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a) A language family	1) are a subgroup of the Italic.
b) Germanic and Italic	2) is a group of language that have a common origin.
c) Greek, the Slavic and the Celtic languages	3) are members of the Indo-European language family.
d) Proto-Germanic	4) are more closely related than English and Russian.
e) The Romance languages	5) are subfamilies in the Indo-European family.
f) French and Italian	6) gave rise to Dutch, English, German and the Scandinavian tongues.

5. Retell the text. The languages of Russia

As
we all know, Russia is a
multinational
country, which means it is a multilingual one. Linguists count about
150 different languages here, among which scientists paid attention
to all languages, starting with Russian, spoken
by 97 per cent
of the population, and finishing with the language of a small
community of 662 people living near the Amur River.

Some
languages are very similar: representatives of different peoples can
speak their own language and perfectly well understand each other.
For example, a Russian can talk to a Byelorussian, a Tatar to a
Bashkir, a Kalmyk to a
Buryat. Some
languages, despite the fact they have a lot in common, can not be so
easily understood. This is the case of Mari and Mordvinian, Lezghin
and Avar. And, finally, there are the so-called isolated languages,
i.e. those which are completely different from all others.

The
majority of languages in Russia derive from one of four big language
families: Indo-European,
Altaic, Uralic and Caucasian ones. Each
language family has its common ancestor language. Many centuries ago
tribes, speaking the same languages, were constantly moving to other
territories, mixing with other ones, hence the division of a language
into several branches.

Russian,
for example, belongs to the
Indo-European group of languages. There
belong also such languages as English, German, Spanish and many
others. A part of this group unites Slavic languages – Bulgarian,
Czech and Polish.

About
87 per cent of the population of Russia speaks languages of the
Indo-European group; only 2 per cent of them are not Slavic. Among
them let us mention German and Yiddish; Armenian (it makes a separate
group alone); Iranian languages: Ossetic, Kurdish, Tajik; Romanic
languages: Moldavian; and even Newindian spoken by Gipsies.

The
Altaic group of languages is
represented by three groups, such as Turkic, Mongolian and
Tungus-Manchurian. One of the
Uralic group of languages consists
of the Finno-Ugric group. ‘Finno’
has nothing to do with the state language of Finland: languages
forming this group simply have similar grammar and sounding. Among
Karelians, Komis, Maris, Udmurts, Mordvinians, and Lapps there are
persons who study and speak the Finnish language.

As
for the northern
Caucasian language
group, only specialists are able to point out their origins and
common roots. These languages have a very complicated grammar and
phonetics. There are sounds which do not exist in other languages.

One
of the branches of the northern Caucasian group is the Daghestan
group, which includes, for example, the language of Avars, Lezghins
and many other peoples. Daghestan is often referred to as ‘a
mountain of languages’ and ‘a
paradise for linguists’
as the field of work for them in this country is enormous.

There
are some languages which do not belong to any of four above mentioned
groups. These are languages of peoples in Siberia and the Far East.
All of them are represented only by small tribal communities of
speakers (Chukchis, Koryaks, Eskimos, Aleutians).

No
doubt, there are many different languages; but people still need a
common one. In Russia it is the Russian language, because Russians
represent the majority of the population in the country.

Of
course, all languages are valuable, and we must do everything to
preserve them; but there is no possibility to publish all books in
every language: still, this can be done in the language spoken by
millions.

Some
peoples in Russia are, unfortunately, losing their mother tongue, and
the list of such nations is quite long. In our towns and cities
Russian is becoming more and more popular and very often the only one
used. Nevertheless, there are national cultural centres trying to do
their best in order to save their identities.

Most
peoples in Russia did not have any written languages at all till the
1920s. Georgians, Armenians and Jews were an exception. Germans,
Lithuanians, Letts, Estonians, and Finns used the Latin alphabet.
Some languages do not have any written form even today. The first
attempt to create written languages for peoples in Russia was
undertaken before the Revolution. Starting from 1936 everyone in the
country was taught to write using the Slavonic alphabet, as it was
believed that the common system could assist in learning the Russian
language quickly.

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Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time, such as the temperature, and if there is wind, rain, sun, etc. Extreme weather is when the weather becomes excessive, such as too much sun or too little rain causing a drought. Do you know the words connected with extreme weather?

Match each word or expression from the box with its definition below. Look up the words in Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries and use the information in the entry to help you.

blizzard, dust storm, electrical storm, eye, flash flood, hurricane, sandstorm, thunderstorm, tornado, twister

1. a calm area at the centre of a storm