List of all word contractions - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This list is part of the internal Wikipedia Manual of Style. For encyclopedic information see English auxiliaries and contractions.

This is a list of contractions used in the Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations; these are to be avoided anywhere other than in direct quotations in encyclopedic prose.

Some acronyms are formed by contraction; these are covered at Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations. Some trademarks (e.g. Nabisco) and titles of published works (e.g. “Ain’t That a Shame”) consist of or contain contractions; these are covered at Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles, respectively.

Please note that this page can be edited by anyone. It’s illustrative, not exhaustive, and some of its entries are colloquial or obsolete.

Also, please note that many other proper contractions can be formed by combining various contractions listed here.

List of common (and not archaic) English contractions

Contraction	Full Form
a’ight (informal)	alright
ain’t (informal)	am not / is not / are not / has not / have not / did not (colloquial)^[1]
amn’t	am not^[2]
’n’ / ‘n’ (informal)	and
arencha (informal)	aren’t you / are not you (colloquial)
aren’t	are not^[3]
’bout (informal)	about
boy’s	boy has / boy is
can’t	cannot
cap’n (informal)	captain
’cause (informal)	because
cuz (informal)	because
’cept (informal)	except
could’ve	could have
couldn’t	could not
couldn’t’ve	could not have
cuppa	cup of
daren’t	dare not / dared not
daresn’t	dare not
dasn’t	dare not
didn’t	did not
doesn’t	does not
don’t	do not / does not^[4]
dunno (informal)	don’t know/do not know
d’ye (informal)	do you / did you
d’ya (informal)	do you / did you
e’en (informal)	even
e’er (informal)	ever
’em (informal)	them
everybody’s	everybody has / everybody is
everyone’s	everyone has / everyone is
everything’s	everything has / everything is
finna (informal)	fixing to
fo’c’sle (informal)	forecastle
’gainst (informal)	against
g’day (informal)	good day
gimme (informal)	give me
girl’s	girl has / girl is
giv’n (informal)	given
gi’z (informal)	give us (colloquial, meaning: give me)
gonna (informal)	going to
gon’t (informal)	go not (colloquial)
gotta (informal)	got to
guy’s	guy has / guy is
hadn’t	had not
had’ve	had have
hasn’t	has not
haven’t	have not
he’d	he had / he would
he’ll	he shall / he will
helluva (informal)	hell of a
he’s	he has / he is
here’s	here is
how’d (informal)	how did / how would
howdy (informal)	how do you do / how do you fare
how’ll	how will
how’re	how are
how’s	how has / how is / how does
I’d	I had / I would
I’d’ve	I would have
I’d’nt	I would not
I’d’nt’ve	I would not have
If’n (informal)	If and when
I’ll	I shall / I will
I’m	I am
Imma (informal)	I am about to / I am going to
I’m’o (informal)	I am going to
innit (informal)	isn’t it / ain’t it
Ion (informal)	I don’t / I do not
I’ve	I have
isn’t	is not
it’d	it would
it’ll	it shall / it will
it’s	it has / it is
Idunno (informal)	I don’t know
kinda (informal)	kind of
let’s	let us
loven’t (informal)	love not (colloquial)
ma’am (formal)	madam
mayn’t	may not
may’ve	may have
methinks (informal)	I think
mightn’t	might not
might’ve	might have
mine’s	mine is
mustn’t	must not
mustn’t’ve	must not have
must’ve	must have
’neath (informal)	beneath
needn’t	need not
nal (informal)	and all
ne’er (informal)	never
o’clock	of the clock
o’er	over
ol’	old
ought’ve	ought have
oughtn’t	ought not
oughtn’t’ve	ought not have
’round	around
’s	is, has, does, us / possessive
shalln’t	shall not (archaic)
shan’	shall not
shan’t	shall not
she’d	she had / she would
she’ll	she shall / she will
she’s	she has / she is
should’ve	should have
shouldn’t	should not
shouldn’t’ve (informal)	should not have
somebody’s	somebody has / somebody is
someone’s	someone has / someone is
something’s	something has / something is
so’re (informal)	so are (colloquial)
so’s (informal)	so is / so has
so’ve (informal)	so have
that’ll	that shall / that will
that’re (informal)	that are
that’s	that has / that is
that’d	that would / that had
there’d	there had / there would
there’ll	there shall / there will
there’re	there are
there’s	there has / there is
these’re	these are
these’ve	these have
they’d	they had / they would
they’d’ve	they would have / they could have / they should have
they’ll	they shall / they will
they’re	they are / they were
they’ve	they have
this’s	this has / this is
those’re (informal)	those are
those’ve (informal)	those have
’thout (informal)	without
’til (informal)	until
’tis (informal)	it is
to’ve (informal)	to have
tryna (informal)	trying to
’twas (informal)	it was
’tween (informal)	between
’twere (informal)	it were
w’all	we all (Irish/Scottish English)
w’at	we at
wanna	want to
wasn’t	was not
we’d	we had / we would / we did
we’d’ve	we would have
we’ll	we shall / we will
we’re	we are
we’ve	we have
weren’t	were not
whatcha	what are you (whatcha doing?) what about you (as in asking how someone is today, used as a greeting)
what’d	what did
what’ll	what shall / what will
what’re	what are / what were
what’s	what has / what is / what does
what’ve	what have
when’s	when has / when is
where’d	where did
where’ll	where shall / where will
where’re	where are
where’s	where has / where is / where does
where’ve	where have
which’d	which had / which would
which’ll	which shall / which will
which’re	which are
which’s	which has / which is
which’ve	which have
who’d	who would / who had / who did
who’d’ve	who would have
who’ll	who shall / who will
who’re	who are
who’s	who has / who is / who does
who’ve	who have
why’d	why did
why’re	why are
why’s	why has / why is / why does
willn’t	will not (archaic)
won’t	will not
wonnot	will not (archaic)
would’ve	would have
wouldn’t	would not
wouldn’t’ve	would not have
y’ain’t	you are not / you have not / you did not (colloquial)
y’all	you all (colloquial/Southern American English)
y’all’d’ve	you all would have (colloquial/Southern American English)
y’all’d’n’t’ve	you all would not have (colloquial/Southern American English)
y’all’re	you all are (colloquial/Southern American English)
y’all’ren’t	you all are not (colloquial/Southern American English)
y’at (informal)	you at
yes’m	yes ma’am / yes madam
y’know	you know
yessir	yes sir
you’d	you had / you would
you’ll	you shall / you will
you’re	you are
you’ve	you have
when’d	when did
willn’t	will not

