Make up the word combinations to apply

to have a profound effect	by	the higher education system
to be reorganized	for	the 19th century
to be	in	the age of 18
to be followed	at	university degrees
to study	on	the federal university
to be founded	before	universities
to go on to higher education	into	cultural conditions

1. Answer the following questions:

1. How many universities are there in the UK? 2.
How many students are in the higher education system nowadays? 3.
Does the number of “mature” students decrease? 4. There are 4
main categories of the UK universities, aren’t there? 5. What are
the main classes of the UK universities? 6. Why are British
universities so highly regarded? 7. What are the most famous British
universities? 8. What research institutions are considered to be the
best by academicians all over the world?

A
– 2

1. Read
   the following words; mind their pronunciation:

Bachelor
[bl],
Master [ma:st],
Doctorate [dktrt],
sandwich [snwd],
graduate [grdjut],
honour [n].

2.
Read
the following international words and give their Russian equivalents
stating differences in meaning of the English and Russian words, if
any:

subject,
start, physics, philosophy, object, dissertation, candidate, focus.

3.
Translate the following family words:

graduate
– undergraduate – postgraduate, major – majority, to complete –
completion, tradition — traditional – traditionally, special – to
specialize, to start – start, possible – possibility.

4.
Remember the following words:

option
– выбор,
право
выбора

1.
There are many options to those who are willing to work hard. 2. They
did not leave him much option.

flexibility
– гибкость

1. I like the flexibility of
my working hours. 2. You can increase your flexibility by exercising.

opportunity
– возможность

1.
It is a good opportunity to visit Moscow. 2. I’ve been offered an
opportunity to work in Great Britain. 3. Universities offer a lot of
opportunities to school-leavers.

5.
Skim the text and put down the degrees awarded in the UK; be ready to
say at what level they are awarded and give examples:

A
graduate

UNIVERSITY
DEGREES IN GREAT BRITAIN

There
are 3 types of university degrees in the UK: undergraduate, graduate
and postgraduate. The majority of undergraduate programs in England,
Wales and Northern Ireland last 3 years. Students receive Bachelor’s
degree upon its completion. Degrees in these countries are shorter
than the traditional four-year degrees in the USA because students
specialize in a subject area at the start of their degree.

There
are a few options to combine two related courses (such as European
history and French or physics and philosophy). One can take a
combined honours degree¹
which
allows for study of two objects with a focus given to one, or a joint
honours degree, which allows for study of two subjects given equal
focus.

In
Scotland there are options to do a four-year degree. It is connected
with sandwich courses²
which include a year of work experience. They afford students more
flexibility in choosing courses. Most universities in Scotland allow
students to study in a range of courses for up to two years before
coming to one specialized subject which also takes two years. So
students can choose how long to study – three or four years. Upon
completion of the 3-4 year undergraduate course students are awarded
Bachelor’s degree (BA – Bachelor of Arts, BSC – Bachelor of
Science, BENG – Bachelor of Engineering, BL – Bachelor of Law
etc.).

Having
received Bachelor’s degree students have an opportunity to continue
their education at the graduate level. At this level, a taught
Master’s degree normally is earned in a single year and a research
Master’s degree takes two years. The most popular Master’s
degrees are M.Phil. (Master of Philosophy), M.Sc. (Master of Science)
and M.Jur. (Magister Juris).

As
a rule, students awarded Master’s degree go further and do the
postgraduate course. This course allows the students the possibility
to be awarded Doctor’s degree. Students do research for 2-3 years,
write and defend a dissertation. After that the candidates receive
PhD Degree or Doctoral. There are D.Sc. – Doctor of Science, D.C.L.
– Doctor of Civil Law, D. Lett. – Doctor of Letters and many
other Doctor’s degrees.

Notes:

¹honours
degree — почётная
степень

²sandwich
courses – курс
обучения,
перемежающийся
с
практикой

A
– 3

1.
Read the following proper names; mind their pronunciation:

Christ
Church
[krast
],
Hugh
Balsham [hju: blm],
Bishop of Ely [bp
v
i:l],
Desiderius Erasmus [dezders
rzms],
Roger Bacon [rd
bekn],
Milton [mltn],
Oliver Cromwell [lv
krmwl],
Newton [nju:tn].

