Meaning of the word coping

Coping refers to conscious strategies used to reduce unpleasant emotions. Coping strategies can be cognitions or behaviours and can be individual or social.

Theories of copingEdit

Hundreds of coping strategies have been proposed in an attempt to understand how people cope.[1] Classification of these strategies into a broader architecture has not been agreed upon. Researchers try to group coping responses rationally, empirically by factor analysis, or through a blend of both techniques.[2] In the early days, Folkman and Lazarus split the coping strategies into four groups, namely problem-focused, emotion-focused, support-seeking, and meaning-making coping.[3][4] Weiten has identified four types of coping strategies:[5] appraisal-focused (adaptive cognitive), problem-focused (adaptive behavioral), emotion-focused, and occupation-focused coping. Billings and Moos added avoidance coping as one of the emotion-focused coping.[6] Some scholars have questioned the psychometric validity of forced categorisation as those strategies are not independent to each other.[7] Besides, in reality, people can adopt multiple coping strategies simultaneously.

Typically, people use a mixture of several types of coping strategies, which may change over time. All these strategies can prove useful, but some claim that those using problem-focused coping strategies will adjust better to life.[8] Problem-focused coping mechanisms may allow an individual greater perceived control over their problem, whereas emotion-focused coping may sometimes lead to a reduction in perceived control (maladaptive coping).

Lazarus «notes the connection between his idea of ‘defensive reappraisals’ or cognitive coping and Freud’s concept of ‘ego-defenses‘«,[9] coping strategies thus overlapping with a person’s defense mechanisms.

Appraisal-focused coping strategiesEdit

Appraisal-focused (adaptive cognitive) strategies occur when the person modifies the way they think, for example: employing denial, or distancing oneself from the problem. Individuals who use appraisal coping strategies purposely alter their perspective on their situation in order to have a more positive outlook on their situation.[10] An example of appraisal coping strategies could be an individual purchasing tickets to a football game, knowing their medical condition would likely cause them to not be able to attend.[10] People may alter the way they think about a problem by altering their goals and values, such as by seeing the humor in a situation: «some have suggested that humor may play a greater role as a stress moderator among women than men».[11]

Adaptive behavioural coping strategiesEdit

The psychological coping mechanisms are commonly termed coping strategies or coping skills. The term coping generally refers to adaptive (constructive) coping strategies, that is, strategies which reduce stress. In contrast, other coping strategies may be coined as maladaptive, if they increase stress. Maladaptive coping is therefore also described, based on its outcome, as non-coping. Furthermore, the term coping generally refers to reactive coping, i.e. the coping response which follows the stressor. This differs from proactive coping, in which a coping response aims to neutralize a future stressor. Subconscious or unconscious strategies (e.g. defense mechanisms) are generally excluded from the area of coping.

The effectiveness of the coping effort depends on the type of stress, the individual, and the circumstances. Coping responses are partly controlled by personality (habitual traits), but also partly by the social environment, particularly the nature of the stressful environment.[1]
People using problem-focused strategies try to deal with the cause of their problem. They do this by finding out information on the problem and learning new skills to manage the problem. Problem-focused coping is aimed at changing or eliminating the source of the stress. The three problem-focused coping strategies identified by Folkman and Lazarus are: taking control, information seeking, and evaluating the pros and cons. However, problem-focused coping may not be necessarily adaptive, but backfire, especially in the uncontrollable case that one cannot make the problem go away.[4]

Emotion-focused coping strategiesEdit

Emotion-focused strategies involve:

  • releasing pent-up emotions
  • distracting oneself[2]
  • managing hostile feelings
  • meditating
  • mindfulness practices[12]
  • using systematic relaxation procedures.

Emotion-focused coping «is oriented toward managing the emotions that accompany the perception of stress».[13] The five emotion-focused coping strategies identified by Folkman and Lazarus[9] are:

  • disclaiming
  • escape-avoidance
  • accepting responsibility or blame
  • exercising self-control
  • and positive reappraisal.

Emotion-focused coping is a mechanism to alleviate distress by minimizing, reducing, or preventing, the emotional components of a stressor.[14] This mechanism can be applied through a variety of ways, such as:

  • seeking social support
  • reappraising the stressor in a positive light
  • accepting responsibility
  • using avoidance
  • exercising self-control
  • distancing[14][15]

The focus of this coping mechanism is to change the meaning of the stressor or transfer attention away from it.[15] For example, reappraising tries to find a more positive meaning of the cause of the stress in order to reduce the emotional component of the stressor. Avoidance of the emotional distress will distract from the negative feelings associated with the stressor. Emotion-focused coping is well suited for stressors that seem uncontrollable (ex. a terminal illness diagnosis, or the loss of a loved one).[14] Some mechanisms of emotion focused coping, such as distancing or avoidance, can have alleviating outcomes for a short period of time, however they can be detrimental when used over an extended period. Positive emotion-focused mechanisms, such as seeking social support, and positive re-appraisal, are associated with beneficial outcomes.[16] Emotional approach coping is one form of emotion-focused coping in which emotional expression and processing is used to adaptively manage a response to a stressor.[17] Other examples include relaxation training through deep breathing, meditation, yoga, music and art therapy, and aromatherapy,[18] as well as grounding, which uses physical sensations or mental distractions to refocus from the stressor to present.[19]

Health theory of copingEdit

The health theory of coping overcame the limitations of previous theories of coping,[20] describing coping strategies within categories that are conceptually clear, mutually exclusive, comprehensive, functionally homogenous, functionally distinct, generative and flexible, explains the continuum of coping strategies.[21] The usefulness of all coping strategies to reduce acute distress is acknowledged, however, strategies are categorised as healthy or unhealthy depending on their likelihood of additional adverse consequences. Healthy categories are self-soothing, relaxation/distraction, social support and professional support. Unhealthy coping categories are negative self-talk, harmful activities (e.g., emotional eating, verbal or physical aggression, drugs such as alcohol, self-harm), social withdrawal, and suicidality. Unhealthy coping strategies are used when healthy coping strategies are overwhelmed, not in the absence of healthy coping strategies.[22]

