Meaning of the word system - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

: a regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole

: such as

a(1)

: a group of interacting bodies under the influence of related forces

(2)

: an assemblage of substances that is in or tends to equilibrium

b(1)

: a group of body organs that together perform one or more vital functions

(2)

: the body considered as a functional unit

: a group of related natural objects or forces

: a group of devices or artificial objects or an organization forming a network especially for distributing something or serving a common purpose

: a major division of rocks usually larger than a series and including all formed during a period or era

: a form of social, economic, or political organization or practice

: an organized set of doctrines, ideas, or principles usually intended to explain the arrangement or working of a systematic whole

the Newtonian system of mechanics

: an organized or established procedure

the touch system of typing

: a manner of classifying, symbolizing, or schematizing

: harmonious arrangement or pattern : order

bring system out of confusion—Ellen Glasgow

: an organized society or social situation regarded as stultifying or oppressive : establishment sense 2

—usually used with the

Synonyms

Choose the Right Synonym for system

effective teaching methods

mode implies an order or course followed by custom, tradition, or personal preference.

the preferred mode of transportation

manner is close to mode but may imply a procedure or method that is individual or distinctive.

an odd manner of conducting

way is very general and may be used for any of the preceding words.

has her own way of doing things

fashion may suggest a peculiar or characteristic way of doing something.

rushing about in his typical fashion

system suggests a fully developed or carefully formulated method often emphasizing rational orderliness.

Example Sentences

The players like the coach’s system.

Under the new system, students will have to pass an exam to graduate.

She devised a new filing system.

We need a better system for handling incoming e-mail.

Recent Examples on the Web

But critics say the laws will remove Israel’s system of checks and balances and concentrate power in the hands of the governing coalition.

—Ilan Ben Zion, Chicago Tribune, 27 Mar. 2023

One of the judge’s findings was that the prison system did not provide hospital-level care for prisoners who needed it.

—Mike Cason | Mcason@al.com, al, 27 Mar. 2023

Where the school system sees a deteriorating, vacant shell in the shadow of the newer $80 million Fairmont Heights High, the alumni association sees a prospective museum and multiuse center for the surrounding community.

—Lateshia Beachum, Washington Post, 27 Mar. 2023

San Francisco Board of Supervisors President Aaron Peskin responded to the abuse of the encroachment reporting system in a tweet from March.

—Jeffrey Clark, Fox News, 27 Mar. 2023

Before the new agreement, there were 67, and the local Superior Court system did not provide reporters for most family law matters.

—Caleb Lunetta, San Diego Union-Tribune, 27 Mar. 2023

The latest forecast shows the same storm system will linger in the Southeast on Monday with damaging winds, large hail and an isolated tornado threat.

—Max Golembo, ABC News, 27 Mar. 2023

Republican lawmakers, on the other hand, have said the administration lacks the legal authority to accept tens of thousands of migrants each month outside the regular visa system.

—Camilo Montoya-galvez, CBS News, 27 Mar. 2023

Last week, concerns about Deutsche Bank and speculation over one of its bond payments also weighed on markets, prompting EU leaders to reassure the public over the resilience of Europe’s banking system.

—Michelle Toh, CNN, 27 Mar. 2023

See More

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘system.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Etymology

Late Latin systemat-, systema, from Greek systēmat-, systēma, from synistanai to combine, from syn- + histanai to cause to stand — more at stand

First Known Use

circa 1638, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Time Traveler

The first known use of system was
circa 1638

Dictionary Entries Near system

Cite this Entry

“System.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/system. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.

More from Merriam-Webster on system

Last Updated:
29 Mar 2023
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Merriam-Webster unabridged

Источник

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the set of rules that govern structure or behavior of people, see Social system.

This System-related information visualization methods are missing. is missing information about Diagram. Please expand the System-related information visualization methods are missing. to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (November 2022)

A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole.^[1] A system, surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and is expressed in its functioning. Systems are the subjects of study of systems theory and other systems sciences.

Systems have several common properties and characteristics, including structure, function(s), behavior and interconnectivity.

Etymology[edit]

The term system comes from the Latin word systēma, in turn from Greek σύστημα systēma: «whole concept made of several parts or members, system», literary «composition».^[2]

History[edit]

According to Marshall McLuhan,

«System» means «something to look at». You must have a very high visual gradient to have systematization. But in philosophy, prior to Descartes, there was no «system». Plato had no «system». Aristotle had no «system».^[3]^[4]

In the 19th century the French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, who studied thermodynamics, pioneered the development of the concept of a system in the natural sciences. In 1824 he studied the system which he called the working substance (typically a body of water vapor) in steam engines, in regards to the system’s ability to do work when heat is applied to it. The working substance could be put in contact with either a boiler, a cold reservoir (a stream of cold water), or a piston (on which the working body could do work by pushing on it). In 1850, the German physicist Rudolf Clausius generalized this picture to include the concept of the surroundings and began to use the term working body when referring to the system.

The biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy became one of the pioneers of the general systems theory. In 1945 he introduced models, principles, and laws that apply to generalized systems or their subclasses, irrespective of their particular kind, the nature of their component elements, and the relation or ‘forces’ between them.^[5]

Norbert Wiener and Ross Ashby, who pioneered the use of mathematics to study systems, carried out significant development in the concept of a system.^[6]^[7]

In the 1980s John Henry Holland, Murray Gell-Mann and others coined the term complex adaptive system at the interdisciplinary Santa Fe Institute.

Concepts[edit]

Environment and boundaries: Systems theory views the world as a complex system of interconnected parts. One scopes a system by defining its boundary; this means choosing which entities are inside the system and which are outside—part of the environment. One can make simplified representations (models) of the system in order to understand it and to predict or impact its future behavior. These models may define the structure and behavior of the system.

Natural and human-made systems: There are natural and human-made (designed) systems. Natural systems may not have an apparent objective but their behavior can be interpreted as purposeful by an observer. Human-made systems are made with various purposes that are achieved by some action performed by or with the system. The parts of a system must be related; they must be «designed to work as a coherent entity» — otherwise they would be two or more distinct systems.

Open systems have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy or information with their surroundings.

Theoretical framework: Most systems are open systems, exchanging matter and energy with their respective surroundings; like a car, a coffeemaker, or Earth. A closed system exchanges energy, but not matter, with its environment; like a computer or the project Biosphere 2. An isolated system exchanges neither matter nor energy with its environment. A theoretical example of such system is the Universe.

Process and transformation process: An open system can also be viewed as a bounded transformation process, that is, a black box that is a process or collection of processes that transform inputs into outputs. Inputs are consumed; outputs are produced. The concept of input and output here is very broad. For example, an output of a passenger ship is the movement of people from departure to destination.

System model: A system comprises multiple views. Man-made systems may have such views as concept, analysis, design, implementation, deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output data views. A system model is required to describe and represent all these views.

Systems architecture: A systems architecture, using one single integrated model for the description of multiple views, is a kind of system model.

Subsystem[edit]

A subsystem is a set of elements, which is a system itself, and a component of a larger system. The IBM Mainframe Job Entry Subsystem family (JES1, JES2, JES3, and their HASP/ASP predecessors) are examples. The main elements they have in common are the components that handle input, scheduling, spooling and output; they also have the ability to interact with local and remote operators.

