Meaning of the word collocations - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, a collocation is a type of compositional phraseme, meaning that it can be understood from the words that make it up. This contrasts with an idiom, where the meaning of the whole cannot be inferred from its parts, and may be completely unrelated.

An example of a phraseological collocation is the expression strong tea.^[1] While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent powerful tea, this adjective does not modify tea frequently enough for English speakers to become accustomed to its co-occurrence and regard it as idiomatic or unmarked. (By way of counterexample, powerful is idiomatically preferred to strong when modifying a computer or a car.)

There are about six main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (such as collective nouns), verb + noun, adverb + adjective, verbs + prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.

Collocation extraction is a computational technique that finds collocations in a document or corpus, using various computational linguistics elements resembling data mining.

Expanded definitionEdit

Collocations are partly or fully fixed expressions that become established through repeated context-dependent use. Such terms as crystal clear, middle management, nuclear family, and cosmetic surgery are examples of collocated pairs of words.

Collocations can be in a syntactic relation (such as verb–object: make and decision), lexical relation (such as antonymy), or they can be in no linguistically defined relation. Knowledge of collocations is vital for the competent use of a language: a grammatically correct sentence will stand out as awkward if collocational preferences are violated. This makes collocation an interesting area for language teaching.

Corpus linguists specify a key word in context (KWIC) and identify the words immediately surrounding them. This gives an idea of the way words are used.

The processing of collocations involves a number of parameters, the most important of which is the measure of association, which evaluates whether the co-occurrence is purely by chance or statistically significant. Due to the non-random nature of language, most collocations are classed as significant, and the association scores are simply used to rank the results. Commonly used measures of association include mutual information, t scores, and log-likelihood.^[2]^[3]

Rather than select a single definition, Gledhill^[4] proposes that collocation involves at least three different perspectives: co-occurrence, a statistical view, which sees collocation as the recurrent appearance in a text of a node and its collocates;^[5]^[6]^[7] construction, which sees collocation either as a correlation between a lexeme and a lexical-grammatical pattern,^[8] or as a relation between a base and its collocative partners;^[9] and expression, a pragmatic view of collocation as a conventional unit of expression, regardless of form.^[10]^[11] These different perspectives contrast with the usual way of presenting collocation in phraseological studies. Traditionally speaking, collocation is explained in terms of all three perspectives at once, in a continuum:

Free combination ↔ bound collocation ↔ frozen idiom

In dictionariesEdit

In 1933, Harold Palmer’s Second Interim Report on English Collocations highlighted the importance of collocation as a key to producing natural-sounding language, for anyone learning a foreign language.^[12] Thus from the 1940s onwards, information about recurrent word combinations became a standard feature of monolingual learner’s dictionaries. As these dictionaries became «less word-centred and more phrase-centred»,^[13] more attention was paid to collocation. This trend was supported, from the beginning of the 21st century, by the availability of large text corpora and intelligent corpus-querying software, making it possible to provide a more systematic account of collocation in dictionaries. Using these tools, dictionaries such as the Macmillan English Dictionary and the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English included boxes or panels with lists of frequent collocations.^[14]

There are also a number of specialized dictionaries devoted to describing the frequent collocations in a language.^[15] These include (for Spanish) Redes: Diccionario combinatorio del español contemporaneo (2004), (for French) Le Robert: Dictionnaire des combinaisons de mots (2007), and (for English) the LTP Dictionary of Selected Collocations (1997) and the Macmillan Collocations Dictionary (2010).^[16]

Statistically significant collocationEdit

Student’s t-test can be used to determine whether the occurrence of a collocation in a corpus is statistically significant.^[17] For a bigram , let be the unconditional probability of occurrence of in a corpus with size , and let be the unconditional probability of occurrence of in the corpus. The t-score for the bigram is calculated as:

where is the sample mean of the occurrence of , is the number of occurrences of , is the probability of under the null-hypothesis that and appear independently in the text, and is the sample variance. With a large , the t-test is equivalent to a Z-test.