Research has shown that everyone has personal healthy coping strategies (self-soothing, relaxation/distraction), however, access to social and professional support varies. Increasing distress and inadequate support results in the additional use of unhealthy coping strategies.[23] Overwhelming distress exceeds the capacity of healthy coping strategies and results in the use of unhealthy coping strategies. Overwhelming distress is caused by problems in one or more biopsychosocial domains of health and wellbeing.[24] The continuum of coping strategies (healthy to unhealthy, independent to social, and low harm to high harm) have been explored in general populations,[23] university students,[25] and paramedics.[26]

Reactive and proactive copingEdit

Most coping is reactive in that the coping response follows stressors. Anticipating and reacting to a future stressor is known as proactive coping or future-oriented coping.[13] Anticipation is when one reduces the stress of some difficult challenge by anticipating what it will be like and preparing for how one is going to cope with it.

Edit

Social coping recognises that individuals are bedded within a social environment, which can be stressful, but also is the source of coping resources, such as seeking social support from others.[13] (see help-seeking)

HumorEdit

Humor used as a positive coping method may have useful benefits to emotional and mental health well-being. However, maladaptive humor styles such as self-defeating humor can also have negative effects on psychological adjustment and might exacerbate negative effects of other stressors.[27]
By having a humorous outlook on life, stressful experiences can be and are often minimized. This coping method corresponds with positive emotional states and is known to be an indicator of mental health.[28] Physiological processes are also influenced within the exercise of humor. For example, laughing may reduce muscle tension, increase the flow of oxygen to the blood, exercise the cardiovascular region, and produce endorphins in the body.[29] Using humor in coping while processing through feelings can vary depending on life circumstance and individual humor styles. In regards to grief and loss in life occurrences, it has been found that genuine laughs/smiles when speaking about the loss predicted later adjustment and evoked more positive responses from other people.[30] A person might also find comedic relief with others around irrational possible outcomes for the deceased funeral service. It is also possible that humor would be used by people to feel a sense of control over a more powerless situation and used as way to temporarily escape a feeling of helplessness. Exercised humor can be a sign of positive adjustment as well as drawing support and interaction from others around the loss.[31]

Negative techniques (maladaptive coping or non-coping)Edit

Whereas adaptive coping strategies improve functioning, a maladaptive coping technique (also termed non-coping) will just reduce symptoms while maintaining or strengthening the stressor. Maladaptive techniques are only effective as a short-term rather than long-term coping process.

Examples of maladaptive behavior strategies include anxious avoidance, dissociation, escape (including self-medication), use of maladaptive humor styles such as self-defeating humor, procrastination, rationalisation safety behaviors, and sensitization. These coping strategies interfere with the person’s ability to unlearn, or break apart, the paired association between the situation and the associated anxiety symptoms. These are maladaptive strategies as they serve to maintain the disorder.

  • Anxious avoidance is when a person avoids anxiety provoking situations by all means. This is the most common method.
  • Dissociation is the ability of the mind to separate and compartmentalize thoughts, memories, and emotions. This is often associated with post traumatic stress syndrome.
  • Escape is closely related to avoidance. This technique is often demonstrated by people who experience panic attacks or have phobias. These people want to flee the situation at the first sign of anxiety.[32]
  • The use of self-defeating humour means that a person disparages themselves in order to entertain others. This type of humour has been shown to lead to negative psychological adjustment and exacerbate the effect of existing stressors.[33]
  • Procrastination is when a person willingly delays a task in order to receive a temporary relief from stress. While this may work for short-term relief, when used as a coping mechanism, procrastination causes more issues in the long run.[34]
  • Rationalisation is the practice of attempting to use reasoning to minimise the severity of an incident, or avoid approaching it in ways that could cause psychological trauma or stress. It most commonly manifests in the form of making excuses for the behaviour of the person engaging in the rationalisation, or others involved in the situation the person is attempting to rationalise.
  • Sensitization is when a person seeks to learn about, rehearse, and/or anticipate fearful events in a protective effort to prevent these events from occurring in the first place.
  • Safety behaviors are demonstrated when individuals with anxiety disorders come to rely on something, or someone, as a means of coping with their excessive anxiety.

Further examplesEdit

Further examples of coping strategies include[35] emotional or instrumental support, self-distraction, denial, substance use, self-blame, behavioral disengagement and the use of drugs or alcohol.[36]

Many people think that meditation «not only calms our emotions, but…makes us feel more ‘together‘«, as too can «the kind of prayer in which you’re trying to achieve an inner quietness and peace».[37]

Low-effort syndrome or low-effort coping refers to the coping responses of a person refusing to work hard. For example, a student at school may learn to put in only minimal effort as they believe if they put in effort it could unveil their flaws.[38]

Historical psychoanalytic theoriesEdit

Otto FenichelEdit

Otto Fenichel summarized early psychoanalytic studies of coping mechanisms in children as «a gradual substitution of actions for mere discharge reactions…[&] the development of the function of judgement» – noting however that «behind all active types of mastery of external and internal tasks, a readiness remains to fall back on passive-receptive types of mastery.»[39]

In adult cases of «acute and more or less ‘traumatic’ upsetting events in the life of normal persons», Fenichel stressed that in coping, «in carrying out a ‘work of learning’ or ‘work of adjustment’, [s]he must acknowledge the new and less comfortable reality and fight tendencies towards regression, towards the misinterpretation of reality», though such rational strategies «may be mixed with relative allowances for rest and for small regressions and compensatory wish fulfillment, which are recuperative in effect».[40]

Karen HorneyEdit

In the 1940s, the German Freudian psychoanalyst Karen Horney «developed her mature theory in which individuals cope with the anxiety produced by feeling unsafe, unloved, and undervalued by disowning their spontaneous feelings and developing elaborate strategies of defence.»[41] Horney defined four so-called coping strategies to define interpersonal relations, one describing psychologically healthy individuals, the others describing neurotic states.