2.
Read
the following international words and give their Russian equivalents
stating differences in meaning of the English and Russian words, if
any:

scholar,
charter, date, denomination, permanent, private, physicist, poet,
soldier, collective, reason, combination, character, religious, to
produce, politician, figure, collegiate, philosopher, system,
cooperative, separate, academic, culture, idea, to invest,
individual, induction, post.

3. Analyse the structure of
the following words:

collectively,
relatively, heavily, characteristic, accommodation, development,
constituent, combination, self-governing.

4.
Scan the text and find English equivalents to the Russian
word-combinations:

выдающиеся
учёные, знаменитые личности, университетская
система, входящие в его состав колледжи,
обсуждать различные научные теории,
поддержка в улучшении условий проживания
и оказание материальной помощи, орган
управления, занимать университетскую
должность, учебные аудитории,
первый устав университета, колледжи с
системой самоуправления, величественная
часовня, лучший пример английской
архитектуры XV
века.

Oxford.
Christ Church College

OXBRIDGE

Oxford
and Cambridge, the two ancient universities of Great Britain are
collectively known as Oxbridge. The reason for such combination is
that the two universities share many characteristics. Both were
founded
more than 750 years ago, both have produced a large number of
Britain’s most prominent scientists, writers and politicians, as
well as noted figures in many other fields. Moreover they both share
a similar collegiate system, whereby the University is a
“cooperative” of its constituent colleges.

Each
college is a separate unit having its own name and coat of arms. Each
college is governed by a Master. The larger ones have more than 400
members, the smallest colleges have less than 30. Each college offers
teaching in a wide range of subjects and enables leading academics
and students of different year groups and from different cultures and
countries to come together to share ideas.
All colleges invest heavily in facilities for extensive library and
IT¹
provision, accommodation and welfare support, and sports and social
events. The relatively small number of students at each college
allows for close and supportive personal attention to be given to the
induction, academic development and welfare of individuals.

Each
college has its own Governing Body, comprising the Head of House and
a number of Fellows²,
most of whom also hold University posts. There are also 7 Permanent
Private Halls, which were founded by various Christian denominations
and still retain their religious character. Within
the college there is a chapel, a dining hall, a library, rooms for
undergraduates, Fellows and the Master³,
and also rooms for teaching purposes.

Oxford is the second largest
university, after London. The university’s earliest charter is
dated to 1213. Now there are 39 independent, self-governing colleges.
Among the oldest colleges are University College, All Souls and
Christ Church.

Cambridge
University started during the 13^th
century and grew until today. Now it comprises over 31 colleges, 150
departments and other institutions. The earliest College was St.
Peter’s or ‘Peterhouse’, founded in 1284 by Hugh Balsham, Bishop of
Ely and the
most famous is probably King’s College because of its magnificent
chapel, the largest and the most beautiful building in Cambridge and
the most perfect example of English fifteenth-century architecture.

Many
great men studied at Cambridge, among them were Desiderius Erasmus,
the great Dutch scholar, Roger Bacon, the philosopher, Milton, the
poet, Oliver Cromwell, the soldier, Newton, the scientist, and
Kapitza, the physisist .

Notes:

¹IT
– information technology

²
Fellow – младший
научный
сотрудник

³Master–
глава
колледжа

3. Scan the text once again
and single out its main ideas putting them down in the form of a
plan.

B
– 1

1.
Read the following definitions of terms (words in italics) and
suggest your variants of translation:

1)
a first-year college or university student is a “freshman”;

2)
a second-year college or university student is a “sophomore”;

3)
a third-year college or university student is a “junior”;

4)
a fourth year college or university student is a “senior”.

2.
Read and translate the text without a dictionary; try to guess the
meaning of word-combinations in bold type:

APPLICATION
TO THE US HIGHER SCHOOL INSTITUTIONS

Higher
education in the USA as in any other country is a continuing process
of acquiring and maintaining necessary professional knowledge and
skills. The students who want to continue their education after the
secondary school should apply to several colleges and universities.
It should be done in the beginning of the twelfth grade of the
secondary school. There is no difference between 4-year colleges and
universities in the USA. Both institutions offer the first four years
of instruction for students intending to complete an undergraduate
program.

