Meaning of the word ownership

Ownership is the state or fact of legal possession and control over property, which may be any asset, tangible or intangible. Ownership can involve multiple rights, collectively referred to as title, which may be separated and held by different parties.

The process and mechanics of ownership are fairly complex: one can gain, transfer, and lose ownership of property in a number of ways. To acquire property one can purchase it with money, trade it for other property, win it in a bet, receive it as a gift, inherit it, find it, receive it as damages, earn it by doing work or performing services, make it, or homestead it. One can transfer or lose ownership of property by selling it for money, exchanging it for other property, giving it as a gift, misplacing it, or having it stripped from one’s ownership through legal means such as eviction, foreclosure, seizure, or taking. Ownership is self-propagating in that the owner of any property will also own the economic benefits of that property.

History[edit]

Over the millennia and across cultures, notions regarding what constitutes «property» and how it is treated culturally have varied widely. Ownership is the basis for many other concepts that form the foundations of ancient and modern societies such as money, trade, debt, bankruptcy, the criminality of theft, and private vs. public property. Ownership is the key building block in the development of the capitalist socio-economic system.^[1] Adam Smith stated that one of the sacred laws of justice was to guard a person’s property and possessions.^[2]

Types of owners[edit]

In person[edit]

Individuals may own property directly. In some societies only adult men may own property;^{[3][failed verification]} in other societies (such as the Haudenosaunee), property is matrilinear and passed on from mother to the offspring.^[4] In most societies both men and women can own property with no restrictions and limitations at all.^[5]

Structured ownership entities[edit]

Throughout history, nations (or governments) and religious organizations have owned property. These entities exist primarily for purposes other than to own or operate property; hence, they may have no clear rules regarding the disposition of their property.

To own and operate property, structures (often known today as legal entities) have been created in many societies throughout history. The differences in how they deal with members’ rights is a key factor in determining their type. Each type has advantages and disadvantages derived from their means of recognizing or disregarding (rewarding or not) contributions of financial capital or personal effort.

Cooperatives, corporations, trusts, partnerships, and condominium associations are only some of the many varied types of structured ownership; each type has many subtypes. Legal advantages or restrictions on various types of structured ownership have existed in many societies past and present. To govern how assets are to be used, shared, or treated, rules and regulations may be legally imposed or internally adopted or decreed.

Liability for the group or for others in the group[edit]

Ownership by definition does not necessarily imply a responsibility to others for actions regarding the property. A «legal shield» is said to exist if the entity’s legal liabilities do not get redistributed among the entity’s owners or members. An application of this, to limit ownership risks, is to form a new entity (such as a shell company) to purchase, own and operate each property. Since the entity is separate and distinct from others, if a problem occurs which leads to a massive liability, the individual is protected from losing more than the value of that one property. Many other properties are protected, when owned by other distinct entities.

In the loosest sense of group ownership, a lack of legal framework, rules and regulations may mean that group ownership of property places each member in a position of responsibility (liability) for the actions of every other member. A structured group duly constituted as an entity under law may still not protect members from being personally liable for each other’s actions. Court decisions against the entity itself may give rise to unlimited personal liability for each and every member. An example of this situation is a professional partnership (e.g. law practice) in some jurisdictions. Thus, being a partner or owner in a group may give little advantage in terms of share ownership while producing a lot of risk to the partner, owner or participant.

Sharing gains[edit]

At the end of each fiscal year, accounting rules determine a surplus or profit, which may be retained inside the entity or distributed among owners according to the initial setup intent when the entity was created. For public corporations, common shareholders have no right to receive any of the profit.

Entities with a member focus will give financial surplus back to members according to the volume of financial activity that the participating member generated for the entity. Examples of this are producer cooperatives, buyer cooperatives and participating whole life policyholders in both mutual and share-capital insurance companies.

Entities with shared voting rights that depend on financial capital distribute surplus among shareholders without regard to any other contribution to the entity. Depending on internal rules and regulations, certain classes of shares have the right to receive increases in financial «dividends» while other classes do not. After many years the increase over time is substantial if the business is profitable. Examples of this are common shares and preferred shares in private or publicly listed share capital corporations.

Entities with a focus on providing service in perpetuam do not distribute financial surplus; they must retain it. It will then serve as a cushion against losses or as a means to finance growth activities. Examples of this are not-for-profit entities: they are allowed to make profits, but are not permitted to give any of it back to members except by way of discounts in the future on new transactions.

Depending on the charter at the foundation of the entity, and depending on the legal framework under which the entity was created, the form of ownership is determined once and for all time. To change it requires significant work in terms of communicating with stakeholders (member-owners, governments, etc.) and acquiring their approval. Whatever structural constraints or disadvantages exist at the creation thus remain an integral part of the entity. Common in, for instance, New York City, Hamburg, and Berlin is a form of real estate ownership known as a cooperative (also co-operative or co-op, in German Wohnungsgenossenschaft – apartment co-operative, also «Wohnbaugenossenschaft» or simply «Baugenossenschaft«) which relies heavily on internal rules of operation instead of the legal framework governing condominium associations. These «co-ops», owning the building for the mutual benefit of its members, can ultimately perform most of the functions of a legally constituted condominium, i.e. restricting use appropriately and containing financial liabilities to within tolerable levels. To change their structure now that they are up and operating would require significant effort to achieve acceptance among members and various levels of government.