^ Ain’t is used colloquially by some speakers as a substitute for a number of contractions, but is considered incorrect by others.
^ Amn’t is primarily used in Scottish and Irish English.
^ Aren’t is usually a contraction of “are not”; however, it can be used as a contraction of “am not” in questions (e.g. “Aren’t I the greatest?”), though this is often considered colloquial.
^ Don’t can be used to mean “does not”; however, this is considered colloquial to most speakers.

Источник

Complete list of contraction words. Learn different types of contraction words.

What are contraction words?

Contraction words are the abbreviated form of word or words. It is a shortened version of the written and spoken forms of a word, or a word group, which is created by omission of internal letters and sounds. It is also called structured words in a reduced form.

Contractions of auxiliaries:

Below is the list of contractions of an auxiliary word,

For has, ‘s
For have, ‘ve
For am, ‘m
For is, ‘s
For are, ‘re
For had, ‘d
For will/shall, ‘ll

Negative Contraction words:

To do type words: don’t, doesn’t, didn’t
To be type words: isn’t, aren’t, wasn’t, weren’t
To have type words: hasn’t, haven’t, hadn’t

Alphabetical List of contractions

aren’t — are not
can’t — cannot
couldn’t — could not
could’ve — could have
daren’t — dare not
didn’t — did not
doesn’t — does not
don’t — do not
hadn’t — had not
hasn’t — has not
haven’t — have not
he’d — he had
he’d — he would
he’ll — he shall
he’ll — he will
he’s — he has
he’s — he is
how’s — how has
how’s — how is
I’d — I had
I’d — I would
I’ll — I shall
I’ll — I will
I’m — I am
isn’t — is not
I’ve — I have
let’s — let us
mightn’t — might not
might’ve — might have
mustn’t — must not
must’ve — must have
needn’t — need not
oughtn’t — ought not
shan’t — shall not
she’d — she had
she’d — she would
she’ll — she shall
she’ll — she will
she’s — she has
she’s — she is
shouldn’t — should not
should’ve — should have
that’s — that has
that’s — that is
there’s — there has
there’s — there is
they’d — they had
they’d — they would
they’ll — they shall
they’ll — they will
they’re — they are
they’ve — they have
we’d — we had
We’ll — we will
We’ll — we shall
we’d — we would
weren’t — were not
we’re — we are
we’ve — we have
what’ll — what shall
what’ll — what will
what’re— what are
what’s — what has
what’s — what is
what’ve — what have
when’s —when has
where’ll — where shall
where’ll — where will
where’s — where has
where’s — where is
who’d — who had
who’d — who would
who’ll — who shall
who’ll — who will
who’re — who are
who’s — who has
who’s — who is
who’ve — who have
won’t — will not
wouldn’t — would not
would’ve — would have
you’d — you had
you’d — you would
you’ll — you shall
you’ll — you will
you’re — you are
you’ve — you have

Источник

In many cases, contractions are a necessary component of everyday life. They may be used in spoken language and informal writing to express an idea in less time or as a fast method to make a point. In formal writing, however, the apostrophe is typically used to indicate contractions, such as: I’m; we’re; and they’re.

A contraction is a word that has been shortened by removing one or more letters. Contractions are commonly used in spoken English and sometimes in formal writing, such as business letters. They are considered informal when they are used in everyday speech, such as in casual conversation and writing on the Internet.

A contraction is a shortened form of two or more words that sound as if they are written as one word. From the earliest days, English has used contractions. Contractions are appropriate in some formal writing situations.

Both, formal and informal contractions can help you to make your speech sound more informal and friendly. Formal contractions are normally used in business and in academic writing. Informal contractions, on the other hand, are used in general conversations among friends.

Contractions List of Words

ain’t
can’t
didn’t
doesn’t
hadn’t
hasn’t
he’d
he’ll
he’s
I’d
I’ll
I’m
I’ve
isn’t
let’s
oughtn’t
she’d
she’ll
she’s
shouldn’t
that’s
there’s
they’d
they’ll
they’re
they’ve
wasn’t
we’d
we’ll
we’re
weren’t
what’s

What are Informal Contractions?

Informal contractions are shortened forms of words or phrases that are used in everyday speech. They are not considered to be part of standard English and are usually not found in formal writing.

Examples

I’m gonna (I am going to)
You’re gonna (you are going to)
We’re gonna (we are going to)
They’re gonna (they are going to)

Informal contractions are a feature of spoken English and don’t always translate well into writing. Using them in formal documents is probably not advisable as you want to be as formal as possible for these types of things. One of the difficulties I find with informal contractions is that we almost need to see it or hear it in order to understand what’s been said.

Read also: Difference between formal and informal language

Informal Contractions without Apostrophe

We don’t use apostrophe (‘) in all the informal contractions. For example,

Do you want ice cream? (Wanna ice cream?)

Unlike formal contraction, the informal contractions are not found in dictionary. These are not slang but spoken largely.

Some frequently used informal contractions are mentioned here.

