Compounding (also known as composition or nominal composition) is important in linguistics because it allows for new words to be made and exists in most, if not all, languages. For some languages (like Chinese) it is a major source of new word formation.
Fig. 1 — Compounding combines words to create new words.
What is Compounding?
Compounding (from Latin componere, meaning ‘to put together’) combines two or more words to create a new one.
Steam + boat = Steamboat
Bed + room = Bedroom
Hair + cut = Haircut
Motor + cycle = Motorcycle
Compound elements
A compound is made up of various parts of speech such as a noun, verb, and adverb.
This means that compounds can be a combination of noun plus noun, verb plus noun, adjective plus noun, etc.
The word «bedroom» is made up of two nouns, bed and room.
The word «sunrise» is made up of a noun and a verb, sun and rise.
The word «greenhouse» is made up of an adjective and a noun, green and house.
Compounds can be written as one word, two separate words, or a word with a hyphen.
Note: Compounds are made up of complete words; this process is called nominal composition and should not be confused with morphological derivation.
Morphological derivation is when a new word is made from an existing word, usually by adding prefixes or suffixes. For example, employment is made of the verb employ plus the suffix morpheme —ment.
Classical compounds is another category of compounds, derived from Latin or ancient Greek.
Biography is a compound of the Greek words bios (life) and graphia (writing), which by the 17th century had become biography.
Agriculture is a compound of the Latin words ager (field) and cultura (growing / cultivation) which became ‘agriculture’ in late Middle English.
Pronunciation
Pronunciation can help to determine the meaning of words. Depending on how we pronounce a word, this can change its meaning. One important aspect of our pronunciations is stress. Let’s look at this in more detail:
Stress
Stress in pronunciation is when we place greater emphasis on one syllable or word than on other parts of a sentence; this usually helps us to recognize and understand the meaning of a word.
Stress is useful in helping us to understand the difference between a compound noun and an adjective with a noun. In the following examples, note where the stress falls:
A greenhouse = place where we grow plants (compound noun).
A green house = house painted green (adjective and noun).
A bluebird = type of bird (compound noun).
A blue bird = any bird with blue feathers (adjective and noun).
Compound elements
Noun + noun
bedroom
toothpaste
database
Noun + verb
greenhouse
software
redhead
Adverb + verb
output
overthrow
upturn
input
The Suspended Compound
The suspended compound is used to avoid repetition with longer words.
For example, instead of saying: ‘There are mostly eighteenth-century or nineteenth-century buildings in the town centre,’ we can shorten the first compound and say: » There are mostly eighteenth- or nineteenth-century buildings in the town centre. »
Other examples:
Short- and long-term plans are equally valid.
Both first- and second-class tickets cost the same.
Compounding across the globe
Compounds exist in virtually every language.
Let’s look at some examples from around the world.
English | Italian | Spanish |
science fiction | fantascienza | ciencia-ficción |
science + fiction | imaginary + science | science + fiction |
Dutch | English | Composition |
verjaardagskalender | birthday calendar | verjaardag ‘birthday’ + calendar ‘calendar’ |
Klantenserviceemedewerker | customer service representative | clanten ‘customers’ + service ‘service’ + medewerker ‘worker’ |
university library | university library | university ‘university’ + library ‘library’ |
Chinese | English | Composition |
谢谢 | thanks | Repeating of 謝 xiè thank |
摩天 楼 | skyscraper | 摩 mó touch + 天 tiān sky + 楼 lóu building (with more than 1 storey |
学生 | college student | 學 xué learn + 生 shēng living being |
百科 全書 | encyclopaedia | 百 bǎi hundred + 科 kē (branch of) study + 全 quán entire / complete + 書 shū book |
Finnish | English | Composition |
sanakirja | dictionary | sana ‘word’ + kirja ‘book’ |
tietokone | computer | tieto ‘knowledge data’ + kone ‘machine’ |
German | English | Composition |
skyscraper | skyscraper | Clouds’ + scratches’ scraper ‘ |
railroad | railway | Iron ‘iron’ + train ‘track’ |
Ancient Greek | English | Composition |
φιλόσοφος | philosopher | φίλος phílos ‘beloved’ + σοφία sophíā ‘wisdom’ |
δημοκρατία | democracy | δῆμος dêmos ‘people’ + κράτος ‘rule’ |
Italian | English | Composition |
millepiedi | centipede | mille ‘thousand’ + piedi ‘feet’ |
ferrovia | railway | ferro ‘iron’ + via ‘way’ |
Compounds and form
Compound nouns can be written in three ways: open form, closed form and hyphenated form.
Open form compounds
An open (or spaced) compound is written as two separate words.
washing machine,
water bottle.
Closed form compounds
A closed (or solid) compound is written as one word.
rainfall,
drawback,
toothpaste.
Hyphenated form compounds
A hyphenated compound is written with a hyphen.
Check in,
hanger-on,
mother-in-law.
Some compounds are made up of two similar-sounding elements, such as:
- goody-goody,
- hush-hush,
- razzle-dazzle.
These are called reduplicative compounds and are usually hyphenated if each element has one or more syllables. However, closed form is also common, as in:
- crisscross,
- knickknack,
- singsong.
Compound subclasses
Compounds are usually made up of two words:
One word gives the basic meaning of the whole compound and is called the head, the other word (the modifier) qualifies this meaning (ie. it gives us more specific information about the head).
Compounds can be divided into four subclasses:
Endocentric
Exocentric
Coordinative
Appositional
Endocentric compounds
In endocentric compounds, the meaning of the whole word tends to be clear and relates to the head.
The first word will be the modifier. The head word comes second and categorizes the compound. This is called a head final. The modifier will qualify the meaning of the head final.
In the compound word cookbook, book is the head (it gives us the main meaning) and cook is the modifier (it tells us what kind of book).
In the compound word doghouse, house is the head and dog is the modifier, and this tells us it is a house intended for a dog.
Endocentric compounds tend to be of the same part of speech (word class) as their head, as in the case of doghouse, which is made up of a noun plus noun .
Cat food tells us what type of food (food intended for cats).
Water bottle tells us what type of bottle (a bottle we can drink water from).
Because the modifier gives us a specialisation of the head word, this type of compound is also known as a descriptive compound.
Fig. 2 — Cookbook is an endocentric compound.
