museum?

A. Допишите предложения, используя комфортный или удобный.
1) Это … место. Мое тело расслабляется, когда я в этом кресле. 2) С этого места очень хорошо видно сцену. Это … . 3) Новый поезд очень … . Там мягкие сидения. 4) Я думаю, поезд в 7.15 наиболее … . Он отправляется в удобное время, и не нужно пересаживаться. 5) Это очень … блузка. Она очень приятно сидит на теле. 6) Это очень … блузка. Ее легко стирать и не нужно гладить.
B. Допишите предложения, используя нужные слова в необходимых формах.
1) Собрание (посетить/навестить) министры финансов многих стран.
2) Брайан обычно (посетить/навестить) нас по выходным. Но вчера он не пришел.
3) Они вместе (посетить/навестить) колледж, когда жили в Брайтоне.
4) Ее заставляют (посещать/навещать) церковь регулярно.
5) Он (посетить/навестить) 4 больших города по пути в Канаду.
6) Когда ты в последний раз (посетить/навестить) местный музей?

Ответ:

A.
1) It is a comfortable seat. My body feels at ease when I’m in this armchair.
2) You can see the stage very well from this seat. It is convenient.
3) The new train is very comfortable. It has soft seats.
4) I think the 7.15 train is the most convenient. It starts at a suitable time and you don’t have to change.
5) It is a very comfortable blouse. It feels very nice on your body.
6) It is a convenient blouse. It is easy to wash and you don’t have to iron it.
B.
1) The meeting will be attended by finance ministers from many countries.
2) Brian usually visits us at weekends. But yesterday he didn’t come.
3) They attended college together when they lived in Brighton.
4) She is made to attend church regularly.
5) He will be visiting four big cities on his journey to Canada.
6) When did you last visit our local museum?

Перевод

A.
1) Это удобное место. Мое тело расслабляется, когда я в этом кресле.
2) С этого места очень хорошо видно сцену. Это удобно.
3) Новый поезд очень удобный. Там мягкие сидения.
4) Я думаю, поезд в 7.15 наиболее удобный. Он отправляется в удобное время, и не нужно пересаживаться.
5) Это очень удобная блузка. Она очень приятно сидит на теле.
6) Это очень удобная блузка. Ее легко стирать и не нужно гладить.
B.
1) Собрание посетят министры финансов многих стран.
2) Брайан обычно посещает нас по выходным. Но вчера он не пришел.
3) Они вместе посещали колледж, когда жили в Брайтоне.
4) Ее заставляют посещать церковь регулярно.
5) Он посетит 4 больших города по пути в Канаду.
6) Когда ты в последний раз посещал местный музей?

Задание №9

Use the appropriate forms of the verbs on the right to get a complete and grammatically correct text.
I Brake for Animals
When I was a kid, my grandmother (1) … (have) a 1970 Cadillac with “I BRAKE FOR ANIMALS” sticker. Many times I (2) … (hit) my head as granny (3) … (stop) for any squirrel, dog or frog (4) … (cross) the road. That was before anybody (5) … (wear) seatbelts. I never remember her ever (6) … (hit) anything, which was good for everybody.
Such animals as turtles, dogs, frogs, deer, foxes often cross roadways. Unfortunately many of them (7) … (die) on the roads. If you ever hit a deer or someone’s dog, you never (8) … (forget) it. So be on the look out for animals. They (9) … (not teach) to look before crossing.

Используйте правильные производные от слов под звёздочками, чтобы получить законченный и грамматически правильный текст.
Я не давлю животных
Когда я был ребенком, у моей бабушки (1) … (иметь) кадиллак 1970 года с наклейкой “Я НЕ ДАВЛЮ ЖИВОТНЫХ”. Много раз я (2) … (ударять) головой, потому что бабушка (3) … (останавливать) перед каждой белкой, собакой или лягушкой, (4) … (пересекать) дорогу. Это было до того, как кто−либо (5) … (носить) ремни безопасности. Я не помню, что она хоть раз (6) … (ударять) кого−то, что было хорошо для всех.
Такие животные, как черепахи, собаки, лягушки, олени, лисы часто переходят дорогу. К несчастью, многие из них (7) … (умирать) на дорогах. Если вы когда−нибудь собьете оленя или чью−то собаку, вы никогда этого (8) … (забыть). Так что высматривайте животных. Их (9) … (не учить) смотреть перед тем, как переходить.

