Make new words from one word

Word Generator is the perfect tool to create words. Be you in search of a Scrabble word generator or just in need of some random words, the device generates all possible words from the given letters. Try it and transform random letters into winning words!

The Essential Guide to Using Word Solvers

Are you looking for a random word generator?

Whether you are playing a word game or just challenging your friends, a world solver is the thing you need. Curious about how these generators work and help you win? Let’s find out!

What is a Word Generator — Word Solver Definition

In a nutshell, a word generator is a tool that helps you to find words. It generates all possible words from your letters and by doing so, helps you discover new ones. People use word solvers for various reasons, but the main aim is always the same — to make words from your input letters. 

Our word solver is quick and user-friendly, in a few milliseconds, you can get a list of all possible words that can help you beat your friends at a game or win at challenges. So any time you are stuck with words, get help from a word generator. 

How to Use a Word Generator App — 3 Simple Steps

All word generators, whether it’s a word solver, word cheat website, or unscramble app, work on the same principle. You enter the letters you have ended up with into the word solver box to create new words. Here’s a detailed explanation of how to use an online cheat word helper.

Step 1. Check the Letters or Tiles

If you are playing a board game, check the letters you have got. You will probably have some tiles containing letters, vowels, consonants, syllables, and more. If you are trying to make new words, then decide which alphabets you are going to use. 

Let’s take an example to illustrate the process. Let’s say you have got the letters M, A, R, T, Y, R, O, L.

Step 2: Enter the Letters in the Search Box

All word solvers will have a blank space or box to enter the letters. Your job is to type in all the letters you will use to spell the word. Now the next task depends on what you are using.

  • If you are using a word cheat website, press enter or go beside the search box
  • For word generator apps, press the search button

So following our example, type in the letters M, A, R, T, Y, R, O, L. Press enter and wait for the results to load.

Step 3: Check Out the Word List

Now the word maker will display the results according to the word length from the letters given. If we use the letters in our example, the word finder result will include

6-Letter Words

  • Rotary
  • Martyr

4-Letter Words

  • Mortal
  • Armory

3-Letter Words 

  • Mortar

Now you can use the words to earn points and win word games for free!

How to Make Words Online

The first thing you will want to do is to find a word generator. You can do a simple Google to get a list of word jumble generator sites and apps. 

Then you need to follow the exact steps we discussed above to generate new words using the word grabber. For example, let’s assume you are trying to make words with the letters D, E, T, O, I, R.

The next thing you do is to

  1. Enter the letters in the search box
  2. Press enter or go
  3. Get your results

So here, the letter combination generator will display words like

  • Editor
  • Rioted
  • Tie
  • Rod
  • Toe
  • Dot
  • Ire

How to Use Word Solver for Multiple Letters

Have you ended up with too many letters in your hands?

You have nothing to worry about as the unscramble generator will ease your troubles! No matter how many letters you’ve got, the 3,4,5,6,7 letter word generator will do its job. We will take an example to show you how.

8 Letter Example

We will take the letters C, T, I, N, M, A, R and O. Here we have 8 letters. 

Now you know what to do — enter the letters in the box and hit go!

Doing so gives you new words that include

  • Romantic
  • Carotin
  • Atomic
  • Carton
  • Train
  • Ratio
  • Coat
  • Tram
  • Air
  • Ran

So you again have a list of words grouped by length to win your game! 

A word solver is ideal when you have to make new words, no matter how you are going to use them. 

Combine up to 4 words into one unique word. You can make an unlimited amount of word combinations by putting in or taking out words.

Here are example combined words: Condensed + Fang

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  • cang
  • cfang
  • cg
  • cng
  • coang
  • cofang
  • cog
  • conang
  • condang
  • condeang
  • condefang
  • condeg
  • condenang
  • condenfang
  • condeng
  • condenng
  • condensang
  • condenseang
  • condensedang
  • condensedfang
  • condensedg
  • condensedng
  • condensefang
  • condenseg
  • condenseng
  • condensfang
  • condensg
  • condensng
  • condfang
  • condg
  • condng
  • confang
  • cong
  • conng

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The ‘Word Formation Process’ is regarded as the branch of Morphology, and it has a significant role in expanding the vocabulary that helps us communicate very smoothly. The main objectives of the word-formation process are to form new words with the same root by deploying different rules or processes.

In other words, we can say that the word-formation process is a process in which new words are formed by modifying the existing terms or completely changing those words.

Let us see the fundamental word-formation processes in linguistics:

Derivation

‘Derivation’ is a significant word-formation process that attaches derivation affixes to the main form to create a new word. Affixes (prefixes or suffixes) are regarded as bound morphemes.

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful syntactical or grammar unit of a language that cannot be divided without changing its meaning. In contrast to the free morpheme, a bound morpheme doesn’t have any independent meaning, and it needs the help of a free morpheme to form a new word.