Exocentric compounds
With exocentric compounds, the meaning is not obvious and often seems unrelated to any part of the compound itself.
Facebook is not a type of book.
Scarecrow is not a type of crow.
Paperback is not a type of back.
Facebook is a social media platform, yet we couldn’t guess this from the words used to make the compound. The same goes for scarecrow, a figure created to scare birds away from crops, and paperback, which is a type of book.
Exocentric compounds lack a clear head and are also often called headless compounds.
Coordinative compounds
Coordinative (or copulative) compounds are compounds with two semantic heads that work in coordination. The meanings will be related, or have similar origins, without being the same thing.
Semantic gives us the meaning or interpretation of a word.
For example, actor-manager means someone who is an actor and a theatre manager.
Producer-director is a person who is a producer and a director.
Camper-trailer is a vehicle that is a camper and a trailer.
Theater-museum is a building that is both a theater and a museum.
Coordinative compounds are often used to describe people’s professions and can be made up of as many as five words.
Designer-builder is a person who designs and builds.
Listener-viewer-reader is a person who lists, watches (films) and reads (books).
Musician-writer-fillmmaker is a musician who is also a professional writer and filmmaker.
Fig. 3 — Musician-writer-filmmaker is a coordinative compound.
Appositional compounds
Appositional compounds are made up of (two) words that each describe the compound differently.
For example, instead of saying ‘these prehistoric tribes were both hunters and gatherers’ you could say ‘these prehistoric tribes were hunter-gatherers’.
Player-coach means a person who is both a player and a coach.
Student-teacher is a student who also teaches.
Singer-songwriter is a singer who is also a songwriter.
Table summary
Type | Description | Examples |
Endocentric | A + B = a special kind of B | Whiteboard, darkroom |
Exocentric | A + B = an external, unrelated meaning | Redhead, cowhand |
Coordinative | A + B = ‘the sum’ of what A and B denote | Producer-director, theater-museum |
Appositional |
A and B offer different descriptions for the same thing or person |
Hunter-gatherer, student-teacher |
Brahuvrihi compounds:
Brahuvrihi compounds are a subclass of exocentric compounds, and are also known as possessive compounds. This is when the first part (or word) of the compound is a specific feature of the second.
Hunchback is a person who has a hunched, or very curved, back.
Bluebell is a particular type of bell-shaped flower coloured blue.
A highbrow is a brow that is high (and associated with intelligence or intellect).
White-collar is a collar that is white (and therefore associated with office workers).
Barefoot is used when a person walks about without shoes on
The term comes from Sanskrit bahuvrīhi, which is also this type of compound, from bahu much + vrīh rice.
Possessive or bahuvrihi compounds are often used in English to describe characteristics of people, and can be figurative, or non-literal, in their meaning.
Green thumb suggests a person who is good at growing green things eg a gardener.
Hothead suggests a person with a quick (or ‘hot’) temper.
Egghead suggests someone who is studious or intellectual (originally a ‘bald person’, possibly associated with academics).
Goldilocks is used to describe locks of hair that are golden in color.
Greedyguts suggests someone who has a greedy stomach or is greedy by nature.
Lazybones suggests that a person is idle or lazy.
What are Compound Sentences?
Compound words are a combination of two or more words.
Compound sentences are a combination of two or more independent clauses.
Some men are born mediocre, some men achieve mediocrity, and some men have mediocrity thrust upon them. (Joseph Heller, 1923-1999)
In the above sentence, we have three independent clauses. Note how they are linked by commas and the conjunction ‘and’.
A compound sentence has at least two independent clauses. They can be joined by:
- a semicolon,
- a comma and coordinating conjunction eg ‘and’, ‘or’ and ‘but’.
«I love to travel, but I hate to arrive.» (Albert Einstein, 1879-1955)
Compounding — key takeaways
- Compounding combines two or more words to create a new word.
- A compound is made up of various parts of speech such as noun, verb, and adverb.
- Compounds can be a combination of noun plus noun, verb plus noun, adjective plus noun etc.
- Compounds can be written as one word, as two separate words, or as a word with a hyphen.
- Compounds can be divided into four subclasses: endocentric, exocentric, coordinative and appositional.
- Compound sentences are a combination of two or more independent clauses, linked by ‘and’, ‘but’ or a semi-colon.
continued from No.
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3,
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6,
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8,
9,
10
Strategies for Building Vocabulary
UNIT 10: LEARN ABOUT COMPOUND WORDS
Two words are sometimes joined together to make a new word. The new word is called a
compound word.
Example: flower + pot = flowerpot
If you come across a compound word you don’t know the meaning of, ask yourself these
questions:
-
What two words make up the compound word?
-
Do I know the meaning of one or both words?
-
Do the words before or after the unknown word give me a clue to its
meaning?
Activity 1
Read the words in my Word Box. Then join each word to a word in the list below
the Word Box to make a compound word. Write the two words as one.
Word Box
saw |
glasses |
corn |
crow |
1. play _____________
2. see _____________
3. pop _____________
4. suit _____________
5. eye _____________
6. story _____________
7. post _____________
8. scare _____________
Answers:
1. playground; 2. seesaw; 3. popcorn; 4. suitcase;
5. eyeglasses; 6. storyteller; 7. postcard; 8. sca-recrow
Now finish each sentence below with a compound word you have made.
1. The farmer put a _____________ in the cornfield.
2. Jane couldn’t see the chalkboard because she wasn’t wearing her _______________.
3. The class races were held on the _____________.
4. The ________________ worked puppets as she told the story.
5. Jean sat on one end of the _________________ and Joan sat on the other.
6. During the movie we ate two boxes of _________.
7. On his vacation John sent us a ______________.
8. After Sue finished packing her ______________, she left for camp.
Answers:
1. scarecrow; 2. eyeglasses; 3. playground; 4. storyteller;
5. seesaw; 6. popcorn; 7. postcard; 8. suitcase
Jack-in-the-Box’s rule number 10 for learning words:
Use words you know to make as many compound words as you can.
Activity 2
Read the words in my Word Box. Next read each clue. Find a compound word from the
Word Box that matches each meaning. Write each word on the chain puzzle. The last letter
of each word is also the first letter of the next word. The first one is done for you.
