Linking word english list

Сегодня мы поговорим о словах-связках (linking words) и фразах-связках в английском языке.

Содержание статьи:

Что такое linking words and phrases?

Таблицы linking words с переводом.

Упражнения на отработку linking words and phrases.

Что такое linking words and phrases?

В английской речи или на письме Вы можете использовать слова-связки (linking words) или короткие фразы (linking phrases), которые помогут организовать Вашу речь и сделать ее более логичной и понятной для того, кто Вас слушает или читает.

Слова-связки могут быть разными частями речи. Linking words важны для написания достойного и связного эссе (essay writing).

Обратите внимание, на использование слов-связок: неправильное использование linking words в английском языке может полностью изменить смысл того, что вы пытаетесь сказать.

Ниже приводятся таблицы слов-связок и фраз-связок с переводом. Этот перечень не является исчерпывающим. Будьте осторожны: хотя linking words and phrases сгруппированы в наших таблицах по сферам применения, слова-связки в каждой из таблиц не являются синонимичными – для их правильного применения необходимо уточнить перевод, а также место в предложении.

Некоторые слова-связки и фразы используются в нескольких таблицах, так как могут иметь различное (логическое) значение.

Listing (слова-связки, используемые для перечисления, организации логической последовательности).
first, second, third	Первое, второе, третье
firstly, secondly, thirdly	Во-первых, во-вторых, в-третьих
first, furthermore, finally	Во-первых, кроме того, наконец-то
to begin, to conclude, in conclusion	Для начала, чтобы сделать вывод, в завершение
next, last, finally	следующий, последний, наконец
In addition, moreover	Кроме того, кроме того
Further, furthermore	Далее / кроме того,

Примеры с переводом

Firstly, it could be rather risky, secondly, we don’t have enough qualification.  – Во-первых, это может быть очень рискованно, во-вторых, у нас нет достаточной квалификации.

And, moreover, Greg was a man of stainless character. – И, более того, Грег был человеком с честным характером.

Reinforcement (слова-связки, употребляющиеся для усиления, подкрепления мысли )
also	также
furthermore	кроме того
moreover	более того
what is more	более того
in addition	кроме того
besides	кроме того
above all	прежде всего
as well (as)	также (как)
in the same way	таким же образом
not only … but also	не только … но и

Примеры с переводом:

And, besides, I did not know the whole truth myself then. – И, кроме того, я и сам-то всей правды тогда не знал.

Molly is not only intelligent but also beautiful. – Молли не только умна, но и красива.

Similarity (слова-связки для выражения схожести / похожести)
equally	одинаково
likewise	также
similarly	аналогично
correspondingly	соответственно
in the same way	таким же образом

Примеры с переводом

Development banks, likewise, increased their loan commitments in 1999. — Банки развития также увеличили объем своих кредитов в 1999 году.

Giving examples (слова-связки для примера, введения дополнительной информации)
for example	например
for instance	например
as follows:	следующим образом:
that is	то есть
namely	а именно
in other words	другими словами

Примеры с переводом:

Three students were mentioned, namely John, Sarah and Sylvia. – Трое студентов были упомянуты, а именно Джон, Сара и Сильвия.

China, for example, faces increasing export difficulties – Китай, к примеру, все больше сталкивается с проблемами в области экспорта.

Summary (слова связки для подведения итогов высказывания)
in conclusion	в заключение
to conclude	в заключение
in brief	в кратце
to summarise	подводя итог
overall	в целом
therefore	поэтому

Примеры с переводом:

I wish in conclusion to express the view of the Group. —  В заключение я хотел бы выразить мнение Группы.

But overall, the situation has not changed much. — Однако в целом ситуация существенно не изменилась.

Expressing an alternative (слова-связки, которые используются для выражения альтернативы)
alternatively	в качестве альтернативы / как вариант
rather	скорее
on the other hand	с другой стороны
the alternative is	Альтернатива такова
another possibility would be	другой возможностью могло бы быть

Примеры с переводом:

Alternatively, we can assume that price changes stay large even as the period gets shorter. –В качестве альтенативы, можно предположить, что изменения цен остаются значительными, даже в случае сокращения периода.

