Lotus 1 2 3 excel supercalc это

Lotus 1-2-3

Lotus1-2-3 R2 logo.svg
Lotus-123-3.0-dos.png

Lotus 1-2-3 Release 3.0 running on MS-DOS
Developer(s) Lotus Software
Initial release 26 January 1983; 40 years ago
Final release

9.8.2
/ 2002; 21 years ago
Written in x86 assembly language, C
Operating system DOS, Windows, OS/2, classic Mac OS, MVS, VM/CMS, OpenVMS, PC-98, Unix, Linux
Type Spreadsheet
License Proprietary
Website archive.today/JPPV Edit this on Wikidata

Lotus 1-2-3 is a discontinued spreadsheet program from Lotus Software (later part of IBM). It was the first killer application of the IBM PC, was hugely popular in the 1980s, and significantly contributed to the success of IBM PC-compatibles in the business market.[1]

The first spreadsheet, VisiCalc, had helped launch the Apple II as one of the earliest personal computers in business use. With IBM’s entry into the market, VisiCalc was slow to respond, and when they did, they launched what was essentially a straight port of their existing system despite the greatly expanded hardware capabilities. Lotus’s solution was marketed as a three-in-one integrated solution: it handled spreadsheet calculations, database functionality, and graphical charts, hence the name «1-2-3», though how much database capability the product actually had was debatable, given the sparse memory left over after launching 1-2-3. It quickly overtook VisiCalc, as well as Multiplan and SuperCalc, the two VisiCalc competitors.

Lotus 1-2-3 was the state-of-the-art spreadsheet and the standard throughout the 1980s and into the early 1990s, part of an unofficial set of three stand-alone office automation products that included dBase and WordPerfect, to build a complete business platform. Lotus Software had their own word processor named Lotus Manuscript, which was to some extent acclaimed in academia, but did not catch the interest of the business, nor the consumer market. With the acceptance of Windows 3.0 in 1990, the market for desktop software grew even more. None of the major spreadsheet developers had seriously considered the graphical user interface (GUI) to supplement their DOS offerings, and so they responded slowly to Microsoft’s own GUI-based products Excel and Word. Lotus was surpassed by Microsoft in the early 1990s, and never recovered. IBM purchased Lotus in 1995, and continued to sell Lotus offerings, only officially ending sales in 2013.[2]

History[edit]

VisiCalc[edit]

VisiCalc was launched in 1979 on the Apple II and immediately became a best-seller. Compared to earlier programs, VisiCalc allowed one to easily construct free-form calculation systems for practically any purpose, the limitations being primarily related to the memory and speed of the computer. The application was so compelling that there were numerous stories of people buying Apple II machines to run the program[3] (see article Killer application). VisiCalc’s runaway success on the Apple led to direct bug compatible ports to other platforms, including the Atari 8-bit family, Commodore PET and many others. This included the IBM PC when it launched in 1981, where it quickly became another best-seller, with an estimated 300,000 sales in the first six months on the market.[citation needed]

There were well-known problems with VisiCalc, and several competitors appeared to address some of these issues. One early example was 1980’s SuperCalc, which solved the problem of circular references, while a slightly later example was Microsoft Multiplan from 1981, which offered larger sheets and other improvements. In spite of these, and others, VisiCalc continued to outsell them all.[citation needed]

Beginnings[edit]

Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.3 for DOS User’s Guide; the Functions and Macros Guide is next to it.

The Lotus Development Corporation was founded by Mitchell Kapor, a friend of the developers of VisiCalc. 1-2-3 was originally written by Jonathan Sachs, who had written two spreadsheet programs previously while working at Concentric Data Systems, Inc.[4][5] To aid its growth both in the UK and possibly elsewhere, Lotus 1-2-3 became the very first computer software to use television consumer advertising.[6]

Kapor was primarily a marketing guru. His ability to develop his product to appeal to non-technical users was one secret to its rapid success. Unlike many technologists, Kapor relied on focus group feedback to make his user instructions more user-friendly. One example: the instructions that came with the floppy disc read: «Remove the protective cover and insert disc into computer.» A few focus group participants tried to rip-off the stiff plastic envelope of disc carrier. Kapor’s recognition that techno-speak instructions needed to be translated to normative English was a strong contributor to the product’s popularity.

Lotus 1-2-3 was released on 26 January 1983, and immediately overtook Visicalc in sales. Unlike Microsoft Multiplan, it stayed very close to the model of VisiCalc, including the «A1» letter and number cell notation, and slash-menu structure. It was cleanly programmed, relatively bug-free, gained speed from being written completely in x86 assembly language (this remained the case for all DOS versions until 3.0, when Lotus switched to C[7]) and wrote directly to video memory rather than use the slow DOS and/or BIOS text output functions.[8][9]

Among other novelties that Lotus introduced was a graph maker that could display several forms of graphs (including pie charts, bar graphics, or line charts) but required the user to have a graphics card. At this early stage, the only video boards available for the PC were IBM’s Color/Graphics Adapter and Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter, the latter not supporting any graphics. However, because the two video boards used different RAM and port addresses, both could be installed in the same machine and so Lotus took advantage of this by supporting a «split» screen mode whereby the user could display the worksheet portion of 1-2-3 on the sharper monochrome video and the graphics on the CGA display.

The initial release of 1-2-3 supported only three video setups: CGA, MDA (in which case the graph maker was not available) or dual-monitor mode. However, a few months later support was added for Hercules Computer Technology’s Hercules Graphics Adapter which was a clone of the MDA that allowed bitmap mode. The ability to have high-resolution text and graphics capabilities (at the expense of color) proved extremely popular and Lotus 1-2-3 is credited with popularizing the Hercules graphics card.

Subsequent releases of Lotus 1-2-3 supported more video standards as time went on, including EGA, AT&T/Olivetti, and VGA. Significantly, support for the PCjr/Tandy modes was never added and users of those machines were limited to CGA graphics.

The early versions of 1-2-3 also had a key disk copy protection. While the program was hard disk installable, the user had to insert the original floppy disk when starting 1-2-3 up. This protection scheme was easily cracked and a minor inconvenience for home users, but proved a serious nuisance in an office setting. Starting with Release 3.0, Lotus no longer used copy protection. However, it was then necessary to «initialize» the System disk with one’s name and company name so as to customize the copy of the program. Release 2.2 and higher had this requirement. This was an irreversible process unless one had made an exact copy of the original disk so as to be able to change names to transfer the program to someone else.