The healthy strategy she termed «Moving with» is that with which psychologically healthy people develop relationships. It involves compromise. In order to move with, there must be communication, agreement, disagreement, compromise, and decisions. The three other strategies she described – «Moving toward», «Moving against» and «Moving away» – represented neurotic, unhealthy strategies people utilize in order to protect themselves.

Horney investigated these patterns of neurotic needs (compulsive attachments).[42] The neurotics might feel these attachments more strongly because of difficulties within their lives. If the neurotic does not experience these needs, they will experience anxiety. The ten needs are:[43]

  1. Affection and approval, the need to please others and be liked.
  2. A partner who will take over one’s life, based on the idea that love will solve all of one’s problems.
  3. Restriction of one’s life to narrow borders, to be undemanding, satisfied with little, inconspicuous; to simplify one’s life.
  4. Power, for control over others, for a facade of omnipotence, caused by a desperate desire for strength and dominance.
  5. Exploitation of others; to get the better of them.
  6. Social recognition or prestige, caused by an abnormal concern for appearances and popularity.
  7. Personal admiration.
  8. Personal achievement.
  9. Self-sufficiency and independence.
  10. Perfection and unassailability, a desire to be perfect and a fear of being flawed.

In Compliance, also known as «Moving toward» or the «Self-effacing solution», the individual moves towards those perceived as a threat to avoid retribution and getting hurt, «making any sacrifice, no matter how detrimental.»[44] The argument is, «If I give in, I won’t get hurt.» This means that: if I give everyone I see as a potential threat whatever they want, I will not be injured (physically or emotionally). This strategy includes neurotic needs one, two, and three.[45]

In Withdrawal, also known as «Moving away» or the «Resigning solution», individuals distance themselves from anyone perceived as a threat to avoid getting hurt – «the ‘mouse-hole’ attitude … the security of unobtrusiveness.»[46] The argument is, «If I do not let anyone close to me, I won’t get hurt.» A neurotic, according to Horney desires to be distant because of being abused. If they can be the extreme introvert, no one will ever develop a relationship with them. If there is no one around, nobody can hurt them. These «moving away» people fight personality, so they often come across as cold or shallow. This is their strategy. They emotionally remove themselves from society. Included in this strategy are neurotic needs three, nine, and ten.[45]

In Aggression, also known as the «Moving against» or the «Expansive solution», the individual threatens those perceived as a threat to avoid getting hurt. Children might react to parental in-differences by displaying anger or hostility. This strategy includes neurotic needs four, five, six, seven, and eight.[47]

Related to the work of Karen Horney, public administration scholars[48] developed a classification of coping by frontline workers when working with clients (see also the work of Michael Lipsky on street-level bureaucracy). This coping classification is focused on the behavior workers can display towards clients when confronted with stress. They show that during public service delivery there are three main families of coping:

  • Moving towards clients: Coping by helping clients in stressful situations. An example is a teacher working overtime to help students.
  • Moving away from clients: Coping by avoiding meaningful interactions with clients in stressful situations. An example is a public servant stating «the office is very busy today, please return tomorrow.»
  • Moving against clients: Coping by confronting clients. For instance, teachers can cope with stress when working with students by imposing very rigid rules, such as no cellphone use in class and sending everyone to the office when they use a cellphone. Furthermore, aggression towards clients is also included here.

In their systematic review of 35 years of the literature, the scholars found that the most often used family is moving towards clients (43% of all coping fragments). Moving away from clients was found in 38% of all coping fragments and Moving against clients in 19%.

Heinz HartmannEdit

In 1937, the psychoanalyst (as well as a physician, psychologist, and psychiatrist) Heinz Hartmann marked it as the evolution of ego psychology by publishing his paper, «Me» (which was later translated into English in 1958, titled, «The Ego and the Problem of Adaptation»).[49] Hartmann focused on the adaptive progression of the ego «through the mastery of new demands and tasks».[50] In fact, according to his adaptive point of view, once infants were born they have the ability to be able to cope with the demands of their surroundings.[49] In his wake, ego psychology further stressed «the development of the personality and of ‘ego-strengths’…adaptation to social realities».[51]

Object relationsEdit

Emotional intelligence has stressed the importance of «the capacity to soothe oneself, to shake off rampant anxiety, gloom, or irritability….People who are poor in this ability are constantly battling feelings of distress, while those who excel in it can bounce back far more quickly from life’s setbacks and upsets».[52] From this perspective, «the art of soothing ourselves is a fundamental life skill; some psychoanalytic thinkers, such as John Bowlby and D. W. Winnicott see this as the most essential of all psychic tools.»[53]

Object relations theory has examined the childhood development both of «[i]ndependent coping…capacity for self-soothing», and of «[a]ided coping. Emotion-focused coping in infancy is often accomplished through the assistance of an adult.»[54]

Gender differencesEdit

Gender differences in coping strategies are the ways in which men and women differ in managing psychological stress. There is evidence that males often develop stress due to their careers, whereas females often encounter stress due to issues in interpersonal relationships.[55] Early studies indicated that «there were gender differences in the sources of stressors, but gender differences in coping were relatively small after controlling for the source of stressors»;[56] and more recent work has similarly revealed «small differences between women’s and men’s coping strategies when studying individuals in similar situations.»[57]