Ответ:

When I was a kid, my grandmother (1) had a 1970 Cadillac with “I BRAKE FOR ANIMALS” sticker. Many times I (2) hit my head as granny (3) stopped for any squirrel, dog or frog (4) crossing the road. That was before anybody (5) wore seatbelts. I never remember her ever (6) hitting anything, which was good for everybody.
Such animals as turtles, dogs, frogs, deer, foxes often cross roadways. Unfortunately many of them (7) die on the roads. If you ever hit a deer or someone’s dog, you never (8) will forget it. So be on the look out for animals. They (9) were not taught to look before crossing.

Перевод

Когда я был ребенком, у моей бабушки (1) был кадиллак 1970 года с наклейкой “Я НЕ ДАВЛЮ ЖИВОТНЫХ”. Много раз я (2) ударялся головой, потому что бабушка (3) тормозила перед каждой белкой, собакой или лягушкой, (4) переходящей дорогу. Это было до того, как кто−либо (5) пристегивался. Я не помню, что она хоть раз (6) сбила кого−то, что было хорошо для всех.
Такие животные, как черепахи, собаки, лягушки, олени, лисы часто переходят дорогу. К несчастью, многие из них (7) умирают на дорогах. Если вы когда−нибудь собьете оленя или чью−то собаку, (8) вы никогда этого не забудете. Так что высматривайте животных. Их (9) не учили смотреть перед тем, как переходить.

Задание №10

Some of these sentences are not grammatically correct because they have no articles. Complete these sentences with the appropriate articles where necessary.
A. 1) What huge school! 2) At what age do children go to school in Russia? 3) School I go to is rather far from my house. 4) The low red building near the bank is school.
B. 1) Ben is planning to go to college when he finishes school. 2) What big college! 3) How many students does college have? 4) College that my sister goes to trains managers.
C. 1) Look at hospital! 2) What a tall building hospital is! 3) I’d like to be a nurse and work in big hospital. 4) After the operation he is still in hospital but he is feeling much better.
D. 1) Come at any time, I’ll be at home after five. Before five I’m at work. 2) I started work when I was sixteen. 3) I walk to work. 4) What do you usually do after work? 5) It is remarkable work of art.

Решение
Перевод задания

Некоторые из этих предложений грамматически неправильные, потому что в них нет артикля. Допишите предложения, вставляя нужные артикли, где это необходимо.
А. 1) Какая огромная школа! 2) В каком возрасте дети идут в школу в России? 3) Школа, в которую я хожу, находится далеко от моего дома. 4) Невысокое красное здание у банка – школа.
B. 1) Бен планирует пойти в колледж после школы. 2) Какой большой колледж! 3) Сколько студентов в колледже? 4) Колледж, в котором учится моя сестра, готовит менеджеров.
C. 1) Посмотри на больницу! 2) Больница – такое высотное здание! 3) Я бы хотела быть медсестрой и работать в большой больнице. 4) После операции он все еще находится в больнице, но ему уже намного лучше.
D. 1) Приходи в любое время. Я буду дома после пяти. До пяти я на работе. 2) Я начал работать, когда мне было 16. 3) Я хожу до работы пешком. 4) Чем ты обычно занимаешься после работы? 5) Это значительное произведение искусства.

Ответ:

A.
1) What a huge school!
2) At what age do children go to school in Russia?
3) The school I go to is rather far from my house.
4) The low red building near the bank is a school.
B.
1) Ben is planning to go to college when he finishes school.
2) What a big college!
3) How many students does the college have?
4) The college that my sister goes to trains managers.
C.
1) Look at the hospital!
2) What a tall building the hospital is!
3) I’d like to be a nurse and work in a big hospital.
4) After the operation he is still in hospital but he is feeling much better.
D.
1) Come at any time, I’ll be at home after five. Before five I’m at work.
2) I started work when I was sixteen.
3) I walk to work.
4) What do you usually do after work?
5) It is a remarkable work of art.

Перевод

А.
1) Какая огромная школа!
2) В каком возрасте дети идут в школу в России?
3) Школа, в которую я хожу, находится далеко от моего дома.
4) Невысокое красное здание у банка – школа.
B.
1) Бен планирует пойти в колледж после школы.
2) Какой большой колледж!
3) Сколько студентов в колледже?
4) Колледж, в котором учится моя сестра, готовит менеджеров.
C.
1) Посмотри на больницу!
2) Больница – такое высотное здание!
3) Я бы хотела быть медсестрой и работать в большой больнице.
4) После операции он все еще находится в больнице, но ему уже намного лучше.
D.
1) Приходи в любое время. Я буду дома после пяти. До пяти я на работе.
2) Я начал работать, когда мне было 16.
3) Я хожу до работы пешком.
4) Чем ты обычно занимаешься после работы?
5) Это значительное произведение искусства.