The reliance on the specific hardware of the IBM PC led to 1-2-3 being utilized as one of the two stress test applications, along with Microsoft Flight Simulator, for true 100% compatibility when PC clones appeared in the early 1980s.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] 1-2-3 required two disk drives and at least 192K of memory, which made it incompatible with the IBM PCjr; Lotus produced a version for the PCjr that was on two cartridges but otherwise identical.[17]

By early 1984 the software was a killer app for the IBM PC and compatibles, while hurting sales of computers that could not run it. «They’re looking for 1-2-3. Boy, are they looking for 1-2-3!» InfoWorld wrote. Noting that computer purchasers did not want PC compatibility as much as compatibility with certain PC software, the magazine suggested «let’s tell it like it is. Let’s not say ‘PC compatible,’ or even ‘MS-DOS compatible.’ Instead, let’s say ‘1-2-3 compatible.'»[18] PC clones’ advertising did often prominently state that they were compatible with 1-2-3.[17] An Apple II software company promised that its spreadsheet had «the power of 1-2-3».[19] Because spreadsheets use large amounts of memory, 1‐2‐3 helped popularize greater RAM capacities in PCs, and especially the advent of expanded memory, which allowed greater than 640k to be accessed.

Rivals[edit]

Lotus 1-2-3 inspired imitators, the first of which was Mosaic Software’s «The Twin», written in the fall of 1985 largely in the C language,[20] followed by VP-Planner, which was backed by Adam Osborne.[21] These were able to not only read 1-2-3 files, but also execute many or most macro programs by incorporating the same command structure. Copyright law had first been understood to only cover the source code of a program. After the success of lawsuits which claimed that the very «look and feel» of a program were covered, Lotus sought to ban any program which had a compatible command and menu structure. Program commands had not been considered to be covered before, but the commands of 1-2-3 were embedded in the words of the menu displayed on the screen. 1-2-3 won its 3-year long court battle against Paperback Software International and Mosaic Software Inc. in 1990.[22] However, when it sued Borland over its Quattro Pro spreadsheet in Lotus v. Borland, a 6-year battle that ended at the Supreme Court in 1996, the final ruling appeared to support narrowing the applicability of copyright law to software; this is because the lower court’s decision that it was not a copyright violation to merely have a compatible command menu or language was upheld, but only via stalemate.[23] In 1995, the First Circuit found that command menus are an uncopyrightable «method of operation» under section 102(b) of the Copyright Act.[24] The 1-2-3 menu structure (example, slash File Erase) was itself an advanced version of single letter menus introduced in VisiCalc. When the case came before the Supreme Court, the justices would end up deadlocked 4-4. This meant that Borland had emerged victorious, but the extent to which copyright law would be applicable to computer software went unaddressed and undefined.[25][23]

Decline[edit]

A Lotus 1-2-3 box, as seen in an exhibit at the Computer History Museum in 2008

Microsoft’s early spreadsheet Multiplan eventually gave way to Excel, which debuted on the Macintosh in 1985. It arrived on PCs with the release of Windows 2.x in 1987, but as Windows was not yet popular, it posed no serious threat to Lotus’s stranglehold on spreadsheet sales. However, Lotus suffered technical setbacks in this period. Version 3 of Lotus 1-2-3, fully converted from its original macro assembler to the more portable C language, was delayed by more than a year as the totally new 1-2-3 had to be made portable across platforms and fully compatible with existing macro sets and file formats. The inability to fit the larger code size of compiled C into lower-powered machines forced the company to split its spreadsheet offerings, with 1-2-3 release 3 only for higher-end machines, and a new version 2.2, based on the 2.01 assembler code base, available for PCs without extended memory. By the time these versions were released in 1989, Microsoft had eroded much of Lotus’s market share.

During the early 1990s, Windows grew in popularity, and along with it, Excel, which gradually displaced Lotus from its leading position. A planned total revamp of 1-2-3 for Windows fell apart, and all that the company could manage, was a Windows adaptation of their existing spreadsheet with no changes except using a graphical interface. Additionally, several versions of 1-2-3 had different features and slightly different interfaces.

Lotus 1-2-3’s intended successor, Lotus Symphony, was Lotus’s entry into the anticipated «integrated software» market. It intended to expand the rudimentary all-in-one 1-2-3 into a fully-fledged spreadsheet, graph, database and word processor for DOS, but none of the integrated packages ever really succeeded. Lotus 1-2-3 migrated to the Windows platform, as part of Lotus SmartSuite.

IBM’s continued development and marketing of Lotus SmartSuite and OS/2 during the 1990s placed it in direct competition with Microsoft Office and Microsoft Windows, respectively. As a result, Microsoft «punished the IBM PC Company with higher prices, a late license for Windows 95, and the withholding of technical and marketing support.»[26] Microsoft did not grant IBM the OEM rights for Windows 95 until 15 minutes prior to the release of Windows 95 on 24 August 1995. Because of this uncertainty, IBM machines were sold without Windows 95, while Compaq, HP, and other companies sold machines with Windows 95 from day one.[27]

On 11 June 2013, IBM announced it would withdraw the Lotus brand: IBM Lotus 1-2-3 Millennium Edition V9.x, IBM Lotus SmartSuite 9.x V9.8.0, and Organizer V6.1.0. IBM stated, «Customers will no longer be able to receive support for these offerings after 30 September 2014. No service extensions will be offered. There will be no replacement programs.»[28]

User features[edit]

Charting on Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.2 for DOS

Examples of Lotus 1-2-3 macros

The name «1-2-3» stemmed from the product’s integration of three main capabilities: along with its core spreadsheet functionality, 1-2-3 also offered integral charting/graphing and rudimentary database operations.

Data features included sorting data in any defined rectangle, by order of information in one or two columns in the rectangular area. Justifying text in a range into paragraphs allowed it to be used as a primitive word processor.

It had keyboard-driven pop-up menus as well as one-key commands, making it fast to operate. It was also user-friendly, introducing an early instance of context-sensitive help accessed by the F1 key.

Macros in version one and add-ins (introduced in version 2.0) contributed much to 1-2-3’s popularity, allowing dozens of outside vendors to sell macro packages and add-ins ranging from dedicated financial worksheets like F9 to full-fledged word processors. In the single-tasking MS-DOS, 1-2-3 was sometimes used as a complete office suite. All major graphics standards were supported; initially CGA and Hercules, and later EGA, AT&T, and VGA. Early versions used the filename extension «WKS».[29] In version 2.0, the extension changed first to «WK1»,[30] then «WK2».[31] This later became «WK3» for version 3.0[32] and «WK4» for version 4.0.[33]

Version 2 introduced macros with syntax and commands similar in complexity to an advanced BASIC interpreter, as well as string variable expressions. Later versions supported multiple worksheets and were written in C. The charting/graphing routines were written in Forth by Jeremy Sagan (son of Carl Sagan) and the printing routines by Paul Funk (founder of Funk Software).[citation needed]

PC version history[edit]

DOS[edit]

Real Mode (8088+)[edit]

Lotus 1-2-3 R2.2J Japanese version in action

These editions of 1-2-3 for DOS were primarily written in x86 assembly language.