ReferencesEdit

^ Halliday, M.A.K., ‘Lexis as a Linguistic Level’, Journal of Linguistics 2(1) 1966: 57–67
^ Dunning, Ted (1993): «Accurate methods for the statistics of surprise and coincidence». Computational Linguistics 19, 1 (Mar. 1993), 61–74.
^ Dunning, Ted (2008-03-21). «Surprise and Coincidence». blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
^ Gledhill C. (2000): Collocations in Science Writing, Narr, Tübingen
^ Firth J.R. (1957): Papers in Linguistics 1934–1951. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ Sinclair J. (1996): «The Search for Units of Meaning», in Textus, IX, 75–106.
^ Smadja F. A & McKeown, K. R. (1990): «Automatically extracting and representing collocations for language generation», Proceedings of ACL’90, 252–259, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
^ Hunston S. & Francis G. (2000): Pattern Grammar — A Corpus-Driven Approach to the Lexical Grammar of English, Amsterdam, John Benjamins
^ Hausmann F. J. (1989): Le dictionnaire de collocations. In Hausmann F.J., Reichmann O., Wiegand H.E., Zgusta L.(eds), Wörterbücher : ein internationales Handbuch zur Lexikographie. Dictionaries. Dictionnaires. Berlin/New-York : De Gruyter. 1010–1019.
^
Moon R. (1998): Fixed Expressions and Idioms, a Corpus-Based Approach. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
^ Frath P. & Gledhill C. (2005): «Free-Range Clusters or Frozen Chunks? Reference as a Defining Criterion for Linguistic Units^{[dead link]},» in Recherches anglaises et Nord-américaines, vol. 38 :25–43
^ Cowie, A.P., English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners, Oxford University Press 1999:54–56
^ Bejoint, H., The Lexicography of English, Oxford University Press 2010: 318
^ «MED Second Edition – Key features – Macmillan». macmillandictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
^ Herbst, T. and Klotz, M. ‘Syntagmatic and Phraseological Dictionaries’ in Cowie, A.P. (Ed.) The Oxford History of English Lexicography, 2009: part 2, 234–243
^ «Macmillan Collocation Dictionary – How it was written — Macmillan». macmillandictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-21. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
^ Manning, Chris; Schütze, Hinrich (1999). Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 163–166. ISBN 0262133601.

External linksEdit

Look up collocation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Ozdic Collocation Dictionary
A Small System Storing Spanish Collocations (Igor A. Bolshakov & Sabino Miranda-Jiménez)
Morphological characterization of collocations and semantic relationships in Spanish (Sabino Miranda-Jiménez & Igor A. Bolshakov)
Example of collocations for the word «Surgery»

Источник

Collocation refers to a group of two or more words that usually go together. A good way to think of collocation is to look at the word collocation. Co — meaning together — location — meaning place. Collocations are words that are located together. A good answer to «What is collocation?» is: Collocation is a group of two or more words that like to hang out together. Here are some examples of common collocations that you might know:

make tea — I made a cup of tea for lunch.
do homework — I did all of my homework yesterday.

Even though it possible to use other word combinations, understanding collocations help English learners improve their fluency because they are words that usually go together.

Make and Do

I begin with ‘make’ and ‘do’ because they provide perfect examples of why collocation is so important. Generally, ‘make’ refers to things that are made that weren’t there before. ‘Do’ refers to actions that we take or do such as chores.

Collocations with ‘Make’

make a cup of coffee / tea
make noise
make the bed
make a business deal
make a fuss
make sense
make time for someone

Collocations with Do

do the laundry
do the errands
do business with someone
do a chore
do the shopping

Make and Do are perfect examples of verbs that go together with specific nouns. A verb + noun combination that always go together are considered collocations.

Why Do Words Collocate?

There is often no reason for a collocation. People just put certain words together more often than they put other words together. In fact, the use of collocations has become popular in English and language teaching because of corpus linguistics. Corpus linguistics study huge volumes of data of spoken and written English to come up with statistics on how often people use certain words and word combinations. Through this study, corpus linguistics has been able to define what are strong and weak collocations.

Collocations are used especially often in business English and there are dictionaries such as the Oxford Dictionary of Collocations that can help you learn these common collocations.

Strong Collocations

Strong collocations refer to words that almost always go together. It’s possible that people might understand you if you don’t use a strong collocation. However, if you do not use a strong collocation it will sound funny to native speakers. Let’s return to our example of ‘make’ and ‘do’. If you say:

I did a cup of coffee.

native speakers will understand that you mean:

I made a cup of coffee.

Correct use of strong collocations shows an excellent command of the English language, and can certainly help impress native speakers’ of your ability to speak English well. Of course, if you are speaking to other non-native speakers the ability to use collocations correctly all the time becomes less important. That doesn’t mean that correct collocation use is not important, it’s just not AS important as something like correct tense. Imagine for a moment that you are speaking about a future meeting:

Our meeting was on Friday at four o’clock.
I’ve done an appointment at four o’clock for the meeting room on Friday.

In both of these sentences, there are mistakes. However, in the first sentence instead of using a future tense, the past tense is used. If you want your colleagues to come to the meeting, this mistake is very serious and will lead to no one coming to the meeting.

In the second sentence ‘do an appointment’ is a misuse of a strong collocation. However, the meaning is clear: You have scheduled a room at four o’clock. In this case, a mistake in collocations is not nearly as important as a mistake in tense usage.

Here are examples of strong collocations that you might not be familiar with:

high earnings (not big earnings)
long-range planning (not long-time planning)
urban guerrilla (not city guerrilla)

More Information

Why are Collocations Important?

There is an entire world of collocations to explore. Learning collocations is important because you begin to learn words in larger groups or ‘chunks’ of language. Putting together these chunks of language leads to more fluent English.

More information on other word groups in English

Источник

Collocations are important pieces of linguistic detail when it comes to learning a new language. This article vows to dive deep into the realm of collocation starting from the very definition. Take a look at the types, examples and advantages of knowing collocations. Why do certain words collocate and why should anybody care which words they pair with? These usual questions are carefully tackled with proper examples and explanations within this article.