Word Box
goldfish |
tablecloth |
headache |
skyscraper |
Clues
1. A tall building
2. A coat worn when it rains
3. Material used to cover a table
4. A pain in the head
5. Something worn on the ear
6. A small fish
7. Schoolwork done at home
8. An opening into which a key fits
Answers:
2. raincoat; 3. tablecloth; 4. headache; 5. earring;
6. goldfish; 7. homework; 8. keyhole
Activity 3
Write a sentence using each compound word below.
1. flashlight ___________________________________
2. haircut ____________________________________
3. airplane ____________________________________
Answers may vary.
Crossword Puzzle
Read the word meanings. Then choose a compound word from the Word Box for each
meaning. Write the compound words in the puzzle. Be sure to follow the numbers across and
down. The letters in the puzzle will help you.
Word Box
headlight |
sailboat |
grapefruit |
Across
1. a boat used to save people on a sinking ship
4. a curve of colors seen in the sky after a rain shower
6. a wild plant with small yellow flowers and a long stem
8. a small pocketbook
9. wood for a stove or fireplace
11. light from the sun
13. a boat that is moved by the wind
14. something to help drivers see at night
Down
2. a large chunk of ice floating in the ocean}
3. a room used for fun and games
5. a game in which players pass, kick, and run with a ball
7. in the open air
10. the tracks a train runs on
12. something to eat that is round and yellow
Answers:
Across: 1. lifeboat; 4. rainbow; 6. goldenrod; 8. handbag;
9. firewood; 11. daylight; 13. sailboat; 14. headlight
Down: 2. iceberg; 3. playroom; 5. football; 7. outdoors;
10. railroad; 12. grapefruit
Test
Show All You Know About Compound Words
Draw lines to match the first part of the compound word to the second part.
see
pop
scare
suit
playgold
sky
rain
home
tableeye
story
post
head
earkey
golden
day
life
footsaw
case
corn
crow
groundscraper
cloth
fish
coat
workache
glasses
teller
card
ringrod
hole
ball
light
boat
Answers: seesaw; popcorn; scarecrow; suitcase; playground; goldfish; skyscraper;
raincoat; homework; tablecloth; eyeglasses; storyteller; postcard; headache; earring;
keyhole; goldenrod; daylight; lifeboat; football
Word Box
headlight |
outdoors |
sailboat |
Finish each sentence with a word from the Word Box.
1. The _______________ on Mom’s car burned out.
2. The wind moved the ______________ over the waves.
3. For breakfast I ate a juicy _______________.
4. We held the birthday party in the _____________.
5. The huge ship almost struck the ______________.
6. Mom put her car keys into her ______________.
7. We gathered _______________ for the campfire.
8. The wagon was left ________________ in the rain.
Answers:
1. headlight; 2. sailboat; 3. grapefruit; 4. playroom;
5. iceberg; 6. handbag; 7. firewood; 8. outdoors
Compiled by Erin Bouma
to be continued
Compound Words!!! A compound word is one whose stem is made up of two or more simple stems. Following is a list of 160 compound words that you can use to improve and expand your English vocabulary.
Compound Words List
- Afterlife
- Backstage
- Caretaker
- Daydream
- Egghead
- Firebox
- Goodbye
- Haircut
- Ironwork
- Jackpot
- Keyboard
- Landslide
- Matchbox
- Software
- Nevermore
- Overboard
- Passport
- Railroad
- Sailboat
- Tableware
- Underclothes
- Waistcoat
- Aftermath
- Blackmail
- Carpool
- Dishcloth
- Everything
- Firefighter
- Grandchildren
- Handbook
- Inchworm
- Jawbone
- Skyscraper
- Keynote
- Lawmaker
- Moonlight
- Newsdealer
- Overcoat
- Password
- Raincoat
- Saucepan
- Tablespoon
- Undergraduate
- Wallboard
- Afternoon
- Ballpark
- Coffeemaker
- Driveway
- Eyeballs
- Firehouse
- Granddaughter
- Handmade
- Inland
- Jellyfish
- Keepsake
- Lawsuit
- Motorcycle
- Newspaper
- Overflow
- Patchwork
- Rainfall
- Sandbox
- Taillight
- Upstage
- Wardroom
- Airmail
- Blacklist
- Comeback
- Doorstop
- Eyesight
- Forehead
- Goodnight
- Headhunter
- Inmate
- Jumpshot
- Keyhole
- Lifeguard
- Moonstruck
- Newsroom
- Overland
- Playboy
- Rainmaker
- Schoolbus
- Taxpayer
- Upstream
- Washcloth
- Airport
- Basketball
- Courtyard
- Dishpan
- Earthbound
- Friendship
- Glassmaking
- Highchair
- Infold
- Jerrybuild
- Keyword
- Sunglasses
- Lifesaver
- Meantime
- Nightfall
- Overshoes
- Playmate
- Redcoat
- Schoolroom
- Teammate
- Upriver
- Wastebasket
- Anybody
- Bedroom
- Crosswalk
- Dairymaid
- Earring
- Supermarket
- Forebear
- Grandaunt
- Honeymoon
- Housewife
- Jaywalk
- Keyway
- Lifetime
- Meanwhile
- Noisemaker
- Overabundance
- Ponytail
- Toothpaste
- Riverbank
- Shipbuilder
- Teacup
- Uplift
- Watermelon
- Anything
- Babysitter
- Courtroom
- Daybreak
- Eardrop
- Footnote
- Grasshopper
- Housekeeper
- Inkwell
- Jawbreaker
- Keystroke
- Longhouse
- Motherhood
- Airbrush
- Notebook
- Onetime
- Postcard
- Rubberband
- Shopkeeper
- Timetable
- Upmarket
- Weatherman
- Weeknight
- Typewriter
- Butterscotch
- Authorship
- Toolbox
- Bookmark
- Alongside
Compound Words Examples
- What happened to that woman in the afterlife?
- We went backstage after the show to meet the actors.
- The caretaker is responsible for the maintenance of the school buildings.
- Colin began to daydream about what he would do if he won the lottery.
- He’s going to bring a bunch of egghead economists to his library.
- The firebox is full of smoke, the fire needs more air?
- She said goodbye and thanked us for coming.
- It’s been nearly three months since my last haircut.
- He peeped through the white ornamental ironwork of the gate.
- They scooped the jackpot in yesterday’s lottery.