Since
much of a college’s general education program is prescribed for a
student, it raises questions of value. Professors debate what should
be taught and learned. Some suggest follow Western patterns of
education. Others argue for the inclusion of multicultural topics.
The subjects like sociology, history, mathematics still remain the
basic ones in any undergraduate program. The undergraduate program
usually ends in Bachelor’s degree, either a BA (Bachelor of Arts)
or BS (Bachelor of Science) which is stated in the student’s
diploma.

If
the student wants to continue his education he will take exams and be
admitted to do a graduate school program. He will be called graduate
student and study specialized subjects like law, business or
medicine.

The
length of the application process for admission to university to do a
graduate program can be very long. It depends on the category of the
institution. So it is rather time-consuming if the student is
applying to such nationally recognized universities as Harvard and
Yale. The university admissions committee first considers the
student’s high school and college grades and then invites the
applicant to pass the higher school admission test. Also the
applicant is asked to write essays on different subjects to show his
intellectual abilities. The applicant should have letters of
recommendation from his teachers as well. It is necessary to have
high scores on the SAT¹
examinations. The SAT examination is not a competitive examination
for admission to the university. It consists of some questions in
English and mathematics aiming to test the student’s aptitude but
not the knowledge of the subjects.

In
the USA colleges and universities are of two types – private
(charge tuition) and public (free). The cost of education in private
colleges and universities is rather high. Those students who study at
private colleges or institutions may get some financial aid. Student
financial aid means money from educational loans, scholarships or
earnings from the Federal Work Study Program. The amount of financial
aid is determined by a student’s need. The possibility to earn
working part-time helps many students put themselves through college.
Graduate students may earn some money by having a TA (teaching
assistantship) if they teach several hours a week or by providing a
RE (research assistantship) if they help the professor in research.

Note:

¹
SAT
– Scholastic
Aptitude
Test
– формальный тест определения способностей
абитуриента

3.
Give the Russian for:

admission
to college, to test the student’s aptitude, undergraduate,
graduate, postgraduate, public universities, to apply to nationally
recognized institutions, admission committee, to consider the
student’s high school and college grades, applicant, SAT
examination, to get financial aid, to work part time, to help put
oneself through college,
teaching
assistantship.

4.
Give
the
English
for:

диплом
колледжа, взимать плату, процесс подачи
документов при поступлении в университетский
колледж, писать эссе на различные темы,
продемонстрировать свои интеллектуальные
способности, конкурсный экзамен,
определить способности (склонности)
студента, а не проверить его знания,
кредиты (займы), исследовательский
проект.

5.
Answer the questions:

1.
When do the students in the USA apply to universities? 2. What is the
difference between colleges and universities? 3. What degree is
awarded in colleges? 4. What is an undergraduate student? 5. What is
a graduate student? 6. What are the types of higher schools in the
USA? 7. What are the top private colleges in the USA? 8. What is the
application process for admission to college like? 9. May students
take loans to pay for their tuition?

B
– 2

1. Read the following words;
   mind their pronunciation:

science
[sans],
course [ks],
schedule [edju:l],
double [dbl].

2.
Read the following international words and give their Russian
equivalents stating differences in meaning of the English and Russian
words, if any:

basic,
natural, social, course, lecture, material, seminar, minimum, to
declare, concentration, specialization, interesting, double, exam,
situation.

3. Translate the following
family words:

fresh –freshman, equal –
equally, ill – illness.

4. Remember the following
words:

term
– семестр

1.
This is his first term in the university. 2. The academic year in
Russian higher schools consists of two terms.

to
miss
– пропускать

1. He missed two lectures
yesterday.

1. Skim
   the text and give definitions for the following terms:

basic
(introductory) course –

credits –

major –

minor —

double major –

electives –

prerequisite —

extension –

make-up exam —

One
of the buildings and sport facilities of University of Wyoming

SEMINARS AND COURSES

The
courses of study in American educational institutions differ from
those in Russia. The undergraduate college and university programs
have an introductory course in the natural sciences, the humanities
and the social sciences. Such programs consist of lecture courses
covering a considerable amount of material which are mandatory for
the students to attend. Each college course is worth a certain number
of credits, depending on the number of hours a week the course is
taught. The student can also take optional courses called electives
just to get some information on the subject of interest but not take
exams.