Let us see some examples of derivation in the below table:

Base Forms New Words
Appear Disappear
Justice Injustice
Lighten Enlighten
Friend Friendship
Happy Happiness

Back Formation

‘Back-Formation’ is a word-formation process that eliminates the actual derivational affix from the main form to create a new word. However, Back-Formation is contrary to derivation in terms of forming new words. Let us see some examples of Back-Formation in the below table:

Base Forms Back Formation
Insertion Insert
Donation Donate
Precession Process
Obsessive Obsess
Resurrection Resurrect

Conversion

In conversion, a word of one grammatical form converts into another without changing spelling or pronunciation. For example, the term ‘Google’ originated as a noun before the verb.

A few years ago, we only used the term as a noun (search it on Google), but now we say ‘Google it. Let us see some examples of conversion in the below table:

Noun To Verb
Access – to access
Google – to google
Email – to email
Name – to name
Host – to host
Verb To Noun
To hope Hope
To cover Cover
To increase Increase
To attack Attack

Compounding

‘Compounding’ is a word-formation process that allows words to combine to make a new word. Compounding words can be formed as two words joined with a hyphen. Let us see some examples in the below table:

Words Compounding Words
Class+room Classroom
Note+book Notebook
Break+up Breakup
Brother+in+law Brother in law
High+light Highlight

Clipping

‘Clipping’ is another essential word-formation process that reduces or shortens a word without changing the exact meaning. In contrast to the back-formation process, it reserves the original meaning.

Clipping is divided into four types. They are:

  1. Back Clipping
  2. Fore Clipping
  3. Middle Clipping
  4. Complex Clipping

Every Clipping has different roles in words when they are assigned. Back Clipping removes the end part of a word; Fore Clipping removes the beginning part of a word; Middle Clipping reserves the middle position. Finally, Complex Clipping removes multiple pieces from multiple words.

Let us see some examples in the below table:

Words Clippings
Advertisement Ad
Photograph Photo
Telephone Phone
Influenza Flue
Cabletelegram Cablegram

Blending

In the ‘Blending’ word-formation method, the parts of two or more words combine to form a new word. Let us see some examples in the below table:

Words Blendings
Breakfast+lunch Brunch
Biographical+picture Biopic
Motor+hotel Motel
Spanish+English Spanglish
Telephone+marathon Telethon

Abbreviation

‘Abbreviation’ is another famous and widely used word-formation method used to shorten a word or phrase. In the modern era, ‘Abbreviation is becoming more popular. Nowadays, people used to use it everywhere. Let us see some examples in the below table:

Words/Phrases Abbreviation
Junior Jr.
Mister Mr.
Mistress Miss.
Doctor Dr.
Department Dept.
Bachelor of Arts B.A.
Master of Arts M.A.
Master of Business Administration MBA

Acronyms

An Acronym is a popular word-formation process in which an initialism is pronounced as a word. It forms from the first letter of each word in a phrase, and the newly formed letters create a new word that helps us speedy communication. For example, ‘PIN’ is an initialism for Personal Identification Number used as the word ‘pin.’

However, let us see some other famous examples of acronyms in the below table for a better understanding:

Acronyms Words/Phrases
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
ASAP As Soon As Possible
AWOL Absent Without Leave

Borrowing

‘Borrowing’ is another word-formation process in which a word from one language is borrowed directly into another language. Let us see some English words which are borrowed from another language:

Algebra Arabic
Cherub Hebrew
Murder French
Pizza Italian
Tamale Spanish

Conclusion

Now we know that Word-Formation Processes are the methods by which words are formed by deploying different types of rules. We can create new words by following the above word-formation methods.

We need to do one thing: we have to follow the fundamental rules or processes of word formation.

Azizul Hakim is the founder & CEO of englishfinders.com. He is a passionate writer, English instructor, and content creator. He has completed his graduation and post-graduation in English language and literature.

Word Generator is an essential tool for creating words. Whether you are searching for a Scrabble word generator or just some random words, the tool generates all available possible words from the given letters. Try it now and turn those useless letters into winning plays!

What Is A Word Generator?

A word generator is ultimately a tool that helps you to find words. It takes your available letters and generates all possible words to help you discover new and interesting results. People use word generators for a tonne of different reasons, but the main aim is consistent; create new words from your existing letters!

Our word solver is quick, efficient, and user-friendly, in a flash you can get a full list of all possible words from your collection, that can help you win at challenges or beat your friends at any game. If at any time you are stuck for words, then a word generator is for you!

When And Why You Need A Word Builder Tool 

Word builder tools are invaluable to the seasoned online word game players, and novices alike! By now you’re probably thinking of all the amazing opportunities to get ahead of your opponents and introduce some new word tools into your arsenal.