A subsystem description is a system object that contains information defining the characteristics of an operating environment controlled by the system.^[8] The data tests are performed to verify the correctness of the individual subsystem configuration data (e.g. MA Length, Static Speed Profile, …) and they are related to a single subsystem in order to test its Specific Application (SA).^[9]

Analysis[edit]

There are many kinds of systems that can be analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. For example, in an analysis of urban systems dynamics, A .W. Steiss defined five intersecting systems, including the physical subsystem and behavioral system. For sociological models influenced by systems theory,^[10] Kenneth D. Bailey defined systems in terms of conceptual, concrete, and abstract systems, either isolated, closed, or open.^[11] Walter F. Buckley defined systems in sociology in terms of mechanical, organic, and process models.^[12] Bela H. Banathy cautioned that for any inquiry into a system understanding its kind is crucial, and defined natural and designed, i. e. artificial, systems.^[13] For example, natural systems include subatomic systems, living systems, the Solar System, galaxies, and the Universe, while artificial systems include man-made physical structures, hybrids of natural and artificial systems, and conceptual knowledge. The human elements of organization and functions are emphasized with their relevant abstract systems and representations.

Artificial systems inherently have a major defect: they must be premised on one or more fundamental assumptions upon which additional knowledge is built. This is in strict alignment to the Gödel’s incompleteness theorems. The Artificial system can be defined as a «consistent formalized system which contains elementary arithmetic».^[14] These fundamental assumptions are not inherently deleterious, but they must by definition be assumed as true, and if they are actually false then the system is not as structurally integral as is assumed (i.e. it is evident that if the initial expession is false, then the Artificial system is not a «consistent formalized system»). For example, in geometry this is very evident in the postulation of theorems and extrapolation of proofs from them.

George J. Klir^[15] maintained that no «classification is complete and perfect for all purposes», and defined systems as abstract, real, and conceptual physical systems, bounded and unbounded systems, discrete to continuous, pulse to hybrid systems, etc. The interactions between systems and their environments are categorized as relatively closed and open systems. It seems most unlikely that an absolutely closed system can exist or, if it did, that it could be known by man. Important distinctions have also been made^[16] between hard systems – technical in nature and amenable to methods such as systems engineering, operations research, and quantitative systems analysis – and soft systems that involve people and organisations, commonly associated with concepts developed by Peter Checkland and Brian Wilson through Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) involving methods such as action research and emphasis of participatory designs. Where hard systems might be identified as more «scientific», the distinction between them is often elusive.

Cultural system[edit]

A cultural system may be defined as the interaction of different elements of culture. While a cultural system is quite different from a social system, sometimes both together are referred to as a «sociocultural system». A major concern of the social sciences is the problem of order.

Economic system[edit]

An economic system is a mechanism (social institution) which deals with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services in a particular society. The economic system is composed of people, institutions and their relationships to resources, such as the convention of property. It addresses the problems of economics, like the allocation and scarcity of resources.

The international sphere of interacting states is described and analysed in systems terms by several international relations scholars, most notably in the neorealist school. This systems mode of international analysis has however been challenged by other schools of international relations thought, most notably the constructivist school, which argues that an over-large focus on systems and structures can obscure the role of individual agency in social interactions. Systems-based models of international relations also underlies the vision of the international sphere held by the liberal institutionalist school of thought, which places more emphasis on systems generated by rules and interaction governance, particularly economic governance.

Applications[edit]

Systems modeling is generally a basic principle in engineering and in social sciences. The system is the representation of the entities under concern. Hence inclusion to or exclusion from system context is dependent on the intention of the modeler.

No model of a system will include all features of the real system of concern, and no model of a system must include all entities belonging to a real system of concern.

Information and computer science[edit]

In computer science and information science, system is a hardware system, software system, or combination, which has components as its structure and observable inter-process communications as its behavior. Again, an example will illustrate: There are systems of counting, as with Roman numerals, and various systems for filing papers, or catalogues, and various library systems, of which the Dewey Decimal Classification is an example. This still fits with the definition of components which are connected together (in this case to facilitate the flow of information).

System can also refer to a framework, aka platform, be it software or hardware, designed to allow software programs to run. A flaw in a component or system can cause the component itself or an entire system to fail to perform its required function, e.g., an incorrect statement or data definition^[17]

Engineering and physics[edit]

In engineering and physics, a physical system is the portion of the universe that is being studied (of which a thermodynamic system is one major example). Engineering also has the concept of a system referring to all of the parts and interactions between parts of a complex project. Systems engineering is the branch of engineering that studies how this type of system should be planned, designed, implemented, built, and maintained. Expected result is the behavior predicted by the specification, or another source, of the component or system under specified conditions.^[17]

Sociology, cognitive science and management research[edit]

Social and cognitive sciences recognize systems in human person models and in human societies. They include human brain functions and mental processes as well as normative ethics systems and social/cultural behavioral patterns.

In management science, operations research and organizational development (OD), human organizations are viewed as systems (conceptual systems) of interacting components such as subsystems or system aggregates, which are carriers of numerous complex business processes (organizational behaviors) and organizational structures. Organizational development theorist Peter Senge developed the notion of organizations as systems in his book The Fifth Discipline.

Organizational theorists such as Margaret Wheatley have also described the workings of organizational systems in new metaphoric contexts, such as quantum physics, chaos theory, and the self-organization of systems.

Pure logic[edit]

There is also such a thing as a logical system. The most obvious example is the calculus developed simultaneously by Leibniz and Isaac Newton. Another example is George Boole’s Boolean operators. Other examples have related specifically to philosophy, biology, or cognitive science. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs applies psychology to biology by using pure logic. Numerous psychologists, including Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud have developed systems which logically organize psychological domains, such as personalities, motivations, or intellect and desire. Often these domains consist of general categories following a corollary such as a theorem. Logic has been applied to categories such as taxonomy, ontology, assessment, and hierarchies.

Strategic thinking[edit]

In 1988, military strategist, John A. Warden III introduced the Five Ring System model in his book, The Air Campaign, contending that any complex system could be broken down into five concentric rings. Each ring—Leadership, Processes, Infrastructure, Population and Action Units—could be used to isolate key elements of any system that needed change. The model was used effectively by Air Force planners in the First Gulf War.^[18]^[19]^[20] In the late 1990s, Warden applied his model to business strategy.

References[edit]

^ «Definition of system«. Merriam-Webster. Springfield, MA, USA. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
^ «σύστημα», Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus Digits Library.
^ Marshall McLuhan in: McLuhan: Hot & Cool. Ed. by Gerald Emanuel Stearn. A Signet Book published by The New American Library, New York, 1967, p. 288.
^
McLuhan, Marshall (2014). «4: The Hot and Cool Interview». In Moos, Michel (ed.). Media Research: Technology, Art and Communication: Critical Voices in Art, Theory and Culture. Critical Voices in Art, Theory and Culture. Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 9781134393145. Retrieved 2015-05-06. ‘System’ means ‘something to look at’. You must have a very high visual gradient to have systematization. In philosophy, before Descartes, there was no ‘system.’ Plato had no ‘system.’ Aristotle had no ‘system.’
^ 1945, Zu einer allgemeinen Systemlehre, Blätter für deutsche Philosophie, 3/4. (Extract in: Biologia Generalis, 19 (1949), 139–164.
^
1948, Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Paris, France: Librairie Hermann & Cie, and Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
^ 1956. An Introduction to Cybernetics, Chapman & Hall.
^ IBM’s definition^{[permanent dead link]}
^ European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) — EN 50128. Brussels, Belgium: CENELEC. 2011. pp. Table A.11 – Data Préparation Techniques (8.4).
^ Steiss, 1967, pp. 8–18.
^ Bailey, 1994.
^ Buckley, 1967.
^ Banathy, 1997.
^ K.Gödel, 1931
^ Klir, 1969, pp. 69–72
^ Checkland, 1997; Flood, 1999.
^ ^a ^b «ISTQB Standard glossary of terms used in Software Testing». Retrieved 15 March 2019.
^ Warden, John A. III (1988). The Air Campaign: Planning for Combat. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press. ISBN 978-1-58348-100-4.
^ Warden, John A. III (September 1995). «Chapter 4: Air theory for the 21st century». Battlefield of the Future: 21st Century Warfare Issues. United States Air Force. Archived from the original (in Air and Space Power Journal) on July 4, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
^ Warden, John A. III (1995). «Enemy as a System». Airpower Journal. Spring (9): 40–55. Retrieved 2009-03-25.