What is Collocation?

Collocation indicates two or more words and word clusters that tend to pop up side by side more often than it could be considered coincidental. The word, “Collocation” is made out of the prefix, “Co-” which means together, and the word, “Location” that indicates spatial position. Collocation means that the words or phrases in contention are almost always seen beside one another. When they come, they come in pairs.

There is an inherent tendency to use familiar sets of words in clusters among speakers of any language. Idioms and quotations are bigger examples of that. The words or phrases collocated beside each other have often been used exactly like that for over a number of years. It is not that changing the sequence of the words would render them unfathomable but it is just that they have been always popping up beside each other for ages. It may be a measure of one’s authority over the English language since knowing a language is about knowing how the natives use the words in the language and they know the secret code of collocation.

Why do Words Collocate?

It must be a valid question invading your head why any set of words come up together more often than others. To be perfectly honest, there is hardly any particular reason why they collocate; rather native English speakers happen to pair them up more frequently than they do other words. Corpus Linguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies a grand number of data with regards to how English speakers use the language and what words they use and how often they combine sets of words while speaking or writing. Corpus Linguistics has enabled us to determine the strong and weak collocations.

Types of Collocations

The two major types of collocations would be based on the strength of the pairs’ bond. These collocations are —

Strong Collocations

Strong collocations refer to the fact that the collocated words almost always pop up together. The strength of the words signifies how closely bound they are when it comes to being used in speech and on paper. The perk of the strong collocations is if someone replaces a portion of the pair mistakenly, chances are that native speakers will still know what they mean and the correct collocation for that. At best, the missed out opportunity to use the strong collocation will spur a nice bit of smirk on the faces of the native English speakers you are dealing with. On the other hand, it will make very little difference whether you use the collocations on-point or not while collaborating with the non-native speakers.

For example, if somebody asks to “start a light” instead of “turn the light on,” it would sound very out of place as the listeners take a few moments to determine what message is actually meant to convey but the right collocation would most certainly pop up in their head soon. That is the strength of the collocation that had continuously been used by millions for a good number of years.

Weak Collocations

In case of the weak collocations, at least one word should be easily alterable since the bond is weaker than that of strong collocations. That means the same set of words tend to be able to collocate with a few different combinations of words. Choosing weak collocations over the strong can be a good trick for the English learners since that opens up the possibility of being right and understandable most of the time. But knowing the weak collocations and being able to use them on spot would always give you some points.

For example, “in broad agreement” and “in broad daylight” would be good examples of how weak collocations work. You cannot tell what must come after “in broad…” unlike what happens in case of strong collocations.

Grammatical Collocations

There are a few more types of collocations in the English language based on their grammatical structure. A few of them are explained and exemplified below —

Verb Collocations

The verb + noun collocations are by far the most common ones in the English language. And these are used non-stop in everyday situations. Below are some of the examples of verb collocations —

Burst into tears (crying)- She often bursts into tears.
Lose temper (getting angry)- Let’s not lose our temper.
Run the risk (risking)- Liars always run the risk of getting caught.
Take a break (relaxing)- You can take a break.
Break record (doing something better than the rest)- They broke all records.
Give a lift (sharing one’s ride)- I decided to give my teacher a lift to school.
Raise taxes (increasing tax rates)- The government has raised taxes on packaged food.
Meet expectations (doing as good as anticipated)- The performance didn’t meet the expectations of the fans.
Got divorced (breaking up a marriage) — They got divorced.
Keep promise (doing as promised)- Sadly, I couldn’t keep my promise of being punctual.
Caught a glimpse (seeing something very briefly)- Sharon caught a glimpse of her father.

Adjective Collocations

Adjective collocations are usually very simple since they are composed of one adjective that modifies the noun that comes after in the combination. Below are some of the examples to explain the category better —

Deep pocket (rich)- We need deep pockets to establish this business.
Deep sleep (hard to wake up)- He is in dire need of some deep sleep.
Heavy drinker (who drinks a lot)- Being a heavy drinker takes a toll on the kidneys.
High quality (great in quality)- This is high-quality
Strong feeling (positive feeling)- I have a strong feeling about this.
Strong opinion (hard to change opinions)- Strong opinions are not bulletproof.

Business Collocations

Collocations can be such an inadmissible part of formal collaboration. In specialized settings, collocation is the part and parcel of the daily register of the space concerned. When taken out of their conjoint placement side by side, only misunderstandings prevail. Listed below are some examples of business collocations —

Open an account (start a collaboration)- Are you here to open an account?
Join forces (teaming up)- Let’s join forces with the marketing team.
Chair a meeting (presiding over a meeting)- John would chair a meeting
Attract investors (prompting investors to invest)- We’ll have to strategize well to attract hefty investors.
Counterfeit money (printing fake money)- Counterfeiting money is a punishable offense.
Close a deal (sign an agreement)- Let’s close this deal right away.