  • Release 1 was the first release for DOS-based PCs. Introduced in January 1983.[34]
  • Release 1A in April 1983[34][35] Officially supported ASCII, unofficially supported the IBM extended character set (but not LICS).[36][37]
  • Release 2 brought add-in support, better memory management and expanded memory support, supported x87 math coprocessors, and introduced support for the Lotus International Character Set (LICS).[37][36][38][39] Introduced in September 1985.[34][35][40] The Japanese version Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2J for NEC PC-98 computers was released on 1986-09-05.[41][42]
  • Release 2.01 in July 1986.[34] Introduced an option to switch between LICS and the IBM extended character set.[37][38]
  • The Japanese version Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.1J for NEC PC-98 computers was released in October 1987.[43] A version Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.1J+ followed in February 1989.[44]
  • Release 2.2 brought improved speed, automated macro tools, and presentation-quality graphics. Introduced in 1989.[45] The Japanese version Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.2J was released in February 1990.[46]
  • Release 2.3 brought WYSIWYG editing to the 2.x line. Introduced in 1991.[47] The Japanese version Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.3J was released in September 1991.[48]
  • Release 2.4 added icons and additional tools, and was the last release supporting 2D (only) spreadsheets. Introduced in 1992.[49][50] The Japanese version Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.4J was released in September 1993.[51]
  • In July 1995, Lotus released Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.5J for DOS.[52]

Protected Mode (80286+)[edit]

These editions of 1-2-3 for DOS were primarily written in C.

  • Release 3 introduced the concept of 3D spreadsheets, utilized extended memory, supported having multiple files open simultaneously, and required an 80286-based PC or higher. It also introduced support for the Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set (LMBCS).[53][40] Introduced in March 1989.[35][45][53][34]
  • Releases 3.1 and 3.1+[50] added WYSIWYG capabilities, the ability to swap to disk allowing for larger files (up to 64 MB), and could be run as a DOS program under Windows 3.0 and OS/2. Introduced in 1990.[54]
  • Release 3.4 added icons, improved performance, and enhanced graph capabilities, making it functionally similar to Release 2.4. Introduced in 1992.[55]
  • Lotus 1-2-3 for Home, 1992
  • Release 4 was the last release for DOS. More an upgrade to Release 3.4 than in line with Release 3 for Windows, it contains an improved interface and new features, including Version Manager, a spell checker, context-sensitive help, and cell comments. Introduced in May 1994.[56][34]

OS/2[edit]

  • Lotus 1-2-3/G Release 1. OS/2 text mode application introduced support for the Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set (LMBCS) together with the Release 3.0 for DOS in summer 1989.[53][34]
  • Release 1.1. Introduced in 1991.[57]
  • Release 2. Introduced in 1992.[58]
  • Release 2.1. Introduced in 1994.[58]

Windows[edit]

Win16 (Windows 3.x)[edit]

  • Lotus 1-2-3/W Release 1 was the first release for Windows, requiring Windows 3.0 or higher, was 16-bit, and was functionally equivalent to Release 3.x for DOS. Introduced in 1991.[35][34] The Japanese version Lotus 1-2-3/Windows R1.0J was released on 1991-11-15.[59]
  • The version Lotus 1-2-3/Windows R1.1J was released on 1992-6-2.[60]
  • Release 4 was an extensive improvement that added groupware capabilities, improved integration with Lotus Notes, advanced graphics, context-sensitive menus and icons, and in-cell editing. Introduced in June 1993.[61][34] A Japanese Lotus 1-2-3/Windows Release 4J was released 1993-07-16.[62]
  • Release 5 added additional groupware capabilities, chart maps, and improved database access. This was the last 16-bit version for Windows 3.1x, and was available as part of SmartSuite 3.1, 4, and 4.5. Introduced in mid-1994.[63][64] The Japanese version Lotus 1-2-3/Windows Release 5J was released on 1994-09-22.

Win32 (Windows 9x/NT)[edit]

  • The 97 Edition was the first 32-bit version, requiring Windows 95 or Windows NT 4.0, and had a changed interface and support for LotusScript. Introduced in 1997.[35] The Japanese-language version Lotus 1-2-3 97J was released on 1997-04-11.[65]
  • The Japanese-language Lotus 1-2-3 98J was released on 1998-06-05,[66] followed by Lotus 1-2-3 2000J on 1999-07-02, and by Lotus 1-2-3 2001J on 2001-07-27.

Icon of Lotus 1-2-3 version 9.8

Icon of Lotus 1-2-3 version 9.8

  • The Millennium Edition (version 9.8) contained new functions, improved Y2K support, Internet support, and better Excel compatibility. This is the last version of 1-2-3 for any platform, and has received maintenance releases through Fixpack 2. Introduced in 2002.[35]

Other operating systems[edit]

Hewlett-Packard HP 95 LX pocket PC with Lotus 1-2-3 built into ROM

  • DeskMate – Introduced in 1989, «Lotus Spreadsheet for DeskMate», which was not officially called «1-2-3», supported 1-2-3 version 2.x files, and used windows, on-screen symbols, pull-down menus, dialog boxes and other graphical tools, similar to Microsoft Windows. However, it did not support add-ins, macros, or expanded memory.[45]
  • Unix – A single version for Unix System V/386 was released in 1990. It was certified for SCO Xenix 2.3 and SCO Unix 3.2.0, but also expected to work on AT&T’s plain System V and on ISC’s 386/ix.[67]
  • Linux – In 2022, Lotus 1-2-3 was ported to Linux[68] by Tavis Ormandy.
  • SunOS / Solaris – At least three releases for SPARC-based systems were published. Release 1.1 supported both SunView and the OpenWindows / OPEN LOOK windowing systems. It also featured real-time update support. Introduced in 1991.[69] Release 1.2 supported «Classic» in xterm, «Classic» in X Window, OPEN LOOK, and OSF/Motif.[70]
  • OpenVMS – A character cell terminal version of Lotus 1-2-3 was available on OpenVMS.[71]
  • HP MS-DOS palmtop PCs – A joint collaboration between Hewlett-Packard and Lotus, the HP 95LX, HP 100LX, HP 200LX and HP OmniGo 700LX (1991–1994) had ports of Lotus 1-2-3 R2.2 and R2.4 embedded in ROM.
  • Apple Macintosh – Lotus’s first truly WYSIWYG spreadsheet, taking full advantage of the Mac OS, had two releases: Release 1.0 debuted in 1991[72] and Release 1.1 was introduced the following year.[73] Lotus 1-2-3 for Macintosh 1.0 received a 4 mice rating (out of 5) in the March 1992 issue of MacUser, praising it for being the first spreadsheet on Macintosh to include in-cell editing instead of using the formula bar found in competing products, as well as other interface refinements.[74] The user interface provided Macintosh users the advanced charting capabilities of the PC version with a Macintosh user interface, while also offering a «classic» keyboard driven user interface familiar to the users of the DOS version, giving it a 4+1⁄2 mice rating (out of 5).[75]
  • In 1987, Lotus announced a mainframe version of Lotus 1-2-3, Lotus 1-2-3/M; 1-2-3/M was designed for use with IBM 3270 terminals and ran under both VM/CMS and MVS operating systems.[76][77][78][79] Lotus 1-2-3/M was jointly developed by IBM and Lotus, and exclusively sold by IBM.[76][77][80][81][82]

File formats[edit]

Lotus 1-2-3 file formats use various filename extensions including 123, wks, wk1, wk2, wk3, wk4, some of these may open in the desktop applications of Collabora Online, LibreOffice and Apache OpenOffice, these can then be saved into the OpenDocument format or other file formats.