Bibliography[edit]

Alexander Backlund (2000). «The definition of system». In: Kybernetes Vol. 29 nr. 4, pp. 444–451.
Kenneth D. Bailey (1994). Sociology and the New Systems Theory: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis. New York: State of New York Press.
Bela H. Banathy (1997). «A Taste of Systemics», ISSS The Primer Project.
Walter F. Buckley (1967). Sociology and Modern Systems Theory, New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
Peter Checkland (1997). Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Michel Crozier, Erhard Friedberg (1981). Actors and Systems, Chicago University Press.
Robert L. Flood (1999). Rethinking the Fifth Discipline: Learning within the unknowable. London: Routledge.
George J. Klir (1969). Approach to General Systems Theory, 1969.
Brian Wilson (1980). Systems: Concepts, methodologies and Applications, John Wiley
Brian Wilson (2001). Soft Systems Methodology—Conceptual model building and its contribution, J.H.Wiley.
Beynon-Davies P. (2009). Business Information + Systems. Palgrave, Basingstoke. ISBN 978-0-230-20368-6

External links[edit]

Look up system in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikiquote has quotations related to System.

Definitions of Systems and Models by Michael Pidwirny, 1999–2007.
Publications with the title «System» (1600–2008) by Roland Müller.
Definitionen von «System» (1572–2002) by Roland Müller, (most in German).

Источник

types:

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audio system, sound system

a system of electronic equipment for recording or reproducing sound

communication system

a system for communicating

ADP system, ADPS, automatic data processing system, computer system, computing system

a system of one or more computers and associated software with common storage

containment

(physics) a system designed to prevent the accidental release of radioactive material from a reactor

control system

a system for controlling the operation of another system

data system, information system

system consisting of the network of all communication channels used within an organization

drainage system

a system of watercourses or drains for carrying off excess water

exhaust, exhaust system

system consisting of the parts of an engine through which burned gases or steam are discharged

EDS, explosive detection system

a rapid automatic system to detect plastic explosives in passengers’ luggage using X-ray technology and computers; designed for use in airports

ETD, explosive trace detection

a system for screening luggage in airports; an agent passes a swab around or inside luggage and then runs the swab through a machine that can detect trace amounts of explosives

guidance device, guidance system

a system of equipment for automatically guiding the path of a vehicle (especially a missile)

assemblage, hookup

a system of components assembled together for a particular purpose

inertial guidance system, inertial navigation system

a system to control a plane or spacecraft; uses inertial forces

lockage

a system of locks in a canal or waterway

labyrinth, maze, warren

complex system of paths or tunnels in which it is easy to get lost

mechanical system

a system of elements that interact on mechanical principles

navigational system

a system that provides information useful in determining the position and course of a ship or aircraft

electronic network, network

(electronics) a system of interconnected electronic components or circuits

network

a system of intersecting lines or channels

propulsion system

a system that provides a propelling or driving force

resonator

any system that resonates

scaffolding, staging

a system of scaffolds

security system

(computing) a system that enforces boundaries between computer networks

selsyn, synchro

a system consisting of a generator and a motor so connected that the motor will assume the same relative position as the generator; the generator and the motor are synchronized

shipboard system

a system designed to work as a coherent entity on board a naval ship

solar thermal system

a system that converts sunlight into heat

sprinkler system

a system for extinguishing fires; water from a network of overhead pipes is released through nozzles that open automatically with the rise in temperature

synchromesh

an automotive system for shifting gears in which the gears revolve at the same speed and so shift smoothly

anti-submarine rocket

a shipboard system to fire rockets at submarines

backup system

a computer system for making backups

basic point defense missile system

a shipboard missile system

closed loop, closed-loop system

a control system with a feedback loop that is active

computer network

(computer science) a network of computers

early warning system

a network of radar installations designed to detect enemy missiles or aircraft while there is still time to intercept them

firewall

(computing) a security system consisting of a combination of hardware and software that limits the exposure of a computer or computer network to attack from crackers; commonly used on local area networks that are connected to the internet

fuel injection, fuel injection system

mechanical system to inject atomized fuel directly into the cylinders of an internal-combustion engine; avoids the need for a carburetor

GPS, Global Positioning System

a navigational system involving satellites and computers that can determine the latitude and longitude of a receiver on Earth by computing the time difference for signals from different satellites to reach the receiver

ground control

a communication system for sending continuous radio messages to an airplane pilot who is making a ground-controlled approach to landing

intercom, intercommunication system

a communication system linking different rooms within a building or ship etc

JDAM, Joint Direct Attack Munition

a pinpoint bomb guidance device that can be strapped to a gravity bomb thus converting dumb bombs into smart bombs

linkage

a mechanical system of rods or springs or pivots that transmits power or motion

force feed, force-feed lubricating system, lubricating system, pressure feed, pressure-feed lubricating system

mechanical system of lubricating internal combustion engines in which a pump forces oil into the engine bearings

naval tactical data system

a shipboard system for collecting and displaying tactical data

omnidirectional radio range, omnidirectional range, omnirange

a navigational system consisting of a network of radio beacons that provide aircraft with information about exact position and bearing

platform

the combination of a particular computer and a particular operating system

assembly line, line, production line

mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it

P.A., P.A. system, PA, PA system, public address system

an electronic amplification system used as a communication system in public areas

radio, wireless

a communication system based on broadcasting electromagnetic waves

link, radio link

a two-way radio communication system (usually microwave); part of a more extensive telecommunication network

recording system

audio system for recoding sound

reproducer

an audio system that can reproduce and amplify signals to produce sound

reseau

a network of fine lines used by astronomers as a reference for measurements on star photographs

crosshairs, graticule, reticle, reticule

a network of fine lines, dots, cross hairs, or wires in the focal plane of the eyepiece of an optical instrument

reticulation

an arrangement resembling a net or network

servo, servomechanism, servosystem

control system that converts a small mechanical motion into one requiring much greater power; may include a negative feedback system

ship-towed long-range acoustic detection system

a shipboard system consisting of an acoustic detection system that is towed behind the ship

information superhighway, superhighway

an extensive electronic network (such as the internet) used for the rapid transfer of sound and video and graphics in digital form

surface-to-air missile system

the shipboard system that fires missiles at aircraft

suspension, suspension system

a mechanical system of springs or shock absorbers connecting the wheels and axles to the chassis of a wheeled vehicle

target acquisition system

a shipboard system for the detection and identification and location of a target with enough detail to permit effective weapon employment

telecom equipment, telecom system, telecommunication equipment, telecommunication system

a communication system for communicating at a distance

phone system, telephone system

a communication system that transmits sound between distant points

ventilating system, ventilation, ventilation system

a mechanical system in a building that provides fresh air

Источник

English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Partly borrowed from Middle French sisteme, systeme, partly directly from its etymon Late Latin systēma (“harmony; musical scale; set of celestial objects; set of troops; system”), from Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma, “musical scale; organized body; whole made of several parts or members”), from σῠνίστημῐ (sunístēmi, “to combine, organize”) + -μᾰ (-ma, resultative suffix). σῠνίστημῐ is from σῠν- (sun-, “with, together”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “to stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”).^[1]

Cognate with Dutch systeem, modern French système, German System, Italian sistema, Portuguese sistema, Spanish sistema.