Emphatic Expressions

Placing intensifiers before verbs express acute emotions. There are “intensifier + verb” expressions that have been used collocated for ages and changing the intensifiers knowingly or unknowingly would not have similar intensity or effect.

Honestly believe (having faith)- I honestly believe your son would grow up to be a gentleman.
Positively encourage (cheering up)- The company positively encourages punctuality and sincerity.
Readily endorse (ready to stand up for)- We will readily endorse peace at all times.
Sincerely hope (strong expectation)- She sincerely hopes to get selected.
Strongly recommend (big push)- I strongly recommend choosing this neighborhood.
Totally reject (dismiss)- The client totally rejected our innovative take on the project.
Utterly refuse (sincere denial)- I utterly refuse to fall for this trap.

Why Learn Collocations?

Learning collocations in any language would give you an opportunity to use the language in a similar manner as the native speakers do. It proves as a marker of how well you speak or practice a certain language. Using the collocations when necessary and with the utmost expertise would allow you into the fluent English speakers’ club. Since the learners of the English language wish to speak the language as fluent as the native speakers, they make an effort to internalize the word combinations and strong collocations. Though the native English speakers may naturally adopt them, the learners of the language must learn them one by one.

How to Learn and Practice Collocations?

Many educators may choose to put together long lists of collocations for their students so that they can teach them in bunches while keeping track of what they are learning and how. But the foolproof option to learn and practice collocation can be collocation dictionaries available in the market. Collocations dictionaries are not the same as ordinary dictionaries. When ordinary dictionaries focus on providing accurate explanations to the words or terms listed, collocation dictionaries take the responsibility to provide the set of commonly used collocations that go with the keywords to make a great range of collocations. These collocation dictionaries can be the language learners’ best friends.

The collocations are often internalized simultaneously but a little effort can make the words stick at least two times longer. People may downplay the importance of learning and practicing collocations but it is monumentally important to take English language learning to the next level. Knowing about collocations and their importance should do a world of good to your language learning endeavors.

Источник

Вам знаком термин collocation (коллокация) в английском? Collocations — устойчивые словосочетания в английском языке. В этой статье мы расскажем, какие бывают коллокации, зачем их нужно учить и какими ресурсами при этом пользоваться.

Что такое collocations в английском языке и зачем их учить

Collocations или коллокации — это грамматически и лексически правильные словосочетания. Причем такие выражения есть во всех языках. Например, русский язык: пирожок лежит на столе, но кувшин стоит на столе, зато мы можем принять душ и в то же время принять лекарство и т. д. В английском языке словосочетания «работают» так же: мы говорим high temperature (высокая температура), а не tall temperature; take a photo (сфотографировать), а не make/do a photo; tell the truth, а не say/speak the truth.

Мы должны учить collocations, чтобы:

Говорить естественно
Вы учитесь говорить правильно и естественно, изучая устойчивые словосочетания в английском. Так, например, словосочетания do a mistake (делать ошибку) и make exercises (делать упражнения) грамматически правильные, однако для носителей языка они будут звучать неестественно, ведь нужно говорить make a mistake и do exercises.
Легче запоминать слова
Учить слова в отрыве от контекста сложнее, чем в устойчивых словосочетаниях. Наш мозг гораздо быстрее запоминает связанные блоки информации, а не разрозненные отрывочные знания. К тому же, когда вы учите отдельные слова, вы не знаете, как их в итоге использовать. То есть вы получаете набор материала, из которого непросто бывает собрать устойчивую конструкцию. Заучивая collocations, вы получаете шаблоны, по сути, целые отрывки предложений, из которых легче построить фразу.
Точнее выражать свои мысли и быть понятым
Знание устойчивых выражений позволит вам лучше выражать свои мысли на английском языке и при этом быть понятым собеседником. Так, носителю языка будет понятно, что кто-то нарушает закон, если вы скажете break the law, а не destroy the law. В некоторых случаях употребление несочетающихся друг с другом слов может привести к непониманию между собеседниками.

Какими бывают коллокации в английском языке

В английском есть несколько видов collocations. Знать их нужно для того, чтобы при изучении новых слов понимать, на что нужно обращать внимание: с какими частями речи могут быть сочетания с этими словами. Выделяют следующие основные типы collocations:

Наречие + прилагательное (adverb + adjective)

Оба слова в коллокации характеризуют предмет.

Примеры словосочетаний: utterly stupid — крайне глупый, easily available — легкодоступный, bitterly cold — ужасно холодный, сильный мороз. А еще много сочетаний наречий и прилагательных мы собрали в статье «Intensifying adverbs, или Особенности употребления усилительных наречий в английском языке».

Прилагательное + существительное (adjective + noun)

Это сочетание используется, чтобы назвать предмет (существительное) и дать ему характеристику (прилагательное).

Примеры словосочетаний: a powerful engine — мощный двигатель, strong smell — сильный запах, a heavy smoker — заядлый курильщик.

Существительное + существительное (noun + noun)

Такие словосочетания часто употребляются с предлогом of, но бывают и без предлогов. В коллокациях типа «существительное + существительное» важно запомнить порядок слов и не менять их местами.