Getting Ready for Exams

I. Reading

1. Read the text

VEGETARIANS

A vegetarian is someone who avoids eating the flesh of animals (meat,
poultry, or fish, including shellfish). Most vegetarians will also not eat eggs or cheese
or use cosmetics or toiletries made that contain animal ingredients or are tested on
animals. The word “vegetarian”, coined around 1842, comes not from “vegetable” but
from the Latin word vegetus meaning “whole, fresh, full of life”.
People are vegetarians for a number of reasons. Some think that it is wrong to keep and
kill animals for use as food and in other products. Others choose to be vegetarians
because they believe that a vegetarian diet is healthier than a diet that includes meat.
Indeed, a vegetarian diet fits in very well with modern medical advice to cut down on
fats, salt, and sugar, and to eat more fibre and fresh vegetables. It is also cheaper than
meat. Some people are vegetarian because of their religious beliefs. Some people have
chosen to be vegetarian for ecological reasons. They argue that the growing of vegetables
takes up much less valuable space than the raising of livestock; moreover, it is easier to
provide food for all the people on Earth by growing vegetables for food rather than
raising vegetable-eating animals.

livestock домашний скот

This paragraph summarises the text. Put one missing words in each gap
to make the paragraph complete.

A vegetarian is someone who (1)_________ eating meat. The word
“vegetarian” comes from the Latin word vegetus (2)_________ “whole, fresh, full of
life”. According to the text people (3)_________ to be vegetarians for six reasons. Here
they are:

1. It’s (4)_________ to kill animals for food.

2. A vegetarian diet is (5)________ than a diet that includes meat.

3. A vegetarian diet is (6)________ than a diet that includes meat.

4. Some people are vegetarian because of their (7)_______ beliefs.

5. Some people have (8)_________ to be vegetarian for ecological
reasons.

6. It’s easier to grow vegetables than to raise vegetable-eating
animals to (9)_________ food for all the people.

2. Read the text

WHAT IS A CALORIE?

Nowadays, it seems, everybody is “watching their calories”. There
are even restaurants which print the number of calories each dish contains right on the
menu. To understand what a calorie is and the part it plays in the body, let’s start
with the subject of nutrition in general.
Today, science is still not able to explain exactly how a cell transforms food into
energy. We just know it happens. And we also can’t explain why the cell in the body
needs certain foods, and not others, in order to function properly.
We do know that food is broken down in the body by combining with oxygen. We might say it
is ‘burned” up like fuel. Now, the way we measure the work a fuel does is by means of
calories.
A “gram calorie” is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram
of water one degree centigrade. The “large calorie” is 1,000 times as great. In
measuring the energy value of food, we usually use large calorie.
Each type of food, as it “burns up”, furnishes a certain number of calories. For
instance, one gram of protein furnishes four calories, but one gram of fat furnishes nine
calories. The body doesn’t care which “fuel” is used for energy, as long as it gets
enough of that energy from food to maintain life.
The amount of calories the body needs depends on the work the body is doing. For example,
a man who weighs 150 pounds needs only 1,680 calories per day if he is in a state of
absolute rest. If he does moderate work such as desk work, he needs 3,360 calories per
day. And if he does heavy work, he may need as much as 6,720 calories a day to keep the
body functioning properly.
Children need more calories than adults, since older people can’t burn the fuel as
quickly. Interestingly enough, we use up more calories in winter than in summer. Suppose,
however, we take in more fuel than we need? The body uses up what it needs and stores some
of it away for future use. The body can store away about one-third of the amount it needs
each day. The rest becomes fat! And that’s why we “watch our calories”.

1) Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

a) A caloric count down
b) What is a calorie?
c) Everybody is watching their calories

2) According to the passage, which of the following is true?

a) A calorie helps us to understand why the cell in the body needs
certain foods, and not others, in order to function properly.
b) The body cares which “fuel” is used for energy.
c) We don’t know how a cell transforms food into energy.

3) According to the passage, how does the body use the fuel it
doesn’t need?

a) it becomes added weight
b) it stores it away for future use
c) it burns it but not so quickly

II. Listening

1. Listen to this passage and choose the best answer for the question
below.

A NO SMOKING DAY

…Giving up smoking is a good idea – in fact, it is one of the most
important things that someone can do to improve his or her health. I recommended having a
No Smoking Day. And it took place at the end of April at my school. But we found that
nothing unusual resulted. Nothing had changed – smokers think that a lack of nicotine
means that they are more likely to have problems at school or at home if they try to give
up smoking.
As you see, some of my friends think that No Smoking Day could damage one’s health.

Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the passage?

a) they think that lack of nicotine resulted in problems at school and
at home
b) they won’t try to give up smoking
c) they will try to give up smoking and improve their health

2. Listen to the text.

INDOOR POLLUTION

It has been known since ancient times that there is a link between
pollution and poor health. Many scientists believe our health is in trouble because we
have been polluting the earth’s land, air and water for too long. But most citizens have
the greatest contact with toxic pollutants not outside but inside their homes, offices and
cars.
The main sources of indoor pollutants are right under people’s noses – dry-cleaned
clothes, dusty carpets, paint, fumes from cooking, and heating and cigarette smoke. Of
course, this list is incomplete.
Indoor air and house dust contain poisons that can be tracked in on people’s shoes.
Carpets are most troublesome. They act as deep reservoirs for pollutants, dangerous
bacteria and asthma-inducing allergens even if they are vacuumed regularly. Wiping one’s
feet on a door-mat reduces the amount of pollutants in a carpet by a factor of six.
Removing one’s shoes before entering is even more effective than just wiping one’s
shoes. These preventative acts are very simple but effective.

Complete the sentences with a word or phrase.

1. It has been known since ancient times that there is a link between
pollution and _________.

2. Most citizens have the greatest contact with toxic pollutants
_________ their homes, offices and cars.

3. The main sources of _________ are right under people’s noses.

4. _________ are most troublesome.

5. They act as deep reservoirs _________.

6. Wiping one’s feet on a door-mat reduces the amount of pollutants
_________ by a factor of six.

7. ________ before entering is even more effective than just wiping
one’s shoes.

III. Vocabulary

1. A. Match words with their equivalents.

B. Make the sentences complete using the words from A.

1. The word “vegetarian” _______ around 1842, comes not from
“vegetable” but from the Latin word vegetus meaning “whole, fresh, full of life”.

2. One gram of protein _______ four calories.

3. The ______ of calories the body needs depends on the work the body
is doing.

4. Professor Johnson specialises in the science of __________.

5. The body doesn’t care which “fuel” is used for energy ________
life.

6. A vegetarian is someone who ________ eating meat, poultry, or fish.

7. He holds _______ rather than extreme or radical opinions.

8. If you do heavy work, you may need as much as 6,720 calories a day
to keep the body functioning __________.

2. A. Complete the table.

verb	noun	adjective
		1 thoughtful 2
xxxx	mystery
represent	1 2
influence		1 2
	increase
		decreasing
	face
attract
		preventive

B. Complete these sentences using one of the words from the table
above. Don’t forget to use the correct form of the verbs.

1. The United States is ______ a temperature rise of 5 to 10 degrees.

2. Warmer weather might make some areas more ________ and other less
so.

3. The most important ______ on the weather of the future is likely to
be global warming.

4. We don’t know how ________ such warming.

5. The book is intended for ______ people.

6. Russia has always been a country of mystery and _______ for
foreigners.

7. Winston Churchill once said that Russia “is a riddle wrapped in a
________ inside an enigma (загадочное непостижимое
явление)”.

8. It was very _______ of you to meet me – I’m very grateful.

9. The audience didn’t like the unusual _______ of Hamlet.

10. His fears haven’t ________ despite the new sucurity.

11. They predicted that unemployment ________.

12. Why do you think that teen problems will _______?

IV. Phrasal Verbs

A. Match phrasal verbs with their Russian equivalents.

1. to cut down on 2. to cut down 3. to cut out 4. to cut up

a) прекратить, перестать что-либо делать, отказаться от b) сокращать потребление c) сокращать, снижать d) разрезать

B. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the
phrasal verbs above.

1. The doctor told me to __________ meat.
2. He’s trying to __________ cigarettes.
3. He __________ his sleep to six hours.
4. A child has to have his food __________ for him.

V. Grammar

ADJECTIVE ORDER

When there is more than one adjective before a noun, the order of the
adjectives is usually:

opinion (irritating)
size (smallish)
age (old)
shape (round)
colour (pink)
origin (from where) (English)
material (made of) (handmade, leather)
purpose (use) (shopping)
noun (toy)

You usually don’t use more than three adjectives before a noun.

1. Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct order.

Example: an European-style leather jacket (brown)
a brown European-style leather jacket

1. heart-shaped white chocolates (tasty)
2. a dark object (mysterious)
3. an international student (qualified)
4. a huge black monster (ugly)
5. a brand-new coffee-coloured wool pullover (Iceland)
6. a young jazz singer (interesting)
7. a glorious, action-packed adventure (comedy)

THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Irregular forms

next следующий по порядку,
соседний

2. Choose the right form to complete the sentences. In some sentences
both forms are right.

1. Do you have the (latest/last) edition of English-Russian Dictionary
of Finance?
2. It is the (less/lesser) of two evils.
3. Is this building the (oldest/eldest) in the city?
4. My father has got (less/lesser) patience than my mother.
5. My (elder/older) brother has come up with his answer yet.
6. Have you heard the (last/latest) news?
7. His (last/latest) film is very popular. What is he shooting now?
8. What was the (last/latest) film you saw?
9. He doesn’t think of his (further/farther) education.
10. I’ll phone you if I have (further/farther) information.
11. When is the (last/latest) bus?
12. Is ‘Holiday Inn’ the (nearest/next) stop?