Result/consequence (слова-связки для выражения результата / следствия)
so	так
therefore	поэтому
as a result/consequence	в результате/вследствие
accordingly	соответственно
consequently	следовательно
because of this/that	из-за этого/ того
thus	таким образом
hence	Отсюда
for this/that reason	По этой / той причине
so that	так что
in that case	в том случае
under these circumstances	при таких обстоятельствах

Примеры с переводом:

Central Asia thus remains only weakly integrated into the world economy. – Центральная Азия, таким образом, остается лишь ограниченно интегрированной в мировую экономику.

In these circumstances, there will be temporary financial loss to fishermen. – В таких обстоятельствах рыбаки будут терпеть временные финансовые потери.

Stating the obvious (слова-связки для выражения очевидности мысли)
obviously	очевидно
clearly	ясно
naturally	естественно
of course	конечно
as can be expected	как можно ожидать
surely	конечно
after all	Ведь, в общем, помимо прочего
Undoubtedly	Несомненно
Indeed	Действительно

 Примеры с переводом:

«I’ve obviously missed something,»– Видимо, я что-то недопонял.

He was, after all, a humorless child. — Он, в общем, и в детстве обладал не слишком развитым чувством юмора.

Emphasis (слова-связки для акцентирования мысли)
Generally	Вообще
Admittedly	Правда
In fact	На самом деле
Particularly / in particular	Особенно / в особенности
Especially	Особенно
Importantly	Главное

Примеры с переводом:

Admittedly, the dates haven’t been fixed yet. – Правда, сроки еще не указаны.

More importantly, nine new services will be offered to our customers. – И, что еще важнее, клиентам будут предложены девять новых видов услуг.

Linking words exercises. Упражнения на слова-связки.

Exercise 1. Choose the correct answers to the given text.

There are many reasons for visiting the city of Rome. _________ (1) , it is a city with an interesting history.__________ (2), it was the capital of the Roman Empire. _________ (3), Rome is very beautiful, _________ (4) its many palaces, churches and squares. __________ (5), many of the city’s classical monuments have been preserved, __________ (6) it is possible to see how the city used to be. ___________ (7), many people travel to Rome every year. ____________ (8), I believe that, ___________ (9) a trip to Rome may be expensive, it is well worth visiting such a wonderful city.

	A	B	C
1	Since	On the whole	Firstly
2	Secondly	Finally	Therefore
3	in order to	Moreover	All in all
4	due to	because	so
5	Apart from	However	In addition
6	because	so	And
7	Because	But	For this reason
8	To sum up	Although	For example
9	moreover	although	due to

Exercise 2. Choose the correct linking word.

1. I have never been here before… (as/but/and) my friend has.
2. We took a taxi… (in short/but/because) we were late.
3. This house is beautiful… (In addition to/ However/ Because), it is in poor condition.
4. I was tired, … (so/for example/since) I went to bed early.
5. … (All in all / Despite / Although) she felt ill, she didn’t call the doctor.
6. Some foods, … (moreover/as a result/such as) chocolate, are very fattening.
7. Everyone attended the meeting… (whose / whereas / apart from) Steve, who was on holiday.
8. Is this the boy… (whose/which/ what) parents own the factory.

Ответы к упражнениям на linking words.

Ex. 1.

1c, 2a, 3b, 4a, 5c, 6b, 7c, 8a, 9b

Ex. 2.

1 but, 2 because, 3 however, 4 so, 5 although, 6 such as, 7 apart from, 8 whose

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What you will learn:

• What are linking words?
• Meanings & uses
• List with examples
• Exercises

What are linking words?

Discourse markers (‘linkers’) are words or phrases that we use to make links between words in a sentence. These discourse markers are used in both spoken and written English.

Here we will focus on discourse markers in writing and formal spoken English – commonly known as ‘linking words’. Linkers are a way of making connections between ideas and sentences.

Formal and informal linkers

Informal linking words are used in spoken English. You can link your ideas with words and phrases like: I mean, honestly, after all, besides and in any case. It is useful to learn which linking words are most appropriate in formal and informal situations. In an email, you might choose linking words such as so, but, and because. These should already be familiar.

In an essay, you are more likely to choose formal linkers, such as therefore, however, consequently, on the contrary and moreover. There are some linking words that are so formal that you may choose not to use them at all in your writing. Examples include: thus, hence and nonetheless.

Linking words and sentence position

Many linking words are used at the beginning of a sentence, while others can be used in the middle or at the end. Words and phrases connected with sequencing and structure appear at the start of a sentence. Examples include: first, secondly, finally and in conclusion. Adverbs, which express the writer’s opinion, also occur at the start of a sentence, for example evidently and obviously.