- The program locks the keyboard until a password is given.
- The village was destroyed by a landslide.
- Why can we get fire by rubbing a match on the matchbox?
- This software is used for modeling atmospheric dynamics.
- And if I ever find her, we nevermore will part.
- Let’s not go overboard.
- I need to renew my passport this year.
- They ran a railroad into the forest region.
- The sailboat keeled over in the storm.
- Which shop has the best selection of tableware?
- Don’t tumble your underclothes.
- His waistcoat was riding up over his stomach.
- A lot of rebuilding took place in the aftermath of the war.
- They used the photographs to blackmail her into spying for them.
- Would you like to join our carpool?
- It was like an old dishcloth by the time I was finished.
- It is right to put everything in its proper use.
- A firefighter saved a little girl’s life at the expense of his life.
- She enjoyed the frequent visits from her grandchildren.
- Her mother bought a handbook of English grammar for her last Sunday.
- Don’t eat me. I am an inchworm. I am useful. I measure things.
List of Compound Words | Infographic
Useful List of Compound Words
Compound Words List
Last Updated on February 17, 2021
1. Complete the text with the words below.
centre checks class crew lounge pass season
News > Jet2.com
At Manchester Airport, an eleven-year-old boy has managed to walk through all the security 1…………………………… and fly to Rome. He did not have a passport or a boarding 2……………………………
According to news reports, Liam Corcoran was with his mother in a nearby shopping 3…………………………… when he decided to go off on his own. He went to Manchester Airport, where he succeeded in reaching the departure 4…………………………… without having a ticket or any other kind of document. Because it was high 5……………………………, the airport was extremely crowded and nobody noticed him. He boarded a Jet2 flight to Rome and the plane took off. During the flight, a few other passengers in economy 6…………………………… became suspicious about the boy and told the cabin 7…………………………… . The captain then radioed the airport and confirmed that they had an extra passenger!
Answer
1 checks 2 pass 3 centre 4 lounge 5 season
6 class 7 crew
2. Match the two halves of the compounds.
1 flight
2 low
3 passport
4 first
5 flight
6 online
7 seat
8 hand
9 baggage
10 single
a belt
b room
c attendant
d season
e number
f check-in
g control
h class
i luggage
j carousel
Answer
1 e, flight number
2 d, low season 3 g, passport control 4 h, first class
5 c, flight attendant 6 f, online check-in 7 a, seat belt
8 i, hand luggage 9 j, baggage carousel 10 b, single room
3. Complete the sentences with the compounds in exercise 2.
1 As his four-year-old son sat down on the ………………………. ………………………., it started to move.
2 Our ………………………. ………………………. is EZY 8512.
3 He doesn’t always sit in ………………………. ………………………., even though he owns the airline.
4 I asked the ………………………. ………………………. for a pair of headphones.
5 You can keep your ………………………. ………………………. under the seat in front of you.
6 When several flights land at the same time, there are long queues at ………………………. ……………………….
7 When you’re travelling alone, it’s cheaper to book a ………………………. ……………………….
8 Using ………………………. ………………………. can save you time at the airport.
9 Hotels are a lot cheaper during ………………………. ……………………….
10 You must wear your ………………………. ………………………. when the plane is taking off and landing.
Answer
1 baggage carousel 2 flight number 3 first class
4 flight attendant 5 hand luggage 6 passport control
7 single room 8 online check-in 9 low season
10 seat belt
They all have the stress on the first word, except for first class, passport control, and online check-in.
Transcript
1 As his four-year-old son sat down on the baggage carousel, it started to move.
2 Our flight number is EZY 8512.
3 He doesn’t always sit in first class, even though he owns the airline.
4 I asked the flight attendant for some headphones.
5 You can keep your hand luggage under the seat in front of you.
6 When several flights land at the same time, there are long queues at passport control.
7 When you’re travelling alone, it’s cheaper to book a single room.
8 Using online check-in can save you time at the airport.
9 Hotels are a lot cheaper during low season.
10 You must wear your seat belt when the plane is taking off or landing.
VOCAB BOOST!
When you record new nouns, look for compounds which include those nouns. You can sometimes find these compounds under the same dictionary entry, but sometimes they have their own entries.
4. Read the Vocab boost! box. Study the dictionary extract below and answer the questions.
1 How many compounds are there in total? ………….
2 How many separate entries are there? ………….
Answer
1 Four: excess baggage, baggage reclaim, baggage room, left-luggage office
2 Two: baggage, baggage room
5. Use a dictionary to find compounds that include these words.
1 bus: ………………………………………………………..
2 tourist: ………………………………………………………..
3 air: ………………………………………………………..
6. Match the words in A with the words in B to make compound nouns. Then use them to complete the texts.
A bag boarding check-in departure flight
hand baggage passport window
B attendant desk carousel control
drop gate luggage pass seat
There is so much you can do on your computer before a flight that you no longer have to go to the 1………………………….. when you arrive at the airport. If you have printed your 2………………………….., you can leave your luggage at the 3………………………….. and go directly to the 4…………………………..
When I fly, I can’t decide if it’s better to have a 5………………………….. or to sit by the aisle. When you’re on the aisle, it’s easier to talk to the 6………………………….., and you can reach your 7………………………….. in the cupboard above your seat if you need it. Also, at the end of the flight you can get off the plane faster, pick up your luggage from the 8………………………….., get through 9………………………….. and start enjoying your holiday.
Answer
1 check-in desk 2 boarding pass 3 bag drop
4 departure gate 5 window seat
6 flight attendants 7 hand luggage
8 baggage carousel 9 passport control
There are various classes of words in the English Language ranging from nouns to prepositions. All these have been discussed in the post, Parts of Speech. However, some words are regarded as compound words. This post gives 1000 Compound Words Examples out of the several thousands of examples of compound words in English.
There is no end to how many compound words there are in English; but with these 1000 Compound Words Examples in English, though not exhaustive, you can research further on other compound words not captured here or, probably, generate your own.
Before I list the 1000 Compounds Word Examples in English, it would be great to describe compound words. The question then comes: what is a compound word? Let us proffer an answer to this important question…
What is a Compound Word?
Compound words in English are usually formed when we join two or more words together. In other, words, a compound word is the combination of two or more free morphemes to form a new word.