Примеры словосочетаний: a bar of soap — брусок мыла, round of applause — аплодисменты, взрыв аплодисментов, river bank — берег реки.

Глагол + существительное (verb + noun)

Пожалуй, самые важные collocations в английском языке — сочетание глагола и существительного. Они выражают действие и называют предмет, над которым это действие производится. Глагол — одна из самых важных частей речи, поэтому от правильного его выбора зависит, поймет ли вас собеседник.

Примеры словосочетаний: to receive education — получить образование, to commit a crime — совершить преступление, to drive a bargain — заключить сделку.

Глагол + выражение с предлогом (verb + expression with preposition)

На эти выражения тоже следует обратить особое внимание: они аналогичны предыдущим. Только между глаголом и существительным будет предлог (не всегда логичный для русскоговорящих).

Примеры словосочетаний: to burst into tears — разрыдаться, to drive anybody to crime — довести кого-то до преступления, to fill with joy — наполниться радостью.

Существительное + глагол (noun + verb)

Эта группа отличается от предыдущих двух порядком слов: сначала идет существительное, потом глагол. Словосочетания называют предмет (существительное) и указывают, какое действие он выполняет (глагол). Менять части речи местами нельзя, так как в этом случае полностью теряется смысл предложения.

Примеры словосочетаний: a plane takes off — самолет взлетает, a dog barks — собака лает, priсes fall— цены падают.

Глагол + наречие (verb + adverb) и наречие + глагол (adverb + verb)

Эта группа слов называет действие (глагол) и описывает его (наречие).

Примеры словосочетаний: to rain heavily — сильно льет (дождь), to place gently — аккуратно положить, distinctly remember — отчетливо помнить, flatly refuse — категорически отказаться.

Как учить collocations в английском языке

Если мы вспомним, что в английском языке более 500 тысяч слов, и посчитаем, сколько с ними может быть словосочетаний, получится огромная цифра. К счастью, для общения на английском языке вам не нужно знать абсолютно все слова и коллокации с ними. К тому же даже слона можно съесть по кусочкам, а английский и подавно поддастся вам, если разбить изучение collocations на небольшие удобоваримые порции. Мы предлагаем несколько приемов, которые облегчат вашу работу по изучению collocations.

1. Использовать словарь устойчивых английских словосочетаний

Чтобы узнать, с какими словами «сотрудничает» слово, посмотрите в специальный словарь, например, на сайте englishcollocation.com. Ресурс хорош тем, что указаны не просто словосочетания, а примеры предложений с ними. При этом все коллокации разбиты на группы по частям речи, употребляемым с указанным вами словом.

Оксфордский онлайн-словарь коллокаций английского языка — еще один надежный источник информации. Тут также приведены разные части речи, которые могут употребляться с введенным вами словом, а также указаны примеры употребления.

Можно также использовать сайт prowritingaid.com. Введите слово, с которым хотите получить collocations. В открывшемся окне вы увидите список слов, с которыми оно сочетается, разбитых на группы по принадлежности к частям речи.

Еще один проверенный ресурс englishclub.com. Здесь собраны словосочетания в алфавитном порядке. Это не так удобно, как на предыдущих сайтах, но все равно пригодится для обучения. Настоятельно рекомендуем заглянуть и на другую страницу этого сайта, где вы найдете наиболее часто употребляемые collocations. Этот список лучше выучить наизусть, словосочетания пригодятся вам для повседневного общения.

Если вы собираетесь использовать английский в научных целях, вам пригодится Academic Collocation List, который можно совершенно бесплатно скачать по указанной ссылке. А если вам нужны коллокации для повседневного общения, возьмите на вооружение этот список.

2. Учить коллокации при изучении новых слов

Запомнить любое слово будет легче, если вы будете учить его в сочетании с другими словами. При изучении новой лексики загляните на указанные выше сервисы и выпишите себе несколько словосочетаний.

3. Слушать материалы на английском языке

Чем больше аудиоматериалов вы слушаете, тем больше полезных collocations будете запоминать. Вспомните, ведь словосочетание fast food мы слышим настолько часто, что никому в голову не придет сказать quick food. Вы можете слушать аудиоматериалы на одном из 6 сайтов с подкастами на английском языке или смотреть видео на одном из ресурсов из нашей подборки сайтов с видеоматериалами.

4. Читать материалы на английском

Текст на английском — лучший источник коллокаций. При чтении текста срабатывает зрительная память, а именно она лучше всего развита у многих людей. Вы видите словосочетания в «естественной среде обитания», поэтому они будут легко запоминаться. Наш совет: даже если вы читаете для удовольствия, а не для обучения, старайтесь иногда делать паузы, обращать внимание на то, как используются слова.

5. Составлять интеллект-карты

Проще всего будет учить collocations, взаимосвязанные между собой. Вы можете сгруппировать слова по теме или по слову, которое используется в словосочетаниях. Так, например, можно составить список коллокаций со словом take и нарисовать mind-map от руки, пока вы будете это делать, словосочетания будут запоминаться.