In general, such differences as exist indicate that women tend to employ emotion-focused coping and the «tend-and-befriend» response to stress, whereas men tend to use problem-focused coping and the «fight-or-flight» response, perhaps because societal standards encourage men to be more individualistic, while women are often expected to be interpersonal. An alternative explanation for the aforementioned differences involves genetic factors. The degree to which genetic factors and social conditioning influence behavior, is the subject of ongoing debate.[58]

Physiological basisEdit

Hormones also play a part in stress management. Cortisol, a stress hormone, was found to be elevated in males during stressful situations. In females, however, cortisol levels were decreased in stressful situations, and instead, an increase in limbic activity was discovered. Many researchers believe that these results underlie the reasons why men administer a fight-or-flight reaction to stress; whereas, females have a tend-and-befriend reaction.[59] The «fight-or-flight» response activates the sympathetic nervous system in the form of increased focus levels, adrenaline, and epinephrine. Conversely, the «tend-and-befriend» reaction refers to the tendency of women to protect their offspring and relatives. Although these two reactions support a genetic basis to differences in behavior, one should not assume that in general females cannot implement «fight-or-flight» behavior or that males cannot implement «tend-and-befriend» behavior. Additionally, this study implied differing health impacts for each gender as a result of the contrasting stress-processes.

See alsoEdit

  • Adaptive performance
  • Communal coping
  • Dyscopia
  • Defence mechanisms § Level 4: mature
  • Emotional eating
  • Emotional intelligence
  • Experiential avoidance
  • Grief
  • Invisible support
  • Life skills
  • Mindfulness-based stress reduction
  • Music as a coping strategy
  • Psychological resilience
  • Psychological trauma
  • Self-compassion
  • Self-concealment
  • Self-control
  • Social sharing of emotions
  • Stiff upper lip
  • Stigma management
  • Stimming
  • Stress
  • Stress management

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  53. ^ Goleman, Daniel (1996). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-7475-2830-2.
  54. ^ Cummings, E. Mark; Greene, Anita L.; Karraker, Katherine H., eds. (1991). Life-span Developmental Psychology: Perspectives on Stress and Coping. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-0-8058-0371-6.
  55. ^ Davis, Mary C.; Matthews, Karen A.; Twamley, Elizabeth W. (1999). «Is life more difficult on mars or venus? A meta-analytic review of sex differences in major and minor life events». Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 21 (1): 83–97. doi:10.1007/BF02895038. PMID 18425659. S2CID 3679256.
  56. ^ Billings, Andrew G.; Moos, Rudolf H. (1981). «The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events». Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 4 (2): 139–57. doi:10.1007/BF00844267. PMID 7321033. S2CID 206785490.
  57. ^ Brannon, Linda; Feist, Jess (2009). Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health: An Introduction to Behavior and Health (7th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-495-60132-6.
  58. ^ Washburn-Ormachea, Jill M.; Hillman, Stephen B.; Sawilowsky, Shlomo S. (2004). «Gender and Gender-Role Orientation Differences on Adolescents’ Coping with Peer Stressors». Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 33 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1023/A:1027330213113. S2CID 92981782.
  59. ^ Wang, J.; Korczykowski, M.; Rao, H.; Fan, Y.; Pluta, J.; Gur, R.C.; McEwen, B.S.; Detre, J.A. (2007). «Gender difference in neural response to psychological stress». Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2 (3): 227–39. doi:10.1093/scan/nsm018. PMC 1974871. PMID 17873968.

SourcesEdit

  • Harrington, Rick (2013). Stress, health & well-being thriving in the 21st century. ISBN 978-1-111-83161-5. OCLC 781848419.
  • Folkman, Susan; Moskowitz, Judith Tedlie (February 2004). «Coping: Pitfalls and Promise». Annual Review of Psychology. 55 (1): 745–774. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456. PMID 14744233.

Further readingEdit

  • Susan Folkman and Richard S. Lazarus, «Coping and Emotion», in Nancy Stein et al. eds., Psychological and Biological Approaches to Emotion (1990)
  • Brougham, Ruby R.; Zail, Christy M.; Mendoza, Celeste M.; Miller, Janine R. (2009). «Stress, Sex Differences, and Coping Strategies Among College Students». Current Psychology. 28 (2): 85–97. doi:10.1007/s12144-009-9047-0. S2CID 18784775.

External linksEdit

Wikiversity has learning resources about Coping

  • Coping Skills for Trauma
  • Coping Strategies for Children and Teenagers Living with Domestic Violence
Источник

Meaning Coping

What does Coping mean? Here you find 26 meanings of the word Coping. You can also add a definition of Coping yourself

1

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 The process of dealing with internal or external demands that are perceived to be threatening or overwhelming.

2

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Coping

A construction unit placed at the top of a parapet wall to serve as a cover for the wall.

3

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Coping

A thin covering of the coronal portion of the tooth usually without anatomic conformity. Custom made or pre-fabricated thimble-shaped core or base layer designed to fit over a natural tooth preparatio [..]

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Coping

c. 1600 as an architectural term, from cope (n.), the cape-like vestment worn by priests (14c.), a variant of cape. Coping saw attested by 1931.

5

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Coping

The top portion of the lip on a ramp or obstacle that is usually made of metal tubing, PVC pipe or rounded-off cement.

6

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Coping

A cap or top course of a masonry wall to protect lower areas from water penetration.

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Coping

the employment of mental and behavioral methods to control the stipulations of a scenario when such are claimed to be wearing or beyond one’s abilities or to lessen the adverse feelings and strif [..]

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Coping

The top portion of the lip on a ramp or obstacle that is usually made of metal tubing, PVC pipe or rounded-off cement.