Compounding: A Word Formation Process
This takes us to the concept of Compounding, which is one of the word formation processes in English. Compounding takes place when two or more free morphemes that can stand severally on their own are brought together to create a new word. It could happen that the meaning of a compound word could be related to or different from the meaning or connotation it its constituent parts when considered severally.
Types of Compound Words
There are three types of compound words and these include: closed compound words, hyphenated compound words and open compound words. See more…
Closed Compound Words
In the closed compound words, the words involved are combined together. Closed compound words, most likely, are usually monosyllabic units already established in the language for a long time. Examples include: flowerpot, keyboard, notebook, bookstore, basketball, etc.
Hyphenated Compound Words
For the hyphenated compound words, a hyphen is used to join the words involved; for example: mother-in-law, merry-go-round, off-the-cuff, etc. The use of a hyphen in this instance helps to prevent ambiguity.
Open Compound Words
In the open compound words, there is a space between the compound words that are written together such as school bus, living room, carbon dioxide, snow white, blood red, etc.
What Determines Types of Compound Words
What determines if a compound word is classified as closed, hyphenated or open could depends on whether we use it as a noun, adjective or verb.
Verbs are usually open. For example:
- You must always back up the files on your computer.
- It is not good for students to carry over their courses
- Police usually follow up on a new lead.
Adjectives and nouns are usually closed or hyphenated. For instance:
- You can access backup copies of your files in case of any eventuality.
- The students had many carryovers in their courses.
- The police had already worked on the follow-up lead.
Adjective–adjective compounds, as well as, verb–verb compounds, such as blue-green and freeze-dried, are often hyphenated. Compounds that contain articles, prepositions or conjunctions, such as rent-a-cop, mother-of-pearl and salt-and-pepper, salt-and-sugar, hard-and-fast, etc. are also often hyphenated.
Longer words usually fall under the category of open compound words such as distance learning, player piano, lawn tennis, etc.
It is important to note that usage or forms of compound words in American English and British English Usage varies and is usually contingent on the individual choice of the writer rather than on a hard-and-fast rule; therefore, it is possible to encounter closed, hyphenated, and open forms for the same compound noun, such as the trio of:
- Container ship, container-ship or containership
- Particle board, particle-board or Particleboard.
Classifications of Compound Words
The constituent words in a compound word can be classified based on their Word Classes or Parts of Speech. We can call this type of classification a Syntactic Classification. The constituent words may be from similar Part of Speech or may be of different parts of speech. Let us see some examples:
Noun-Noun
This is an instance where both constituent words in the compound words are nouns. Examples include: airport, wallpaper, textbook, doorknob, waterbed, wastebasket, football, cufflinks, housewife, lawsuit, wallpaper, basketball, sodium chloride, classroom, workstation, tapeworm, crankshaft, etc.
Noun-Verb
The noun-verb compound word has a noun as the first constituent and a verb as the second constituent. For example: browbeat, sidestep, manhandle, safeguard, water borne, value-added, rocket-propelled, sunbathe, airlift, etc.
Noun-Adjective
The noun-adjective combination has a noun as the first constituent and an adjective as the second constituent. Examples include: snow white, world population, overcoat, trustworthy, blood red, handpicked, world famous, heartbroken, heart problem, prize worthy, lead strong, worldwide, lifelong, tax-free, sky blue, self-important, spoon-fed, praiseworthy, water-repellant, air-tight, bulletproof, etc.
Adjective-Noun
This is an instance where the first constituent word in the compound word is an adjective and the other one a noun. Examples include: blackboard, smartphone, whiteboard, badmouth, blue sky, red light, four wheel, full-time, long-term, etc.
Adjective-Verb
This instance is when the first constituent is an adjective while the second word in the compound word is a verb. Examples of this instance include: whitewash, blacklist, highlight, proofread, shortlist, etc.
Verb-Verb
In this instance, both constituents of the compound words are verbs. Examples include: typewrite, test-drive, freeze-dry, etc.
Verb-Noun
This is an instance where the first constituent word in the compound word is a verb and the other one a noun. Examples include: dreadnought, typewriter, breakfast, cutthroat, pickpocket, killjoy, spoilsport, know-nothing, breakwater, carrycot, etc.
Verb-Preposition
In this instance, we have a combination of a verb and a preposition forming the compound word respectively. Examples of this instance include: Roll off, roll on, stick on, walk on, stand by, walk through, see through, lay by, cut through, lookout, Work on, take down, take away, tear up, etc. Some of these examples also pass for Phrasal Verbs. You can take a look at the over 500 Phrasal Verbs discussed here.
Preposition-Noun
In this combination of compound words, we have a preposition coming first and followed by a noun. Examples of this combination include: overview, downsize, upgrade, underworld, oversight, undergraduate under-development, etc.
Preposition Noun (Phrase) Combinations
Examples of Preposition-Noun Phrase include: Off-the-record, over-the-counter, off-the-cuff, round-the-block, off-the-deep-end, off the hook, off the wall, off-your-head, off-your-own-bat, off-your-rocker, round-the-twist, round-the-corner, etc.
Preposition-Verb
This combination comprises a preposition and a verbs in the first and second constituents respectively. Examples include: overhang, counterattack, undercut, overpay, counterbalance, overrate, underlie, outrun, outvote, overreact, oversleep, overwork, undersell, undervalue, etc.
Other Combinations
There are other possible combinations like:
- Adjective-adjective (blue-green)
- Adverb-preposition (forthwith)
- Verb-adverb (tumbledown)
- Preposition-adjective (overripe, off-white)
- Verb-adverb (takeout)
- Preposition-adverb (without)
- Compound Adverbs (moreover, however, nonetheless, furthermore, meanwhile)
- Determiner-Noun Combinations or wh-forms (anyhow, somewhere, nowhere, sometimes, anytime)
You can attempt to fit the 1000 examples of compound words provided below into their appropriate combinations. I’m sure that should not be difficult for you to do.
It is also important to note that compound words in English, save for exceptions, are usually stressed on their first words.