VI. Speaking

1. Your classmate doesn’t look well. He has a runny nose. It is
probably a cold. But his temperature is normal and he doesn’t want to go to the doctor.
He wants to use some folk remedies. You can advise something useful. You begin the
conversation.

Sample

Y – you; C – your classmate

Y: You look ill. You have a runny nose, don’t you? Your eyes
are red. Have you taken your temperature?
C: I don’t feel well. But my temperature is normal.
Y: Evidently you have a cold. If I were you, I’d stay home from school. Why
don’t you go to the doctor?
C: I’d love to, but I can’t. We have a test in maths. I have to write it.
Y: You’d better go to bed and take some medicine. At least, aspirin: besides, it
is contagious.
C: I don’t like tablets. I’d rather use some home remedies: hot tea with honey
and raspberry jam.
Y: Drink hot chicken soup. It clears the head and the nose. They say it is good for
a cold.
C: What other useful home remedies do you know?
Y: Rub oil on the chest. I know a recipe for nose drops to stop a runny nose: mix
together carrot juice with vegetable oil and garlic juice. Try to use them several times
in the evening and you’ll be much better the next day. I’m sure these drops work
wonders.

2. Study the table below and give advice how to treat people with
hypothermia.

Must	Mustn’t
Try to get medical help	Let the victim walk
Move the victim to a dry place	Warm the victim by rubbing his/her skin
Replace wet clothing with dry	Give the victim alcohol
Give a warm (not hot) drink	Warm the victim by applying direct heat
If the victim is well enough place in a warm (not hot) bath

TEST

I. Read the texts below and look carefully at each line. Some of the
lines are correct, and some have a word which shouldn’t be there. If a line is correct
put a letter R. If a line has a word which shouldn’t be there, write the word.

susceptible подверженный
to take toll on наносить урон
salvation спасение

WHEN A COLD SEASON IS AROUND THE CORNER

1 The lack of vitamins and sunlight takes its toll on people making
2 them susceptible to colds and flu. This year, as is usual, doctors expect
3 seasonal influenza. How should people to prepare themselves?
4 Very simply: by gradually building up of their immunity. Sun,
5 fresh air, and water will help to you. An incremental decrease
6 in water temperature, hot/cold showers, exercise and
7 sunbathing will be your salvation. You have to get your body
8 used to some radical temperature changes, and you should not be
9 afraid of the cold and drafts. Contrasting showers are wonderful.
10 The body needs minor stresses: stand under a warm shower,
11 then under a cold one for a few some seconds.
12 Do not forget to keep your immunity up. Take off normal doses of
13 vitamin C as a preventive measure, but if you have feel you are
14 coming down with an illness, take an entire gram at a time.

II. Read the text and think of the word which best fits each space.
Use only one word in each space.

sea-buckthorn облепиха

FOLK REMEDIES FOR COLDS AND FIU

Preventive measures

Fresh garlic is very beneficial. Eat two or three cloves every three
hours (1)______ a preventive measure. Thanks (2)______ their high content of protein, nuts
also increase resistance.

Runny nose

Nose drops to stop a runny nose can (3)_______ made from one part
fresh-squeezed carrot (4)_______, one part vegetable oil, and (5)_______ few drops of
garlic juice, mixed together. Use several (6)______ a day.

Coughs

Beet syrup works wonders. Wash the beet, clean (7)_______, cut it,
remove the heart, fill the cavity (8)______ sugar, and place it (9)______ the oven. The
resulting beet (10)_______ is very tasty, and relieves a (11)______.

Laryngitis

Take one tablespoon each of sea-buckthorn oil and olive (12)____, hold
the mixture in the throat, and lie on your back (13)____ a short while.

Colds

Mix finely minced garlic (14)______ honey. Take one tablespoon every
hour. For flu, take one tablespoon (15)______ bedtime, with warm water.

III. Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best
fits each space.

airborne переносимый по воздуху
pollen цветочная пыльца
ragweed амброзия полыннолистная

MISCONCEPTIONS AHD FACTS ABOUT HAY FEVER

Hey fever is a seasonal allergy to pollens; the term hay fever,
(1)_______, is less than an adequate description (2)_______ an attack can be (3)_______ on
by sources other than hay-producing grasses. Hay fever is generally caused (4)_______
airborne pollens, particularly ragweed pollen. The amount of pollen in the air is largely
(5)_______ on geographical location, weather, and season. In the eastern (6)_______ of the
United States, for example, there are generally three (7)________ when pollen from various
sources can (8)_________ intense hay fever suffering: in the springtime months of March
and April when pollen from trees fills the (9)________, in the summer months of June and
July when grass pollen fills the air, and at the end of August when ragweed pollen is at
its (10)________ concentrated level.

IV. Choose the answer A, B, C or D that best complete each sentence.

1. Professor Johnson _______ eating habits of children since 1999.

A. has investigated
B. has been investigating
C. is investigating
D. had investigated

2. Though meat provides a range of proteins and vitamins that are
essential for a healthy body, she _________ it for a long time.

A. has not been eating
B. has been eating
C. was eating
D. wasn’t eating

3. He’s given up smoking, ______?

A. hasn’t he
B. does he
C. isn’t he
D. he hasn’t

4. You’d better make a carrot salad and eat it with a beefsteak, ___?

A. would you
B. hadn’t you
C. wouldn’t you
D. you hadn’t

5. He ______ fat if he stopped exercising.

A. will be fat
B. is fat
C. would be
D. had been fat

6. _____ eating habits in Russia changed recently?

A. Why
B. How much
C. Is
D. Have

KEY:

I. 1. 1. avoids; 2. meaning; 3. choose; 4. wrong; 5. healthier;
6. cheaper; 7. religious; 8. chosen; 9. provide
2. 1. b; 2. c; 3. a
II. 1. c
2. 1. poor health; 2. not outside but inside; 3. indoor pollutants; 4. Carpets; 5.
for pollutants; 6. in a carpet; 7. Removing one’s shoes
III. 1. A. 1. b; 2. c; 3. f; 4. g; 5. a; 6. d; 7. e; 8. h
B. 1. coined; 2. furnishes; 3. amount; 4. nutrition; 5. to maintain; 6. avoids; 7.
moderate; 8. properly

2. A.

verb	noun	adjective
think	thought	1 thoughtful 2 thoughtless
xxxx	mystery	mysterious
represent	1 representation 2 representative	representative
influence	influence	influential
increase	increase	increasing
decrease	decrease	decreasing
face	face	facial
attract	attraction	attractive
prevent	prevention	preventive

B. 1. facing; 2. attractive; 3. influence; 4. to prevent; 5.
influential thoughtful; 6. attraction; 7. mystery; 8. thoughtful; 9. representation; 10.
decreased; 11. would increase; 12. increase/decrease
IV. A. 1. b; 2. c; 3. a; 4. d
B. 1. 1/3; 2. 1/3; 3. 2; 4. 4.
V. 1. 1. tasty, heart-shaped, white chocolates; 2. a dark mysterious object; 3. a
qualified international student; 4. an ugly, huge, black monster; 5. a brand-new,
coffee-coloured, Icelandic wool pullover; 6. an interesting, young, jazz singer; 7. a
glorious, action-packed, comedy adventure
2. 1. latest; 2. the lesser; 3. oldest; 4. less; 5. elder; 6. latest; 7. latest; 8.
last; 9. further; 10. further; 11. last; 12. next
VI. 2. Hypothermia means very low body temperature (under 35 degree). If you find a
person with hypothermia, you must get expert medical help. But you must begin first aid
immediately. Make sure that the victim is dry. You mustn’t try to warm him/her by
rubbing or applying direct heat. Give the victim a warm drink – but you mustn’t give
him/her anything alcoholic. Don’t allow the victim to walk. If he/she is well enough,
you should put him/her in a warm bath.

TEST

I. 1. R; 2. is; 3. to; 4. of; 5. to; 6. R; 7. R; 8. some; 9.
the; 10. R; 11. some; 12. off; 13. have; 14. R
II. 1. as; 2. to; 3. be; 4. juice; 5. a; 6. times; 7. it; 8. with; 9. in; 10.
syrup; 11. cough; 12. oil; 13. for; 14. with; 15. at
III. 1. C; 2. A; 3. D; 4. A; 5. B; 6. C; 7. C; 8. A; 9. D; 10. B
IV. 1. B; 2. A; 3. A; 4. B; 5. C; 6. D

By Youdif Boyarskaya,
Moscow, School No. 814

Increasing numbers of U.S. consumers are trying plant-rich diets such as vegetarianism. The dietary practice of abstaining from eating meat has ties to a wide range of social movements and ethical positions. But this worldwide trend also has varied roots in Asia, Africa and Indigenous cultures — something that can be easy to miss as we browse recipes online or order takeout food. 