Here are our to 3:

Anagramming 

If you love anagrams then a word anagram creator can help you! An anagram creator will rearrange the letters of an existing word, or phrase, and turn them into something new, hopefully opening the door to new game winning possibilities. Since all the vowels and consonants in the original word have to be used in order to create a new word, it can be a real challenge to make something different containing all the parts you have. Not just that, but you don’t want to waste your time and spend all the day thinking over possibilities; you want to get an answer quickly! This is where an anagram creator will change your gameplay forever.

Word Games

These days, there are an array of word games to partake in, both online and with board games, all requiring you to unscramble a group of letters to win points. Pro or novice, these games are made for everyone! Scrabble, as an example, is a game targeted at the age group eight and older, and Words with Friends has an adult’s version and a child’s version.

It can be often overlooked, but tools like Scrabble Word Maker or Words With Friends Word maker can be game changers for people of all ages. Children who are expanding their vocabulary can learn more words in a fun and interactive way. Also, people who are new to word games will still enjoy the chance to utilize a Scrabble cheat or Words with Friends cheat. Finally, someone whose first language isn’t English, can learn massively from word tools, as they continually expand their vocabulary. Not to mention that pro Scrabble players can find these sites essential in their game playing ability.

Making Names

A lot of people have a great fascination for some forms of language. Others even consider some letters or even alphabets to be lucky. More often than you think, those people will approach one of our word solver tools, to create a name with letters they have!

It’s simple, put all your chosen letters into our word maker, and get a bunch of new names without any extra effort. Your friends will be complimenting you on your skill with names and letters before you know it!

How To Use A Word Maker Tool: 3 Steps

All word generators, whether it’s a word solver, word cheat website, or unscramble app, work in the same way. You input some letters you have into the word solver box to create new words. Here’s a detailed explanation of how to use a word maker tool.

Step 1: Check the Letters or Tiles

If you are playing a board game, check the letters you have. You’ll probably have some letters, vowels, consonants, syllables, and even wild cards. If you are trying to make new words, decide on the alphabet you are going to utilize. 

Let’s take an example to explain the process. Let’s say you have these letters: M, A, R, L, T, Y, R, O.

Step 2: Enter the Letters into the Search Box

Most word solvers will have an empty space or box to enter your available letters. All you need to do is type in all the letters you will use to spell the word. Now the next task will depend on what you are using.

  • If you are using a word cheat website, simply press enter 
  • For word generator apps, press the search button tool

So continuing our example, type in the letters M, A, R, L, T, Y, R, O. Press enter and wait for the results.

Step 3: Check Out the Word List

After step 2, the word maker will now be displaying the results according to the word length from the letters given. If we use the letters from our example, the word finder results will find these:

6-Letter Words

  • Rotary
  • Martyr

4-Letter Words

  • Mortal
  • Armory

3-Letter Words 

  • Mortar

Take the word from the list that best suits your situation, and go on with your game. This is a quick, and easy way to get ahead!

def make_new_words(start_word):
    """create new words from given start word and returns new words"""
    new_words=[]
    for letter in start_word:
        pass    
        #for letter in alphabet:
        #do something to change letters
        #new_words.append(new_word)

I have a three letter word input for example car which is the start word.
I then have to create new word by replacing one letter at a time with every letter from the alphabet. Using my example car I want to create the words, aar, bar, car, dar, ear,…, zar. Then create the words car, cbr, ccr, cdr, cer,…, czr. Finally caa, cab, cac, cad, cae,…, caz.

I don’t really know what the for loop should look like. I was thinking about creating some sort of alphabet list and by looping through that creating new words but I don’t know how to choose what parts of the original word should remain. The new words can be appended to a list to be returned.


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For fans of the game Balderdash, a board game that combines fibbing and the formation of new words, creating a new word of your own may seem like a breeze. For others, making your mark on the English language probably feels a bit daunting or downright challicult (challenging + difficult). However, you will be surprised to learn that with a bit of inspiration and a lot of fun, you will be on your way to creating a brifect (brilliant + perfect) word in no time!

  1. Image titled Create a Made Up Word Step 1

    1

    Start with a portmanteau. If you’ve tried your hand at creating a word from scratch but haven’t had much luck, you may want to consider a portmanteau. A portmanteau is a word or morpheme whose form and meaning are derived from a blending of two or more distinct forms (as smog from smoke and fog) [1]
    .

    • Write down some of your favorite words on a piece of paper. Spend some time mixing and matching the words together. You’ll be surprised by all of the wonderful words you come up with.
  2. Image titled Create a Made Up Word Step 2

    2

    Borrow from other languages. There are a plenty of words to choose from when you expand your search to those found in other languages. Loanwords, or borrowings, are words that are adopted into a native language from a different source language. Such borrowings have shaped the English language almost from its beginnings [2]

    • Buy or borrow a Spanish, French, German or Italian dictionary. Highlight some of your favorite words and then write them down on a sheet of paper. You’ll want to modify the words slightly, as the intention isn’t to use the same word but to create your own.
    • Rent a movie in a different language. Don’t use the captions and listen as the actors speak. Have a pen and paper on hand and write down what you think the words are that are being spoken.