Reception[edit]

After previewing 1-2-3 on the IBM PC in 1982, BYTE called it «modestly revolutionary» for elegantly combining spreadsheet, database, and graphing functions. It praised the application’s speed and ease of use, stating that with the built-in help screens and tutorial, «1-2-3 is one of the few pieces of software that can literally be used by anybody. You can buy 1-2-3 and [an IBM PC] and be running the two together the same day».[83] PC Magazine in 1983 called 1-2-3 «a powerful and impressive program … as a spreadsheet, it’s excellent», and attributed its very fast performance to being written in assembly language.[84]

Bugs[edit]

Lotus 1-2-3 assumes that 1900 is a leap year. This is incorrect as while 1900 is a year that is divisible by four, years divisible by 100 are not counted as leap years unless divisible by 400. This bug persists today as its competitor, Microsoft Excel, still incorporates the bug to ensure compatibility with legacy Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheets.[85]

See also[edit]

  • As-Easy-As
  • Comparison of office suites
  • Compose key sequence
  • Reverse Polish Notation (RPN in formulas)
  • Microsoft Works

References[edit]

  1. ^ Darrow, Barbara (1 February 2002), «Whatever Happened To Lotus 1-2-3?», CRN, archived from the original on 9 January 2009, retrieved 31 October 2007.
  2. ^ Power, D. J. (30 August 2004). «A Brief History of Spreadsheets». DSSResources.com. 3 (6).
  3. ^ McMullen, Barbara E.; McMullen, John F. (21 February 1984). «Apple Charts the Course for IBM». PC Magazine. 3 (3): 122–129. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  4. ^ «The History of Notes and Domino», Developer Works, IBM, 14 November 2007, retrieved 20 December 2005
  5. ^ Campbell-Kelly, Martin (7 May 2004), Oral history interview with Jonathan Sachs, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
  6. ^ «Computerworld», Micro Software TV Ads Play to Mixed Review, Computerworld, 26 November 1984, p. 24
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  12. ^ Alsop, Stewart (31 January 1994). «A public Windows pane to make compatibility clearer». InfoWorld. Vol. 16, no. 5. p. 102. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  13. ^ Dvorak, John C. (12 May 1986). «Springtime in Atlanta Beats Fall in Las Vegas». InfoWorld. Vol. 8, no. 19. p. 66. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  14. ^ Satchell, Stephen (27 January 1986). «The Corona ATP Is Faster Than The IBM PC AT, But It Has Flaws». InfoWorld. Vol. 8, no. 4. pp. 47, 50. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  15. ^ Mace, Scott; Sorensen, Karen (5 May 1986). «Amiga, Atari Ready PC Emulators». InfoWorld. Vol. 8, no. 18. p. 5. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  16. ^ Satchell, Stephen (14 January 1985). «AT&T 6300 Personal Computer». InfoWorld. Vol. 7, no. 1 & 2. pp. 49, 53–54. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
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  19. ^ «VIP Professional». inCider (advertisement). Vol. 4, no. 12. December 1986. p. 171. ISSN 0740-0101. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  20. ^ Barr, Christopher (August 1986). «The Twin: Slow Lotus for Less». PC Magazine. Vol. 5, no. 14. pp. 59–60. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  21. ^ O’Connor, Rory J. (19 August 1985). «Osborne’s 1-2-3 Clone: VP Planner». InfoWorld. Vol. 7, no. 33. p. 42.
  22. ^ Markoff, John (29 June 1990). «Lotus Wins Copyright Decision». The New York Times. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  23. ^ a b Graham, Lawrence D. (1999). «Keyboard Commands and Menu Arrangements». Legal Battles that Shaped the Computer Industry. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 63–68. ISBN 9781567201789. LCCN 99-13620. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
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  25. ^ Spence, Kristin (1 June 1996). «Lotus v. Borland: Deadlock on the Electronic Frontier». Wired. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  26. ^ «Full text of Judge Jackson’s findings of fact». CNet. January 2007. Section 116.
  27. ^ «Full text of Judge Jackson’s findings of fact». CNet. January 2007. Section 125.
  28. ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. «Goodbye, Lotus 1-2-3». ZDNet ZDNet.
  29. ^ «WKS File Extension – Open .WKS files», File info.
  30. ^ «WK1 File Extension – Open .WK1 files», File info.
  31. ^ «WK2 File Extension – Open .WK2 files», File info.
  32. ^ «WK3 File Extension – Open .WK3 files», File info.
  33. ^ «WK4 File Extension – Open .WK4 files», File info.
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  36. ^ a b Attia, Zayn ‘Utbah (11 March 2015). «ASCII graphic characters, range names». Computer Tips. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016. […] Release 1A’s capability to use extended graphics characters to dress up a screen was an undocumented feature. These characters allowed you to draw boxes and add special symbols on the screen. With Release 2, Lotus has assigned different meanings to these characters, the Lotus International Character Set, LICS. Any these extended characters must be erased or replaced with regular keyboard characters before the character can appear acceptable on an Release 2 screen. Release 2.01 offers an install option to use extended characters rather than LICS characters. […]
  37. ^ a b c Schemenaur, P. J. (27 October 1986). «Firm to Debut Clone Version of Lotus 1-2-3 — Program Offers 2.0 Compatibility». InfoWorld. Vol. 8, no. 43. Retrieved 29 November 2016. […] Twin Release 2 keeps the IBM extended character set of Version 1A, rather than Release 2.0’s Lotus International Character Set, which […] causes problems with commercial templates designed for Lotus 1-2-3, Release 1A. […]
  38. ^ a b Cobb, Douglas; Cobb, Steven (31 October 1988). «Spreadsheet clinic: How to adjust SuperCalc’s financial functions to analyze annuities due, create flashing screen messages in 1-2-3, and access upper-level ASCII characters in Quattro and 1-2-3». PC Magazine: 411. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016. […] Unlike 1-2-3, Quattro uses the ASCII character set. By default, 1-2-3, Release 2.01, uses the Lotus International Character Set (LICS) — the same character set that Release 2.0 always uses […] you can command Release 2.01 to use the ASCII character set, just as Quattro does. […] load the install program, and select Advanced Options […] select TextDisplay […] choose Universal Text Display – ASCII-No LICS […] Now, when you load 1-2-3 using the modified driver set, the @CHAR function will produce upper-level ASCII characters […] (NB. By «Upper-level ASCII», the authors actually meant the 8-bit OEM character set.)
  39. ^ Lee, Yvonne (3 May 1993). «HP 100LX rolled out as successor to palmtop». InfoWorld. Vol. 15, no. 18. p. 27. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  40. ^ a b «Kapitel 4. Kompatibilität mit anderen 1-2-3 Versionen — Zeichensätze» [Chapter 4. Compatility with other 1-2-3 Versions — Character Sets]. Lotus 1-2-3 Version 3.1 Upgrader’s Handbuch [Upgrader’s handbook] (in German) (1 ed.). Cambridge, MA, USA: Lotus Development Corporation. 1989. pp. 4-10–4-11. 302173.