9

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Coping

Coping refers to the human behavioral process for dealing with demands, both internal or external, in situations that are perceived as threats. This can mean doing what is necessary at the time to dea [..]

10

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Coping

A construction unit placed at the top of the parapet wall to serve as a cover for the wall.

11

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Coping

A cap or covering course on top of masonry wall. Designed to shed water, protect the top and provide a finished, closed appearance to the wall. Commonly extended beyond the wall face and incorporating [..]

12

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Coping

(n) brick that is laid sideways at the top of a wall

13

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Coping

Thoughts and behaviors that people use to gain control of, tolerate, reduce, or minimize stressful events.

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Coping

Attempts by individuals to deal with the source of stress and/or control their reactions to it.

15

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Coping

The top course of masonry in a wall: the waterside top edge of a wall.

16

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Coping

Tile or brick used to cap or cover the top of a masonry wall.

17

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Coping

A cap or top course of a masonry wall to protect lower areas from water penetration.

18

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Coping

A flat stone used as a cap on freestanding walls.

19

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Coping

The top portion of the lip on a ramp or obstacle that is usually made of metal tubing, PVC pipe or rounded-off cement.

20

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Coping

To re-shape the bird’s beak into its optimal form; to trim the growth and shape it up. Coverts

21

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Coping

The material that surrounds the perimeter of your swimming pool and/or spa. On a “Gunite” or cement pool, the coping is typically about 12 inches wide, and usually made out of brick, paving stones, natural stone, or a precast cement material. On a vinyl-liner pool, the coping may be only one or two inches wide, and made of plastic, vinyl, or alum [..]

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Coping

Cutting the moulding to fit the pattern.

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Coping

 The cap or top lip on the pool or hot tub wall that provides a finished edge around the pool or spa. It can be formed, cast in place or precast, or prefabricated of extruded aluminum or rigid vinyl. [..]

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Coping

Stones, bricks or other individual masonry units used as a finished edging around the pond perimeter. Coping can be set loose or mortared in place.

25

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Coping

The top portion of the lip on a ramp or obstacle that is usually made of metal tubing, PVC pipe or rounded-off cement.

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Coping

Protective capping on the top of a parapet or free standing wall.

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Источник

  • 1
    coping

    * * *

    coping
    n

    Англо-русский строительный словарь.
    Академик.ру.
    2011.

    Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > coping

  • 2
    coping

    Ⅰ

    coping [ˊkəυpɪŋ]

    pres. p.

    от cope Ⅰ

    Ⅱ

    coping [ˊkəυpɪŋ]

    1)

    стр.

    перекрыва́ющий ряд кла́дки стены́; парапе́тная плита́

    2) гре́бень плоти́ны

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > coping

  • 3
    coping

    Англо-русский синонимический словарь > coping

  • 4
    coping

    Англо-русский строительный словарь > coping

  • 5
    coping

    1) карниз; навес

    •

    —
    raking coping
    —
    saddle-backed coping
    —
    saddle-back coping

    Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > coping

  • 6
    coping

    [̈ɪˈkəupɪŋ]

    coping pres. p. от cope coping гребень плотины coping стр. перекрывающий ряд кладки стены; парапетная плита

    English-Russian short dictionary > coping

  • 7
    coping

    [‘kəupɪŋ]

    сущ.

    1)

    стр.

    верхний, перекрывающий ряд кладки стены; парапетная плита; карниз; навес

    Англо-русский современный словарь > coping

  • 8
    coping

    1. отражательный козырёк
    2. защитный козырёк

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > coping

  • 9
    coping

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > coping

  • 10
    coping

    Англо-русский технический словарь > coping

  • 11
    coping

    1. n стр. перекрывающая плита

    2. n стр. парапетная плита

    3. n стр. гребень плотины

    English-Russian base dictionary > coping

  • 12
    coping

    1. гребень

    2. верхний ряд кладки

    English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > coping

  • 13
    coping

    [ʹkəʋpıŋ]

    стр.

    1) перекрывающая плита

    2) парапетная плита

    3) гребень плотины

    НБАРС > coping

  • 14
    coping

    защитный козырёк; отражательный козырёк

    * * *

    Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > coping

  • 15
    coping

    [‘kəʊpɪŋ]

    7) Стоматология: копинг , колпачок, основа коронки

    10) Табуированная лексика: успех

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > coping

  • 16
    coping

    Англо русский политехнический словарь > coping

  • 17
    coping

    [`kəʊpɪŋ]

    верхний, перекрывающий ряд кладки стены; парапетная плита; карниз; навес

    гребень плотины

    Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь > coping

  • 18
    coping

    мед.гл.

    покрывать, металлическая основа коронки с облицовкой; адаптация; от

    англ.

    cope

    Англо-русский медицинский словарь > coping

  • 19
    coping

    English-Russian sports dictionary > coping

  • 20
    coping

    I

    present participle

    of cope I

    II

    1.

    present participle

    of cope II 2.