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  3. Image titled Create a Made Up Word Step 3

    3

    Turn an object into a verb. «Google (it)» has quite literally been transformed from a company name, into a verb. There is no shortage of objects or nouns that can also be repurposed with a bit of imagination.[3]

    • To start, try spotting objects around your house and use them in a sentence as a verb. Don’t expect everything to catch on, but over time, you may find one that will be a hit.
  4. Image titled Create a Made Up Word Step 4

    4

    Take suggestions from a small child. Inspiration for new words can be found in surprising places. One such place is in your own family. Young children, who are learning how to speak, often don’t get it right on the first try. They create their own language as they navigate the English language.

    • Ask your young child what their favorite word is. If they are able to write, have them write it down. Otherwise, do your best to spell out what they are saying.
    • Listen to the babbling of your baby. You’ll be surprised how many words you come up with in a short amount of time.
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  1. Image titled Create a Made Up Word Step 5

    1

    Understand how words are created. This will give you a basis for making up your own word. English words are formed in several ways. Although one way is to create them from scratch, other words have been formed by imitating sounds. Similarly, there are many more words, often in quite common use, that have arisen over time because someone has not heard the word correctly. [4]

    • Next time you don’t understand someone correctly, turn a potentially embarrassing situation, into a learning opportunity by creating a new word.
    • Find inspiration at home. Listen to sounds naturally found around your home. You may be surprised by how many words you can come up with just by turning off the TV and listening to the environment. Open up your window and let in the sounds from outside.
  2. Image titled Create a Made Up Word Step 6

    2

    Hyphenate two word phrases (think of «see you,» which became, «cya!»). You may need to do a bit of tweaking to the spelling, as was done with «cya,» but try to think of phrases you can combine in to one word.[5]

    • Write down some of your favorite two or even three word phrases. See if you can create one word.
  3. Image titled Create a Made Up Word Step 7

    3

    Have fun brainstorming! More than anything, creating a made up word is supposed to be fun. Don’t worry about taking yourself too seriously. If you discover a great new word, share it with your friends and family and have fun using the word together.

    • To spread the word (pun intended), try using the word in a sentence, but be consistent.
    • Your new word will also need a definition, so have one on hand in case others ask you about it. This will help them understand how to use the word as it was intended.
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Word Help

Add New Question

  • Question

    Is it easy to make a new word?

    Community Answer

    It’s easy to make up a word if you want, but it’s not going to be easy to get it into the dictionary.

  • Question

    How many words can you make?

    Community Answer

    As many as your heart desires.

  • Question

    Where can you submit it?

    Greenycric

    Greenycric

    Community Answer

    You could send it to Oxford Dictionary or another dictionary. They will tell you if it’s suitable.

See more answers

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  • Once your word has been created, don’t use it too much. Use it when it makes sense, and explain it if someone asks what it means. The more you use it in the right scenario, the more you will notice your friends using it!

  • If you are going to create many monikers, then make up your own dictionary of made-up words. You never know, one of your words may appear in a real one one day!

Show More Tips

Thanks for submitting a tip for review!

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  • Don’t worry about skipping steps; the point is just to have fun.

  • Most scholarly dictionaries consider words to be neologisms or protologisms unless they are in widespread use over some period of time. Don’t submit made-up words where they’re not wanted.

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References

About This Article

Article SummaryX

To create your own made-up word, try combining 2 words which already exist to create a word with a new meaning. Use words in your native language or combine words from different languages. You can even get inspiration from young children, who often make up their own words. If you’re still having trouble, try coming up with the meaning of the word first, then make up a sound that seems to fit that definition. Read on to learn how to turn an object into a verb!

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Reader Success Stories

  • King Shadow

    «This helped me very much, now I can make words easily. Thanks, wikiHow. I will make words and say them to my family…» more

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Word Scrambler

Find Us Faster!

Bookmark This Page!

The Web’s Most Comprehensive Word Scramble Site

This word scrambler is intended to help you unscramble letters to make words. This is part of our larger
collection of puzzle solver tools. This word unscrambler can help you make words from letters — a scramble word cheat.
The mechanics of using the word unscrambler are fairly simple. Enter your letters in the box and hit the big friendly button.
The word unscrambler will help you make new word(s) from letters. This can be used to get a little help at scrabble, give yourself
some help with the newspaper puzzle, or even serve as a jumble cheat. Apparently a number of people use our site as a
jumble word scrambler, to help with their Sunday puzzles ( unscramble the letters ). It will support wildcard characters as well.