  41. ^ Edward Warner (8 September 1986). «Lotus Perseveres to Unveil Japanese Version of 1-2-3». InfoWorld. Vol. 8, no. 36. p. 9. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  42. ^ «パソコンソフト世界最大の米ロ社上陸に揺れる、発売早々国内トップ。». Nihon Keizai Shimbun (in Japanese). Vol. Morning. 14 October 1986. p. 20.
  43. ^ «ASCII EXPRESS: ロータスが1-2-3のバージョンアップ版とアドイン日本語ワープロ「4Word」を発表». ASCII (in Japanese). 11 (10). 1987.
  44. ^ «表計算ソフトの新しい世界 : 第2部 徹底比較研究 : 代表的表計算ソフト». 日経パソコン (in Japanese). Nikkei Business Publications: 198. 24 July 1989.
  45. ^ a b c Lewis, Peter H. (13 August 1989). «THE EXECUTIVE COMPUTER; Sorting Out Lotus’s New 1-2-3’s». The New York Times. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  46. ^ «ASCII EXPRESS : ロータス、1-2-3をバージョンアップ». ASCII (in Japanese). 14 (3). 1990.
  47. ^ «Lotus 1-2-3 Version Information». EMS Professional Software. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  48. ^ «ASCII EXPRESS : ロータスがOS/2対応のLotus 1-2-3 R3Jを開発». ASCII (in Japanese). 14 (5). 1990.
  49. ^ Walkenbach, John (1 June 1992). «Lotus Dresses Up 1-2-3 with Smart Icons». InfoWorld. Vol. 14, no. 22. pp. 73, 76. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  50. ^ a b Kamenz, Alfred; Vonhoegen, Helmut (1992). Das große Buch zu Lotus 1-2-3 für DOS (in German) (1 ed.). Data Becker. ISBN 3-89011-375-3.
  51. ^ «ロータスが新版、「MS-DOS」対応ソフト―表計算のシート上で». Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun (in Japanese). 4 August 1993. p. 6.
  52. ^ «Ｑ＆Ａ集 1-2-3 R2.5J MS-DOS対応版 発売日・パッケージ内容を教えてください» (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 1 October 1999. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  53. ^ a b c Balaban, Bob (2001). «Multi-Language Character Sets — What They Are, How To Use Them» (PDF). Looseleaf Software, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  54. ^ Walkenbach, John (15 October 1990). «Lotus 1-2-3, Release 3.1 Has Publishing-Quality Output». InfoWorld. Vol. 12, no. 42. pp. 91–92, 96. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  55. ^ Walkenbach, John (15 February 1993). «Lotus updates, accelerates 1-2-3 for DOS». InfoWorld. Vol. 15, no. 7. pp. 57, 60–61. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  56. ^ Singh, Jai (16 May 1994). «Lotus Readies 1-2-3 Upgrade». InfoWorld. Vol. 16, no. 20. p. 10. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  57. ^ «1-2-3/G for OS/2, Release 1.1». Lotus Museum. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  58. ^ a b «Splashes 1-2-3». Graphical User Interface Gallery Guidebook. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  59. ^ «ロータス、「1-2-3」発表、日本語版W3.0対応». Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun (in Japanese). 19 September 1991. p. 9.
  60. ^ «ロータス、「1-2-3」最新版―書体設定など多様に». Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun. 2 June 1992. p. 6.
  61. ^ Strehlo, Kevin (24 May 1993). «Lotus significantly improves usability in 1-2-3, Release 4». InfoWorld. Vol. 15, no. 21. p. 172. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  62. ^ «ロータス、ウィンドウズ3.1対応ソフト4製品を投入―「表計算」など対象». Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun (in Japanese). 16 June 1993. p. 6.
  63. ^ Conatser, Kelly (3 October 1994). «Lotus navigates steady course with 1-2-3». InfoWorld. Vol. 16, no. 40. pp. 85–86, 88, 90. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  64. ^ Rose, Daniel. «Windows® 1.x, 2.x, 3.x — Lotus SmartSuite Release 3.1». Daniel’s Legacy Computer Collections. Archived from the original on 27 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  65. ^ «Ｑ＆Ａ集 1-2-3 97 発売日・パッケージ内容を教えてください» (in Japanese). Lotus Development Japan. Ltd. Archived from the original on 10 October 1999. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  66. ^ «Ｑ＆Ａ集 1-2-3 98 発売日・パッケージ内容を教えてください» (in Japanese). Lotus Development Japan. Ltd. Archived from the original on 17 November 1999. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  67. ^ «Lotus to Ship One 1-2-3 For Unix V/386 Systems». InfoWorld. Vol. 12, no. 25. 18 June 1990. p. 45. ISSN 0199-6649.
  68. ^ Fadilpašić, Sead (29 May 2022). «This 40-year-old Microsoft Excel rival is making a surprising comeback». techradar.
  69. ^ «New Lotus 1-2-3 Edition for SPARC systems supports real-time working». Computer Business Review. 1 July 1991. Retrieved 31 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  70. ^ Paloma, Cindy (June 1993). «Lotus 1-2-3 Upgraded To Version 1.2». UCSD Computer Science & Engineering Computing Facility Newsletter. Vol. 4, no. 6. CSE Uptime / UCSD.
  71. ^ «Novell and Spire Technologies Announce WordPerfect 5.1+ for OpenVMS/Alpha Systems». Novell press release. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  72. ^ «1-2-3 for Macintosh, Release 1.0». Lotus Museum. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  73. ^ «1-2-3 for Macintosh, Release 1.1». Lotus Museum. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  74. ^ Benjamin, Louis E. Jr (March 1992). «Lotus 1-2-3 for Macintosh». MacUser. Vol. 8, no. 3. pp. 42–43.
  75. ^ Benjamin, Louis E. Jr; Zilber, Jon (June 1992). «New Dimensions in Spreadsheets». Buyer’s Guide. MacUser. Vol. 8, no. 6. pp. 32–40.
  76. ^ a b Barney, Douglas (4 May 1987). «Lotus celebrates with IBM pact». Computerworld. Vol. 21, no. 18. IDG Enterprise. pp. 1, 100. ISSN 0010-4841.
  77. ^ a b Barney, Douglas (4 May 1987). «Debate over host 1-2-3». Computerworld. Vol. 21, no. 18. IDG Enterprise. p. 100. ISSN 0010-4841.
  78. ^ Chetlen, Martin (1992). Mainframe databasing with Lotus 1-2-3/M, Version 1. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 978-0-442-01017-1.
  79. ^ «LOTUS 1-2-3/M». IBM Corporation. 27 February 1990. Announcement Letter Number 290-104.
  80. ^ GDDM: General Information: Version 3 Release 2 (PDF). IBM Corporation. December 2001. p. 27. GC33-0866-04. Retrieved 9 February 2017. Lotus 1-2-3M, the System/370 version of Lotus 1-2-3 Release 3, has been developed by Lotus Development Corporation to be exclusively marketed by IBM in the VM/CMS and MVS/TSO/E environments.
  81. ^ «LOTUS UNVEILS ITS VERSION OF POPULAR SPREADSHEET FOR IBM MAINFRAME USERS». DeseretNews.com. 28 February 1990. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  82. ^ «COMPANY NEWS; Lotus 1-2-3 For I.B.M. Line». The New York Times. Associated Press. 28 February 1990. Retrieved 9 February 2017. The Lotus Development Corporation today introduced a long-promised version of its popular 1-2-3 computer spreadsheet program for I.B.M. mainframe computers. The program, 1-2-3-M, allows personal computer users to pull data from a mainframe computer file and transfer it directly into the 1-2-3 spreadsheet… I.B.M. will be the sole marketer of the program, which is designed for use on I.B.M.’s System-370 computer line.
  83. ^ Williams, Gregg (December 1982). «Lotus Development Corporation’s 1-2-3». BYTE. Vol. 7, no. 12. p. 182. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  84. ^ Derfler, Frank J. Jr. (March 1983). «A Program You Can Count On». PC Magazine. Vol. 1, no. 10. p. 187. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  85. ^ Microsoft Corporation. «Excel incorrectly assumes that the year 1900 is a leap year». Microsoft Corporation.