1000 Compound Words Examples
It is really impossible to give an exhaustive list of all the compound words in English; especially, those that fall under the open class segment as there is no end to compound words that could be therein generated. But the list below contains 1000 Compound Words Examples in English. For emphasis, there are thousands of other examples. So, the list is not limited to what is provided below. Take a look…
1000 Compound Words Examples (A-D)
- Above-board
- Afterglow
- Afterimage
- Afterlife
- Afternoon
- Airbag
- Airbase
- Airborne
- Aircraft
- Airfield
- Airlift
- Airline
- Airmen
- Airplane
- Airport
- Airtight
- Airtime
- All-over
- Allspice
- Alongside
- Anybody
- Anyhow
- Anymore
- Anyone
- Anyplace
- Anytime
- Anyway
- Arm-twist
- Ashtray
- Baby bed
- Baby boom
- Baby boomers
- Baby carriage
- Baby-faced
- Babyhood
- Babyminder
- Babysit
- Babysitter
- Backache
- Backbeat
- Backbench
- Backbenchers
- Backbend
- Backbite
- Backblast
- Backbone
- Backbreaker
- Backdrop
- Backfire
- Background
- Backhand
- Backlash
- Backlog
- Backpack
- Backside
- Backslap
- Backslide
- Backspace
- Backspin
- Backstage
- Backstroke
- Backtrack
- Backward
- Ballpark
- Ballroom
- Bandwagon
- Bankbook
- Bankroll
- Baseball
- Basketball
- Beachcomb
- Bedclothes
- Bed lamp
- Bedrock
- Bedroll
- Bedroom
- bedspread
- Bellbottom
- Bellboy
- Bellhop
- Below
- Berrylike
- Billboard
- Billhook
- Bitterroot
- Bittersweet
- Bitterweed
- Bitterwood
- Blackball
- Blackberries
- Blackbird
- Blackboard
- Blackjack
- Blacklist
- Blackmail
- Blackout
- Blackpool
- Blacksmith
- Blacktop
- Blowgun
- Bluebell
- Blueberry
- Bluebird
- Bluefish
- Bluegrass
- Blueprint
- Boardwalk
- Body bag
- Body-boarding
- Body blow
- Bodybuilder
- Body hair
- Bodywork
- Bodyguard
- Bodywork
- Boldface
- Bookcase
- Bookend
- Bookkeeper
- Bookmark
- Bookmobile
- Bookseller
- Bookshelf
- Bookstore
- Bookworm
- Bootstrap
- Bowlegs
- Bowtie
- Brainchild
- Brainwash
- Brotherhood
- Brow beat
- Bugspray
- Butterball
- Buttercup
- Butterfingers
- Butterflies
- Buttermilk
- Butternut
- Butterscotch
- Bypass
- Cabdriver
- Candlelight
- Candlestick
- Candyfloss
- Candytuft
- Cardboard
- Cardsharp
- Cardstock
- Carefree
- Caretaker
- Careworn
- Carfare
- Cargo
- Carhop
- Carload
- Carpetbagger
- Carpool
- Carport
- Carrack
- Carryall
- Carsick
- Cartwheel
- Catchword
- Cattail
- Catwalk
- Caveman
- Centercut
- Cheeseburger
- Cheesecake
- Classmates
- Classroom
- Clockwise
- cocksure
- Coffeemaker
- Comeback
- Comedown
- Commonplace
- Commonwealth
- Cornmeal
- Counterattack
- Counterproductive
- Courthouse
- Courtyard
- Crewcut
- Crossbow
- Crossbreed
- Crosscut
- Crossover
- Crosswalk
- Dairymaid
- Daisywheel
- Daybed
- Daybook
- Daybreak
- Daydream
- Daylight
- Daytime
- Deadbeat
- Dead body
- Deadbolt
- Dead drop
- Dead-end
- Deadeye
- Deadfall
- Dead heat
- Dead letter
- Deadlight
- Deadline
- Dead load
- Deadlock
- Deadlocked
- Dead mail
- Dead march
- Dead metaphor
- Dickhead
- Dick test
- Dishcloth
- Dishpan
- Dishwasher
- Dishwater
- Diskdrive
- Dog-tired
- Dogwood
- Doorstop
- Double agent
- Double-barrelled
- Double-bedded
- Double bond
- Doublecross
1000 Compound Words Examples (D-N)
- Double-date
- Double-decker
- Downbeat
- Downcast
- Downcourt
- Downtime
- Downtown
- Downtrodden
- Downunder
- Drawbridge
- Driveway
- Duckbill
- Duckpin
- Duckweed
- Earache
- Eardrop
- Eardrum
- Earring
- Earthbound
- Earthquake
- Earthward
- Earthworm
- Egghead
- Eggshell
- Elsewhere
- Everything
- Extraordinary
- Eyeballs
- Eyebath
- Eyebeam
- Eye-catching
- Eyeglasses
- Eyelash
- Eyelid
- Eyesight
- Eyewitness
- Fatherhood
- Fatherland
- Firearm
- Fireball
- Fireboat
- Firebomb
- Firebreak
- Firecracker
- Firefighter
- Fireflies
- Firehouse
- Fireproof
- Firewater
- Fishbowl
- Fisherman
- Fisheye
- Fishhook
- Fishlike
- Fishmonger
- Fishnet
- Fishpond
- Fishtail
- Football
- Foothill
- Footlights
- Footlocker
- Footnote
- Footprint
- Footprints
- Footrest
- Footwear
- Forbearer
- Forbid
- Forebode
- Forearm
- Forebear
- Forebrain
- Forecast
- Forecastle
- Foreclose
- Foreclosure
- Foredoom
- Forefather
- Forefeet
- Forefinger
- Forefoot
- Forego
- Foregone
- Foreground
- Forehand
- Forehead
- Foreknowledge
- Foreleg
- Foreman
- Foremost
- Forepaws
- Foresee
- Foreshadow
- Foresight
- Forestall
- Forethought
- Foretell
- Foretold
- Forever
- Forewarn
- Foreword
- Forget
- Forgive
- Forklift
- Format
- Fortnight
- Friendship
- Fruitcup
- Gearshift
- Glassmaking
- Goodbye
- Goodnight
- Grandaunt
- Grandchild
- Grandchildren
- Granddaughter
- Grandfather
- Grandmaster