6. Учить словосочетания, как слова

Вы можете воспользоваться одним из 15 предложенных нами приемов изучения английских слов для изучения collocations. Выберите наиболее удобный для вас, и дерзайте!

7. Выполнять тесты

Тесты покажут, насколько хорошо вы знаете коллокации. Например, можно воспользоваться следующим ресурсом better-english.com. На нем приведен небольшой сборник тестов на collocations. Кроме того, почти на каждом обучающем ресурсе найдется парочка тестов на эту тему, поэтому можно просто ввести в поисковик запрос «collocations quiz» и воспользоваться результатами поиска.

Как вы успели убедиться из нашей статьи, изучать collocations или устойчивые словосочетания в английском языке очень полезно и несложно. Пользуйтесь предложенными нами приемами и ресурсами регулярно, и у вас не возникнет никаких проблем с изучением коллокаций. Если же вы хотите изучать язык под руководством опытного наставника, приглашаем учить английский язык по Скайпу в нашей школе.

Источник

Collocations are an integral part of written and spoken speech in every language. They can be easily identified by native speakers and it is this recognisability, in fact, that makes a collocation a collocation.

In this article, we’re going to grab a peek … erm, I mean … take a look at collocations, including how we can identify and use them.

Collocation meaning

Collocations are combinations of words in a sentence. Think of a collocation as a relationship between a pair (or small group) of words. Some collocations (such as ‘take a look’) are typical: this means that the words combine in a way that feels natural or “correct”. Other collocations (such as ‘grab a peek’) are untypical: this means that the words do not go together naturally and therefore often sound strange, or “incorrect”.

An easy way to understand what collocations are is to look at your list of household chores or the weather forecast:

When doing household chores you ‘make the bed’ and ‘do the dishes’; you don’t ‘do the bed’ or ‘make the dishes’. So, ‘make the bed’ and ‘do the dishes’ are typical collocations, and ‘do the bed’ and ‘make the dishes’ are untypical collocations.

The weather forecast might predict ‘heavy showers’ and ‘strong winds’, but very rarely would the report warn of ‘strong showers’ or ‘heavy winds’. So, ‘heavy showers’ and ‘strong winds’ are typical collocations, and ‘strong showers’ and ‘heavy winds’ are untypical collocations.

If somebody used an untypical collocation such as ‘strong showers’, although in some cases you may understand what is meant, the word combinations are not as common or natural-sounding as typical collocations. See the table below for a direct comparison:

Typical collocations	Untypical collocations
Make the bed	Do the bed
Do the dishes	Make the dishes
Heavy showers	Strong showers
Strong wind	Heavy wind

Typical collocations feel natural to native English speakers because they are common; we hear these combinations time and time again. There is often no logic as to why these words belong together — some collocations just feel right.

For people who are learning English, collocations can be confusing because they rely on familiarity. It’s very hard to explain why, for example, a burger is known as ‘fast food’ rather than ‘quick food’ — ‘fast food’ just feels right simply because, to many of us, it is a familiar combination of words. Similarly, ‘fork and knife’ don’t feel quite right, whereas ‘knife and fork’ do — the order of the words is more fixed in typical English use, and so it is a more typical collocation.

Fig. 1 — Quick food?

Tip: Although we’ve classified collocations as ‘typical’, and ‘untypical’, some people refer to them as ‘natural’ or ‘unnatural’. People sometimes rate collocations on a scale between ‘fluid’ and ‘fixed’, depending on how commonly used they are in the English language. The important thing to remember is that some collocations are more familiar, and therefore more natural-sounding than others.

Collocation types and examples

In this section, we will cover 6 common types of collocation. Remember, collocations are not limited to these types, however, if we were to look at every possible word combination that could form a collocation, we’d be here all day! The examples we’ve picked are enough to give you a good idea of how different types of collocations work.

Adjective + noun collocations

‘I had a high temperature so I sat down with a tall glass of water.’

In the above sentence, the adjectives ‘high’ and ‘tall’ often have similar meanings, so let’s see what happens if we swap them around:

‘I had a tall temperature so I sat down with a high glass of water.’

It just doesn’t sound as natural as the previous example as these adjective + noun combinations are not common or familiar enough to be typical collocations. Therefore, ‘tall temperature’ and ‘high glass of water’ are untypical collocations.

Other typical adjective+noun collocations include:

Strong coffee
A hearty meal
Drastic change
A bright future

Adverb + adjective collocations

‘After cycling through the rain, I arrived soaking wet.’

This phrase is a typical collocation as it sounds natural and familiar. However, let’s say we were to change the adverb:

‘After cycling through the rain, I arrived soggy wet.’

This is an untypical collocation, as although the meaning of the phrase may still be understandable, the words don’t fit together quite as naturally.

Other typical averb+adjective collocations include:

Slightly late
Filthy rich
Highly intelligent
Ridiculously expensive

Noun + noun collocations

Below are some examples of typical noun + noun collocations. Note the connecting words (such as «and» and «of») that join the collocating nouns.