External links[edit]

  • Lotus (website), IBM, archived from the original on 1 April 2002.
  • «Review of Lotus 123 version 1.0», Byte magazine, December 1982.
  • KV Lotus (free viewer for Lotus SmartSuite products), IBM[permanent dead link].
  • «Lotus 1-2-3», File Format Documentation, Schnarff, archived from the original on 3 March 2010, retrieved 12 October 2006.
  • Lotus 1-2-3 V.1.00 for Mac OS (screenshots), Germany: Knubbel Mac.
  • Lotus SmartSuite for Windows 9.8 and fix packs (fix list), IBM, archived from the original on 16 October 2012, retrieved 16 September 2012.
  • Lotus SmartSuite Support Group.
  • Getting Lotus 123 to work in Windows 7.
  • dBase, LLC Announces support for Paradox® for DOS Ecosystem!.
  • Getting Lotus 123 to work in Windows 10.
  • CD images and floppy disk files for Lotus SmartSuite from the Internet Archive.
Источник

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Supercalc

Supercalc 5 startup screen.png

SuperCalc 5.1 for MS-DOS.
Developer(s) Sorcim
Initial release 1980; 43 years ago
Stable release

5.5

Operating system CP/M; MS-DOS; VMS
Type Spreadsheet

SuperCalc is a CP/M-80 spreadsheet application published by Sorcim in 1980.

History[edit]

VisiCalc was the first spreadsheet program but its release for the CP/M operating system ran only on the HP-125, Sharp MZ80, and the Sony SMC-70. SuperCalc was created to fill that void and market opportunity. Alongside WordStar, it was one of the CP/M applications bundled with the Osborne 1 portable computer. It quickly became popular[citation needed] and was ported to MS-DOS in 1982.

An improvement over VisiCalc (though using much the same command structure using the slash key), SuperCalc was one of the first spreadsheet programs capable of iteratively solving circular references (cells that depend on each other’s results). It would be over 10 years after the introduction of SuperCalc before this feature was implemented in Microsoft Excel, although in Lotus 1-2-3, manual programming of iterative logic could also be used to solve this issue. According to the SuperCalc product manager, iterative calculations were added when Sorcim changed from binary-coded decimal to binary math. Since the precision of the two math packages was different, some IF statements resolved differently, and iterative calculations helped solve this problem.[1]

Versions of SuperCalc were later released for the Apple II, for PCs running MS-DOS, and, after Sorcim was bought by CA Technologies (CA) in 1985, for Microsoft Windows (under the name CA-SuperCalc). SuperCalc was CA Technologies’ first personal computer product.[2] The MS-DOS versions were more popular with many users than the market-leading Lotus 1-2-3, because it was distributed without copy protection,[3] as well as being priced lower.

By the release of version 3 in March 1987, a million users were claimed.[4] New versions were published into the early 1990s, after which Microsoft Excel dominated the spreadsheet market.

In 1993, the Ministry of Railway of Russia signed an agreement with CA Technologies after a Russian employee illegally used SuperCalc for government purposes.[5]

Versions[edit]

  • 1980: SuperCalc
  • SuperCalc 2, which featured a novelty: Split screen with formulas on one side, and graphs on the other[6]
  • 1986: SuperCalc 4,[3] evaluated #2 on the spreadsheets market after Excel,[7] with introduction of automatic construction of macros[8]
  • 1989: SuperCalc 5

References[edit]

  1. ^ Wally Feigenson’s Blog http://feigenson.us/blog/?p=10 Archived October 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ «SuperCalc Definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia». www.pcmag.com. Retrieved 2019-10-27.
  3. ^ a b «SuperCalc 4 Is Serious Competition for Lotus 1-2-3». Google Books. Infoworld Magazine. 11 August 1986. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
  4. ^ C+VG magazine «Extra Bits», issue 65, page 96 http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=C+VG/Issue065/Pages/CVG06500096.jpg[dead link]
  5. ^ «Science: Russian piracy in a sea of software: Illegal copying of». The Independent. 1993-06-14. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2019-10-27.
  6. ^ Syndicate, Peter McWilliams Universal Press. «SUPERCALC TO THE RESCUE FOR SPREADSHEETS». chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2019-10-27.
  7. ^ Inc, InfoWorld Media Group (1987-11-09). InfoWorld. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.
  8. ^ Sandberg-Diment, Erik (1986-09-16). «Personal Computers; New Supercalc Offered as a Rival to Lotus». The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-27.