Sharing use[edit]

The owning entity makes rules governing use of property; each property may comprise areas that are made available to any and every member of the group to use. When the group is the entire nation, the same principle is in effect whether the property is small (e.g. picnic rest stops along highways) or large (such as national parks, highways, ports, and publicly owned buildings). Smaller examples of shared use include common areas such as lobbies, entrance hallways and passages to adjacent buildings.

One disadvantage of communal ownership, known as the Tragedy of the Commons, occurs where unlimited unrestricted and unregulated access to a resource (e.g. pasture land) destroys the resource because of over-exploitation. The benefits of exploitation accrue to individuals immediately, while the costs of policing or enforcing appropriate use, and the losses dues to over exploitation, are distributed among many, and are only visible to these gradually.

In a communist nation, the means of production of goods would be owned communally by all people of that nation; the original thinkers did not specify rules and regulations.

Ownership models[edit]

• State ownership: ownership of an industry, asset, or enterprise by the state or a public body representing a community as opposed to an individual or private party.
  • Public ownership: ownership and operation of an enterprise by a central government;^[6] also an ambiguous term that could refer to either social, partial state, or full state ownership.^[7]
• Private ownership: exclusive ownership of property by non-governmental legal entities.^[8]
  • Fractional ownership: ownership held in percentage shares of an expensive asset, sold to individual owners, who are charged fees for the asset’s management and variable use.
• Collective ownership: either joint ownership of an economic entity (e.g., a cooperative) or public ownership.^[9]
  • Cooperative ownership: ownership by the people who together operate and trade with an enterprise.^[10]
  • Common ownership non-exclusive ownership of property by everyone involuntarily.
• Property is also distinguished by whether it is movable (personal property)^[11][12] or immovable (immovable property and real property).
• Property can also be distinguished by whether or not it is owned with exclusive rights, such rights grant owners a monopoly to refuse ownership to non-owners.
• Concerning ownership of means of production and delineating which groups receive the direct profits, capitalism’s private ownership is distinguished from socialism’s social ownership.^[13]
• Ownership of resources can be distinguished as either as individual or communal, analogous to private or public in delineating who has rights of use.^[14]

Types of property[edit]

Personal property[edit]

Personal property is a type of property. In the common law systems personal property may also be called chattels. It is distinguished from real property, or real estate. In the civil law systems personal property is often called movable property or movables – any property that can be moved from one location or another. This term is used to distinguish property that different from immovable property or immovables, such as land and buildings. This also means the direct owner of the item(s) is in full control of them/it until either stolen, confiscated by law enforcement, or destroyed.

Personal property may be classified in a variety of ways, such as goods, money, negotiable instruments, securities, and intangible assets including choses in action.

Land ownership[edit]

Real estate or immovable property is a legal term (in some jurisdictions) that encompasses land along with anything permanently affixed to the land, such as buildings. Real estate (immovable property) is often considered synonymous with real property, in contrast from personal property (also sometimes called chattel or personalty). However, for technical purposes, some people prefer to distinguish real estate, referring to the land and fixtures themselves, from real property, referring to ownership rights over real estate. The terms real estate and real property are used primarily in common law, while civil law jurisdictions refer instead to immovable property.

In law, the word real means relating to a thing (from Latin reālis, ultimately from rēs, ‘matter’ or ‘thing’), as distinguished from a person. Thus the law broadly distinguishes between real property (land and anything affixed to it) and personal property (everything else, e.g., clothing, furniture, money). The conceptual difference is between immovable property, which would transfer title along with the land, and movable property, which a person would retain title to.

With the development of private property ownership, real estate has become a major area of business.

Corporations and legal entities[edit]

An individual or group of individuals can own shares in corporations and other legal entities, but do not necessarily own the entities themselves. A legal entity is a legal construct through which the law allows a group of natural persons to act as if it were an individual for certain purposes.

Some duly incorporated entities may not be owned by individuals nor by other entities; they exist without being owned once they are created. Not being owned, they cannot be bought and sold. Mutual life insurance companies, credit unions, foundations and cooperatives, not for profit organizations, and public corporations are examples of this. No person can purchase the company, as their ownership is not legally available for sale, neither as shares nor as a single whole.

Intellectual property[edit]

Intellectual property (IP) refers to a legal entitlement which sometimes attaches to the expressed form of an idea, or to some other intangible subject matter. This legal entitlement generally enables its holder to exercise exclusive rights of use in relation to the subject matter of the IP. The term intellectual property reflects the idea that this subject matter is the product of the mind or the intellect, and that IP rights may be protected at law in the same way as any other form of property.