Vegetarianism is a dietary practice of eating foods that are made of plants: beans, legumes, fruits, grains and — most importantly — no animal flesh. People who follow a vegetarian diet may eat animal products like honey, eggs and milk-based products. Some vegetarians eat dairy products but not eggs. Some vegetarians exclude all animal products from their diet, as vegans do. There are even people who call themselves vegetarian despite eating fish.

Some adhere to a vegetarian lifestyle because of ethical beliefs about reducing harm toward animals. Health is another value that many vegetarians share. Some vegetarians are private about their diet, and others are more public. Vegetarianism can also be a social identity: vegetarians can find each other and form communities based on their shared experiences.  

The vegetarian standards of individuals and groups can vary and also evolve, resulting in complexities in the vegan and vegetarian experience. For example, PETA used not to oppose the eating of eggs from companion birds if they were well-cared for and not purchased from hatcheries, but now omits that exception to their position.

History of Vegetarianism

Vegetable-based diets that avoid the consumption of meat are often tied to belief systems that have roots in ancient history. Diets that abstain from meat and avoid harm to living beings were first documented in religious texts dating back to fifth century B.C. in India. When the British colonized India in the 17th and 18th centuries, they observed vegetarianism in practice and went on to popularize the practice back home to other Europeans, according to one British historian. 

Many peoples indigenous to the Americas had plant-based diets that preceded contemporary vegetarianism. The Choctaws of present-day Mississippi and Oklahoma were farmers whose diet was primarily plant-based, with infrequent consumption of game meat. A corn, pumpkin and bean stew was a staple food of Choctaws, who also wore plant-based clothing and who revered corn as a divinity. Aztecs and Mayan people are reported to have raised their children as vegetarians. Many other grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables in today’s domestic pantries, particularly those of vegans, are the result of agricultural advancements of Indigenous peoples, including tomatoes, potatoes and paprika. 

Indigenous and diasporic Africans also have plant-based traditions that sustain today’s vegan movements. In Africa, Ethiopian food traditions have catered to semi-vegan diets since antiquity as a result of many Ethiopians’ adherence to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church’s fasting practices.

In the 1930s in Jamaica, Rastafarians developed a movement of Black vegetarians who opposed systems of oppression under British colonial rule and neo-imperialism. Rastafarians saw spiritual divinity embodied in Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie, who was referred to as Ras Tafari until he became emperor in 1930. Ras means chief in Amharic, the language spoken in Ethiopia. Since the 18th century, Black people active in U.S. social and religious movements have often identified with Ethiopia due to its central presence in the Bible, as explained in Horace Campbell’s Rasta and Resistance. The Ethiopianism movement solidified in South Africa in the 1870s, Campbell writes, spread throughout Africa, and contributed to the formation of the Rastafarian religion. 

Ethiopian vegan dishes, like Rastafarian “Ital” foods, also have distinct histories tied to anticolonialism. Ethiopia’s victory against Italian invasion in 1896 was a significant sign of resistance, giving hope to Africans and Black people around the world organizing against white supremacists. Each year on March 2, Ethiopians celebrate that their country was the only African nation to successfully resist the European partition of Africa. 

Why Choose a Vegetarian Diet?

Health is a commonly cited reason for people to pursue a vegetarian diet. Reducing harm toward the environment and to animals are also popular reasons for going vegetarian. 

In India about one-third of the population is vegetarian, partly the result of social taboos around eating meat. These social stigmas can make it difficult to measure people’s fidelity to their self-described diets. Not eating meat in India can also be a matter of having little disposable income, living in rural areas and living in cultural isolation. These latter reasons for following a vegetarian diet reveal some of the diverse socioeconomic factors that complicate researchers’ understandings of dietary trends.

What Is a True Vegetarian?

There is no such thing as a “true vegetarian” in any generally accepted sense. However, academic researchers have used this term to describe people who choose to abstain from eating meat, poultry and fish. The term can be useful for researchers studying human behavior since a significant number of self-described vegetarians do eat some meat, according to nutrition surveys in the United States. Researchers also describe vegetarians who eat meat as semi-vegetarians or part-time vegetarians. Pesco-vegetarians eat fish, dairy products and eggs, but no other types of meat.

Are Vegetarians Hypocrites?

Some vegans regard vegetarianism as inconsistent, even characterizing vegetarians as hypocritical for consuming animal-derived products like dairy and eggs. But the characterization of vegetarians as hypocritical ignores the reality that there are many different reasons why some people choose to be vegetarian, according to the Vegetarian Resource Group. These include economics, health, the environment, disliking the taste of meat, compassion for animals and a range of other ethical principles. Vegetarians are simply people who do not eat meat, which includes fish and poultry.