Pronunciation[edit]

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈsɪstəm/
(General American) enPR: sĭsʹtəm, IPA^(key): /ˈsɪstəm/
Rhymes: -ɪstəm
Hyphenation: sys‧tem

Noun[edit]

system (plural systems)

A collection of organized things; a whole composed of relationships among its members. [from early 17th c.]

Synonyms: arrangement, complex, composition, organization, set up, structure

There are eight planets in the solar system.
- 1838 (date written), L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter IX, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […], published 1842, →OCLC, page 112:
  
  Every age has its characteristic, and our present one is not behind its predecessors in that respect; it is the age of systems, every system enforced by a treatise. The politician who opposes the corn-laws and advocates free trade, does so on a system, which, as soon as it begins to work, will set the civilized world to rights.
- [1848], J[ames] A[lexander] Hamilton, “Stave”, in A New Musical Grammar, in Three Parts: viz. Notation; Harmony and Counterpoint; Rhythm or Melody, 4th edition, London: Published only by Robert Cocks and Co. […]; sold also by Messrs. Simpkin, Marshall, and Co. […], →OCLC, part I (Notation), page 23:
  
  The bass and treble clefs combined, include all the sounds belonging to our musical system, as they appear on a 6½-octave pianoforte, extending from C C C in the bass to F in altissimo.
- 2013 May–June, Charles T. Ambrose, “Alzheimer’s Disease: The Great Morbidity of the 21st Century”, in American Scientist‎^[1], volume 101, number 3, archived from the original on 24 April 2013, page 200:
  
  Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems—surgical foam, a thermal gel depot, a microcapsule or biodegradable polymer beads.
1. (derogatory) Preceded by the word the: the mainstream culture, controlled by the elites or government of a state, or a combination of them, seen as oppressive to the individual.
  - 1919, Vance Marshall, Jail From Within, page 20:
    
    Some had already been incarcerated for several months awaiting trial, and some were being returned to their cells at Long Bay to wait several months longer ere they would have an` opportunity of disproving the allegations against them. Such mockery of justice is allowed by the all-powerful «system«.
  - 1986, Madonna; Stephen Bray; Patrick Leonard (lyrics and music), “Where’s the Party”, in True Blue, performed by Madonna:
    
    Don’t want to grow old too fast / Don’t want to let the system get me down / I’ve got to find a way to make the good times last / And if you’ll show me how, I’m ready now
2. (computing) A set of hardware and software operating in a computer.
  - 2019 February 3, “UN Study: China, US, Japan Lead World AI Development”, in Voice of America‎^[2], archived from the original on 7 February 2019:
    
    WIPO [the World Intellectual Property Organization] reported that China had 17 of the top 20 academic organizations filing for AI-related patents. It noted China was especially strong in the fast-growing area of «deep learning.» This is a machine learning method that includes speech and facial recognition systems.
3. (mathematics) A set of equations involving the same variables, which are to be solved simultaneously.
  - 2017, Ken Levasseur; Al Doerr, “More Matrix Algebra”, in Applied Discrete Structures – Part 2: Algebraic Structures: Version 3.3, [Morrisville, N.C.]: Lulu.com, →ISBN, section 12.1.1 (Solutions), page 59:
    
    The method of solving systems of equations by matrices that we will look at is based on procedures involving equations that we are familiar with from previous mathematics courses. The main idea is to reduce a given system of equations to another simpler system that has the same solutions.
4. (music) A set of staves linked by a brace that indicate instruments or sounds that are to be played simultaneously.
  - 2015, Meinhard Müller, “Music Representations”, in Fundamentals of Music Processing: Audio, Analysis, Algorithms, Applications, Cham, Switzerland; Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing, →DOI, →ISBN, section 1.1.2 (Western Music Notation), page 8:
    
    To notate music that is played on a piano or is played by different musicians on various instruments, one often uses several staves to notate the various musical voices. A single vertical line drawn to the left of multiple staves creates a staff system, which indicates that the music on all staves is to be played simultaneously. A bracket is an additional vertically aligned symbol joining staves. This symbol shows groupings of instruments that function as a unit, such as the string section of an orchestra […].
5. (physiology) A set of body organs having a particular function.
  
  the digestive system the nervous system
  - 1995, Terence J. Dawson, “Living in the Environment – Feeding”, in Kangaroos: Biology of the Largest Marsupials, Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, published 1998, →ISBN, page 102:
    
    Animals have evolved a variety of digestive systems to utilise fibre. The kangaroos have evolved a digestive system that has much in common with those found in ruminant mammals from other continents, but there are also unique features.
6. (psychiatry) A set of alters, or the multiple (“the individual with multiple personalities due to, for example, a dissociative personality disorder”) who contains them.
  - 2017, “A New Therapist”, in Patricia Frankish and Valerie Sinason, editors, Holistic Therapy for People with Dissociative Identity Disorder, London: Karnac Books, →ISBN, page 79:
    
    Rosie’s courage allowed her to engage with me quickly and soon provided reassurance to others in the system that I was safe and non-abusive. Soon after, a number of other alters made themselves known to me. […] I was initially very worried that I would offend the system by missing when switches occurred, or even misidentify who was present with me.
  - For more quotations using this term, see Citations:system.
7. (astronomy) A planetary system; a set of planets orbiting a star or star system
  - 2012, BioWare, Mass Effect 3 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Yukawa, Euler system:
    
    Yukawa is a small rock planet with a thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide. After a labor dispute with companies shipping metallic asteroids to the nearby Arcturus system, Yukawa’s iron core and blanket of hematite were briefly mined to aid in the construction of Arcturus Station.
8. (philosophy) A comprehensive and logically organized set of propositions or philosophical beliefs.
  - 2019, David McIlwain, Michael Oakeshott and Leo Strauss: The Politics of Renaissance and Enlightenment, →ISBN, page 131, note 5:
    
    In the footnote attached to this statement Rosen refers to the “hypnotic” quality of Kojève’s system.
9. (role-playing games) A set of rules for a tabletop roleplaying game.
A method or way of organizing or planning.

Followers should have a system to follow that works in their interests, not against them.
- 1749, Henry Fielding, “In which Fortune Seems to have been in a Better Humour with ’’Jones’’ than We have hitherto Seen Her”, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume IV, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book VIII, page 253:
  
  But ſo Matters fell out, and ſo I muſt relate them; and if any Reader is ſhocked at their appearing unnatural, I cannot help it. I must remind ſuch Persons, that I am not writing a Syſtem, but a Hiſtory, and I am not obliged to reconcile every Matter to the received Notions concerning Truth and Nature.
- 1915, G[eorge] A. Birmingham [pseudonym; James Owen Hannay], chapter I, in Gossamer, New York, N.Y.: George H. Doran Company, →OCLC, pages 13–14:
  
  As a political system democracy seems to me extraordinarily foolish, but I would not go out of my way to protest against it. My servant is, so far as I am concerned, welcome to as many votes as he can get. I would very gladly make mine over to him if I could.
- 2012 March–April, John T[homas] Jost, “Social Justice: Is It in Our Nature (and Our Future)?”, in American Scientist‎^[3], volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 21 June 2017, page 162:
  
  He draws eclectically on studies of baboons, descriptive anthropological accounts of hunter-gatherer societies and, in a few cases, the fossil record. With this biological framework in place, [Peter] Corning endeavors to show that the capitalist system as currently practiced in the United States and elsewhere is manifestly unfair.