Cos (because)

I do not buy sweets cos I do not like them.
Cos you are freezing, you need to wear several layers.
Cos we were running late we couldn’t stop and pick anything up for dinner.

Dunno (Don’t know)

I dunno what to do.
I dunno why they like that.
I dunno where he went.
I dunno what to say.
I dunno whether to be happy or sad about this.

Gimme (give me)

Can you gimme a hand?
Gimme some money.
Don’t gimme that rubbish.

Gonna (going to)

Nothing gonna change my support for you.
I’m not gonna tell you.
What are you gonna do?

Gotta (have got a)

I’ve gotta gun.
She hasn’t gotta penny.
Have you gotta car?
I gotta go now.
Have they gotta work?

Init (Isn’t it)

That’s smart. Init?
Init strange?

Kinda (kind of)

She is kinda cute.
Are you kinda mad at me?

Lemme (Let me)

Lemme go!
He didn’t lemme see it.

Wanna (want a / want to)

I wanna coffee.
I don’t wanna anything from you.
I wanna go home.
Do you wanna watch TV?

Examples of Contractions

Here are 50 example sentences of contractions:

I ain’t goin’ to the party.
Can’t you see I’m busy?
I didn’t do it!
He doesn’t know anything about it.
Hadn’t we better get going?
She hasn’t been feeling well lately.
He’d better not be late again!
He’ll be here soon, don’t worry.
I’m not sure what to do.
I’ve been meaning to talk to you about that.
I’m going to the store.
He’s a really nice guy.
Didn’t they just get married?
That’s so funny!
They’ll be here soon.
We’re going to the movies tonight.
What’s your favorite food?
When’s your birthday?
Let’s go to the park!
We’re gonna have a good time tonight.
I can’t do it by myself.
He’ll be back in a minute.
There’s somethin’ fishy goin’ on here.
Let’s get outta here!
I’m telling you, she’s crazy!
This food is gross – I wouldn’t eat it if I was you!
I’m not going to do it!
It’s not fair!
I don’t want to go!
I can’t believe you did that!
You’re such an idiot!
I’m meeting John after work today.
She’s going to the store.
They’re staying home tonight.
We’re having pizza for dinner.
You’re welcome.
He’s a great guy.
She’s so happy!
I’m not sure what you mean.
We’re getting married next month!
You’re not going to believe this!
I’m going to the store.
I’ll be back soon.
It’s been a long day.
I’ve been meaning to call you.
You’re not going to believe this!
They’re having a party tonight.
We’re going to be late!
I’d better get going.
I’m sure he’s around here somewhere.
Let’s go grab a bite to eat.

What are Contractions in English Grammar? List & Example Sentences

Источник

A contraction is a part of a phrase that has been shortened by dropping one or more letters. We use contractions in everyday speech and informal writing. In writing, an apostrophe takes the place of the missing letter/letters. When deciding whether to use contractions in a writing assignment, consider your audience and your purpose for writing.

In the table below you’ll find a list of the most frequently used contractions in English.

Contractions occur with:

pronouns + auxiliary verbs and some modal verbs.

I am = I’m
I have = I’ve
I will = I’ll
I would = I’d
I had = I’d
Who is = who’s
Who has = who’s
Who have = who’ve
Who will = who’ll
Who would = who’d
Who had = who’d
What is = what’s
What has = What’s
What have = what’ve
What would = what’d
What had = what’d
That is = that’s
That has = that’s
That will = that’ll
That would = that’d
That had = that’d
Now is = now’s

nouns + auxiliary verbs and some modal verbs.

The dog is = The dog’s
The dog has = The dog’s
The dog will = The dog’ll
The dog would = The dog’d
The dog had = The dog’d

names + auxiliary verbs and some modal verbs.

John is = John’s
John has = John’s
John will = John’ll
John would = John’d
John had = John’d

adverbs + auxiliary verbs and some modal verbs.

When is = when’s
When has = when’s
When will = when’ll
Where is = where’s
Where has = where’s
Where will = where’ll
Where would = Where’d
Where had = where’d
Where did = where’d
Why is = Why’s
Why has = why’s
Why did = why’d
How is = how’s
How has = how’s
How will = how’ll
How would = how’d
How did = how’d

with adverbial phrases with what and how.

What time is = What time’s
What colour is = what colour’s
How far is = how far’s
How long is = how long’s

with the verb let

Let us = Let’s

and with auxiliary verbs, semi auxiliary verbs and modal verbs + not.

is not = isn’t
are not = aren’t
was not = wasn’t
were not = weren’t
have not = haven’t
has not = hasn’t
had not = hadn’t
do not = don’t
does not = doesn’t
did not = didn’t
cannot = can’t
could not = couldn’t
will not = won’t
shall not = shan’t
would not = wouldn’t
must not = mustn’t
should not = shouldn’t
ought not = oughtn’t
might not = mightn’t
need not = needn’t
dare not = daren’t

Shan’t (the contraction of shall not) is rarely heard or written in American English, but it is still quite common in British English. Contractions for may not (mayn’t) is now almost obsolete.