Intellectual property laws confer a bundle of exclusive rights in relation to the particular form or manner in which ideas or information are expressed or manifested, and not in relation to the ideas or concepts themselves (see idea-expression divide). It is therefore important to note that the term «intellectual property» denotes the specific legal rights which authors, inventors and other IP holders may hold and exercise, and not the intellectual work itself.

Intellectual property laws are designed to protect different forms of intangible subject matter, although in some cases there is a degree of overlap.

• Copyright may subsist in creative and artistic works (e.g. books, movies, music, paintings, photographs and software), giving a copyright holder the exclusive right to control reproduction or adaptation of such works for a certain period of time.
• A patent may be granted in relation to an invention that is new, useful and not simply an obvious advancement over what existed when the application was filed. A patent gives the holder an exclusive right to commercially exploit the invention for a certain period of time (typically 20 years from the filing date of a patent application).
• A trademark is a distinctive sign which is used to distinguish the products or services of one business from those of another business.
• An industrial design right protects the form of appearance, style or design of an industrial object (e.g. spare parts, furniture or textiles).
• A trade secret (also known as «confidential information») is an item of confidential information concerning the commercial practices or proprietary knowledge of a business.

Patents, trademarks and designs fall into a particular subset of intellectual property known as industrial property.

Like other forms of property, intellectual property (or rather the exclusive rights which subsist in the IP) can be transferred (with or without consideration) or licensed to third parties. In some jurisdictions it is possible to use intellectual property as collateral for a loan.

The basic public policy rationale for the protection of intellectual property is that IP laws facilitate and encourage disclosure of innovation into the public domain for the common good, by granting authors and inventors exclusive rights to exploit their works and invention for a limited period.

However, various schools of thought are critical of the very concept of intellectual property, and some characterise IP as intellectual protectionism. There is ongoing debate as to whether IP laws truly operate to confer the stated public benefits, and whether the protection they are said to provide is appropriate in the context of innovation derived from such things as traditional knowledge and folklore, and patents for software and business methods. Manifestations of this controversy can be seen in the way different jurisdictions decide whether to grant intellectual property protection in relation to subject matter of this kind, and the stark divide on issues of the role and scope of intellectual property laws.

Chattel slavery[edit]

«Slavery» is usually taken to mean chattel slavery.

The living human body is, in modern societies, considered something which cannot be the property of anyone but the person whose body it is. Its opposite, in which the person in the body does not own their body, is chattel slavery. Chattel slavery was defined as the absolute legal ownership of a person, including the legal right to buy and sell them. Persons who were so enslaved did not have the freedom to direct their own actions, and their legal rights were either severely limited or nonexistent. The Antebellum period in the United States is considered both the worst for the exploitation of chattel slaves, and also where the practice aroused such fierce opposition and support that it led to the American Civil War.^[15]

Chattel slavery is currently (2020) illegal in every country in the world. However, until the 19th century slavery in one form or another existed in most societies and was thought of as the normal state of things; slaves of whatever ethnicity were considered racially inferior.^[16] Notwithstanding the illegality of enslavement, virtual slavery still exists in various forms today, although called by other names.^[17]

Critical views[edit]

The question of ownership reaches back to the ancient philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, who held different opinions on the subject. Plato (428/427 BC – 348/347 BC) thought private property created divisive inequalities, while Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) thought private property enabled people to receive the full benefit of their labor. Private property can circumvent what is now referred to as the «tragedy of the commons» problem, where people tend to degrade common property more than they do private property. While Aristotle justified the existence of private ownership, he left two open questions

1. how to allocate property between what is private and common, and
2. how to allocate the private property within society^[18]

Modern Western views[edit]

In modern western politics, some people believe that exclusive ownership of property underlies much social injustice, and facilitates tyranny and oppression on an individual and societal scale. Others consider the striving to achieve greater ownership of wealth as the driving factor behind human technological advancement and increasing standards of living. Some support the latter view, believing that ownership is necessary for liberty itself.

Ownership society[edit]

Ownership society was a political slogan used by United States President George W. Bush to promote a series of policies aimed to increase the control of individual citizens over health care and social security payments and policies. Critics have claimed that slogan hid an agenda that sought to implement tax cuts and curtail the government’s role in health care and retirement saving.

See also[edit]

• Bubuti system
• Cadastre
• Dominium
• Owned, a slang term for dominance or control
• Ownership society
• Possession (law)
• Public ownership
• State ownership

References[edit]

собственность, владение, право собственности

существительное ↓

Словосочетания

political commitment to private ownership — политический выбор в пользу частной собственности  
form of ownership — форма собственности  
communal ownership — общественная собственность  
private ownership — частная собственность  
ownership in common — общая собственность  
socialist ownership / property — социалистическая собственность  
agreement on transfer of ownership — договор о передаче собственности  
change of ownership — смена собственника  
inter-association ownership — межобъединенческая собственность  
investment in share ownership — вклад в долевую собственность  

Примеры с переводом

Content

• What is Ownership:
• Ownership interest
• Ownership structure
• Ownership clause

What is Ownership:

The expression ownership It is of English origin which means «Belonging», that is, it is the act of owning a thing. The word ownership is used as a synonym for: property, domain, possession, for example: “The government expropriated the ownership of my mom”, which means “the government expropriated my mom’s property”.