Usage notes[edit]

In attributive use, especially relating to computer systems, the plural is more common than the singular; one normally speaks of a systems engineer and not a system engineer.

Hyponyms[edit]

absolute system
Abt system
alarm system
apothecaries’ system
aqueferous system
Ardois system
automatic leveling system
Bayer system
belief system
Bertillon system
Bessey system
Bethesda system
binary system
biological system
block system
brigade system
Caland system
cardiovascular system
Chautauqua system
circulatory system
climate system
closed system
complex adaptive system
complex system
computer system
conceptual system
contract system
coordinate system
Copernican system
Crofton system
Cronquist system
crystalsistem
cultural system
cyber-physical system
decimal system
dynamical system
economic system
ecosystem
embedded system
ethical system
exhaust system
expert system
filing system
fire system
fly system
formal system
Ganz system
Ghent system
global positioning system
Havesian system
Hennebique system
hire system
honor system
hyperbolic navigation system
imperial system
information system
inquisitorial system
intelligent transportation system
inverse system
isolated system
issue tracking system
legacy stsem
legal system
linear system
logical system
management system
metric system
moral system
multi-agent system
nervous system
nominal type system
open system
operating system
padrino system
Palladius system
physical system
piece system
platoon system
political system
proof system
prototype-based system
Ptolemaic system
purchase system
Pygathorean system
Reed-Kellogg system
ring system
Schillinger system
sealed system
security system
sensory system
Simon system
social system
sociotechnical system
Solar System
space power system
squeaky wheel system
staff system
Steiner system
subsystem
Swiss system
taxonomic system
travel system
type system
value system
warden system
Westminster system
writing system
X0 system
XX-XY system
XY system
ZW system
ZZ-ZW system

Derived terms[edit]

agrisystem
agrosystem
biosystem
chronosystem
cistem
cryosystem
cryptosystem
cyclosystem
deposystem
ecosystem
eigensystem
exosystem
geosystem
heterosystem
hydrosystem
immunosystem
infosystem
intrasystem
macrosystem
mesosystem
metasystem
microsystem
multisystem
neurosystem
nonsystem
pathosystem
photosystem
polysystem
servosystem
shitstem
solsystem
subsystem
supersystem
sys
system-wide, systemwide
systematic
systematisation, systematization
systematise, systematize
systemic
systemical
systemin
systemization
systemless
systemness
systempunkt
systemwise
tribosystem

[edit]

gaming the system
out of one’s system
sociotechnical system theory
system dynamics
system pull
systems art
systems biology
systems categories
systems ecology
systems engineering
systems of measurement
systems science
systems theory

Descendants[edit]

→ Japanese: システム (shisutemu)

Translations[edit]

collection of organized things; whole composed of relationships among its members

Albanian: sistem (sq) m
Arabic: نِظَام‎ (ar) m (niẓām), جِهَاز‎ m (jihāz) (anatomy)

Egyptian Arabic: نظام‎ m (neẓām), سيستم‎ m (sestem)
Armenian: համակարգ (hy) (hamakarg)
Asturian: sistema m
Azerbaijani: sistem (az)
Belarusian: сістэ́ма f (sistéma)
Bengali: সিস্টেম (śiśṭem), রীতি (bn) (riti), পদ্ধতি (bn) (poddhoti)
Bulgarian: систе́ма (bg) f (sistéma)
Burmese: နည်း (my) (nany:), စနစ် (my) (ca.nac)
Catalan: sistema (ca) m
Cebuano: pamaagi
Chinese:

Cantonese: 系統／系统 (hai⁶ tung²), 體系／体系 (tai² hai⁶)

Mandarin: 系統／系统 (zh) (xìtǒng), 制度 (zh) (zhìdù), 體系／体系 (zh) (tǐxì)
Czech: systém (cs) m, soustava (cs) f
Danish: system (da) n
Dutch: systeem (nl) n, stelsel (nl) n
Esperanto: sistemo, komplekso
Estonian: menetlus, süsteem (et)
Finnish: järjestelmä (fi)
French: système (fr) m
Galician: sistema (gl) m
Georgian: სისტემა (sisṭema)
German: System (de) n, Ordnung (de) f, Verbund (de) m
Greek: σύστημα (el) n (sýstima)

Ancient: σύστημα n (sústēma)
Hebrew: שִׁיטָה‎ (he) f (shitá)
Higaonon: pamaagi
Hindi: रीति (hi) (rīti), क्रम (hi) (kram), सारणी (hi) (sārṇī), सिस्टम m (sisṭam), प्रणाली (hi) f (praṇālī), तरीक़ा (hi) m (tarīqā) (method), सिरिश्ता (hi) m (siriśtā), निजाम (hi) m (nijām)
Hungarian: rendszer (hu), szisztéma (hu)
Icelandic: kerfi (is) n
Ido: sistemo (io)
Indonesian: sistem (id)
Interlingua: systema
Irish: córas m
Italian: sistema (it) m
Japanese: 系統 (ja) (けいとう, keitō), 系 (ja) (けい, kei), 制度 (ja) (せいど, seido), 体系 (ja) (たいけい, taikei)
Kazakh: жүйе (jüie)
Khmer: ប្រព័ន្ធ (km) (prɑpŏən)
Korean: 체계(體系) (ko) (chegye), 제도(制度) (ko) (jedo), 계통(系統) (ko) (gyetong)
Kyrgyz: система (ky) (sistema), тутум (tutum)
Lao: ລະບົບ (lo) (la bop)
Latin: systēma (la) f
Latvian: sistēma f
Lithuanian: sistema (lt) f
Macedonian: систем m (sistem)
Malay: sistem (ms)
Maltese: sistema
Maori: pūnaha
Mongolian:

Cyrillic: журам (mn) (žuram)
Norwegian:

Bokmål: system (no) n

Nynorsk: system n
Occitan: sistèma (oc) m
Oromo: sirna
Persian: سیستم‎ (fa) (sistem), منظومه‎ (fa) (manzume), سامانه‎ (fa) (sâmâne)
Polish: układ (pl) f, system (pl) m
Portuguese: sistema (pt) m
Romanian: sistem (ro) n
Russian: систе́ма (ru) f (sistéma)
Sanskrit: व्यवस्थ m (vyavastha), क्रम (sa) m (krama)
Scots: seestem
Scottish Gaelic: siostam m
Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: су́став m, сѝсте̄м m

Roman: sústav (sh) m, sìstēm (sh) m
Sindhi: سِرِشتو‎ (sd) m (sirishtow)
Slovak: systém m, sústava f
Slovene: sistem m
Spanish: sistema (es) m
Swabian: Sischdem
Swahili: mfumo (sw)
Swedish: system (sv) n
Tagalog: sistema (tl), kaayusan
Tajik: систем (sistem)
Telugu: వ్యవస్థ (te) ? (vyavastha)
Thai: ระบบ (th) (rá-bòp)
Turkish: usul (tr), sistem (tr), düzen (tr)
Turkmen: sistema
Ukrainian: систе́ма (uk) f (systéma)
Urdu: نظام‎ m (nizām)
Uyghur: سىستېما‎ (sistëma)
Uzbek: tizim (uz), sistema (uz)
Vietnamese: hệ thống (vi) (系統)
Volapük: sitot (vo)
Welsh: system (cy) m or f
Yiddish: סיסטעם‎ f (sistem)