The verb to be

subject+verb combination

I am = I’m
You are = you’re
He is = he’s
She is = she’s
It is = it’s
We are = we’re
They are = they’re

Who is = who’s
Who is not = who isn’t
What is = what’s
What is not = what isn’t
Where is = where’s
When is = when’s
Why is = why’s
How old is = how old’s

That is = that’s

There is = there’s

subject+verb combination and verb+not combination

I am not = I’m not
You are not = you’re not or you aren’t
He is not = he’s not or he isn’t
She is not = she’s not or she isn’t
It is not = it’s not or it isn’t
We are not = we’re not or we aren’t
You are not = you’re not or you aren’t
They are not = They’re not or they aren’t

The past of the verb to be

I was not = I wasn’t
You were not = you weren’t
He was not = he wasn’t
She was not = she wasn’t
It was not = it wasn’t
We were not = we weren’t
You were not = you weren’t
They were not = they weren’t

The verb to have

subject+verb combination

I have = I’ve
You have = you’ve
He has = He’s
She has = she’s
It has = it’s
You have = you’ve
We have = we’ve
They have = they’ve

subject+verb combination and verb+not combination

I have not = I’ve not or I haven’t
You have not = you’ve not or you haven’t
He has not = he’s not or he hasn’t
She has not = she’s not or she hasn’t
It has not = it’s not or it hasn’t
We have not = we’ve not or We haven’t
You have not = you’ve not or you haven’t
They have not = they’ve not or they haven’t

The past of the verb to have

subject+verb

I had = I’d
You had = you’d
He had = he’d
She had = she’d
It had = It’d
We had = we’d
You had = you’d
They had = they’d

I had not = I hadn’t
You had not = you hadn’t
He had not = he hadn’t
She had not = she hadn’t
It had not = it hadn’t
We had not = we hadn’t
You had not = you hadn’t
They had not = they hadn’t

This contraction is used with the Past perfect and past perfect continuous aspects.
e.g. He’d called her several times that day, but she hadn’t answered
e.g. She’d been waiting all day for the phone to ring and hadn’t left the house.

The verb to do

verb+not combination

I do not = I don’t
You do not = you don’t
He does not = he doesn’t
She does not = she doesn’t
It does not = it doesn’t
We do not = we don’t
You do not = you don’t
They do not = they don’t

The past of the verb to do

I did not = I didn’t
You did not = you didn’t
He did not = he didn’t
She did not = she didn’t
It did not = it didn’t
We did not = we didn’t
You did not = you didn’t
They did not = they didn’t

The modal verb will

subject+verb

I will = I’ll
You will = you’ll
He will = he’ll
She will = she’ll
It will = it’ll
We will = we’ll
You will = you’ll
They will = They’ll

Who will = who’ll
What will = what’ll

That will = that’ll

subject+verb combination and verb+not combination

I will not = I’ll not or I won’t
You will not = you’ll not or you won’t
He will not = he’ll not or he won’t
She will not = she’ll not or she won’t
It will not = it’ll not or it won’t
We will not = we’ll not or we won’t
You will not = you’ll not or you won’t
They will not = they’ll not or they won’t

The modal verb would

subject+verb

I would = I’d
You would = you’d
He would = he’d
She would = she’d
It would = it’d
We would = we’d
You would = you’d
They would = they’d

subject+verb combination and verb+not combination

I would not = I’d not or I wouldn’t
You would not = you’d not or you wouldn’t
He would not = he’d not or he wouldn’t
She would not = she’d not or she wouldn’t
It would not = it’d not or It wouldn’t
We would not = we’d not or we wouldn’t
They would not = they’d not or they wouldn’t

would, could, should, might, must + have

would have = would’ve
should have = should’ve
could have = could’ve
might have = might’ve
must have = must’ve

All other contractions are of the auxiliary verb, semi auxiliary verb and modal verb + not type without the contraction of the subject+verb type.

shall not = shan’t
must not = mustn’t
should not = shouldn’t
ought not = oughtn’t
might not = mightn’t
need not = needn’t
dare not = daren’t

Can you think of any we may have missed?

Be the first to get our new posts. Subscribe to our blog

If you found this Post interesting or useful, let others know about it.

We love your feedback and welcome your comments, and if you want to be the first to get our updates, please sign up for our free newsletter.

Join the club! Hundreds of thousands of people get our posts.

You could too!

Источник

Below is a list of all contractions in the english language, sorted alphabetically. Note that the following list is just the newly formed word with the contractions. The section below this one will contain the list with the adjoining words. The formal definition of a contraction is a word or phrase that has been shortened via the removal of one or more letters. Note that this list, which appears in alphabetical order, begins with ain’t and ends with you’ve.

Remember to let us know if there’s other formats need for this list of all contractions or any other list that you might need.

ain’t
amn’t
aren’t
can’t (rarely, cain’t)
cause
could’ve
couldn’t
couldn’t’ve
d’ye
daren’t
daresn’t
dasn’t
didn’t
doesn’t
don’t
e’er
everybody’s
everyone’s
finna
g’day
gimme
giv’n
gon’t
gonna
gotta
had’ve
hadn’t
hasn’t
haven’t
he’d
he’ll
he’s
he’ve
how’d
how’ll
how’re
how’s
howdy
I’d
I’d’ve
I’ll
I’m
I’m’a
I’m’o
I’ve
innit
isn’t
it’d
it’ll
it’s
let’s
ma’am
may’ve
mayn’t
methinks
might’ve
mightn’t
must’ve
mustn’t
mustn’t’ve
ne’er
needn’t
o’clock
o’er
ol’
oughtn’t
s
shalln’t
shan’t
she’d
she’ll
she’s
should’ve
shouldn’t
shouldn’t’ve
so’re
somebody’s
someone’s
something’s
that’d
that’ll
that’re
that’s
there’d
there’ll
there’re
there’s
these’re
these’ve
they’d
they’ll
they’re
they’ve
this’s
those’re
those’ve
tis
to’ve
twas
wanna
wasn’t
we’d
we’d’ve
we’ll
we’re
we’ve
weren’t
what’d
what’ll
what’re
what’s
what’ve
when’s
where’d
where’ll
where’re
where’s
where’ve
which’d
which’ll
which’re
which’s
which’ve
who’d
who’d’ve
who’ll
who’re
who’s
who’ve
why’d
why’re
why’s
won’t
would’ve
wouldn’t
y’all
y’all’d’ve
y’all’re
you’d
you’ll
you’re
you’ve