The word ownership It is composed of 2 expressions: «Owner«Which means» owner «and «Ship», is a suffix indicating «condition, character». Likewise, the term under study can be viewed in different contexts but without losing its main meaning, as in the following cases: collective ownership (common property), private ownership (private ownership), public ownership (public property), among others.

With reference to the above, it can be deduced that the term ownership consists of a right or faculty to dispose of a thing, as granted by the property title and, in addition to that, it refers to a group or an organization composed of owners.

Ownership interest

The expression ownership interest indicates all rights and responsibilities inherent to the property of an asset acquired by the individual.

Ownership structure

Ownership structure or what is the same «company structure» in Spanish, relates to the different forms of structure of a company since this can be: public limited company, limited company, public limited company, cooperative, among others.

Ownership clause

Ownership clause Translated into Spanish it is «property clause», part of the contract where the conditions and positions of a certain agreement are established and, if any of the established clauses are not fulfilled, the breach will be punished.

Some example of a property clause: the property will remain with the seller until the buyer pays the amount established in the contract and, once the payment is obtained from the buyer, the seller must deliver the negotiated property in perfect condition.

Some sort of certainty in ownership is needed as the free agency period approaches. ❋ Unknown (2010)

Their ownership is evidenced by actual paper shares, and is portable, such that they retain ownership anywhere they live, even overseas. ❋ Unknown (2005)

The term ownership goes beyond numbers in this case. ❋ Unknown (2010)

Bush’s solution: turn over inefficient government programs to private industry, creating «ownership» — a code word for privatization. ❋ Unknown (2008)

The republican way of thinking which they call the ownership society, but is really rabid unregulated captialism of the sort that privatizes everything, makes us even more vulnerable to the situation of our neighbors, not less: ❋ Ellen Beth Gill (2007)

What administration argues is that what they call ownership and increasing opportunity. ❋ Unknown (2005)

This administration promotes what I call the ownership society. ❋ Unknown (2004)

NOVAK: And he’ll lay out what he calls the ownership society, where you talk about ordinary Americans being able to invest in Social Security, private accounts, so they have a stake in the market. ❋ Unknown (2004)

Among major reasons, the Navin Jindal-led firm said that there was a title ownership issue due to existing transactions with a British Virgin Islands (BVI) company. ❋ Unknown (2010)

Trying another line, it was Joan Robinson who pointed out that capital ownership is not a productive activity, because «ownership» is not an activity. ❋ Unknown (2009)

Fuck, Bush’s new rumored platform of «ownership» is terrible, given how his policies screw the very audience he’s trying to appeal to … ❋ Shawnj (2004)

In such administration, the paymaster becomes the most stark of owners and this kind of ownership is control. ❋ Unknown (1966)

And in early versions of the Senate bill, the anti-gun Sebelius could very well have mandated that gun ownership is an activity so dangerous that your insurance coverage needed to be suspended. ❋ Unknown (2009)

I do not, and proud ownership is a big thing with me as I know it is for others as well. ❋ Unknown (2010)

Returning to the core of our dispute, your assertion that the Constitution does not permit Federal land ownership is incorrect. ❋ Unknown (2009)

BP said in a written statement Sunday that it is «happy to return to long-term ownership of these valuable assets, given the considerable improvement in its own financial strength and circumstances, as well as the improved external trading environment.» ❋ Guy Chazan (2011)

BP said it is «happy to return to long-term ownership of these valuable assets, given the considerable improvement in its own financial strength and circumstances, as well as the improved external trading environment.» ❋ Guy Chazan (2011)

Attack [Frog] [laid] down a thick helping of ownership at [H2]. Attack Frog has those ownership skills. ❋ J M K (2005)

[Mike’s] ownership of [Nahum] was evident in [Fight Night] II. ❋ Eljefedejefes (2018)

[Apple] not allowing [iPhone] unlocking — [this is a] culture of ownership. ❋ Matt297 (2007)

I’m [handing] over [server ownership] to that [fat oaf] over there so he can ban everyone. ❋ Fractured (2018)

Boss — Hi [I need you] to [Take Ownership] of [cleaning the toilet]…
Worker — I need you to Take Ownership of my arse ❋ Rudebwoy39 (2017)

[digital] [assets] belongs to [someone] is digital ownership ❋ S J Tubrazy (2013)

Person 1: Hey, did you let someone use [my seat]?
Person 2: [Yeah why]?
Person 1: That’s [MY seat]. I claimed Seat ownership.
Person 2: You can’t own a seat position!
Person 1: Watch me ❋ Chunkyheff (2022)

Hym «In the name of [self-ownership] is say to thee: [GIVETH] ME ADDERALL OR [GIVE ME DEATH]!!!» ❋ Hym Iam (2022)