This unscramble words cheat also works as a scrabble word finder or anagram solver.
It doesn’t matter if you’ve snuck into the word cookies jar, you can find solace.
It isn’t a random word generator however.
The scrabble dictionary inside the word solver is great when you need to find a powerful word to play for word games.
Go ahead, use us as your source of cheat answers. Some random word won’t give you away. We can unscramble words with the best of them.

Other Word Tools

We have other word solver tool(s), particularly if you are trying to unscramble words. This word scrambler shows you letter combination ideas and possible word(s) for your jumble game. This covers any game where you unscramble letters to make words. If you are trying to pattern match, we have other tools. We have a scrabble word finder, of course — which finds scrabble words, particularly longer words or ones with a blank tile. The word scramble engine also works as an anagram solver, matching random letters. Face it, our collection of unscramble word cheat tools have scrambled letters and jumbled letters well under control.

If you are trying to guess a missing letter, check out our hangman solver.
The hangman solver also works fairly well as a crossword scrambler if you know some of the letters (pattern matching).
We also have another word unscrambler for wheel of fortune that can handle multiple words.
The hangman solver also works as a crossword solver, a great source of crossword answers. When you think about it, a crossword
requires very similar pattern matching to hangman. You have the benefit of an additional clue to help narrow the field.
In any event, you can use our hangman solver to help with a crossword puzzle.

If you are trying to match a pattern of unknown letters (eg. an 5 letter word, first and last letter the same), check
out our cryptogram helper.

Word Scrambler Games & Puzzles

If you like solving word scramble puzzles, check out our new
word scramble game. We did give a little additional help by color-coding the
correct letters (green means you got it, red means keep trying).

We’ve also a cryptogram solving game. These puzzles are based
on substitution cipher codes, where each letter has been swapped with another letter.
Your job is to figure out which letter is which and decode the message. The game keeps
track of how long it takes to solve each puzzle and lets you know how your score
compares with others.
This article about how to solve
a cryptogram may also be helpful.

The next step up from using our word puzzle solver is outright code cracking.
If you like cracking codes, you may also find our article about pen and paper

cryptograph interesting. We walk through some of the building blocks of
manual cryptography (pre-World War I) and how these codes were broken. Those with a
technical bent may find our presentation on

breaking substitution ciphers via computer to be
interesting as well.

We also have puzzle makers (our wildcard). There are many custom options
you can use to create a word scramble. (Basically the inverse of using a word generator or letter unscrambler.
The scramble game can be used to test your knowledge of vocabulary or spelling. Very helpful for students and home schoolers.
We have a tool you can use to make a crossword puzzle. The crossword tool has some pre-defined puzzles as well.

The printable word scramble worksheet is very popular, along with the other printables. The word scramble maker generates puzzles very efficiently (including an answer sheet and valid word checks). The other option is to use word combination ideas to test for jumbled word comprehension.

More From Hanging Hyena:

While creating words from your alphabet is one way to create a word from letters, the scrambler can also be used to create anagrams. For example, if you want to find words in your letters, you can do it with a word unscrambler and anagrams will never be the same again. This is a boon to folks who aren’t great at word
scramble puzzles, since you can use a word unscrambler to keep up. It gives you the freedom to enjoy word games such as scrabble or text twist.

Word scramble puzzles are at the heart of many great word games and word puzzles. You can unscramble your way to happiness.
One great thing about creating a word from letters is that you can be certain that each letter stands alone and has its own meaning. The language we speak uses letters to convey things about thoughts and feelings. Need word lists? This site can provide them as well.

You should think about how the letters in the word are part of what makes up the word. Think about how they relate to each other and how they combine to form the word. If you take all the letters of the word, there will be several hundred of them and not all of them are used for forming the word.
Our word solver is built around this concept. The word scramble solver is a great example of it; you can use it to simplify a word search.

When you want to create a puzzle and solve it, the next step is to choose the best words. You might be using a dictionary to help you but for most people it would be better to do it by using a word unscrambler. This is also known as a word descrambler.

When choosing the words, you need to pick ones that you think are related to the letters that you have. For example, when you make a puzzle, you need to make sure you don’t use the same letters twice. Although it might seem obvious, it will be very difficult to create a puzzle that isn’t related to any letters.

There are a lot of books and games out there that involve spelling words and trying to get letters that stand for different words. However, these kind of games only help people who are already familiar with the meanings of letters.

When you create a puzzle that involves letters, it will be much easier for people who aren’t familiar with letters to break the puzzle down. That is why if you want to create a word from letters, you need to use a scrambler to create anagrams.

There are many reasons why you would want to use this type of tool, but the main reason is that it makes it easy for people to figure out a puzzle without using a dictionary. This will help people who don’t know the alphabet and want to figure out how to solve a puzzle.