List of All Contractions With Adjoining Words

Below is a text list of all contractions with the adjoining words used to create the contraction. Please let us know if there is another format that you need please feel free to let us know. Note that the following list begins with you’ve (formed by joining ‘you’ and ‘have’) and this list ends with cause (because).

you’ve you haveyou’re you are/ you are

you’ll you shall / you will

you’d you had / you would

y’all’re you all are

y’all’d’ve you all would have

y’all you all

wouldn’t would not

would’ve would have

won’t will not

why’s why has / why is / why does

why’re why are

why’d why did

who’ve who have

who’s who has / who is / who does

who’re who are

who’ll who shall / who will

who’d’ve who would have

who’d who would / who had / who did

which’ve which have

which’s which has / which is

which’re which are

which’ll which shall / which will

which’d which had / which would

where’ve where have

where’s where has / where is / where does

where’re where are

where’ll where shall / where will

where’d where did

when’s when has / when is

what’ve what have

what’s what has / what is / what does

what’re what are/what were

what’ll what shall / what will

what’d what did

weren’t were not

we’ve we have

we’re we are

we’ll we shall / we will

we’d’ve we would have

we’d we had / we would/ we did

wasn’t was not

wanna want to

to’ve to have

those’ve those have

those’re those are

this’s this has / this is

they’ve they have

they’re they are / they were

they’ll they shall / they will

they’d they had / they would

these’ve these have

these’re these are

there’s there has / there is

there’re there are

there’ll there shall / there will

there’d there had / there would

that’s that has / that is

that’re that are

that’ll that shall / that will

that’d that would / that had

something’s something has / something is

someone’s someone has / someone is

somebody’s somebody has / somebody is

so’re so are (colloquial)

shouldn’t’ve should not have

shouldn’t should not

should’ve should have

she’s she has / she is

she’ll she shall / she will

she’d she had / she would

shan’t shall not

shalln’t shall not

oughtn’t ought not

ol’ old

o’er over

o’clock of the clock

needn’t need not

ne’er never

mustn’t’ve must not have

mustn’t must not

must’ve must have

mightn’t might not

might’ve might have

methinks me thinks

mayn’t may not

may’ve may have

ma’am madam

let’s let us

it’s it has / it is

it’ll it shall / it will

it’d it would

isn’t is not

innit is it not

I’ve I have

I’m’o I am going to

I’m’a I am about to

I’m I am

I’ll I shall / I will

I’d’ve I would have

I’d I had / I would

howdy how do you do / how do you fare

how’s how has / how is / how does

how’re how are

how’ll how will

how’d how did / how would

he’ve he have

he’s he has / he is

he’ll he shall / he will

he’d he had / he would

haven’t have not

hasn’t has not

hadn’t had not

had’ve had have

gotta got to

gonna going to

gon’t go not (colloquial)

giv’n given

gimme give me

g’day good day

finna fixing to / going to (colloquial)

everyone’s everyone is

everybody’s everybody is

e’er ever

don’t do not / does not

doesn’t does not

didn’t did not

dasn’t dare not

daresn’t dare not

daren’t dare not / dared not

d’ye do you / did you

couldn’t’ve could not have

couldn’t could not

could’ve could have

can’t (rarely, cain’t) cannot

aren’t are not

amn’t am not

ain’t am not / is not / are not / has not / have not / did not

twas it was

tis it is

s is, has, does, or us

cause because

Источник

EM
Articles
Usage
Punctuation

Summary

Contractions are shortened forms of words, in which some letters are omitted. An apostrophe generally marks the omission. Standard contractions include those that shorten the word not, the verbs be and have, and modal verbs. Here is a list of commonly used contractions.

Contracted Forms in English

Contraction	Full form	Examples
n’t	not	don’t (do not), isn’t (is not)
’s	is, has	she’s (she is, she has), what’s (what is, what has)
’re	are	you’re (you are), we’re (we are)
’ve	have	I’ve (I have), could’ve (could have)
’d	had, would	I’d (I had, I would), we’d (we had, we would)
’ll	will	I’ll (I will), you’ll (you will)
I’m	I am
let’s	let us
ma’am	madam

(See also: List of standard contractions in English)

Contractions are often used in speech and lend an informal, personal tone to writing. Avoid using contractions in formal texts, such as academic papers.

Example

Informal: We haven’t accounted for changes in pressure in this study.
Formal: We have not accounted for changes in pressure in this study.

What is a contraction in grammar?

A contraction is a word in which some sounds or letters are omitted. An apostrophe generally replaces the omitted letters. Contractions are common in speech and informal writing.

Examples

What’s going on?
what is = what’s (an apostrophe replaces the “i” in is)
I don’t know.
do not = don’t (an apostrophe indicates the omitted “o” in not)

I’m happy to help.

I am = I’m (an apostrophe replaces “a”)

Common contractions in English shorten the word not (isn’t, shouldn’t), the be verb (I’m, she’s, we’re), the have verb (you’ve, could’ve), and modal verbs (we’ll, they’d).

When should contractions be used?

Contractions lend an informal tone to writing and replace talking to your reader. In messages and personal communication, contractions sound normal and natural.

Examples

I’m on my way.
That’s fine. Don’t worry.
It’s all right.
Sorry I couldn’t take your call.

In contrast, in academic and other formal texts, avoiding contractions lends an air of formality to the document.

Examples

Informal: We couldn’t collect sufficient real-world data.
Formal: We could not collect sufficient real-world data.
Informal: It’s important to account for bias.
Formal: It is important to account for bias.

In ad copy, marketing slogans, and other signage, contractions can help save space and make your message sound more friendly.

Examples

It’s finger lickin’ good. (KFC)
I’m lovin’ it. (McDonald’s)
Because you’re worth it. (L’Oreal)

In creative writing as well, contractions, which are common in speech, can make dialogue sound more natural.