External links[edit]

  • SuperCalc 1.00 running on an IBM PC Model 5150 at the System Source Computer Museum.
Источник

22

Содержание

Стр.

1 Табличные процессоры ……………………………………………….. 3

1.1 Общая характеристика табличных процессоров ………………..… 3

1.1.1 Quattro Pro …………………………………………………….……. 4

1.1.2 SuperCalc …………………………………………………………… 5

1.1.3 Excel ………………………………………………………………… 6

1.1.3.1 Понятие об Excel и его возможности …………………………… 6

1.1.3.2 Типы данных ……………………………………………….…….. 7

1.1.3.3 Окно Excel ………………………………………………….…….. 7

1.1.3.4 Функции Excel …………………………………………………… 9

1.1.3.5 Пользовательский интерфейс Excel …………………………… 10

2 Некоторые приемы работы в Excel ……………………….………… 12

2.1 Ведение рабочей книги …………………………………………….. 12

2.2 Проектирование электронных таблиц …………………………….. 12

2.3 Редактирование содержимого ячейки …………………………….. 13

2.4 Оформление рабочих листов ……………………………………… 13

2.4.1 Выбор шрифта ……………………………………………………. 13

2.4.2 Цвета и узоры …………………………………………………….. 14

2.4.3 Форматирование чисел …………………………………………… 14

2.4.4 Проверка орфографии ……………………………………………. 15

2.5 Операторы …………………………………………………………… 15

2.5.1 Текстовый оператор соединения ………………………………… 15

2.6 Табличные вычисления ……………………………………………. 15

2.7 Функции Excel ……………………………………………………… 16

2.8 Создание диаграмм ………………………………………………… 17

2.8.1 Панель инструментов диаграмм ………………………………… 17

2.9 Профессиональное оформление …………………………………… 17

2.10 Обмен данными …………………………………………………… 18

2.11 Экспорт …………………………………………………………….. 18

3 Создание электронной таблицы ……………………………………… 19

4 Построение электронной таблицы ………………………………….. 20

4.1 Таблица ……………………………………………………………… 20

4.2 Диаграмма 1 ………………………………………………………… 20

4.3 Диаграмма 2 ………………………………………………………… 21

4.4 Диаграмма 3 ………………………………………………………… 21

Литература ……………………………………………………………… 22

1 Табличные процессоры

    1. Общая характеристика табличных процессоров

Табличный процессор обеспечивает работу с большими таблицами чисел. При работе с табличным процессором на экран выводится прямоугольная таблица, в клетках которой могут находиться числа, пояснительные тексты и формулы для расчета значений в клетке по имеющимся данным. То есть программные средства для проектирования электронных таблиц называют табличными процессорами. Они позволяют не только создавать таблицы, но и автоматизировать обработку табличных данных. С помощью электронных таблиц можно выполнять различные экономические, бухгалтерские и инженерные расчеты, а также строить разного рода диаграммы, проводить сложный экономический анализ, моделировать и оптимизировать решение различных хозяйственных ситуаций и т.д.

Функции табличных процессоров весьма разнообразны:

  • создание и редактирование электронных таблиц;

  • создание многотабличных документов;

  • оформление и печать электронных таблиц;

  • построение диаграмм, их модификация и решение экономических задач графическими методами;

  • создание многотабличных документов, объединенных формулами;

  • работа с электронными таблицами как с базами данных: сортировка таблиц, выборка данных по запросам;

  • создание итоговых и сводных таблиц;

  • использование при построении таблиц информации из внешних баз данных;

  • создание слайд-шоу;

  • решение оптимизационных задач;

  • решение экономических задач типа “что – если” путем подбора параметров;

  • разработка макрокоманд, настройка среды под потребности пользователя и т.д.

Наиболее популярными электронными таблицами для персональных компьютеров являются табличные процессоры Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro Pro и SuperCalc. И если после своего появления в 1982 году Lotus 1-2-3 был фактически эталоном для разработчиков электронных таблиц, то в настоящее время он утратил свои лидирующие позиции. Результаты тестирования продемонстрировали явное преимущество Excel по многим параметрам. Единственное превосходство Lotus 1-2-3 – это скорость работы, но опять же, превышение небольшое.

Перспективные направления в разработке электронных таблиц основными фирмами-разработчиками определены по-разному. Фирма Microsoft уделяет особое внимание совершенствованию набора функциональных средств Excel, и в этом ее пакет явно лидирует среди всех электронных таблиц. Фирма Lotus основные усилия сконцентрировала на разработке инструментов групповой работы. Пакет Quattro Pro в результате тестирования получил достаточно высокие оценки, но ни одна из особенностей пакета не вызвала к себе повышенного внимания. Наиболее привлекательными оказались лишь возможности сортировки данных.

Ситуация, сложившаяся на рынке электронных таблиц, в настоящее время характеризуется явным лидирующим положением фирмы Microsoft – 80% всех пользователей электронных таблиц предпочитают Excel. На втором месте по объему продаж – Lotus 1-2-3, затем Quattro Pro. Доля других электронных таблиц, например SuperCalc, совершенно незначительна.

1.1.1 Quattro Pro

Среди имеющихся на рынке электронных таблиц для DOS программа Quattro Pro лучшая. Пакет Quattro Pro рассчитан практически на любую вычислительную систему – от машин с процессором 8088 и емкостью памяти 512 Кбайт до IBM PC 486 с большой оперативной памятью.

В новой версии в верхней части экрана находится программируемое “быстрое меню”, один из пунктов которого позволяет переключаться между графическим и текстовым режимами.

Табличный процессор Quattro Pro обладает рядом достоинств:

  • удобный пользовательский интерфейс, дающий возможность предоставления данных в самой нестандартной форме;

  • многооконный режим работы;

  • доступ к любым неограниченным по размерам внешним базам данных созданных на основе наиболее популярных СУБД;

  • хорошее качество печати входных документов;

  • легкость создания программы обработки информации в таблицах, удобные средства отладки и редактирования созданных программ и т.д.

Одной из отличительных особенностей процессора Quattro Pro являются аналитические графики, которые позволяют применять к исходным данным агрегирование, вычислять скользящее среднее и проводить регрессионный анализ; результаты перечисленных действий отражаются на графиках. Набор встроенных функций в пакете Quattro Pro включает в себя все стандартные функции. Новыми для данной версии является поддержка дополнительных библиотек @-функций, разработанных независимыми поставщиками. Данный пакет включает программы линейного и нелинейного программирования. Оптимизационную модель можно записать на рабочий лист и работать с нею.

Кроме обычных команд работы с базами данных, Quattro Pro умеет читать внешние Базы в форматах Paradox, dBase и Reflex, и искать в них нужную информацию.