One of my team members believes in Fair Weather Ownership. People were happy when he made a big [song and dance] about the [dashboard] he just built. When somebody pointed out a minor glitch his response was «it’s not my code. it’s [Firefox] that’s making it error like that». ❋ Tanjung (2015)

There was a [drive-by] in the Fryelands last night? When did this place become such a [hood]? Well [according to] the Transitive Property of Ownership last night changed everything ❋ Almighty Reptar (2013)

• 1
  ownership
  
  

  1) со́бственность; владе́ние

  2) пра́во со́бственности

  Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > ownership

• 2
  ownership
  
  

  Персональный Сократ > ownership

• 3
  ownership of
  
  

  Персональный Сократ > ownership of

• 4
  ownership
  
  

  [ˈəunəʃɪp]

  absolute ownership безусловное право собственности absolute ownership прижизненное владение beneficial ownership собственность бенефициария car ownership автомобильная собственность collective ownership коллективная собственность common ownership общая собственность common ownership общее имущество communal ownership полит.эк. общинная собственность cross ownership совместное владение derivative ownership производное право собственности effective ownership фактическое владение employee ownership собственность работника equity ownership владение акциями equity ownership долевая собственность exclusive ownership собственность одного владельца joint capital ownership совместный уставной капитал компании joint ownership совместная собственность, сособственность joint ownership совместная собственность original ownership первичное право собственности ownership владение, право собственности ownership владение ownership право собственности ownership собственность, право собственности ownership собственность; владение ownership собственность ownership in common коллективная собственность ownership in common общая собственность ownership in common совместная собственность ownership of land собственность на землю private ownership частная собственность private ownership частное владение public ownership государственная собственность public ownership общенародное достояние public: ownership народный, общенародный; public ownership общенародное достояние; public spirit дух патриотизма; гражданственность qualified ownership условное право собственности reputed ownership предполагаемый собственник share ownership право владения акциями staff ownership собственность персонала transfer ownership передавать право собственности workers’ stock ownership владение акциями предприятия его работниками

  English-Russian short dictionary > ownership

• 5
  ownership
  
  

  сущ.

  Real estate can be acquired in full ownership or inperpetual usufruct.

  See:

  2)

  юр.

  право собственности

  Ownership of property is either absolute or qualified. — Право собственности может быть абсолютным или ограниченным.

  Syn:

  See:

  private ownership, individual ownership, common ownership, communal ownership, national ownership, state ownership, public ownership, collective ownership, social ownership, collectivization, absolute ownership, qualified ownership, perfect ownership, imperfect ownership, naked ownership, institutional ownership, change of ownership, own, owner

  3)

  ,

  юр.

  ,

  редк.

  собственность, имущество

  The Resona group is negotiating with several major real estate firms to sell all of its ownership, the sources said.

  See:

  * * *
  
  собственность, владение; право собственности;

  beneficial owner;

  * * *

  Англо-русский экономический словарь > ownership

• 6
  ownership
  
  

  Politics english-russian dictionary > ownership

• 7
  ownership
  
  

  English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > ownership

• 8
  ownership
  
  

  1) собственность, право собственности

  •

  English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > ownership

• 9
  ownership
  
  

  1) собственность; право собственности

  2) владение

  Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > ownership

• 10
  ownership
  
  

  •• * Из многочисленных слов семантического поля, к которому относится это слово, ownership является, пожалуй, самым широким и сложным по значению. Глагол to own обозначает собственность как возможность контролировать, распоряжаться чем-то. Отсюда, например, употребление этого слова в идущей в США дискуссии о частичной приватизации пенсионной системы (у нас это уже сделали без всякой дискуссии). Пример – из комментария пресс-секретаря Белого дома о разосланных по электронной почте тезисах по проблеме будущего американской пенсионной системы:

  •• White House spokesman Scott McClellan said the e-mail was sent Monday to “ opinion leaders” to lay out “the challenges we face and the importance of seizing this opportunity to strengthen Social Security for our children and grandchildren and provide them with some ownership over their retirement savings.” -…дать нашим детям и внукам возможность контролировать часть своих пенсионных накоплений.
  
  •• Можно, наверное, сказать быть собственниками части своих пенсионных накоплений, но тогда может возникнуть вопрос – а разве человек не является фактическим собственником той части пенсионных накоплений, которая находится в государственном пенсионном фонде?
  
  •• Далее в «январских тезисах» – ownership society:
  
  •• “At the end of the day, we want to promote both an ownership society and advance the idea of limited government,” the e-mail said.
  
  •• Здесь значения собственность, ответственность и контроль настолько слитны, что выбрать вариант перевода для словаря не так просто. В данном контексте я предпочел бы не общество собственников, а общество личной ответственности или даже общество самостоятельных людей.
  