    1) constr. перекрывающий ряд кладки стены; парапетная плита

    2) гребень плотины

    * * *

    (n) гребень плотины; парапетная плита; перекрывающая плита

    * * *

    строверхний, перекрывающий ряд кладки стены

    * * *

    [cop·ing || ‘kəʊpɪŋ]
    перекрывающая плита, парапетная плита, перекрывающий ряд кладки стены, гребень плотины

    * * *

    * * *

    1) строит. верхний, перекрывающий ряд кладки стены; парапетная плита
    2) гребень плотины

    Новый англо-русский словарь > coping

Страницы

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См. также в других словарях:

  • Coping — may refer to: Coping (architecture) consists of the capping or covering of a wall Coping (psychology) is the process of managing stressful circumstances Coping (joinery), a woodworking technique A coping is the part of a Crown (dentistry) that… …   Wikipedia

  • coping — c.1600 as an architectural term, from cope (n.), the cape like vestment worn by priests (14c.), a variant of CAPE (Cf. cape). Coping saw attested by 1931 …   Etymology dictionary

  • Coping — Cop ing, n. [See {Cope}, n.] (Arch.) The highest or covering course of masonry in a wall, often with sloping edges to carry off water; sometimes called {capping}. Gwill. [1913 Webster] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • coping — ● coping nom masculin (de l anglais to cope, supporter) En psychologie, stratégie développée par l individu pour faire face au stress …   Encyclopédie Universelle

  • Coping —   [ koʊpɪȖ, zu englisch to cope »mit jemandem/etwas fertig werden«] das, s, psychische Bewältigung und Verarbeitung von Belastungen, die insbesondere durch chronische oder unheilbare Erkrankungen und Behinderungen verursacht werden …   Universal-Lexikon

  • coping — ► NOUN ▪ the top, typically rounded or sloping, course of a brick or stone wall. ORIGIN from COPE(Cf. ↑coper), originally meaning «dress in a cope», hence «to cover» …   English terms dictionary

  • coping — [kō′piŋ] n. [< fig. use of COPE2] the top layer of a masonry wall, usually sloped to carry off water …   English World dictionary

  • Coping — Stress Pour les articles homonymes, voir Tension et Stress (homonymie). Le stress ou tension nerveuse est le syndrome général d adaptation. Il s agit d un anglicisme : ce mot signifie contrainte en anglais. Le stress fait partie des troubles …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Coping — Bewältigungsstrategie, Copingstrategie, Coping (von englisch: to cope with = bewältigen , überwinden ) bezeichnet die Art des Umgangs mit einem als bedeutsam und schwierig empfundenen Lebensereignis oder einer Lebensphase. In diesem Sinne sind… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • coping — I UK [ˈkəʊpɪŋ] / US [ˈkoʊpɪŋ] noun [countable/uncountable] Word forms coping : singular coping plural copings the final layer of bricks or stone built along a wall II UK [ˈkəʊpɪŋ] / US [ˈkoʊpɪŋ] adjective coping behaviour or skills are ways that… …   English dictionary

  • coping — n. the top (usu. sloping) course of masonry in a wall or parapet. Phrases and idioms: coping stone a stone used in a coping …   Useful english dictionary

Источник

English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From cope (sense 2), used in the sense «dress in a cope,» «to cover.»

Noun[edit]

coping (plural copings)

  1. (architecture) The top layer of a brick wall, especially one that slopes in order to throw off water.

    • 1914, Louis Joseph Vance, chapter I, in Nobody, New York, N.Y.: George H[enry] Doran Company, published 1915, →OCLC:

      Three chairs of the steamer type, all maimed, comprised the furniture of this roof-garden, with (by way of local colour) on one of the copings a row of four red clay flower-pots filled with sun-baked dust […].

    • 1922, Sinclair Lewis, “28”, in Babbitt:

      He stood a moment at the coping, looking over a land of hard little bungalows with abnormally large porches, and new apartment-houses, small, but brave with variegated brick walls and terra-cotta trimmings.

  2. (psychology) The process of managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems, and seeking to master, minimize, reduce or tolerate stress or conflict.
  3. (falconry) Clipping the beak or talons of a bird.

Derived terms[edit]

  • coping strategy

Translations[edit]

The top layer of a brick wall, especially one that slopes in order to throw off water

the process of managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems, and seeking to master, minimize, reduce or tolerate stress or conflict.

  • Dutch: coping (nl) f
  • Spanish: afrontamiento (es) m

Verb[edit]

coping

  1. present participle of cope

Anagrams[edit]

  • picong
Источник

парапетная плита, перекрывающий ряд кладки стены, гребень плотины

существительное

- перекрывающая плита
- парапетная плита
- гребень плотины

Мои примеры

Словосочетания

coping saw blade — полотно пилы для резки толстого материала; подрезная пила  
coping saw work — вырезание лобзиком по дереву  
coping-stone — карнизный камень; последняя капля; последний штрих  
coping wall — парапет на плотине со стороны верхнего бьефа  
document coping machine — учрежденческий копировальный аппарат  
gable coping — гребень фронтона, возвышающийся над крышей  
garden wall with coping stones — садовая ограждающая стена с оголовком  
inadequate stress coping — неадекватное преодоление стресса; неумелое преодоление стресса  
it was the coping-stone of his misfortunes — это было для него последним ударом  
magnetic coping — магнитное копирование  

Примеры с переводом

How is Mary coping with Jim’s mother? 

Как Мэри уживается с матерью Джима?

The crash victim gritted his teeth as a way of coping with the pain. 

Пытаясь хоть как-то справиться с болью, пострадавший в аварии стиснул зубы.

Coping with ill health was a heavy load to bear. 

Справиться с плохим самочувствием было крайне непросто.

Возможные однокоренные слова

cop  — полицейский, полисмен, фараон, хохолок, поймать, застать
coper  — торговец лошадьми, конский барышник

Формы слова

noun
ед. ч.(singular): coping
мн. ч.(plural): copings

Источник

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  • British

This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.

This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.

noun

a finishing or protective course or cap to an exterior masonry wall or the like.

a piece of woodwork having its end shaped to fit together with a molding.

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Origin of coping

First recorded in 1595–1605; cope2 + -ing1

Words nearby coping

Copiague, Copiapó, copier, copihue, copilot, coping, coping mechanism, coping saw, coping stone, copious, copita

Dictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023

Words related to coping

bed, blanket, coat, floor, row, sheet, slab, thickness, band, couch, course, cover, film, flag, flap, fold, girdle, lamina, lamination, lap

How to use coping in a sentence

  • For those with anxiety disorders like mine, whose coping method is worry, the calm after the storm brings a different type of fallout.