- Grandmother
- Grandnephew
- Grandnieces
- Grandparent
- Grandson
- Grandstand
- Granduncle
- Grasshopper
- Grassland
- Graveyard
- Gumball
- Haircut
- Hamburger
- Hammerhead
- Handbook
- Handcuff
- Handgun
- Handmade
- Handout
- Headache
- Headdress
- Headlight
- Headline
- Headquarters
- Heaven-sent
- Heavenward
- Helpdesk
- Helpline
- Helpmate
- Hereafter
- Hereby
- Herein
- Hereupon
- Herself
- Highball
- Highchair
- Highland
- Highway
- Himself
- Homemade
- Hometown
- Honeybee
- Honeybees
- Honeycomb
- Honeycreeper
- Honeydew
- Honeymoon
- Honeypot
- Honeysuckle
- Hookup
- Hookworm
- Horseback
- Horsefly
- Horsehair
- Horseman
- Horseplay
- Horsepower
- Horseradish
- hotbed
- hothead
- Houseboat
- Household
- Housekeeper
- Housetop
- Housework
- However
- Intake
- Interstate
- Ironwork
- Itself
- Jackpot
- Jailbait
- Jellybean
- Jellyfish
- Jetliner
- Jetport
- Jumpshot
- Jumpstart
- Keyboard
- Keyhole
- Keynote
- Keypad
- Keypunch
- Keystone
- Keystroke
- Keyway
- Keyword
- Lacklustre
- Lifeblood
- Lifeboat
- Lifebuoy
- Lifeguard
- Lifejacket
- Lifelike
- Lifeline
- Lifelong
- Lifesaver
- Lifestyle
- Lily-livered
- Lifetime
- Lifework
- Limelight
- Limestone
- Longhand
- Longhouse
- Lukewarm
- Mainland
- Mainline
- Matchbox
- Meantime
- Meanwhile
- Moneybag
- Moneylender
- Moonbeam
- Moonflower
- Moonlight
- Moonlit
- Moonscape
- Moonshine
- Moonstruck
- Moonwalk
- Moorfields
- Moorfowl
- Moorland
- Mopboard
- Moreover
- Mothball
- Motherhood
- Motorcycle
- Nearby
1000 Compound Words Examples (N-S)
- Nevermore
- Newborn
- Newfound
- Newsboy
- Newsbreak
- Newscaster
- Newsdealer
- Newsletter
- Newsman
- Newspaper
- Newsperson
- Newsprint
- Newsreel
- Newsroom
- Newsstand
- Newsworthy
- Nightfall
- Noisemaker
- Northeast
- Notebook
- Noteworthy
- Nowhere
- Nursemaid
- Nutcracker
- Offbeat
- Off-record
- Oilbird
- Oilcan
- Oilcloth
- Oilfield
- Oilman
- Oil-rich
- Oneself
- Onetime
- Outbalance
- Outbid
- Outboard
- Outdoor
- Outflank
- Outflow
- Outlive
- Outnumber
- Overabundance
- Overboard
- Overcoat
- Overflow
- Overland
- Overshoes
- Overview
- Pacemaker
- Pancake
- Passbook
- Passkey
- Passover
- Paycheck
- Peppermint
- Pickup
- Pinhole
- Pinstripe
- Pinup
- Pinwheel
- Pipe-borne
- Play-actor
- Playback
- Playbill
- Playbook
- Playboy
- Play day
- Play dough
- Playground
- Playhouse
- Playthings
- Ponytail
- Popcorn
- Postcard
- Poverty grass
- Poverty level
- Poverty line
- Poverty trap
- Poverty-stricken
- Priesthood
- Punchbag
- Punchboard
- Punchbowl
- Racquetball
- Railroad
- Railway
- Rainbow
- Raincheck
- Raincoat
- Raindrop
- Rainstorm
- Rainwater
- Rattlesnake
- Rattletrap
- Repairman
- Riverbanks
- Rollerblade
- Rollercoaster
- Roller-skating
- Rubberband
- Sailboat
- Salesclerk
- Sand dune
- Sandlot
- Sandstone
- Saucepan
- Scapegoat
- Scarecrow
- Schoolbook
- Schoolboy
- Schoolbus
- Schoolhouse
- Schoolwork
- Seaport
- Seashore
- Setback
- Shadyside
- Sharecropper
- Sharpshooter
- Sheepskin
- Shipbottom
- Shoelace
- Shoemaker
- Shortbread
- Showoff
- Showplace
- Sideburns
- Sidekick
- Sideline
- Sideshow
- Sidestep
- Sidetrack
- Sidewalk
- Silver age
- Silver ash
- Silver beech
- Silver bell
- Silver berry
- Silver-blue
- Silver-bodied
- Silver bromide
- Silver-bush
- Silver cord
- Silver dollar
- Silver fern
- Silver fir
- Silverfish
- Silver grass
- Silver-gray
- Silver-green
- Silver-haired
- Silversmith
- Sisterhood
- Sixfold
- Skateboard
- Skintight
- Skylark
- Skylight
- Skyscraper
- Slapstick
- Slowdown
- Slumlord
- Smartphone
- Snakeskin
- Snowball
- Snowbank
- Snowbird
- Snowboard
- Snowdrift
- Snowfall
- Snowflakes
- Snowshovel
- Softball
- Software
- Somebody
- Someday
- Somehow
- Someone
- Someplace
- Something
- Sometimes
- Somewhat
- Somewhere
- Soulmate
- Soundproof
- Southeast
- Southwest
- Soybean
- Spacewalk
- Spearmint
- Spillway
- Spokesperson
- Stagehand
- Stage-manage
- Standby
- Standoff
- Standout
- Standpipe
- Standpoint
- Starfish
- Steamboat
- Steamship
- Stepson
- Stockroom
- Stonewall
- Stoplight
- Stopwatch
- Storerooms
- Stronghold
- Subway
- Sunbaked
- Sunbathe
- Sunbeams
- Sunbelt
- Sunberry
- Sunblock
- Sunburn
- Sunday
- Sundial
- Sundown
- Sunfish
- Sunflower
- Sunglasses
- Sunlit
- Sunrays
- Sunroof
- Sunup
- Supercargo
- Supercharge
1000 Compound Words Examples (S-W)
- Supercool
- Superego
- Superfine
- Supergiant
- Superhero
- Superhighways
- Superhuman
- Superimpose
- Superman
- Supermarket
- Supermen
- Supernatural
- Superpower
- Superscript
- Supersensitive
- Supersonic
- Superstar
- Superstrong
- Superstructure
- Supertanker
- Superweapon
- Superwoman
- Sweetheart