  •• Большие трудности вызывает словосочетание country ownership, широко употребляемое в международных организациях, например, в таком контексте: efforts to encourage country ownership of programs and projects. Когда один из участников переводческого форума задал вопрос о переводе этого словосочетания, последовала немедленная реакция: «Похоже, международные бюрократы опять породили какую-то абстрактную химеру. Раньше все говорили про empowerment, тоже кстати трудно переводимый». Однако это выражение встречается не только у «международных бюрократов». Конечно, все что угодно выглядит плохо при неправильном или неумеренном употреблении. Но сейчас слово ownership в

  модном

  или близком к нему значении используется и очень хорошими публицистами. Вот пример из статьи одного из лучших, обозревателя газеты International Herald Tribune Уильяма Пфаффа:
  
  •• If in the Security Council, the Bush administration refuses even a symbolic transfer of sovereignty to the Iraqis ( as demanded by Old Europe), and refuses to cede any political authority over the occupation to the UN, Washington will continue to enjoy exclusive ownership of this problem – with all of its risks and its current $87 billion-plus cost to the American taxpayer.
  
  •• Здесь, как и во многих других случаях употребления этого слова, наиболее подходящий вариант перевода – ответственность:
  
  •• <…> Вашингтон будет и впредь нести исключительную ответственность за эту проблему со всеми ее рискованными последствиями и ценой свыше 87 миллиардов долларов, которую заплатит американский налогоплательщик.
  
  •• Сам же термин появился лет пять-семь назад в связи с деятельностью ПРООН. Речь идет о том, что страны, в которых осуществляются программы или проекты ООН, не должны выступать лишь в роли получателя помощи, а должны иметь реальную возможность влиять на ход работы. Кроме вариантов ответственность стран/ национальная ответственность, переводчиками ООН предлагались также заинтересованное/деятельное участие стран, искренняя заинтересованность стран, причастность и т. д.
  
  •• Примеры употребления этого слова наводят на мысль о том, что мода на него связана с некоторой лакуной в английском языке: отсутствием дифференциации в слове independence – это и независимость (прежде всего политическая), и самостоятельность. Такая недифференцированность заставляет пишущих искать другие слова. Во многих случаях контекстуальные варианты со словами самостоятельно, самостоятельность могут подойти в переводе. Пример из статьи в Los Angeles Times:
  
  •• Once established, the assembly would assign a commission to prepare Iraq’s new constitution. With nationwide town hall meetings providing a forum for grass-roots participation in debating and modifying the constitution, the process would enable the Iraqi people to have ownership of the outcome.
  
  •• Здесь, пожалуй, возможны варианты со словами причастность, контроль, но ближе всего к намерению автора – позволит иракскому народу самостоятельно определять результат этого процесса. Несколько вольнее – чувствовать себя хозяином своей судьбы (здесь теряется outcome, а это существенно).
  
  •• (Кстати, town hall meetings – как видим, это словосочетание употребляется не только как чисто

  американская

  реалия. Вполне адекватным в данном случае мне кажется вариант собрание общественности.)
  
  •• Еще один пример того, что слово ownership встречается не только в специфическом «международно-чиновничьем» употреблении и не только в сочетании country ownership и может закономерно, как выразился бы Я.И. Рецкер, переводиться при помощи русских слов самостоятельность или контроль, – высказывание министра иностранных дел Иордании, процитированное в журнале Newsweek:
  
  •• Reform is needed in the Arab world, we agree on that. But for it to work, we need ownership of the process, not a one-for-all blueprint from Washington. – Мы должны иметь контроль над этим процессом или Нам нужна самостоятельность в рамках этого процесса, а не стандартное решение, навязываемое Вашингтоном.
  
  •• Кроме country ownership есть еще и total ownership. Вот замечательный фрагмент из книги Боба Вудворда Plan of Attack:
  
  •• Monday, Jan. 13, Powell and Bush met in the Oval Office. The president was sitting in his regular chair in front of the fireplace, and the secretary was in the chair reserved for the visiting leader or most senior U.S. official. For once, neither Cheney nor Rice was hovering.
  
  •• <…> The president said he had made up his mind on war. The United States should go to war.
  
  •• “You’re sure?” Powell asked.
  
  •• Yes, said Bush.
  
  •• “ You understand the consequences,” Powell said in a half question. <…> “You know that you’re going to be owning this place?” Powell said, reminding Bush of what he had told him at a dinner the previous August in which Powell had made the case against military action in Iraq. An invasion would mean assuming the hopes, aspirations and all the troubles of Iraq. Powell wasn’t sure whether Bush had fully understood the meaning and consequences of total ownership.
  
  •• But I think I have to do this, the president said.
  
  •• Right, Powell said.
  
  •• You’re going to be owning this place – русское слово владеть здесь совсем не подходит. Видимо, фразу Пауэлла можно было бы, учитывая последующее, перевести так: Вы понимаете, что будете отвечать за все? Total ownership – полная ответственность.
  
  •• Вообще мало что так способствует обогащению языка, как полемика по острым политическим проблемам. В США главной из них в последние годы, безусловно, является иракская война. Среди языковых новаций, связанных с ней, – the Pottery Barn rule.
  