Example

“Now you said you’d do it, now let’s see you do it.”
“Don’t you crowd me now; you better look out.”
“Well, you said you’d do it—why don’t you do it?”

— Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)

Caution

Avoid using contractions in formal texts, such as academic papers, cover letters, and business proposals.

Example

Informal: We haven’t reviewed the financial statements of the subsidiaries yet.
Formal: We have not reviewed the financial statements of the subsidiaries yet.

In this article, we discuss common contractions in English and when they are used.

Contractions with not

Not can be contracted to n’t when it is used with an auxiliary verb like can and have.

Examples

I can’t believe you don’t have a phone. (cannot, do not)
Haven’t you pressed the button yet? (have not)
I won’t tell anyone what happened. (will not)
Nesbit shouldn’t spend all his time indoors. (should not)

Can, which already ends in n, combines with not to form can’t. Will and shall lose their endings and combine with not to form won’t and shan’t.

Here is a list of not contractions in English: note how the adverb not combines with both primary (be, have, do) and modal auxiliary verbs (like can and could).

Contractions with Not

Contraction	Full form
don’t	do not
didn’t	did not
isn’t	is not
wasn’t	was not
aren’t	are not (also am not)
weren’t	were not
hasn’t	has not
haven’t	have not
hadn’t	had not
can’t	cannot
couldn’t	could not
shan’t	shall not
shouldn’t	should not
won’t	will not
wouldn’t	would not
mightn’t	might not
mustn’t	must not
needn’t	need not

Be verb with not

The be verb contracts with not in two ways: you can either contract the verb form itself (is, are, am) or contract not.

Examples

Contracted not: Anita isn’t ready.
Contracted be verb: She’s not ready.

The word not is contracted more often with nouns.

Examples

Farley isn’t happy.
Seen more often than “Farley’s not happy.” (The name “Farley” of course is a noun.)
The books aren’t here.
Seen more often than “The books’re not here.” (“The books” is a noun phrase.)

The be verb is contracted more often with pronouns.

Examples

She’s not happy.
Seen more often than “She isn’t happy” (where “she” is a pronoun).
They’re not here.
Seen more often than “They aren’t here.”

Amn’t or aren’t?

With the pronoun I, use aren’t not amn’t to frame questions.

Examples

Aren’t I clever?
I’m your friend, aren’t I?

for “I’m your friend,

am I not

?”

However, when the sentence is not a question but a statement, “I am not” is usually contracted to “I’m not” rather than “I aren’t.”

Example

I’m not joking.
Generally preferred to “I aren’t joking.”

In some dialects (Scottish and Irish), amn’t is acceptable in speech but still avoided in writing.

Ain’t (nonstandard)

Ain’t is a nonstandard contraction used colloquially in some dialects, where it replaces the relatively more formal contractions isn’t and aren’t.

Examples

I ain’t dead.
They ain’t listenin’.
That ain’t important now, is it?
It ain’t done till I say it’s done.

It may occasionally also replace hasn’t or haven’t.

Example

They ain’t made a lock yet our Nesbit can’t pick.

Caution

The contraction ain’t is considered nonstandard and used only very informally.

Be and have contractions

Be and have, which take the verb forms am, is, are, has, have, and had, can contract and combine with a noun or pronoun (and occasionally, an adverb).

Examples

Lulu’s a dancer. (Lulu is)
Your order’s being processed. (order is)
I’m not ready. (I am)
They’re already here. (they are)
Lulu’s been baking again. (Lulu has been)
They’ve found the answer. (they have found)
She’d called me already before you got here. (she had called)
Here’s your money. (here is)
There’s no money in this purse. (there is)
That’s the restaurant I was telling you about. (that is)

Note that the have verb is not contracted in writing when it is the main verb and means “to possess.”

Example

Poor: Poco’s seven cars in his garage.

The main verb is has: Poco

has

. Don’t contract it.

Better: Poco has seven cars in his garage.
Poor: We’d no money.
Better: We had no money.

but

Acceptable: Poco’s bought another car.
The main verb is bought: Poco has bought. Has functions as an auxiliary (or helping) verb and can be contracted.
Acceptable: We’d discovered the cure by then.

Tip

Don’t use affirmative contractions at the end of a clause or a sentence.

Examples

Incorrect:“Have you ordered the shoes?” “Yes, I’ve.”
Correct:“Have you ordered the shoes?” “Yes, I have.”
Incorrect:“Are you ready?” “I don’t know that I’m.”
Correct:“Are you ready?” “I don’t know that I am.”
Incorrect:“Would you help me if you could?” “Of course I’d.”
Correct: “Would you help me if you could?” “Of course I would.”

In contrast, negative contractions are acceptable at the end of a clause or a sentence.

Examples

Correct: No, I haven’t.
Correct: Of course I wouldn’t.

Contractions with pronouns

Personal pronouns like I, you, and they combine with the be and have verbs (am, is, are, has, have) to form standard contractions. These pronouns also combine with the modal verbs will and would.

Examples

Hi, I’m Maya. (I am)
You’re coming with me. (you are)
It’s my first day at work. (it is)
We’re happy to help. (we are)
She’s had a long day. (she has)
They’ve all gone on a picnic together. (they have)
I knew he’d been fighting. (he had)
Of course I’ll help you. (I will)
She’d know if we were lying. (she would)

The following table shows how contractions for personal pronouns are formed.

Contractions with Personal Pronouns

Contraction	Full form	Pronoun contraction
’m	am	I’m
’s	is, has	she’s, he’s, it’s
’re	are	we’re, you’re, they’re
’ve	have	I’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve
’d	had, would	I’d, you’d, he’d, she’d, it’d, we’d, they’d
’ll	will	I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, she’ll, it’ll, we’ll, they’ll

Note how contractions with ’s can be short for either is or has: “He’s” can mean “he is” or “he has.” Similarly, contractions with ’d can stand for either had or would: “I’d” means both “I had” and “I would.”