(music) set of staves indicating instruments or sounds to be played simultaneously

Chinese:

Mandarin: 譜表組／谱表组 (pǔbiǎozǔ)
Finnish: viivastoryhmä
German: Akkolade (de) f

(physiology) set of body organs having a particular function

Chinese:

Mandarin: 系統／系统 (zh) (xìtǒng)
Finnish: elimistö (fi)
French: système (fr)
Hungarian: szervrendszer (hu)
Italian: sistema (it)
Japanese: 器系 (きけい, kikei)
Kazakh: жүйе (jüie)
Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: koendam f
Malay: sistem (ms)
Portuguese: sistema (pt) m
Russian: систе́ма (ru) f (sistéma)
Spanish: sistema (es)

References[edit]

^ “system, n.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, June 2015; “system”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

Anagrams[edit]

stymes

Danish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From late Latin systēma, from Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma, “organised whole, body”), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “I stand”).

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /systeːm/, [syˈsd̥eːˀm]

Noun[edit]

system n (singular definite systemet, plural indefinite systemer)

system

Declension[edit]

References[edit]

“system” in Den Danske Ordbog

French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From English system.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /sis.tɛm/
Homophone: système

Noun[edit]

system m (plural systems)

Word used in star system

Norwegian Bokmål[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma).

Noun[edit]

system n (definite singular systemet, indefinite plural system or systemer, definite plural systema or systemene)

a system

Derived terms[edit]

Terms derived from system

References[edit]

“system” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma).

Noun[edit]

system n (definite singular systemet, indefinite plural system, definite plural systema)

a system

Derived terms[edit]

Terms derived from system

References[edit]

“system” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Polish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from French système, from Late Latin systēma, from Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma).

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈsɨs.tɛm/
Rhymes: -ɨstɛm
Syllabification: sys‧tem

Noun[edit]

system m inan

system (collection of organized things; whole composed of relationships among its members)

Synonym: układ

Declension[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

systemowy

[edit]

systematyczny

systematycznie
systemowo

systematyczność

Swedish[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

system n

a system, a way or method of organizing items and knowledge
a computer system (primarily its hardware)
a system of restricted sales of alcohol, including state-owned monopoly shops

Declension[edit]

Declension of system
	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	system	systemet	system	systemen
Genitive	systems	systemets	systems	systemens

Derived terms[edit]

datorsystem
ekosystem
Göteborgssystem
koordinatsystem
operativsystem
Stockholmssystem
sexualsystem
systemanalys
systemanrop
systematik
systematiker
systematisera
systematisering
systematisk
systembildning
systembolag
systembutik
systembyggande
systembyggnad
systemenhet
systemera
systemerare
systemering
systemfel
systemförvaltning
systemkamera
systemkasse
systemkritik
systemkritiker
systemkritisk
systemleverantör
systemlös
systemlösning
systemman
systemprogram
systemprogrammering
systempåse
systemskifte
systemteknik
systemtippning
systemtips
systemutveckling
tipssystem

References[edit]

system in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)

Anagrams[edit]

mysets

Welsh[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

sustem

Etymology[edit]

From English system.

Pronunciation[edit]

(North Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈsɨ̞sdɛm/, [ˈsɨ̞stɛm]
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈsɪsdɛm/, [ˈsɪstɛm]

Usage notes[edit]

Being a word borrowed from English derived from Greek, the y in system is pronounced /ɨ̞, ɪ/ rather than expected /ə/. To preserve consistency between pronunciation and spelling, some prefer to spell this word sustem. Nevertheless, system is the more common spelling of the two. See pyramid/puramid, symbol/sumbol, synthesis/sunthesis for similar examples.

Noun[edit]

system f (plural systemau, not mutable)

system

Synonym: cyfundrefn

Derived terms[edit]

systematig (“systematic”)

sys·tem

(sĭs′təm)

1. A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole, especially:

a. An organism as a whole, especially with regard to its vital processes or functions: The animal’s entire system seems to be affected by the disease.

b. A group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts: the excretory system; a root system.

c. A group of interacting mechanical or electrical components: the building’s heating system.

d. A network of structures and channels, as for communication, travel, or distribution: a highway system.

e. A network of related computer software, hardware, and data transmission devices.

a. An organized set of interrelated ideas or principles: Kant’s philosophical system.

b. A social, economic, or political organizational form: the feudal system.

a. An arrangement or configuration of classification or measurement: the taxonomic system; the metric system.

b. An organized and coordinated method; a procedure: We have an efficient system for processing returned merchandise. See Synonyms at method.

a. A naturally occurring group of objects or phenomena: a cave system; a weather system.

b. Geology A set of rock strata grouped by geologic time period and divided into series.

5. Harmonious interaction or order: a restaurant kitchen that was completely without system.

6. The prevailing social order; the establishment. Used with the: You can’t beat the system.

[Late Latin systēma, systēmat-, from Greek sustēma, from sunistanai, to combine : sun-, syn- + histanai, set up, establish; see stā- in Indo-European roots.]

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

system

(ˈsɪstəm)

1. a group or combination of interrelated, interdependent, or interacting elements forming a collective entity; a methodical or coordinated assemblage of parts, facts, concepts, etc: a system of currency; the Copernican system.

2. any scheme of classification or arrangement: a chronological system.

3. a network of communications, transportation, or distribution

4. a method or complex of methods: he has a perfect system at roulette.

5. orderliness; an ordered manner

6. (Sociology) the system (often capital) society seen as an environment exploiting, restricting, and repressing individuals

7. (Physiology) an organism considered as a functioning entity

8. (Physiology) any of various bodily parts or structures that are anatomically or physiologically related: the digestive system.

9. one’s physiological or psychological constitution: get it out of your system.

10. (Electronics) any assembly of electronic, electrical, or mechanical components with interdependent functions, usually forming a self-contained unit: a brake system.

11. (Astronomy) a group of celestial bodies that are associated as a result of natural laws, esp gravitational attraction: the solar system.

12. (Chemistry) chem a sample of matter in which there are one or more substances in one or more phases. See also phase rule

13. a point of view or doctrine used to interpret a branch of knowledge

14. (Minerals) mineralogy one of a group of divisions into which crystals may be placed on the basis of the lengths and inclinations of their axes. Also called: crystal system

15. (Geological Science) geology a stratigraphical unit for the rock strata formed during a period of geological time. It can be subdivided into series

[C17: from French système, from Late Latin systēma, from Greek sustēma, from syn- + histanai to cause to stand]

ˈsystemless adj

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014

sys•tem

(ˈsɪs təm)

1. an assemblage or combination of things or parts forming a complex or unitary whole.

2. any assemblage or set of correlated members.

3. an ordered and comprehensive assemblage of facts, principles, doctrines, or the like in a particular field.

4. a coordinated body of methods or a scheme or plan of procedure; organizational scheme: a system of government.

5. any formulated, regular, or special method or plan of procedure.

a. an assemblage of organs or related tissues concerned with the same function: the digestive system.

b. the entire human or animal body considered as a functioning unit: an ingredient toxic to the system.

a. a number of heavenly bodies associated and acting together according to certain natural laws, as the solar system.

b. a hypothesis or theory of the characteristics of heavenly bodies by which their phenomena, motions, changes, etc., are explained: the Copernican system.