Flash of lightning
A sense of achievement
Safe and sound
Pros and cons

Collective nouns can also be classed as noun + noun collocations.

A bunch of flowers
A pride of lions
A troupe of actors
A murder of crows

Many noun + noun collocations come in the form of compound nouns (a noun that is made up of two or more existing words that, when placed together, form a new meaning).

Board game
Hunger pangs
Comfort food
Carpet burn

Verb + noun collocations

Certain verbs and nouns seem to belong together, whereas others don’t. Although ‘gain money’ and ‘make speed’ can be understood, they are untypical collocations. ‘Make money’ and ‘gain speed’, on the other hand, are typical verb + noun collocations.

Other typical verb + noun collocations include:

Break the silence
Waste time
Have a laugh
Pay attention

Verb + prepositional phrase collocations

The title of this one may sound confusing, but don’t worry, you use these types of collocations all the time in everyday language.

A preposition is just a word that indicates the relationship between a noun and something else, such as a time, place or location. A prepositional phrase is a phrase containing a preposition and its object noun.

Here are three prepositional phrases. The preposition is marked in bold:

‘He’s behind you»
‘It came from outer space»
‘I’ll meet you at 7 pm.’

Typical verb + prepositional phrase collocations include:

Listening to the radio
Brimming with joy
Falling in love
Paying for shopping

Verb + adverb collocations

As with the other examples of collocations, some verbs and adverbs are natural fits for each other. ‘Aimlessly wander’, for example, is a stronger collocation than ‘pointlessly wander’.

Other typical verb + adverb collocations include:

Openly admit
Deeply regret
Strongly agree
Softly whisper

Why are collocations in English important?

Collocations are important because certain word combinations (typical collocations) feel natural within the English language; these natural-sounding collocations are unlikely to distract the reader or listener as they should sound familiar. Untypical collocations, however, can feel awkward and clunky and can, therefore, interrupt the flow of speech or a piece of writing.

Of course, when it comes to creative writing, you might want a phrase to sound jarring or unnatural to create a certain effect. In this case, you could deliberately use untypical or unusual collocations — think of the bizarre phrasing in works from writers such as Lewis Carroll or William S. Burroughs for example. For more information on this, see our article on foregrounding. Here is an extract from the poem ‘The Walrus and the Carpenter.’ The poem is recited in chapter four, by Tweedledum and Tweedledee to Alice:

‘The time has come,’ the walrus said, ‘to talk of many things: Of shoes and ships — and sealing wax — of cabbages and kings’

Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass, 1871

Fig. 2 — Lewis Carroll often used bizarre collocations in his novels!

Collocations — key takeaways

Collocations are combinations of words in a sentence. In other words, a collocation is a relationship between a pair (or a small group) of words.
There are two types of collocations; typical and untypical.
Typical collocations are commonly-used; they are familiar and ‘feel’ natural to speakers of the English language. Untypical collocations ‘feel’ less natural — they often sound strange, or ‘incorrect’.
In many typical collocations, the order of the words is fixed. Examples of fixed phrases include ‘knife and fork’, and ‘to and fro’. You do not often hear the term, ‘fork and knife’, and you would practically never hear the term ‘fro and to’ in natural English, as it sounds completely ‘wrong’.
Untypical collocations can sound unnatural or jarring. Many creative writers use untypical collocations deliberately to create a certain effect.

Источник

For the collocation layout in Wiktionary, see Wiktionary:Collocations

English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

1605. Learned borrowing from Latin collocātiō (“a putting together”). By surface analysis, col- (“together”) +‎ location. The technical sense in linguistics was established in 1951, although it may actually be earlier.

Pronunciation[edit]

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˌkɒl.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/
(General American) IPA^(key): /ˌkɑl.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Rhymes: -eɪʃən

Noun[edit]

Examples (linguistics)
strong tea heavy drinker high-throughput sequencing congestive heart failure

collocation (countable and uncountable, plural collocations)

(uncountable) The grouping or juxtaposition of things, especially words or sounds.
- 1869, Friedrich Max Müller, Lectures on the Science of Language delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in April, May, and June, 1861, 2nd ed, Scribner, p 288:
  
  Everything in fact depends in Chinese on the proper collocation of words in a sentence. Thus ngò tà ni means “I beat thee;” but ni tà ngò would mean “Thou beatest me.”
- 1931, H. P. Lovecraft, The Whisperer in Darkness, chapter 6:
  
  It drowsed like the older New England cities which one remembers from boyhood, and something in the collocation of roofs and steeples and chimneys and brick walls formed contours touching deep viol-strings of ancestral emotion.
(countable) Such a specific grouping.
- 1880, William Dwight Whitney, Richard Morris, Language and its study, with especial reference to the Indo-European family, 2nd ed, Trübner & Co., p 56:
  
  We said at first breāk fâst—“I broke fast at such an hour this morning:” he, or they, who first ventured to say I breakfasted were guilty of as heinous a violation of grammatical rule as he would be who should now declare I takedinnered, instead of I took dinner; but good usage came over to their side and ratified the blunder, because the community were minded to give a specific name to their earliest meal and to the act of partaking of it, and therefore converted the collocation breākfâst into the real compound brĕakfast.
(linguistics, translation studies) A sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance (i.e., the statistically significant placement of particular words in a language), often representing an established name for, or idiomatic way of conveying, a particular semantic concept.