Caution

The contraction of “you are” is you’re, not your.

Examples

Incorrect: Your not wrong.
Correct: You’re not wrong. (you are)
Incorrect: Your your own worst enemy.
Correct: You’re your own worst enemy. (you are)

Your is a possessive that appears before a noun.

Examples

Your answers are not wrong.
The enemy of your enemy is your friend.

Tip

Insert an apostrophe in its only if it is a contraction of “it is” or “it has.” Omit the apostrophe when it is a possessive.

Examples

It’s raining.
it’s = it is (contraction)
It’s stopped raining.
it’s = it has (contraction)

The kitten is chasing its tail.

its tail = the kitten’s tail (possessive; no apostrophe)

Other pronouns like that, which, and who can also form contractions with be and have in informal usage.

Examples

That’s not true! (that is)
The report that’s being released today is misleading. (that is)
My friend Farley, who’s an astronaut, is afraid of heights. (who is)
The person who’s been eating all the cookies is me. (who has)
These reports, which’ve already been released, are misleading. (which have)

Contractions with nouns

In speech, nouns form contractions with is and has (singular forms of the be and have verbs). These contractions are not generally seen in writing, and never in formal texts.

Examples

Rita’s my sister. (Rita is)
Farley’s in quarantine this week. (Farley is)
Your money’s on the way. (money is)
My daughter’s going to Thailand in May. (daughter is)
The cat’s been eating all the cheese again. (cat has)
Anita’s found the answer! (Anita has)

It is rarer for the plural verbs are and have to join with nouns (cakes’re baked; the cats’ve been eating).

Contractions with adverbs

Adverbs like now, here, and there combine with is to form contractions in informal usage.

Examples

Now’s your chance! (now is)
Here’s the entrance to the cave. (here is)
There’s a slight chance I might be wrong. (there is)

There can also form a contraction with has.

Example

There’s been no change in status since we last spoke. (there has)

Plural contractions are rarer: there’re, there’ve.

Contractions with modal verbs

Modal verbs like could and would combine with have.

Examples

You could’ve done better, but you didn’t even try. (could have)
(would have)
You should’ve given her a chance to explain. (should have)

Caution

Could have and should have are contracted to could’ve and should’ve, not could of or should of. Could’ve is sometimes incorrectly written as could of because of how this contraction is pronounced.

Examples

You ~~could of~~/could’ve told me you had an extra phone.
I ~~should of~~/should’ve realized this would be a problem.

Will and would are contracted to ’ll and ’d in casual communication.

Examples

Anita’ll never believe what just happened. (Anita will)
I’ll buy the flowers myself. (I will)
You’ll call me, won’t you? (you will)
They’ll call us tomorrow. (they will)
You’d never know she was lying. (you would)
We’d like to cancel our membership. (we would)

Modal verbs can also form contractions with not.

Examples

Farley can’t find his shoes. (cannot)
She won’t tell anyone. (will not)
I wouldn’t know where to begin. (would not)
It shouldn’t be this hard. (should not)

Here is a list of contractions with modal verbs.

Contractions with Modal Verbs

Contraction	Full form
could’ve	could have
should’ve	should have
would’ve	would have
might’ve	might have
must’ve	must have
’ll	will (I’ll, you’ll, we’ll)
’d	would (I’d, she’d, they’d)
can’t	cannot
couldn’t	could not
shan’t	shall not
shouldn’t	should not
won’t	will not
wouldn’t	would not
mightn’t	might not
mustn’t	must not
oughtn’t	ought not
needn’t	need not

Contractions in questions

Negative forms using not are contracted in questions, not only in speech but also in formal usage.

Examples

Hasn’t Rita returned from Neptune yet?

Not “

Has not

Rita returned yet?,” which would sound odd and archaic.
Don’t you want to get paid?
Couldn’t you find the answer?
Can’t you see I’m busy?

Negative question tags are also always contracted.

Examples

Farley should be given another chance, shouldn’t he?
Not “Should not he?”
Rita has come back, hasn’t she?
Help me out, won’t you?

Forms of be and have can combine with question words like who and what in speech.

Examples

What’s going on? (what is)
What’s happened to him? (what has)
What’ve you done? (what have)
Where’s Anita when you need her? (where is)
Where’s she gone? (where has)
Where’ve you been? (where have)
Who’s that? (who is)
Who’s been eating all my porridge? (who has)
Who’ve you been talking to? (who have)

Contractions of words like what, where, and there with the plural verb are (what’re, where’re, there’re) are less common than singular forms (what’s, where’s, there’s).

Tip

Who’s is a contraction of who is, while whose is a possessive.

Examples

Who’s/~~Whose~~ that at the window?
who’s = who is (contraction)
Who’s/~~Whose~~ been sitting in my chair?
who’s = who has (contraction)
~~Who’s~~/Whose chair is this?
whose = whom does it belong to (possessive)

Double contractions

Double contractions with have occur in speech but not in writing.

Examples

Rita couldn’t’ve planned this all by herself. (could not have)
Poco shouldn’t’ve bought that new car. (should not have)
I’d’ve known if she’d been lying. (I would have)

The be verb doesn’t form double contractions.

Examples

Incorrect: She’sn’t not happy.
Correct: She’s not happy.
Correct: She isn’t happy.
Incorrect: I’mn’t going on holiday this year.
Correct: I’m not going on holiday this year.

Other contractions

Certain words like ma’am are contracted in speech. An apostrophe is used to signify the omitted sounds.

Examples

Yes, ma’am. I’ll send you the report today. (for madam)
Call the bo’s’n! (for boatswain)

Let’s

The contraction let’s, used often in speech, is a contraction of let us, not let is. Use let’s to make suggestions.