8. one’s psychological makeup, esp. with reference to desires or preoccupations: to get something out of one’s system.

9. a method or scheme of classification: the Linnaean system.

10. (sometimes cap.) the prevailing structure or organization of society, business, or politics or of society in general; establishment (usu. prec. by the): to work within the system.

11. a major division of rocks comprising sedimentary deposits and igneous masses formed during a single geologic period.

12. Physical Chem. a combination of two or more phases, each of which consists of one or more substances, that is attaining or is in equilibrium.

13. a working combination of computer hardware, software, and data communications devices.

[1610–20; < Late Latin systēma < Greek sýstēma=systē-, variant s. of synistánai to combine, organize (syn- syn- + histánai to stand) + -ma, n. suffix of result]

sys·tem

(sĭs′təm)

A group of elements or parts that function together to form a complex whole. For example, the bones, joints, and other structures making up the skeleton of an animal form its skeletal system. A weather system is made up of the different masses of warmer and cooler air that are present in a region, along with any winds, clouds, and rain or snow that they produce.

The American Heritage® Student Science Dictionary, Second Edition. Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

System

an assembly of things arranged in a series that conforms to a plan.

Examples: system of beacons, 1868; of botany; of communications; of deceit, 1781; of iniquity, 1663; of logic, 1699; of philosophy; of railways; of rocks, 1830; of truths, 1845; of telegraph wires, 1855.

system

1. The rocks formed during a geological period.

2. A group of organs that function together to perform specific functions, e.g. the digestive system.

ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:

Noun	1.	system — instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; «he bought a new stereo system»; «the system consists of a motor and a small computer» audio system, sound system — a system of electronic equipment for recording or reproducing sound communication system — a system for communicating ADP system, ADPS, automatic data processing system, computer system, computing system — a system of one or more computers and associated software with common storage containment — (physics) a system designed to prevent the accidental release of radioactive material from a reactor control system — a system for controlling the operation of another system data system, information system — system consisting of the network of all communication channels used within an organization drainage system — a system of watercourses or drains for carrying off excess water exhaust system, exhaust — system consisting of the parts of an engine through which burned gases or steam are discharged EDS, explosive detection system — a rapid automatic system to detect plastic explosives in passengers’ luggage using X-ray technology and computers; designed for use in airports ETD, explosive trace detection — a system for screening luggage in airports; an agent passes a swab around or inside luggage and then runs the swab through a machine that can detect trace amounts of explosives guidance device, guidance system — a system of equipment for automatically guiding the path of a vehicle (especially a missile) assemblage, hookup — a system of components assembled together for a particular purpose inertial guidance system, inertial navigation system — a system to control a plane or spacecraft; uses inertial forces infrastructure, substructure — the basic structure or features of a system or organization instrumentation, instrumentality — an artifact (or system of artifacts) that is instrumental in accomplishing some end lockage — a system of locks in a canal or waterway labyrinth, maze — complex system of paths or tunnels in which it is easy to get lost mechanical system — a system of elements that interact on mechanical principles module — a self-contained component (unit or item) that is used in combination with other components navigational system — a system that provides information useful in determining the position and course of a ship or aircraft electronic network, network — (electronics) a system of interconnected electronic components or circuits network — a system of intersecting lines or channels; «a railroad network»; «a network of canals» propulsion system — a system that provides a propelling or driving force resonator — any system that resonates scaffolding, staging — a system of scaffolds security system — (computing) a system that enforces boundaries between computer networks selsyn, synchro — a system consisting of a generator and a motor so connected that the motor will assume the same relative position as the generator; the generator and the motor are synchronized shipboard system — a system designed to work as a coherent entity on board a naval ship solar thermal system — a system that converts sunlight into heat sprinkler system — a system for extinguishing fires; water from a network of overhead pipes is released through nozzles that open automatically with the rise in temperature synchromesh — an automotive system for shifting gears in which the gears revolve at the same speed and so shift smoothly
	2.	system — a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; «a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going» scheme group, grouping — any number of entities (members) considered as a unit language system — a system of linguistic units or elements used in a particular language judicatory, judicial system, judiciary, judicature — the system of law courts that administer justice and constitute the judicial branch of government economic system, economy — the system of production and distribution and consumption ecosystem — a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment hierarchy — a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system; «put honesty first in her hierarchy of values» social organisation, social organization, social structure, social system, structure — the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships; «the social organization of England and America is very different»; «sociologists have studied the changing structure of the family» dragnet — a system of coordinated measures for apprehending (criminals or other individuals); «caught in the police dragnet» machinery — a system of means and activities whereby a social institution functions; «the complex machinery of negotiation»; «the machinery of command labored and brought forth an order» network, web — an interconnected system of things or people; «he owned a network of shops»; «retirement meant dropping out of a whole network of people who had been part of my life»; «tangled in a web of cloth» nonlinear system — a system whose performance cannot be described by equations of the first degree subsystem — a system that is part of some larger system organism — a system considered analogous in structure or function to a living body; «the social organism» syntax — a systematic orderly arrangement body — a collection of particulars considered as a system; «a body of law»; «a body of doctrine»; «a body of precedents» shebang — an entire system; used in the phrase `the whole shebang’ solar system — the sun with the celestial bodies that revolve around it in its gravitational field water system — a river and all of its tributaries root system, rootage — a developed system of roots
	3.	system — (physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; «in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface»; «a system generating hydrogen peroxide» matter — that which has mass and occupies space; «physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it» physical chemistry — the branch of chemistry dealing with the physical properties of chemical substances
	4.	system — a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; «they have to operate under a system they oppose»; «that language has a complex system for indicating gender» system of rules method — a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps) accounting — a system that provides quantitative information about finances discipline — a system of rules of conduct or method of practice; «he quickly learned the discipline of prison routine»; «for such a plan to work requires discipline»; frame of reference, frame — a system of assumptions and standards that sanction behavior and give it meaning gambling system — a system of rules for placing bets that is believed to lead to winning; «he has a perfect gambling system at roulette» government — (government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed; «tyrannical government» honor system — a system of conduct in which participants are trusted not to take unfair advantage of others; «the students are on the honor system» logical system, system of logic, logic — a system of reasoning merit system — the system of employing and promoting civil servants on the basis of ability point system — a system of evaluation based on awarding points according to rules spoils system — the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power organon — a system of principles for philosophic or scientific investigations; an instrument for acquiring knowledge program, programme — a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need; «he proposed an elaborate program of public works»; «working mothers rely on the day care program» theosophy — a system of belief based on mystical insight into the nature of God and the soul anthroposophy — a system of beliefs and practices based on the philosophy of Rudolf Steiner; it claims to integrate the practical and psychological in child-centered education logic — the system of operations performed by a computer that underlies the machine’s representation of logical operations theological system, theology — a particular system or school of religious beliefs and teachings; «Jewish theology»; «Roman Catholic theology» ethical code, ethic — a system of principles governing morality and acceptable conduct
	5.	system — an organized structure for arranging or classifying; «he changed the arrangement of the topics»; «the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original»; «he tried to understand their system of classification» organization, arrangement, organisation structure — the complex composition of knowledge as elements and their combinations; «his lectures have no structure» classification system — a system for classifying things contrivance — an artificial or unnatural or obviously contrived arrangement of details or parts etc.; «the plot contained too many improbable contrivances to be believable» coordinate system, frame of reference, reference frame, reference system — a system that uses coordinates to establish position data structure — (computer science) the organization of data (and its storage allocations in a computer) design, plan — an arrangement scheme; «the awkward design of the keyboard made operation difficult»; «it was an excellent design for living»; «a plan for seating guests» distribution, statistical distribution — (statistics) an arrangement of values of a variable showing their observed or theoretical frequency of occurrence genetic map — graphical representation of the arrangement of genes on a chromosome kinship system — (anthropology) the system of social relationships that constitute kinship in a particular culture, including the terminology that is used and the reciprocal obligations that are entailed lattice — an arrangement of points or particles or objects in a regular periodic pattern in 2 or 3 dimensions living arrangement — an arrangement to allow people (or ideas) to coexist ontology — (computer science) a rigorous and exhaustive organization of some knowledge domain that is usually hierarchical and contains all the relevant entities and their relations calendar — a system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year
	6.	system — a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; «the body has a system of organs for digestion» body part — any part of an organism such as an organ or extremity articulatory system — the system of joints in the body digestive system, gastrointestinal system, systema alimentarium, systema digestorium — the system that makes food absorbable into the body endocrine system — the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity venous blood system, venation — (zoology) the system of venous blood vessels in an animal immune system — a system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response integumentary system — the skin and its appendages RES, reticuloendothelial system — a widely distributed system consisting of all the cells able to ingest bacteria or colloidal particles etc, except for certain white blood cells mononuclear phagocyte system, MPS, system of macrophages — a widely distributed system of free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow muscle system, muscular structure, musculature — the muscular system of an organism musculoskeletal system — the system of muscles and tendons and ligaments and bones and joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form nervous system, systema nervosum — the sensory and control apparatus consisting of a network of nerve cells central nervous system, CNS, systema nervosum centrale — the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system, systema nervosum periphericum — the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord genital system, reproductive system — organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring apparatus urogenitalis, genitourinary apparatus, genitourinary system, systema urogenitale, urinary apparatus, urinary system, urogenital apparatus, urogenital system — the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine respiratory system, systema respiratorium — the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide; in terrestrial animals this is accomplished by breathing sensory system — the body’s system of sense organs tract — a system of body parts that together serve some particular purpose vascular system — the vessels and tissue that carry or circulate fluids such as blood or lymph or sap through the body of an animal or plant skeletal system, systema skeletale, skeleton, frame — the hard structure (bones and cartilages) that provides a frame for the body of an animal
	7.	system — a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; «they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation» plan of action — a plan for actively doing something credit system — a system for allowing people to purchase things on credit legal system — a system for interpreting and enforcing the laws pricing system — a system for setting prices on goods or services promotion system — a system for advancing participants to higher-status positions
	8.	system — the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; «exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system» live body — the body of a living animal or person
	9.	system — an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized; «his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality»; «we can’t do it unless we establish some system around here» organisation, organization methodicalness, orderliness — the quality of appreciating method and system