  •• Цитирую по National Public Radio ту же книгу Вудворда Plan of Attack:
  
  •• According to a new book by Washington Post journalist Bob Woodward, Powell was supportive of the war in public in an effort to win international support. But he was also concerned about the complications of a war. Woodward wrote that behind the scenes, Powell used language from one of Tom Friedman’s columns in referring to the “ Pottery Barn rule” of foreign policy. That is: “you break it, you own it.”
  
  •• ( Pottery Barn – магазин типа «для дома, для семьи», среди прочего торгует керамикой, посудой, стеклом. Таким образом, Pottery Barn rule – что-то вроде правила посудной лавки). Смысл «правила» вроде бы прост: разбил – плати. Однако не все так просто – и в жизни, и в переводе.
  
  •• Автор статьи в Washington Post Уильям Распбери, упомянув это «правило» (the so-called Pottery Barn rule invoked by Secretary of State Colin Powell in his prewar advice to President Bush), дальше пишет: And what, finally, of the “ you break it, you own it” imperative ( which Pottery Barn says is not its policy)?
  
  •• Проверка в Интернете подтверждает, что магазин ни при чем:
  
  •• Responding to Colin Powell’s use of the phrase “The Pottery Barn Rule” to refer to the rule “You break it, you own it,” Williams-Sonoma, parent of Pottery Barn, has issued a press release stating that its policy is in fact to write-down breakage. Более того: The State Department <…> issued a statement yesterday indicating that it did not intend to cast aspersions on the Pottery Barn mark.
  
  •• Да и перевод плати при ближайшем рассмотрении оказывается не лучшим вариантом, ведь Пауэлл имел в виду не только чисто финансовые последствия, но и то, что, пойдя на военные действия, администрация берет на себя ответственность за целую страну. Итак, перевод Разбил – плати верен лишь отчасти. Хотя слово платить имеет и переносный смысл (отвечать за последствия), в переводе этой фразы лучше так и сказать: Разбил/сломал – отвечай ( за последствия).
  

  English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > ownership

• 11
  ownership
  
  

  1. n собственность, право собственности

  2. n владение

  Синонимический ряд:

  1. claim (noun) claim; due; interest; privilege; right

  2. lawful claim (noun) control; deed; dominion; lawful claim; possession; possessorship; property; proprietary; proprietorship; title

  English-Russian base dictionary > ownership

• 12
  ownership
  
  

  Patent terms dictionary > ownership

• 13
  ownership
  
  

  Англо-русский юридический словарь > ownership

• 14
  ownership
  
  

  Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > ownership

• 15
  ownership
  
  

  собственность ; ? ownership with voting rights ; ? co-ownership ; ? foreign ownership ceiling ; ? majority ownership ; ? minority ownership ; ? minority foreign ownership ; ? public ownership ;

  Англо-Русский словарь финансовых терминов > ownership

• 16
  ownership
  
  

  [‘əunəʃɪp]

  сущ.

  а) собственность; владение

  public ownership; state ownership — государственная собственность

  Англо-русский современный словарь > ownership

• 17
  ownership
  
  

  English-Russian combinatory dictionary > ownership

• 18
  ownership of
  
  

  English-Russian base dictionary > ownership of

• 19
  ownership
  
  

  English-Russian big medical dictionary > ownership

• 20
  ownership
  
  

  English-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > ownership

ownership — перевод на русский

/ˈəʊnəʃɪp/

Показать ещё примеры для «собственности»…

Показать ещё примеры для «владение»…

Показать ещё примеры для «право собственности»…

Показать ещё примеры для «владельца»…

Показать ещё примеры для «права»…

Показать ещё примеры для «право владения»…

Показать ещё примеры для «владеет»…

Показать ещё примеры для «собственником»…

Показать ещё примеры для «акций»…

Показать ещё примеры для «обладания»…

Last Updated:
9 Apr 2023
— Updated example sentences

1	0   0 n. legal title coupled with exclusive legal right to possession. …

2	0   0 ownership   (See Owned/rented.)

3	0   0 ownership Definition Sector to which an economic operator belongs. For the purpose of this survey, three sectors have been identified to characterize media organizations. Source Definition UIS Instruction Manua [..]

4	0   0 ownership Definition Media organization is owned by a community organization or non-governmental organization (NGO). Source Definition UIS Instruction Manual for Completing the Questionnaires on Media Statistic [..]

5	0   0 ownership Definition Media organization is owned by a person, group of persons or a private company. Source Definition UIS Instruction Manual for Completing the Questionnaires on Media Statistics. Data Source M [..]

6	0   0 ownership Definition Media organization is owned by the government/state. Source Definition UIS Instruction Manual for Completing the Questionnaires on Media Statistics. Data Source Ministry of Communications o [..]

7	0   0 ownership Designation by a lender of an individual responsible for payment of an account

8	0   0 ownership 1580s, from owner + -ship. Ownership society (2003) was popularized by U.S. president George W. Bush.

9	0   0 ownership Refer to «See Also» column to the right.