1.1.2 SuperCalc

SuperCalc – это один из пакетов прикладных программ. Основное применение SuperCalc – выполнение расчетов. Однако в силу своей гибкости он позволяет решать большинство финансовых и административных задач:

  • прогнозирование продаж, роста доходов;

  • анализ процентных ставок и налогов;

  • учет денежных чеков;

  • подготовка финансовых деклараций и балансовых таблиц;

  • бюджетные и статистические расчеты;

  • объединение таблиц;

  • сметные калькуляции.

SuperCalc выполняет арифметические, статистические, логические, специальные функции. Он имеет дополнительные возможности: поиск и сортировка в таблицах. SuperCalc имеет довольно большие графические возможности, позволяя строить на экране семь видов диаграмм и графиков, облегчая тем самым труд пользователя.

Таблицы SuperCalc могут иметь до 9999 строк и до 127 столбцов. Строки идентифицируются числами от 1 до 9999, а столбцы буквами от A до DW.

По умолчанию в памяти ЭВМ резервируется место для 2000 строк и 127 столбцов.

Ширина каждого столбца по умолчанию устанавливается равной 9 печатным позициям, но можно установить любую ширину столбца, внеся специальную команду. На экране существует активная клетка, которая всегда подсвечивается.

Такая подсветка называется табличным курсором, который можно перемещать с помощью клавиатуры.

На экране дисплея в каждый момент можно наблюдать только 20 строк таблицы и 8 столбцов стандартной ширины.

Под двадцатой строкой размещаются так называемые служебные строки:

1 – строка состояния (STATUS LINE), где автоматически отображаются содержимое, координаты активной клетки и др.

2 – строка подсказки (PROMPT LINE), Где высвечивается информация об ошибках

3 – строка ввода (ENTRY LINE), где высвечиваются символы, набираемые на клавиатуре.

4 – строка помощи (HELP LINE). Она показывает назначение отдельных клавиш на клавиатуре ЭВМ.

При работе в SuperCalc выделяют три основных режима работы:

  • Режим электронной таблицы. Здесь активен только табличный курсор. Редактирующий курсор неподвижен и находится в исходной позиции строки ввода.

  • Режим ввода. Он устанавливается автоматически, с началом работы на клавиатуре.

  • Командный режим устанавливается несколькими способами. Наиболее распространенный способ – перед набором команды нажимается команда с символом “”.

1.1.3 Excel

1.1.3.1 Понятие об Excel и его возможности

MS Excel – одна из самых популярных сегодня программ электронных таблиц. Ею пользуются ученые и деловые люди бухгалтеры и журналисты, с ее помощью ведут разнообразные таблицы, списки и каталоги, составляют финансовые и статистические отчеты, подсчитывают состояние торгового предприятия, обрабатывают результаты научного эксперимента, ведут учет, готовят презентационные материалы. Возможности Excel очень высоки. Обработка текста, управление базами данных – программа настолько мощна, что во многих случаях превосходит специализированные программы-редакторы или программы баз данных. Такое многообразие функций может поначалу запутать, чем заставить применять на практике. Но по мере приобретения опыта начинаешь по достоинству ценить то, что границ возможностей Excel тяжело достичь.

За многолетнюю историю табличных расчётов с применением персональных компьютеров требования пользователей к подобным программам существенно изменились. В начале основной акцент в такой программе, как, например, VisiCalc, ставился на счётные функции. Сегодня наряду с инженерными и бухгалтерскими расчетами организация и графическое изображение данных приобретают все возрастающее значение. Кроме того, многообразие функций, предлагаемое такой расчетной и графической программой, не должно осложнять работу пользователя. Программы для Windows создают для этого идеальные предпосылки. В последнее время многие как раз перешли на использование Windows в качестве своей пользовательской среды. Как следствие, многие фирмы, создающие программное обеспечение, начали предлагать большое количество программ под Windows.

Программа Excel обеспечивает как легкость при обращении с данными, так и их сохранность. Excel позволяет быстро выполнить работу для которой не нужно затрачивать много бумаги и времени, а также привлекать профессиональных бухгалтеров и финансистов.

Данная программа сумеет вычислить суммы по строкам и столбцам таблиц, посчитать среднее арифметическое, банковский процент или дисперсию, здесь вообще можно использовать множество стандартных функций: финансовых, математических, логических, статистических.

1.1.3.2 Типы данных

Так как Excel – программа, работающая с таблицами, то здесь оперируют различными данными. В электронных таблицах используют, как правило, следующие типы данных: текст – это любая последовательность символов; число – это числовая константа; формула – это выражение, состоящее из числовых величин и арифметических операций (Пример: =А5/Н8*12); функции – это запрограммированные формулы, позволяющие проводить часто встречающиеся последовательности вычислений (Например, функция автосуммирования может быть представлена следующим образом: =СУММ(А1: А4)).

1.1.3.3 Окно Excel

Оформление таблиц может быть самым разнообразным, возможности форматирования данных – как в хорошем текстовом процессоре: можно менять шрифты, начертания, выделять строки, столбцы или отдельные ячейки текста цветом, рамочками и линеечками, закрашивать области фоном или цветом, строить по табличным данным графики и диаграммы, вставлять таблицу с картинками и т.д.

Программа достаточно мощная, возможности ее, особенно в последних версиях, весьма обширны. Одних только математических, логических, бухгалтерских, статистических функций, которые Excel может выполнять над табличными данными более 200.

Excel – программа многооконная, что позволяет нам одновременно загружать столько файлов, сколько позволит объем оперативной памяти компьютера. Окно Excel содержит множество различных элементов. Некоторые из них присущи всем программам в среде Windows, остальные есть только в окне Excel. Вся рабочая область окна Excel занята чистым рабочим листом (или таблицей), разделённым на отдельные ячейки. Столбцы озаглавлены буквами, строки – цифрами. Как и во многих других программах в среде Windows, вы можете представить рабочий лист в виде отдельного окна со своим собственным заголовком – это окно называется окном рабочей книги, так как в таком окне можно обрабатывать несколько рабочих листов. На одной рабочей странице в распоряжении будет 256 столбцов и 16384 строки. Строки пронумерованы от 1 до 16384, столбцы названы буквами и комбинациями букв. После 26 букв алфавита колонки следуют комбинации букв АА, АВ и т.д.

После запуска Excel содержит пять областей: окно книги, которое занимает большую часть экрана, строку меню, две или больше панелей инструментов, строку формул и строку состояния (строка меню, панелей инструментов, строка формул, и строка состояния появляются на экране даже в том случае, если книга не видна). Все вместе эти пять областей называются «Рабочей областью Excel». После запуска Excel первой пока еще пустой книги дается имя Книга 1. Если в течении текущего сеанса работы будет открыта новая книга, то Excel назовет ее Книга 2. Книга Excel может содержать листы пяти типов: рабочие листы, листы диаграмм модули Visual Basic, листы диалогов и листы макросов Microsoft Excel.

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