When people get ready to write a book or create a blog, it can take a while to write all the words and then to actually read the words and phrases. It is much easier to use a scrambler to create anagrams and these will help you get started writing and reading the words quickly.

Word generators are becoming more popular because people want to be able to solve puzzles as well as write them. This is a great way to solve anagrams without using a dictionary.

It doesn’t matter if you are using a scramble helper, letter scrambler or Scrabble helper, you will be able to create a puzzle that is related to the letters you have. Many people will be surprised at how much easier it is to solve anagrams with a scrambler.

If you are using a scramble helper or Scrabble helper, you will be able to create anagrams without using a word finder. One of the fun benefits of getting good at unscrambling words.

Word Game Tactics

The scrambled word list is sorted by word length (5 letter words, 4 letter words, etc.). You should be able to find the unscrambled word answer you need from our word unscrambler tool (or the jumble solver/scrabble cheat). We add new words (valid words, meaningful word options) to the dictionary on a regular basis. It will find the highest scoring word from your entered letters (consonants and vowel options). So go have fun!


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Affixation.
The process of affixation consists of coining a new word by adding an
affix or several affixes to some root morpheme. Affixes are
classified into productive and non-productive types. By productive
affixes we mean the ones, which take part in deriving new words in
this particular period of language development. For example, the
suffix -ish produces a great number of adjectives such as baldish,
oldish, youngish, mannish, fattish, longish, etc.

Conversion
is a special type of affixless derivation where a newly-formed word
acquires a paradigm and syntactic functions different from those of
the original word. Conversion consists in making a new word from some
existing word by changing the category of a part of speech, the
morphemic shape of the original word remaining unchanged. The new
word has a meaning which differs from the original one, but it can
more or less be easily associated with it. e.g. nurse (n.)> to
nurse (v.)

Substantivation
is the process in which adjectives (or participles) acquire the
paradigm and syntactic functions of nouns [A> N]. It is
distinguished two main types of substantivation: complete and
partial. Completely substantivized adjectives have the full paradigm
of a noun (singular and plural case forms, definite and indefinite
articles, demonstrative and possessive pronouns). e.g. adj. native
(rіdny)> n. a native, the native, two natives, a native’s
character.

Compounding
is the productive type of word-building in which new words are
produced by combining two or more stems. (blackbird, sunflower,
girl-friend, ashtray, bedroom, birthday)

There
are two main ways of shortening:
contraction (clipping) and abbreviation (initial shortening).
Contraction (clipping) is to make a new word from a syllable (rare
two) of the original word.

There
are four types of contraction:

1)
Final clipping (apocope) — omission of the final part of the word eg
doc> doctor, lab> laboratory, vac> vacation, ad>
advertisement

2)
Initial clipping (apheresis) — omission of the fore part of the word
eg phone> telephone, plane> airplane, story> history, Fred>
Alfred

3)
Medial clipping (syncope) — omission of the middle part of the word
eg maths> mathematics, fansy> fantasy, specs> spectacles

4)
Mixed clipping — omission of the fore and the final parts of the word
eg tec> detective, flu> influenza, fridge> refrigerator,
Liz> Elizabeth

The
second way of shortening is to make a new word from the initial
letters of a word group and called abbreviation (initial shortening).
They are subdivided into five groups:

1)
Acronyms. These words are read in accordance with the rules of
orthoepy, eg UNO (United Nation Organization), UNESCO (United Nations
Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization), NATO (North
Atlantic Treaty Organization)

2)
Alphabetic abbreviations. In this case letters get their full
alphabetic pronunciation and a full stress, eg the USA (the United
States of America), B.B.C. (British Broadcasting Corporation), M.P.
(Member of Parliament), F.B.I. (Federal Bureau of Investigation), CV
(Curriculum vitae), EU (European Unity).

3)
Compound abbreviations. The first immediate constituent is a letter
and the second — a complete word, eg A-bomb (Atomic bomb), V-day
(Victory day), Z-hour (Zero hour)

4)
Graphic abbreviations. They are used in texts for economy of space
and are pronounced as the corresponding unabbreviated words, eg Mr.
(Mister), m. (Mile), ft. (Foot), v. (Verb), pp. (Pages), etc.

5)
Latin abbreviations. They are read as separate letters or are
substituted by their English equivalents, eg i.e. (That is), am (in
the morning), ld (in some place), ef (compare), pa (Lat. Per annum)

Phrasal
Verbs

Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and adverb or a verb and
preposition (or verb with both adverb and preposition). They divided
into two groups: non-idiomatic (retain their primary local meaning),
eg come in, come out, take off, put down, drink up, etc. and
idiomatic (can not be derived from their immediate constituents), eg
bring up, bear out, give in, fall out, etc.