Linking words can be used between clauses, in the middle of the sentence. Examples include: words that contrast ideas (however, although), show consequence (therefore, as a result), and phrases that add more information (moreover, furthermore). A few linking words can be placed at the end of the sentence. Look at the following example: Learning a second language is motivating. It can be very difficult, however.

Punctuation

The use of punctuation with some linking words and phrases is important. Some grammar books provide you with specific rules about punctuation and clauses in a sentence. The most important reason for using punctuation in a sentence is so the reader can understand your intended meaning.

Punctuation, particularly commas, should help the reader to identify clauses in your writing and lead to a clearer understanding of the text. Look at these two example sentences – which is easier to understand?

A: To conclude the cars of the future are likely to be more environmentally friendly however this change may take many years to implement and moreover will require the support of the general public.

B: To conclude, the cars of the future are likely to be more environmentally friendly, however, this change may take many years to implement and, moreover, will require the support of the general public.

Linking words are very important in written texts. Without them, your writing may be disconnected and difficult to read. In English examinations, students are often graded on their ability to write cohesive sentences. Therefore, learning how to use linking words correctly is an important skill in learning English as a second language. The examples below will help you to understand the meaning of linking words in written texts and to improve your own linking skills!
 

Linking words: meanings and uses

Conjunctions are a familiar group of linking words, which join two clauses in a sentence, such as but, because or however.  In fact, linking words have many different functions in a sentence and range from single words to phrases of up to four words. The categories below show the most common types of linking words.

Sequencing
First, secondly, subsequently, finally

Words like first, second and finally appear at the start of a sentence. They help the reader to navigate their way through the text. They are used in essays but also in instructions, for example recipes.

Adding information
In addition, also, furthermore, what is more

These linking words are used to give additional information or to strengthen our argument.

Comparison
Similarly, equally, likewise

We use these linking words to add further examples or to make connections between ideas.

Giving examples
For example, for instance, e.g., such as

Use these linking words to give examples.

Consequence
Consequently, therefore, as a result, hence

These linking words can be used to describe how one idea logically follows another.

Try to use a variety of different linking words in your writing. Don’t repeat one linker throughout an essay! Download this guide as a pdf to learn these linking words at home.

Generalisation
On the whole, generally, in general

These linking words are usually positioned at the start of a sentence. They are used before a general statement.

Summing up
To sum up, in summary, to summarise, to conclude, in conclusion

These types of phrases are commonly used to start the final section of an essay. They are also used in formal spoken English, for example a speech or the TV news, to signal to the listener that the speech is coming to an end.

Contrasting
However, on the other hand, conversely, in contrast, rather, while, whereas

These linking words are used to introduce an idea or argument that contrasts with what has been said before. In an essay, they are useful for introducing, for example, the disadvantages in an advantages and disadvantages essay. The use of rather in this context is very formal.

Stating fact
In fact, as a matter of fact, actually

These types of linking words can be used to signal to the reader that the writer’s meaning is different to what the reader expects.

Concession
Although, despite, in spite of, even though

These linking words are used to show that we acknowledge another person’s opinion, even if we may not agree with it.
 

A-Z List of common linking words with examples

The list below includes all the commonly used linking words in written English. Example sentences are also provided to help you understand them in context. 

Additionally
Additionally, students should complete at least 3 hours of homework per week. 

As a result
In recent years, few students have studied languages at school. As a result, the number of people taking language courses at degree level has decreased. 

But
It is important to adjust your mirrors, but do not do this while driving your car.

Consequently
John did not study hard for his exams. Consequently, his grades was disappointing.

Conversely
People who have no savings often have trouble when applying for bank loans. Conversely, those who already have savings find it much easier to get credit.

Equally
Studying languages face-to-face has a positive impact on learning. Equally, online learning can allow students to progress quickly.

Firstly, secondly, etc.
Firstly, we’d like to say a warm welcome to all our new undergrads. Secondly, we’d like to remind you that students should attend all lectures on time for the duration of the semester.

Linking words such as first, secondly, subsequently and finally help to make the structure of your writing clearer. You can also use bullet points or numbered subheadings to give a logical order to your points.

For example
You should wear suitable clothing for this trip. For example, a waterproof coat and a warm hat. 

For instance
You can substitute some ingredients in this recipe. For instance, honey can be used instead of sugar.

Furthermore
In my opinion, the government should provide adequate guidance on physical exercise. Furthermore, I believe it has a duty to advise the public on health and diet.