Examples

Let’s go watch a movie. (let us)
Let’s play a game, shall we? (let us)

O’clock (contracted of)

The contraction o’clock is short for “of the clock” and is used to indicate time.

Examples

Is it nine o’clock already?
I usually wake up at six o’clock.

The word of is also contracted in other terms like man-o’-war, will-o’-the-wisp, cat-o’-nine-tails, and jack-o’-lantern.

G-dropping

In some dialects of English, the final sound of a word ending in -ing is not pronounced. When such speech is transcribed, an apostrophe is used to indicate the omitted “g.”

Examples

We were just singin’ and dancin’ in the rain.
Well, you know he’s a ramblin’ man.

Relaxed pronunciation

Phrases such as kind of and sort of, commonly used in casual conversation, are often contracted to kinda and sorta.

Examples

I’m kinda confused about this layout.
I’m sorta impressed by what she has done here.
Would you like a cuppa tea?

In everyday speech, the infinitive marker to is sometimes combined with words such as going and want. Note that these are colloquialisms never used in formal writing.

Examples

I wanna fly like a bird.
I’m gonna go now.
I hafta find out what happened.

Aphaeresis, syncope, apocope

In informal speech, the first unstressed syllable of a word is sometimes dropped (by a process called aphaeresis.) An apostrophe marks the missing syllable.

Examples

I ain’t talkin’ ’bout that.
about
You’ll do it ’cause I asked you to.
because

When a syllable or sound from the middle of a word is dropped, it is called syncope. An apostrophe marks the elision. It is often found in poetry, where meter is helped by the dropping of a sound.

Examples

They flew o’er hills and mountains.
Yes, ma’am, we have rooms available.

The omission or elision of syllables at the end of a word is called apocope.

Examples

Did you watch the match on tele last night? (short for television)
Have you uploaded the photo? (for photograph)

Poetic contractions

Words may be contracted in poetry for the sake of rhythm and meter. Such contractions are not otherwise found in writing. These include words like o’er (over), ’tis (it is), ’twas (it was), e’er (ever), and ne’er (never). Note that modern poets do not often require or use poetic contractions.

Examples

It ate the food it ne’er had eat,
And round and round it flew.
I, smiling at him, shook my head:
’Tis now we’re tired, my heart and I.
Gliding o’er all, through all,
Through Nature, Time, and Space . . .

Note

A contraction is a form of elision, in which sounds or syllables are elided or omitted for ease of speaking or for the sake of meter.

List of standard contractions in English

Here is a list of over 70 commonly used contractions in English.

Standard English Contractions

Contraction	Full form
don’t	do not
didn’t	did not
isn’t	is not
wasn’t	was not
aren’t	are not (also am not)
weren’t	were not
hasn’t	has not
haven’t	have not
hadn’t	had not
can’t	cannot
couldn’t	could not
shan’t	shall not
shouldn’t	should not
won’t	will not
wouldn’t	would not
mightn’t	might not
mustn’t	must not
oughtn’t	ought not
needn’t	need not
could’ve	could have
should’ve	should have
would’ve	would have
might’ve	might have
must’ve	must have
I’m	I am
you’re	you are
she’s	she is, she has
he’s	he is, he has
it’s	it is, it has
we’re	we are
they’re	they are
I’ve	I have
you’ve	you have
we’ve	we have
they’ve	they have
I’ll	I will
you’ll	you will
he’ll	he will
she’ll	she will
it’ll	it will
we’ll	we will
they’ll	they will
I’d	I had, I would
you’d	you had, you would
she’d	she had, she would
he’d	he had, he would
it’d	it had, it would
we’d	we had, we would
they’d	they had, they would
that’s	that is, that has
that’ve	that have
that’d	that would
which’ve	which have
who’s	who is, who has
who’re	who are
who’ve	who have
who’d	who had, who would
who’ll	who will
what’s	what is, what has, what does
what’re	what are
what’ll	what will
where’s	where is, where has
where’d	where did
when’s	when is, when has
why’s	why is, why has
why’d	why did
how’s	how is, how has
here’s	here is
there’s	there is, there has
there’ll	there will
there’d	there had, there would
let’s	let us
ma’am	madam
o’clock	of the clock

Источник

Detailed List of Contractions in English

What are contractions? Contractions are shortened forms of words or phrases. They are common in spoken English and you will often hear them in movies and TV shows. In this article, we will look at the most common contractions in English.

Word	Contraction
Cannot	Can’t
He Would	He’d
It Has	It’s
They Are	They’re
We Had	We’d
You Will	You’ll
Did Not	Didn’t
I Am	I’m
Must Not	Mustn’t
They Will	They’ll
What Is	What’s

Word	Contraction
You Had	You’d
Had Not	Hadn’t
I Would	I’d
She Will	She’ll
Was Not	Wasn’t
Who Will	Who’ll
Are Not	Aren’t

Word	Contraction
He Will	He’ll
It Has	It’s
There Is	There’s
We Would	We’d
You Have	You’ve
He Is	He’s
Is Not	Isn’t
Should Not	Shouldn’t
We Have	We’ve
Would Not	Wouldn’t
Have Not	Haven’t
I Had	I’d
She Had	She’d

Word	Contraction
We Are	We’re
Will Not	Won’t
Does Not	Doesn’t
I Will	I’II
She Has	She’s
They Had	They’d
Who Is	Who’s
Could Not	Couldn’t
Here Is	Here’s
It Will	It’ll
They Have	They’ve
Were Not	Weren’t
You Would	You’d
Do Not	Don’t
I Have	I’ve
She Is	She’s
They Would	They’d
Where Is	Where’s
He Has	He’s
It Is	It’s
That Is	That’s
We Will	We’ll
You Are	You’re

About The Author

Источник