  1. Non-productive
    ways of word-formation

Sound
interchange is the way of word building when some sounds are changed
to form a new word. It is non-productive in Modern English; it was
productive in Old English and can be met in other Indo-European
languages.

The
causes of sound interchange can be different. It can be the result of
Ancient Ablaut which cannot be explained by the phonetic laws during
the period of the language development known to scientists., e.g. to
strike — stroke, to sing — song etc. It can be also the result of
Ancient Umlaut or vowel mutation which is the result of palatalizing
the root vowel because of the front vowel in the syllable coming
after the root (regressive assimilation), e.g. hot — to heat
(hotian), blood — to bleed (blodian) etc.

In
many cases we have vowel and consonant interchange. In nouns we have
voiceless consonants and in verbs we have corresponding voiced
consonants because in Old English these consonants in nouns were at
the end of the word and in verbs in the intervocal position, e.g.
bath — to bathe, life — to live, breath — to breathe etc.

Stress
interchange can be mostly met in verbs and nouns of Romanic origin:
nouns have the stress on the first syllable and verbs on the last
syllable, e.g. `accent — to ac`cent. This phenomenon is explained in
the following way: French verbs and nouns had different structure
when they were borrowed into English; verbs had one syllable more
than the corresponding nouns. When these borrowings were assimilated
in English the stress in them was shifted to the previous syllable
(the second from the end) . Later on the last unstressed syllable in
verbs borrowed from French was dropped (the same as in native verbs)
and after that the stress in verbs was on the last syllable while in
nouns it was on the first syllable. As a result of it we have such
pairs in English as: to af`fix -`affix, to con`flict- `conflict, to
ex`port -`export, to ex`tract — `extract etc. As a result of stress
interchange we have also vowel interchange in such words because
vowels are pronounced differently in stressed and unstressed
positions.

  1. Affixation.
    Itsmaintypes

Affixation
is the process of adding a morpheme (oraffix)
to a word to
create either

(a)
a different form of that word (e.g., bird → birds),
or

(b)
a new word with a different meaning (bird → birder).

Types
of affixes on the basis of places

Affixes
can be of four types on the basis of their places. That means, on the
basis of the part of the root word they are added into; affixes can
be of four different types:

  • Prefixes

Affixes
that are added in beginning of any root word are called prefixes.

  1. Negative
    prefixes: in-, un-, non-, dis-, a- etc. (connect-disconnect,
    moral-amoral, justice-injustice)

  2. Size
    and degree affixes: mini-, over-, sub-, super- etc.
    (skirt-miniskirt, man-superman, set-subset)

  • Suffixes

Affixes
that are added in end of any root word are called suffixes.
(cat-cats, fool-foolish, respect-respectful)

  • Infixes

Affixes
which get added in mid part of a single root word are called infixes.
In Standard English grammar, infixes do not exist.
(Hallebloodylujah!,Absogoddamlutely!Unfuckinbelievable!)

  • Circumfixes

Circumfixes
are exact opposites of infixes. They round / circle the root word.
That means, a circumfix gets divided into two parts and these two
parts are placed in beginning and end of the root word respectively.
Don’t exist in Standard English.

Types
of affixes on the basis of functions

  • Inflectional
    affixes

Inflectional
affixes suggest grammatical information about the word.

-s,
-ed, -en, -ing, -s, -‘s, -er, -est (gives, watched, gone, taken,
flying, cats, John’s, better, best)

  • Derivational
    affixes

Unlike
inflectional affixes, derivational affixes can «derive»
entirely new words from the existing ones. Thus, they are more
productive than inflectional morphemes.

-ic,
-unce, -ity, -ly, -ive, -abve, -ise (heroic, performance, activity,
badly, creative, sharable, characterise)

Un-,
dis-, anti-, in- (unhappy, disestablish, anticapitalist, indecent)

Re-,
-ship, -ist, -er, -let, -hood (recover, friendship, capitalist,
lecturer, booklet, childhood)

  1. Blending
    as a way of word formation in Modern English

Blending
is one of the most beloved of word formation processes in English. It
is especially creative in that speakers take two words and merge them
based not on morpheme structure but on sound structure. The resulting
words are called blends.

In
blending, part of one word is stitched onto another word, without any
regard for where one morpheme ends and another begins. Examples:
brunch (breakfast and lunch), motel (motor hotel), electrocute
(electric and execute), smog (smoke and fog) and cheeseburger (cheese
and hamburger).

  1. Clipping
    as a way of word formation. Types of clipping.

Clipping
is a type of abbreviation of a word in which one part is ‘clipped’
off the rest, and the remaining word now means essentially the same
thing as what the whole word means or meant. For example, burger,
formed by clipping off the beginning of the word hamburger.