Generally (speaking)
Generally, working from home is less stressful and more productive than working in a noisy office.

Hence
Mark had inherited a lot of money from his grandmother; hence the large house. 

However
Sports facilities, such as gyms and swimming pools, help people to keep fit. However, people also need motivation to help them improve their health.

In addition
As a community, we should do more to improve our wellbeing. In addition, the government should start a new advertising campaign to promote health and fitness nationwide.

In conclusion
In conclusion, the advantages of tourism outweigh the disadvantages.

In contrast
Working from home can save time and money. In contrast, commuting long distances to work every day can be time-consuming and expensive. 

In fact
We didn’t enjoy the film. In fact, it was pretty terrible!

In general
In general, working from home is more convenient than travelling to the office.

In particular
Young children are influenced by the people around them, in particular their parents. 

In spite of this
Tony was not offered a place at his chosen university. In spite of this, he achieved a first class degree and went on to have a successful career.

Likewise
Squirrels feed on hard grains and nuts, using their sharp front cutting teeth to break up their food. Likewise, rats are able to gnaw through hard materials.

Moreover
Children from less affluent households were reported to read less. Moreover, children who did not have books in the house were found to be much more likely to have a low reading age.

Nevertheless
You should try to eat five portions of fruit and vegetables a day and reduce your fat intake. Nevertheless, any changes you can make to your diet will have a positive effect.  

Linking words such as conversely, rather, while, and whereas are used to contrast two different ideas. This can be useful when you compare different views in an essay, presentation or formal discussion.

Nonetheless
The disadvantages of living in a city include noise and pollution. Nonetheless, the majority of people still choose to live in urban areas.

On the contrary
On the contrary, many students chose universities that showed a good standard of teaching rather than a high ranking.

On the other hand
Tourism can have a positive effect on the wealth of a country. On the other hand, it can also have a negative impact on the environment.

On the whole
On the whole, most students prefer informal tutorial groups to large group lectures. 

Rather
Rob wasn’t successful in the interview, rather he was given some advice on improving his application.

So
I really love Spanish culture, so I’m looking forward to my trip to Madrid next month.

Such as
Stringed instruments, such as the violin and the cello, are among the most difficult to learn.

Therefore
Sue broke her leg. Therefore, she was unable to attend work for a month.

Thus
The availability of high-sugar and high-fat foods has had an impact on people’s health; thus, the rate of obesity is increasing.

To conclude
To conclude, a child’s home background has a dramatic effect on their educational achievement.

To summarise
To summarise, consumer habits are changing: there has been a marked increase in the amount of clothing and technology sold online during the pandemic.

To sum up
To sum up, learning a new skill, like a language, can be challenging, but it is also rewarding.

Similarly
Similarly, increasing the price of fuel and raising parking charges may discourage people from driving into city centres.

Still
Digital technology has made working from home easier. Still, many people prefer the social contact of going to their workplace.

What is more
Too much screen time may affect children’s activity levels. What is more, extended time spent using electronic devices may have a negative impact on their eyesight.

Whereas
Boys tend to develop physical skills, such as jumping, at a young age, whereas girls tend to develop fine motor skills.

While
While men still make up the largest proportion of students on science courses, the number of women is steadily increasing.

Yet
The penalties for breaking the law are high, yet some people continue to commit crimes.
 

Linking words: exercises

Judith P.
— ESL Tutor.

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Нам бывает непросто выразить свои мысли лаконично и связно, когда мы общаемся на английском, пишем электронные письма по работе, отправляем сообщения иностранным друзьям. Сегодня расскажем, какие связующие выражения и вводные слова можно использовать, чтобы сделать вашу речь красивой, понятной и логичной.

Что такое linking words

Для начала нужно разобраться, что такое linking words и зачем их нужно знать.

Linking words — это связующие элементы, которые употребляют для логического перехода от одной мысли к другой. Они сделают вашу речь или письмо понятнее для англоговорящего читателя и обеспечат более высокий балл при сдаче любого экзамена. По-другому их называют discourse markers — маркеры беседы, связующие обороты речи.

Linking words могут быть выражены отдельными словами (например, however) или фразами (например, as a result), относиться к разным частям речи и употребляться в разных частях предложения.