To make matters more complicated however, because some self-described vegetarians do sometimes eat meat, discussions about the term can become challenging. When vegetarians are motivated by moral ideals such as not wanting to harm animals and then still eat meat, they may feel a tension between their beliefs and their behaviors. 

The discrepancy between someone’s attitudes and their actions can be described as a form of hypocrisy — though the term has negative connotations and assigns unpleasant qualities to a person or organization. To deal with the difficult feelings that arise from consistently living out of alignment with one’s values, people develop coping mechanisms such as avoiding thinking about farmed animals or eating meat products that do not resemble the original animal. 

Animal advocates who are interested in changing consumer habits have found that focusing on moral hypocrisy, however, is not necessarily helpful in achieving their goal of reducing meat consumption. In a 2021 survey of British respondents, the Humane League UK found that people were more likely to be swayed to sign a petition for farmed fish when they were told about the disgusting health of farmed fish, compared to when they heard messages about the corporate hypocrisy of supermarkets. The message about corporate hypocrisy did, however, resonate with anti-corporate vegans in the study. 

Types of Vegetarians

While food and nutrition researchers classify vegetarian diets into different categories, two of which are listed below, there is significant heterogeneity of diet within each grouping of vegetarians. It all boils down to the individual experience of someone who is trying to eat in a certain way. 

Ovo-Lacto Vegetarianism

Ovo-lacto (or lacto-ovo) vegetarians do not eat meat, but do eat dairy products and eggs. Dairy products include milk, cheese and whey. Lacto-vegetarians allow themselves to eat dairy products, but no meat and no eggs. 

Vegan Diet

Vegans exclude all animal products from their diet — and lifestyle — to the extent that is practical and possible. Vegan diets typically exclude meat, eggs, honey, dairy and other animal-derived food ingredients. 

What Do Vegetarians Eat?

Vegetarians eat fruits, vegetables, leafy greens, nuts, beans, legumes, grains and food products that are derived from these ingredients. Vegetarians can make simple meals quickly at home or they can purchase ready-made food from the supermarket or restaurants. 

How Do Vegetarians Get Protein?

Vegetarians can get protein simply by eating a variety of foods. Some popular sources of protein include beans and legumes — like chickpeas, peanuts, black beans and soy. 

What Foods Do Vegetarians Not Eat?

Vegetarians do not eat foods that have meat or animal products in them, including ham, chicken, or beef, or a soup with bone broth.  

What Are the Benefits of Vegetarianism?

Many people adopt the vegetarian diet because it is associated with lowered risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure and cancer. People who value animal welfare and animal rights can also feel better eating vegetarian foods, knowing that their diet will exclude their animal friends. Another benefit of vegetarianism is that it is considered better for the planet, and a way to mitigate climate change.  

Nutrition for Vegetarians

The information below is summarized from Vegan Health.

Vitamin B12

Vegetarians who do not eat eggs or dairy products should take vitamin B12 supplements and eat foods that have been fortified with the vitamin, according to nutritionists and vegan health professionals. B12 is found in meat, eggs and dairy, but it is not usually found in plant foods. However, it is made by bacteria, so B12 supplements are available that are not derived from animal products.

Iron

Plant foods high in iron content include Grape Nuts cereal, Total cereal, molasses, lentils, spinach, kidney beans, garbanzo beans, Swiss chard, edamame and pinto beans. Iron in plant foods can be made more absorbable by adding vitamin C to meals, and by avoiding calcium supplements at meals.

Zinc

Plant foods with higher amounts of zinc in them include oatmeal, tofu, cashews, sunflower seeds, garbanzo beans and lentils. Zinc is not typically difficult for vegans to find in their diets, but like iron it is harder for them to absorb from their foods due to phytates that are found in plant foods. 

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

To meet the recommended amount of essential omega-3 fatty acid intake, vegans can eat chia seeds, flax seeds, walnuts, soybeans, soy oil, canola oil, tofu and tempeh. The VeganHealth website also recommends taking more than the daily recommended amount per day. 

How To Make the Change to a Vegetarian Diet

Organizations based in the United States and Europe have developed programs to support individuals seeking to make a change toward a vegetarian diet. Sentient Media’s Take Action resource webpage includes a section on Dietary Change that includes a 30-day pledge program, petitions for plant-based options in public schools, and other events. 

What You Can Do

If you haven’t already done so, you can read more articles to help you reduce meat in your diet. To help you consider a more vegetarian diet, check out Sentient Media’s plant-based guide and recipes.