  • Encourage children to experiment with coping strategies, such as painting, writing in a journal, deep breathing, taking a walk or calling a friend.

  • This can lead to maladaptive coping behaviors, such as blocking the outward expression of emotions, that tend to worsen anxiety.

  • And, you’ve tried most of the coping tactics available to you.

  • He had been unknowingly teaching the same lessons day after day in school, and the coping skills he had been using to manage to get his job done had begun to collapse under the disease’s progression.

  • Coping with drought and marginal soils was a continual struggle.

  • Coping will be more difficult next time, and with the way this war is heading, there will be many next times.

  • It also includes unique coping methods, such as voice-recorded mindfulness and relaxation exercises, or relaxing music.

  • Four years after its emergence as a political force, the Tea Party is now coping with its adolescence.

  • All of those interviewed suggested various ways of coping with the social stigma of ending a family relationship.

  • It is the crown and apex of all bad language, the coping-stone of all systems of verbal aggression and abuse.

  • It had two pilasters of stone cut in facets, and the coping represented a reclining woman holding a cornucopia.

  • He had put his hammer into his pocket; his little heap of cut nails remained on the coping.

  • Mars scooted upward, already changing into something capable of coping with the bear.

  • He heard the mysterious stranger drop from the coping of the wall and the sound of his swift feet.

British Dictionary definitions for coping

noun

the sloping top course of a wall, usually made of masonry or brickAlso called: cope

Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

Источник

: the covering course of a wall usually with a sloping top

Word History

First Known Use

1601, in the meaning defined above

Time Traveler

The first known use of coping was
in 1601

Dictionary Entries Near coping

Cite this Entry

“Coping.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coping. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.

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Источник

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I think it’s very important to support the program in your area, as each part of the country has its own challenges coping with AIDS. It can be very different from state to state and city to city. Wherever you live, there is surely someone who could use your help.

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PRONUNCIATION OF COPING

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GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF COPING

Coping is a noun.

A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc.

WHAT DOES COPING MEAN IN ENGLISH?


Definition of coping in the English dictionary

The definition of coping in the dictionary is the sloping top course of a wall, usually made of masonry or brick Also called: cope.

WORDS THAT RHYME WITH COPING

Synonyms and antonyms of coping in the English dictionary of synonyms

SYNONYMS OF «COPING»

The following words have a similar or identical meaning as «coping» and belong to the same grammatical category.

Translation of «coping» into 25 languages

online translator

TRANSLATION OF COPING

Find out the translation of coping to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.

The translations of coping from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «coping» in English.

Translator English — Chinese


应对

1,325 millions of speakers

Translator English — Spanish


afrontamiento

570 millions of speakers

English


coping

510 millions of speakers

Translator English — Hindi


मुकाबला

380 millions of speakers

Translator English — Arabic


التعامل

280 millions of speakers

Translator English — Russian


справиться

278 millions of speakers

Translator English — Portuguese


enfrentamento

270 millions of speakers

Translator English — Bengali


প্রাচীরশীর্ষস্থ ঢাল

260 millions of speakers

Translator English — French


chaperon

220 millions of speakers

Translator English — Malay


Mengatasi

190 millions of speakers

Translator English — German


Bewältigung

180 millions of speakers

Translator English — Japanese


対処

130 millions of speakers

Translator English — Korean


대처

85 millions of speakers

Translator English — Javanese


Nanggulangi

85 millions of speakers

Translator English — Vietnamese


đối phó

80 millions of speakers

Translator English — Tamil


சமாளிக்கும்

75 millions of speakers

Translator English — Marathi


सामना

75 millions of speakers

Translator English — Turkish


başa çıkma

70 millions of speakers

Translator English — Italian


cimasa

65 millions of speakers

Translator English — Polish


radzenia sobie

50 millions of speakers

Translator English — Ukrainian


справитися

40 millions of speakers

Translator English — Romanian


coping

30 millions of speakers

Translator English — Greek


αντιμετώπιση

15 millions of speakers

Translator English — Afrikaans


hantering

14 millions of speakers

Translator English — Swedish


coping

10 millions of speakers

Translator English — Norwegian


mestring

5 millions of speakers

Trends of use of coping

TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «COPING»

The term «coping» is very widely used and occupies the 18.836 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.

Trends

FREQUENCY

Very widely used

The map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «coping» in the different countries.

Principal search tendencies and common uses of coping

List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «coping».

FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «COPING» OVER TIME

The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «coping» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «coping» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day.

Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about coping

10 QUOTES WITH «COPING»

Famous quotes and sentences with the word coping.

I take for granted that for the imaginative writer, the exercise of the imagination is part of the basic process of coping with reality, just as actors need to act all the time to make up for some deficiency in their sense of themselves.

Coping with the demands of everyday life would be exceedingly trying if one could arrive at solutions to problems only by actually performing possible options and suffering the consequences.

I’m a great aficionado of history. I was deeply affected by seeing the disintegration of any chance of democracy coping with fascism in the Weimar republic, where woolly-minded, well-meaning liberalism actually allowed the forces of darkness to use democracy, to exploit democracy, to overturn democracy.

Culture is a way of coping with the world by defining it in detail.

The idea of evil is always subject to denial as a coping mechanism.

I think it’s very important to support the program in your area, as each part of the country has its own challenges coping with AIDS. It can be very different from state to state and city to city. Wherever you live, there is surely someone who could use your help.