10	0   0 ownership Having the legal right to use, possess, and give away property. (See also: joint ownership, conditional ownership)

11	0   0 ownership the relation of an owner to the thing possessed; possession with the right to transfer possession to others possession: the act of having and controlling property the state or fact of being an owner O [..]

12	0   0 ownership The legal right to the possession of an object or thing. For Marx, ownership of the means of production were key factors in understanding a sociocultural system.

13	0   0 ownership Definition Denotes the person who controls all of the benefits and privileges associated with a life insurance policy. The title of owner may belong to someone other than the insured and may be transf [..]

14	0   0 ownership the state, relation, or fact of being an owner ;also : the rights or interests of an owner [reduced their by one third] absolute ownership : ownership esp. by a single person that is free of any …

15	0   0 ownership See: Transfer (of ownership)

16	0   0 ownership right of possession.

17	0   0 ownership Is the exclusive right to or control over a vehicle: it is also referred to as having title. When two people own the same vehicle, it is called co-ownership

18	0   0 ownership The right to and enjoyment of services or benefits flowing from an asset, usually evidenced by the possession of legal title or by a beneficial interest in the title.

19	0   0 ownership All rights, benefits and privileges under life insurance policies are controlled by their owners. Policy owners may or may not be the insured.

20	0   0 ownership Ownership is the legal right to the possession of a thing. The object of ownership can be tangible such as personal property and land or it can be intangible such as intellectual property rights over [..]

21	0   0 ownership (n) the relation of an owner to the thing possessed; possession with the right to transfer possession to others(n) the act of having and controlling property(n) the state or fact of being an owner

22	0   0 ownership Rights to the use, enjoyment, and alienation of property to the exclusion of others.

23	0   0 ownership The bundle of rights allowing one to use, manage and enjoy property, including the rights to possess a thing, regardless of any actual or constructive control, and to convey it to others. Source: Arthemis, Art-Law Centre, University of Geneva

24	0   0 ownership n. propiedad, titularidad

25	0   0 ownership Service Accessories Parts Warranty

26	0   0 ownership All rights, benefits and privileges under life insurance policies are controlled by their owners. Policy owners may or may not be the insured. Ownership may be assigned or transferred by written request of current owner.

27	0   0 ownership The legal relation between an entity (individual, group, corporation, or-profit, secular, Government) and an object. The object may be corporeal, such as equipment, or completely a creature of law, su [..]

28	0   0 ownership The legal relation between an entity (individual, group, corporation, or-profit, secular, government) and an object. The object may be corporeal, such as equipment, or completely a creature of law, su [..]

29	0   0 ownership Vehicles should be registered in the name of the real owner, the person who has a financial interest in the vehicle. For instance, if a son or daughter is buying a vehicle from a parent, or on instalm [..]

30	0   0 ownership All rights, benefits and privileges under life insurance policies are controlled by their owners. Policy owners may or may not be the insured. Ownership may be assigned or transferred by written request of current owner.

31	0   0 ownership private ownership — a relationship of the subject to the property from which certain rights and obligations emerge. co-ownership — shared or joint common property of spouses — earlier it was calle [..]

32	0   0 ownership See Copyright ownership

33	0   0 ownership n. legal title coupled with exclusive legal right to possession. Co-ownership, however, means that more than one person has a legal interest in the same thing.

34	0   0 ownership In the United States, ownership rights in a trademark are generally acquired by being the first to use a mark in trade as a source discriminator. In most other countries, ownership is acquired by bei [..]

35	0   0 ownership A certificate of federal registration provides prima facie evidence of ownership of a mark. For marks which are not yet federally registered, prove of ownership may be demonstrated by producing evid [..]

36	0   0 ownership The ownership of an establishment is classified according to the residential status of the owner (s) of the majority paid-up capital (more than 50 per cent) and not by their citizenship status. In cas [..]

37	0   0 ownership Term often used to refer to a sense of responsibility for an initiative or project. eg, ‘People will have ownership of an idea or a project if they have been involved in creating it’.

38	0   0 ownership The Consignor assures that it is the owner of the work of art so consigned, respectively that it has been authorized by the owner of the work of art to dispose over it. The consignor furthermore assur [..]

39	0   0 ownership All land is subject to Tenure which means the Crown is the ultimate owner. Land holders are tenants in one form or another and are termed Registered Proprietors.

40	0   0 ownership The state of having complete legal control of the status of something; possession. (business) Responsibility for something. »The successful candidate will take ownership of all internal design [..]

41

0   0 ownership A legal entity having an ownership interest in land regardless of the number of people involved. An ownership may be an individual; a combination of persons; a legal entity such as corporation, partnership, club, or trust; or a public agency. An ownership has control of a parcel or group of parcels of land.

42	0   0 ownership Ownership is the right to use, enjoy and dispose of property fully and freely, subject to the limits and conditions for doing so determined by law. Ownership may be in various modes and dismemberments [..]

43	0   0 ownership The right to possess and use property to the exclusion of others.

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