system

noun

3. method, practice, technique, procedure, routine, theory, usage, methodology, frame of reference, modus operandi, fixed order the decimal system of metric weights and measures

4. establishment, the authorities, established order, the system, ruling class, the powers that be, institutionalized authority He wants to be a tough rebel who bucks the system.

Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002

system

noun

1. An organized array of individual elements and parts forming and working as a unit:

2. A usually large entity composed of interconnected parts:

3. Systematic arrangement and design:

4. The approach used to do something:

Translations

خُطَّه، أسْلوب، طَريقَهمَنْهَج، أسْلوبنِظَامنِظام الجِسِمنِظام، تَنْظيم، مَنْهَج

система

systémmetodaorganismussoustava

systemsytemkroppenmetodenet

sistemo

menetlussüsteem

سامانه

järjestelmäsysteemielimistö

sistemsustav

rendszer

sistem

aîferîkerfilíffærakerfiskipulag, kerfiskipuleg vinnubrögî

制度系組織的な方法

시스템

sistemasistemingaisistemingassisteminissistemiškai

sistēmatīklsmetodeorganismspaņēmiens

sistem

systém

sistemmetoda

sustav

system

kawaida

ระบบ

система

hệ thống

system

[ˈsɪstəm]

A. N

3. (Math, Sci) (= principles) → sistema m
binary/decimal/metric system → sistema m binario/decimal/métrico

8. the system (= the establishment) → el sistema
to beat the system → burlar el sistema

Collins Spanish Dictionary — Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005

system

[ˈsɪstəm]

modif (COMPUTING) [file] → système system requirements

system

→ System nt; new teaching systems → neue Lehrmethoden pl; the democratic system of government → das demokratische (Regierungs)system; the Pitman system of shorthand → die Kurzschriftmethode nach Pitman; system of references → Bezugs- or Referenzsystem nt

(= established authority) the system → das System; you can’t beat or buck the system → gegen das System kommst du or kommt man einfach nicht an

(Comput: = machine, operating system) → System nt; system disk → Systemdiskette f; system software → Systemsoftware f

system

system control

n (Comput etc) → Systemsteuerung f

system error

n (Comput) → Systemfehler m

system failure

n → Systemausfall m

system fault

n (Comput) → Systemfehler m

system file

n (Comput) → Systemdatei f

system

system information

n (Comput) → Systeminformationen pl

system menu

n (Comput) → Systemmenü nt

system policies

n (Comput) → Systemrichtlinien pl

system program

n (Comput) → Systemprogramm nt

Collins German Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 7th Edition 2005. © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1980 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2007

system

(ˈsistəm) noun

1. an arrangement of many parts that work together. a railway system; the solar system; the digestive system.

2. a person’s body. Take a walk every day – it’s good for the system!

3. a way of organizing something according to certain ideas, principles etc. a system of government/education.

4. a plan or method. What is your system for washing the dishes?

5. the quality of being efficient and methodical. Your work lacks system.

ˌsysteˈmatic (-ˈmӕtik) adjectiveˌsysteˈmatically adverb

system

→ نِظَام systém system System σύστημα sistema järjestelmä système sistem sistema 組織的な方法 시스템 systeem system system sistema система system ระบบ sistem hệ thống 系统

sys·tem

n. sistema, grupo de partes u órganos combinados que constituyen un conjunto que desempeña una o más funciones vitales en el organismo;

cardiovascular ___ → ___cardiovascular;

digestive ___ → ___ digestivo;

endocrine ___ → ___ endocrino;

genitourinary ___ → ___ genitourinario;

hematopoietic ___ → ___ hematopoyético;

immune ___ → ___ de inmunidad;

lymphatic ___ → ___ linfático;

nervous ___ → ___ nervioso;

osseous ___ → ___ óseo;

portal ___ → ___ portal;

reproductive ___ → ___ reproductivo;

respiratory ___ → ___ respiratorio;

reticuloendothelial ___ → ___ reticuloendotelial.

V. cuadro en la página 240.

There’s something wrong with the electrical system (US)
There is something wrong with the electrics (UK)

system

n sistema m; autonomic nervous — sistema nervioso autónomo; cardiovascular — sistema cardiovascular; central nervous — (CNS) sistema nervioso central (SNC); digestive — sistema digestivo; endocrine — sistema endocrino; immune — sistema inmunológico; metric — sistema métrico; musculoskeletal — sistema locomotor or musculoesquelético; parasympathetic nervous — sistema nervioso parasimpático; peripheral nervous — sistema nervioso periférico; reproductive — sistema reproductor or reproductivo; respiratory — sistema respiratorio; skeletal — sistema óseo or esquelético; sympathetic nervous — sistema nervioso simpático

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