Hyponyms: noun phrase, multiword term, open compound term, verb phrase, adjective phrase
- 1917, Otto Jespersen, Negation in English and Other Languages, Copenhagen: A.F. Høst, p 39:
  
  Little and few are also incomplete negatives; note the frequent collocation with no: there is little or no danger.
- 1938, H.E. Palmer, A Grammar of English Words, Longmans, Green:
  
  [subtitle] One thousand English words and their pronunciation, together with information concerning the several meanings of each word, its inflections and derivatives, and the collocations and phrases into which it enters.
- 1951, John Rupert Firth, Papers in linguistics, 1934–1951, Oxford University Press, p 194:
  
  I propose to bring forward as a technical term, meaning by ‘collocation’, and to apply the test of ‘collocability’.
- 1968, John Rupert Firth, Frank Robert Palmer, Selected Papers of J.R. Firth, 1952–1959, Longmans, p 181:
  
  Collocations of a given word are statements of the habitual or customary places of that word in a collocational order but not in any other contextual order and emphatically not in grammatical order
- 1995, Paul Kussmaul, Training the Translator, Benjamins Translation Library, p. 17:
  
  The problem here was the translation of «period» by German «Periode». In describing the symptoms we may say that in connection with «Schlaf» the German word «Phase» would have been a better collocation.
- 2004, Sabine Bartsch, Structural and Functional Properties of Collocations in English: A Corpus Study of Lexical and Pragmatic Constraints on Lexical Co-Occurrence, Gunter Narr Verlag, p 30:
  
  It is not entirely clear who was the first linguist to use the term collocation in the sense of a recurrent, relatively fixed word combination. Among the first linguists to base a theory of meaning on the notion of “meaning by collocation” is J.R. Firth (1957) who is commonly credited with systematically introducing the concept of collocation into linguistic theory.
- 2006, Tony McEnery, Richard Xiao, Yukio Tono, Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book, Taylor & Francis:
  
  [p 56] The term collocation refers to the characteristic co-occurrence patterns of words, i.e., which words typically co-occur in corpus data (see Units A10.2 and C1). Collocates can be lexical words or grammatical words. Collocations are identified using a statistical approach. Three statistical formulae are most commonly used in corpus linguistics to identify significant collocations: the M1 (mutual information), t and z scores.
  
  [p 159] In lexical studies collocation and semantic prosody/preference can only be quantified reliably on the basis of corpus data.
(mathematics) A method of finding an approximate solution of an ordinary differential equation by determining coefficients in an expansion ${textstyle y(x)=y_{0}(x)+sum _{l=0}^{q}alpha _{l}y_{l}(x)}$ so as to make vanish at prescribed points; the expansion with the coefficients thus found is the sought approximation.
(computing) A service allowing multiple customers to locate network, server, and storage gear and connect them to a variety of telecommunications and network service providers, at a minimum of cost and complexity.
- 2011, «Tyler Durden», Zero Hedge, Watch Bernanke’s Q&A With FOMC Approved Sycophants Live Here:
  
  As usual, nothing of significance will be asked, and most certainly, answered, but do expect the dollar (and, inversely, ES) to go up, then down, then up, and so forth as random vacuum tubes blow in NYSE’s ultramodern Mahwah collocation facility.

Derived terms[edit]

collocate (linguistics, translation studies)
collocability (linguistics)
collocational
miscollocation

[edit]

collocate
collocative
collocator

Collocations[edit]

common collocation
strong collocation

Translations[edit]

grouping of words that commonly occur together

Armenian: բառակապակցություն (hy) (baṙakapakcʿutʿyun)
Catalan: col·locació (ca) f
Chinese:

Mandarin: 搭配詞／搭配词 (dāpèicí)
Czech: kolokace (cs) f
Dutch: collocatie (nl) f
Finnish: kollokaatio (fi)
French: collocation (fr) f
Georgian: შესიტყვება (šesiṭq̇veba), კოლოკაცია (ḳoloḳacia)
German: Kollokation (de) f, Wortverbindung (de) f
Hungarian: kollokáció, állandósult szókapcsolat (hu)
Italian: collocazione (it) f
Japanese: 連語 (ja) (れんご, rengo)
Maltese: kollokazzjoni f
Polish: kolokacja (pl) f
Portuguese: colocação (pt) f
Romanian: colocație f
Russian: словосочета́ние (ru) n (slovosočetánije)
Spanish: colocación (es) f
Ukrainian: словосполу́чення (uk) n (slovospolúčennja), колока́ція (uk) f (kolokácija)

method of finding an approximate solution of an ordinary mathematical differential equation

French: collocation (fr) f