- Sweetmeat
- Swift-footed
- Swordfish
- Tablecloth
- Tablespoon
- Tabletop
- Tableware
- Tadpole
- Tagalong
- Tailbone
- Tailcoat
- Tailgate
- Taillight
- Taillike
- Tailpiece
- Tailspin
- Takeoff
- Takeout
- Takeover
- Talebearer
- Taleteller
- Tapeworm
- Taproom
- Taproot
- Taskmaster
- Taxicab
- Taxpayer
- Teacup
- Teammate
- Teamwork
- Teapot
- Teaspoon
- Teenager
- Telltale
- Tenderfoot
- Tenfold
- Textbook
- Themselves
- Therefore
- Throwaway
- Throwback
- Thunderbird
- Thunderbolt
- Thunderclap
- Thundercloud
- Thunderflash
- Thunderhead
- Thundershower
- Thunderstorm
- Thunderstruck
- Timekeeper
- Timepieces
- Timesaver
- Timesaving
- Timeshare
- Timetable
- Tonguefish
- Tongue-lash
- Toolbox
- Toothpaste
- Toothpick
- Touchdown
- Township
- Turnabout
- Turnaround
- Turnbuckle
- Turncoat
- Turndown
- Turnkey
- Turnoff
- Turntable
- Typewrite
- Typewriter
- Underachieve
- Underact
- Underage
- Underarm
- Underbelly
- Underbid
- Undercharge
- Underclothes
- Undercover
- Undercurrent
- Undercut
- Underdevelop
- Underdog
- Underestimate
- Underexpose
- Underfoot
- Underground
- Upbeat
- Upbringing
- Upcoming
- Upcourt
- Update
- Upend
- Upgrade
- Upheaval
- Upheld
- Uphill
- Uphold
- Upkeep
- Upland
- Uplift
- Uplink
- Upload
- Upmarket
- Uppercase
- Upperclassman
- Uppercut
- Uppermost
- Upright
- Uprising
- Uproar
- Uproot
- Upscale
- Upset
- Upshot
- Upside
- Upstage
- Upstairs
- Upstanding
- Upstart
- Upstate
- Upstream
- Upstroke
- Uptake
- Upthrust
- Uptight
- Uptime
- Uptown
- Upturn
- Upward
- Upwind
- Vainglory
- Viewpoint
- Vineyard
- Violin cello
- Volleyball
- Voltmeter
- Vouchsafe
- Waistline
- Walkways
- Walleyed
- Wallpaper
- Wardroom
- Warehouse
- War advocacy
- War baby
- War bride
- War chest
- War cloud
- War correspondent
- War crime
- War criminal
- War cry
- Warfare
- Warlike
- Warmonger
- Warmblooded
- Warpath
- Washboard
- Washbowl
- Washcloth
- Washhouse
- Washout
- Washrag
- Washroom
- Washstand
- Washtub
- Wastebag
- Wastebasket
- Wastebin
- Wasteland
- Wastepaper
- Wastewater
- Watchband
- Watchdog
- Watchmaker
- Watchman
- Watchtower
- Watchword
- Waterbed
- Water beetle
- Water birch
- Waterbird
- Water biscuit
- Waterboarding
- Water boatman
- Waterborne
- Waterbottle
- Water boy
- Water buck
- Water buffalo
- Water bug
- Watercolour
- Watercooler
- Watercourse
- Watercraft
- Waterfall
- Waterfowl
- Waterfront
- Waterline
- Waterlog
1000 Compound Words Examples (W-Z)
- Watermark
- Watermelon
- Waterpower
- Waterproof
- Waterscape
- Watershed
- Waterside
- Waterspout
- Watertight
- Waterway
- Waterwheel
- Waterworks
- Wavelength
- Wavelike
- Waxwork
- Waybill
- Wayfarer
- Waylaid
- Wayside
- Wayward
- Weathercock
- Weatherman
- Weatherproof
- Weekday
- Weekend
- Weeknight
- Wetland
- Whatever
- Whatsoever
- Wheelbarrow
- Wheelbase
- Wheelchair
- Wheelhouse
- Wheelhouse
- Whereabouts
- Whipcord
- Whip hand
- Whiplash
- Whiplike
- Whipsaw
- Whip snake
- Whipstitch
- Whipstock
- Whiptail
- Whip through
- Whip top
- Whiteboard
- Whitecap
- Whitefish
- Whitehall
- Whitehead
- Whitewall
- Whitewash
- Widespread
- Wipeout
- Wisplike
- Without
- Wood ant
- Woodblock
- Woodborer
- Wood-burning
- Woodcarver
- Woodcarving
- Woodchip
- Wood coal
- Woodcock
- Woodcraft
- Wood-creeper
- Woodcutter
- Wood duck
- Woodshop
- Yachtsman
- Yachtsman
- Yachtsmen
- Yachtsmen
- Yard bird
- Yard birds
- Yard land
- Yard lands
- Yard wand
- Yard wands
- Yard work
- Yard works
- Yardarms
- Yardman
- Yardmaster
- Yardmasters
- Yardstick
- Yardsticks
- Yearbook
- Yearbooks
- Yearlong
- Yellow fin
- Yellow fins
- Yellow ware
- Yellow wares
- Yellowhammer
- Yellowhammers
- Yellowlegs
- Yellowtail
- Yellowtails
- Yellowthroat
- Yellowthroats
- Yellowwood
- Yellowwoods
- Yokefellow
- Yokefellows
- Yokemate
- Yokemates
- Youngberries
- Youngberry
- Youth quake
- Zoo technical
- Zoogeographer
- Zoogeographers
- Zoogeographies
- Zoogeography
- Zookeeper
- Zoosperms
- Zootechnics
Closing Words and Related Posts
It is possible that some of these 1000 Compound Words Examples could be written differently in other instances where they appear; but remember that this also depends on the choice of the writer to select any of the three types of compound words that we have. However, there are some of these compound words that have to be written based on acceptable convention. You can check out other related posts as listed below:
9 Types of Nouns with Examples
10 Examples of Complex Sentences
100 Examples of Synonym Words
100 Examples of Compound Sentences in English
25 Examples of Complex Sentences
50 Examples of Simple Sentences