Clipping
mainly consists of the following types:

Back
clipping

(the
most common type, in which the beginning is retained. The unclipped
original may be either a simple or a composite. Examples
are: ad (advertisement), cable(cablegram), doc (doctor), exam (examination))

Fore-clipping
(retains
the final part. Examples: bot (robot),
net (Internet))

Middle
clipping

(the
middle of the word is retained. Examples
are: flu (influenza), fridge (refrigerator))

Complex
clipping

(Clipped
forms are also used in compounds.
One part of the original compound most often remains intact. Examples
are: cablegram (cable telegram), op
art
 (optical art), org-man(organization man), linocut (linoleum cut).
Sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped as
in navicert (navigation certificate)

  1. Conversion.
    Typical semantic relations within a conversion pair.

In linguistics, conversion,
also called zero derivation,
is a kind of word
formation;
specifically, it is the creation of a word (of
a new word class) from an existing word (of a different word class)
without any change in form.[1] For
example, the noun green in
golf (referring to a putting-green) is derived ultimately from
the adjective green.

Conversions
from adjectives to nouns and vice versa are both very common and
unnotable in English; much more remarked upon is the creation of
a verb by
converting a noun or other word (e.g., the adjective clean becomes
the verb to
clean
).

Typical
semantic relations within a converted pair

I.
Verbs converted from noun (denominal verbs) denote:

1.action
characteristic of the object ape (n) — to ape (v) butcher (n) — to
butcher (v) 2.instrumental use of the object screw (n) — to screw (v)
whip (n) — to whip (v)

3.acquisition
or addition of the object fish (n) — to fish (v)

II.
Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal nouns) denote:

1.
instance of the action:to jump (v) -jump (n); to move (v) — move (n)

2.
agent of the action: to help (v) — help (n), to switch (v) — switch
(n)

3.
place of action: to drive (v) — drive (n), to walk (v) — walk (n)

4.object
or result of the action: to peel (v) — peel (n), to find (v) — find
(n).

  1. Derivation
    as a word-formative process in English

Derivation
is the process of forming new words from existing ones by adding
affixes to them, like shame + less + ness → shamelessness. In cases
in which there is a one-to-one correspondence between affixes and
syntactical categories, this is known as agglutination, as seen in
agglutinative languages.

  1. Shortening.
    Types of shortening.

Shortening is
the process and
the result of forming a word out of the initial elements (letters,
morphemes) of a word combination.

Shortenings
are produced in 2 ways:

·        To
make a new word from a syllable (rarer two) of the original words.
The latter may lose it’s beginning (telephone – phone, defence —
fence), it’s ending (holidays – hols, advertisement- ad), or both
the beginning and the ending (influenza – flu, refrigerator —
fridge)

·        To
make a new word from the initial letters of a word group: U.N.O –
United Nation Organization, B.B.C. and etc.

  1. Word
    composition. Types of compound words. Different
    criteria for classification.

Compounding
or word-composition is one of the productive means of word-formation
in Modern English. Compounds are words that are made up of two
immediate constituents which are both derivative bases. 
Derivative
bases in compounds can have different degrees of complexity:
1.
both bases are simple (weekend, girlfriend).
2.
one base is simple, the other is derivative (a shoemaker).
3.
one base is compound and the other is either simple or derivative
(fancy-dress -> fancydress-ball, маскарад;
fancydress-maker).

Classification
of compounds.
1)
According to the type of word-formation:
a.
compounds proper – are words made up of two derivative bases
(red-current, girlfriend)
b.
derivational compounds – are words formed by affixation or
conversion from a compound derivational base (blue-eyed, a
breakdown)
c.
pseudo-compounds — The constituent members of compound words of this
subgroup are in most cases unique, carry very vague or no lexical
meaning of their own, are not found as stems of
independently
functioning
words. They are motivated mainly through the rhythmic doubling of
fanciful sound-clusters. (loudmouth).
2)
Semantic
a.
subordinate (подчинительные)
– words where one of the derivative bases is the grammatical and
semantical center of the word, as a rule – the 2 one – a head
member. It expresses the general meaning of the word, and the first
one specifies it (girlfriend)
b.
coordinate (сочинительные)
– words where both components are equally important:

reduplicated – formed by repeating the base (fifty-fifty)

rhyming (walkie-talkie, willy-nilly)

additive – denote an object or a person that is two things at a
time (Anglo-Saxon, an actor- manager)

Criteria
of distinguishing between compounds and free-word
combinations.
Compounds
are inseparable lexical units that are presented in dictionaries in
special entries and sub-entries. Compounds are reproduced and used in
speech as lexical units, they are not formed in speech like free-word
combinations. They are only pronounced as lexical units (a red rose,
a redskin).
Inseparability
of compounds has graphical (one word or a hyphen), phonetic (stress),
morphological (only 2 base shows grammatical category) and semantic
(grammatical formes differ from the forms of the motivating words
(richer – more oil-richer) criteria.

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