The
second-year undergraduate course provides more seminars and less
lecture courses. The second-year student will have to declare a major
— the principal field of study. It is also possible to choose a
second field, in which there would be a smaller number of courses,
called the minor. Some intelligent students wish to specialize in two
subjects, this is a double major.

If
the student wants to enroll in a graduate course he may first have
take a preliminary course, called a prerequisite. Sometimes it
happens so that a student needs more time to write a term paper for a
course. In this case he can ask for an extension – extra time for
his research. Sometimes it happens so that a student cannot take a
scheduled exam because of illness or some other circumstances. In
this case he can ask for a make-up exam – to compensate what had
been missed.

The
basic conditions of the good higher school’s program at the
graduate level is that theory cannot be separated from practice,
abstract knowledge cannot be separated from practical skills and the
understanding of the professional role cannot be separated from
professional experience. For example, a good law school provides
carefully designed combinations of seminars, faculty-supervised
research, and live-client clinic.

Across
all levels of American higher education there goes on development of
information technologies. Most campuses are provided with internet.
Entire libraries are on-line. Distance education is becoming very
popular. Ninety percent of all US institutions now offer courses
on-line.

1. Speak
   about courses and seminars in the USA educational institutions.

B
– 3

1. Read the following
words; mind their pronunciation:

praise
[prez],
apply [pla],
thesis [i:ss],
award [wd],
enjoy [nd].

2.
Read
the following international words and give their Russian equivalents
stating differences in meaning of the English and Russian words, if
any:

category,
subject, medical, business, professional, intern, residence, to
communicate, specific.

3. Translate the following
family words:

Intern
– internship, Doctor – Doctoral – Doctorate, success —
successful, to supervise – supervision, profession –
professional, to reside – residence, to educate – education.

4.
Scan the text and say, what degrees are awarded to the USA students:

DEGREES IN THE USA

At
present high school completion rate and college graduation rates are
very high in the USA. One in four adult Americans has at least a
Bachelor’s degree (and the number keeps getting higher). A larger
percentage of twenty-two-year-olds receive degrees in math, science,
engineering, or law. A very good student can receive not a bare
Bachelor’s degree, but a Bachelor’s degree “with honours” –
summa
cum laude
(“with highest praise”), magna
cum laude
(“with high praise”) and cum
laude
(“with praise”). When the student receives the university diploma
he may be called an alumnus (a graduate)¹.

The
student who wants to do the graduate course and be awarded Master’s
degree should apply to a university department in the field he has
chosen. The Master’s degree program lasts one or two years. It may
either include courses and an exam or writing and defending a thesis.
If the student does not want to continue his graduate studies, he is
awarded a terminal MA (either a MA – Master of Arts or a MS (Master
of Science).

It
is necessary to stress that the person cannot apply to a medical, law
or business higher school straight after the finishing of high
school. It is obligatory to get an undergraduate Bachelor’s degree
first. Graduate medical school takes four years, followed by three
years of internship and residence; law school involves a three-year
program; and business school takes three years.

To
be awarded a Doctoral degree/Doctorate/Ph.D. the candidate should
take a required number of courses in his field of specialization,
pass a written exam and write a doctoral thesis under the supervision
of a thesis adviser. After the successful defence of the thesis the
candidate is awarded a Ph.D. degree.

Statistically
U.S. institutions of higher learning annually award about 540 000
associate (two-year) degrees²,
1.1 million Bachelor’s (four year) degrees, 400 000 Master’s
degrees, 76 000 professional degrees (in law, medicine and other
fields) and 45 000 doctorates. Among Ph.D.s, the biological and
physical sciences, mathematics and engineering predominate. It is
interesting to note that at leading universities, as many as fifty
percent of candidates for those degrees are from outside the United
States.

Note:

¹
to graduate ‘with honours” – оканчивать
университет
с
почетным
листом;
“with highest praise” – с
высшими
похвалами;
“with high praise” — с
высокими
похвалами;
“with praise” — с
похвалами.

²
associate degree — младшая
учёная
степень,
присваиваемая
выпускнику
колледжа
(associate in arts — ассоциат
искусств)

5.
Scan the text once again and say: a) what spheres of higher education
demand longer period of study, b) what the expression “terminal
degree” means.

.

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