It’s what all actors try to do, really, to just preserve the child inside them because their imagination is quite available. I think partly it’s because they’re still making sense of the world. They haven’t boxed everything up so neatly as most adults have. And the thing is adults haven’t solved the world — they’ve just found a coping mechanism.

Music for me is not just being on a stage and singing. It’s my coping mechanism.

Leaving things behind and starting again is a way of coping with difficulties. I learnt very early in my life that I was able to leave a place and still remain myself.

I actually think in some ways that it might be more challenging to be bipolar because it’s so mercurial — it’s so ever-changing. You can’t get any traction. You can’t build on a system. Whereas, somebody who has Asperger’s, which is certainly a much more forgiving expression of autism, can create models for coping and build on them over time.

10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «COPING»

Discover the use of coping in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to coping and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.

1

Stress, Appraisal, and Coping

The total reference listing for the book extends to 60 pages. This work is necessarily multidisciplinary, reflecting the many dimensions of stress-related problems and their situation within a complex social context.

Richard S. Lazarus PhD, Susan Folkman PhD, 1984

2

The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, …

Bridging the subject fields of psychology and religion, this volume interweaves theories with first-hand accounts, clinical insight, and empirical research to look at such questions as whether religion is a help or a hindrance in times of …

Kenneth I. Pargament, 2001

3

Coping with Work Stress: A Review and Critique

The authors – renowned experts in the field – offer carefully considered critical reviews of issues surrounding the latest work stress and coping studies, and identify several new strategic pathways to stimulate future research.

Philip J. Dewe, Michael P. O’Driscoll, Cary L. Cooper, 2010

4

Handbook of Coping: Theory, Research, Applications

The penultimate section focuses on individual differences. Among important topics covered here are coping styles and dispositions; the role of family, social support, and education; and coping behaviors across the life span.

Moshe Zeidner, Norman S. Endler, 1996

5

Coping : The Psychology of What Works: The Psychology of …

Coping is a fundamental psychological process, and people’s skills are commensurately sophisticated. This volume builds on people’s strengths and emphasizes their role as positive copers.

Lawrence C. R. Snyder Professor of Psychology and Director of the Graduate Training Program in Clinical Psychology University of Kansas, 1999

6

Adolescent Coping: Theoretical and Research Perspectives

Adolescence is a time when coping is very important, since many new experiences and responsibilities are thrust upon young people. Frydenberg considers the measurement of coping, and looks at areas such as social support and depression.

7

Handbook of Multicultural Perspectives on Stress and Coping

The only book currently available that focuses and multicultural, cross-cultural and international perspectives of stress and coping A very comprehensive resource book on the subject matter Contains many groundbreaking ideas and findings in …

Paul T. P. Wong, W.J. Lonner, Lilian C. J. Wong, 2007

8

Coping with Infuriating, Mean, Critical People: The …

A guide to understanding and dealing with overpowering, self-centered and arrogant people — those with destructive narcissistic patterns — who consistently make us feel fear, anger, shame, or guilt.

9

Coping With Trauma, Second Edition: Hope Through Understanding

For clinicians, this compelling work includes broad discussions of trauma from both psychological and psychiatric perspectives. New developments in attachment theory have reshaped the whole book.

10

Coping with Kidney Disease: A 12-Step Treatment Program to …

A revolutionary program that can indefinitely postpone the need for dialysis If you’ve been diagnosed with kidney failure, this book could save your life.

Mackenzie Walser, Betsy Thorpe, 2010

10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «COPING»

Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term coping is used in the context of the following news items.

Mid-South Farmers Coping With Rising Flood Waters

Mid-South Farmers Coping With Rising Flood Waters. Austin Lewis. 07/07/2015 03:51 PM. 07/07/2015 05:39 PM … «Local Memphis, Jul 15»

How Are Greeks Coping With Closed Banks?

Bloomberg’s Joe Weisenthal updates the latest news on life in Greece during the Greek debt crisis. He speaks on “Bloomberg Markets. «Bloomberg, Jul 15»

Area farmers coping with excess rainfall

The ongoing rainy weather so far this summer has left area farmers feeling fortunate if their fields aren’t completely flooded. They’re hoping … «Herald & Review, Jul 15»

A mix of social and support; Memory Cafe brings those coping with …

Over refreshments and some entertainment or a group activity, Urquhart said the hope is people coping with memory changes due to … «Andover Townsman, Jul 15»

Coping with chemotherapy

Cancer in itself, plus its treatment, has some side effects which interfere with normal dietary intake, thus posing great risk as far as good … «The Standard Digital News, Jul 15»

#026 Precious Lives: First Responders To Trauma Need Coping …

#026 Precious Lives: First Responders To Trauma Need Coping Mechanisms Too. By 371 Productions • 59 minutes ago. ShareTwitter Facebook Google+ Email. «WUWM, Jul 15»

Lisa Bradburn :Keep Cool and Carry On — Coping With Kids in the …

When the weather changes more often than the balls at Wimbledon, how do you keep your kids cool, calm and collected throughout the day … «Huffington Post UK, Jul 15»

Lindsay residents coping with construction also having to do without …

Greetings from the trenches on Adelaide South in Lindsay. Our street is currently under total reconstruction. I suppose things are coming along, … «Kawartha Media Group, Jul 15»

Health Tip: Coping With Disaster

Powered by US News. Health Tip: Coping With Disaster. HealthDay July 6, 2015 | 7:00 a.m. EDT + More. By Diana Kohnle, HealthDay Reporter. (HealthDay … «U.S. News & World Report, Jul 15»

ECB said to see Greek banks coping to Wednesday without more aid

The European Central Bank reckons Greece’s financial system can survive until at least after Tuesday’s summit of European leaders without an … «Kathimerini, Jul 15»

REFERENCE

« EDUCALINGO. Coping [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/coping>. Apr 2023 ».

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