Часть речи	Слова-связки	Место в предложении	Пример
Союз	Like, because, although	В большинстве случаев ставятся в середине предложения, но могут быть и в начале, например although.	Although shopping online is quite cheap, delivery periods can be very long. — Несмотря на то, что покупать онлайн довольно дешево, сроки доставки могут быть очень долгими.
Предлог	Due to, despite the fact that, because	Ставятся перед существительными.	Young professionals are moving abroad because of low salaries in their native country. — Молодые специалисты переезжают за границу из-за низких зарплат в их родной стране.
Наречие	Therefore, indeed	Ставятся в начале предложения, выделяются запятыми.	The deadlines of the project are close. Therefore, we need to begin the launch of our product. — Сроки завершения проекта поджимают. Поэтому нам нужно запускать наш продукт.

Linking words можно разделить на множество групп в зависимости от их функции (противопоставление, добавление новой информации, введение, заключение и т. д.). Давайте разберем каждую группу отдельно.

1. Purpose — цель написания

Эта группа наиболее важная, ведь в любой письменной работе мы указываем цель ее написания. Эссе, письмо другу или e-mail по работе — в большинстве случаев мы начинаем с объяснения, зачем мы пишем тот или иной текст. Например:

• in order to do smth, so as to do smth — чтобы сделать что-то;
• so that — чтобы;
• to that/this end — с этой целью.

I am writing to you so as to confirm my participation at the conference. — Я пишу вам, чтобы подтвердить свое участие в конференции.
I would like to confirm my participation at the conference so that there is no misunderstanding. — Я бы хотел подтвердить свое участие в конференции, чтобы не было недопонимания.
Zoologists are seeking to understand how animals communicate with each other. To that end, a new study has been launched. — Зоологи пытаются понять, как животные общаются друг с другом. С этой целью было начато новое исследование.

Хотите как можно скорее заговорить на английском? Тогда записывайтесь на бесплатный пробный урок.

2. Opinion and emphasizing — выражать мнение и акцентировать внимание

Это также одна из наиболее полезных групп linking words, так как во многих письменных заданиях необходимо выразить свое мнение по поводу той или иной идеи. Наиболее употребляемая фраза — in my opinion (по моему мнению). Как же можно заменить это выражение?

• in my view, to my mind, to my way of thinking — на мой взгляд, по моему мнению;
• personally, I believe that — лично я думаю, что;
• I feel strongly that — я глубоко убежден, что;
• I am inclined to believe that — я склонен полагать, что;
• it strikes me that, it seems to me that — мне кажется, что;
• as far as I am concerned — насколько мне известно.

To my way of thinking, in any occupation talent is more important than skills. — На мой взгляд, в любой профессии талант важнее умений.
I am inclined to believe that the problem of malnutrition in poor countries doesn’t depend on technological development. — Я склонен полагать, что проблема недоедания в бедных странах не зависит от развития технологий.
It strikes me that there is a larger issue in the team. — Мне кажется, что в команде есть еще более весомая проблема.

Иногда хочется подчеркнуть особую важность того или иного факта. Следующие слова помогут красочно, а главное, правильно это сделать:

• clearly, obviously — определенно, очевидно, бесспорно;
• needless to say — само собой разумеется;
• significantly, importantly — что особенно важно.

Clearly, if everyone were allowed to carry a gun, the crime rate would rise. — Бесспорно, если бы каждому было позволено носить оружие, уровень преступности возрос бы.
Importantly, the writer was being employed by the leading party when he wrote this work, and was therefore under pressure. — Что особенно важно, писатель работал на ведущую партию, когда написал данную работу, и поэтому был под давлением.

3. Listing facts and addition — перечисление фактов и добавление новой информации

В подтверждение вашему мнению зачастую необходимо привести ряд доказательств. Правильно и логично их выразить помогут следующие связующие слова и фразы, они всегда на письме выделяются запятой.

• firstly, first of all — во-первых;
• first — для начала;
• to start with, to begin with — прежде всего;
• in the first place — в первую очередь;
• secondly — во-вторых;
• thirdly — в-третьих;
• then, next — затем;
• afterwards, after that — после этого;
• finally — наконец;
• lastly — в заключение;
• last but not the least — последнее, но не менее важное.

To begin with, you should wash the wound in the cold water. Next, wrap a bandage around the cut. Lastly, put the patient in a comfortable position. — Прежде всего, вам следует промыть рану холодной водой. Затем обмотайте рану бинтом. В заключение, положите пациента в удобное положение.

Если вы хотите добавить какую-либо информацию к своему высказыванию, используйте подходящие слова-связки. Одна из типичных ошибок — это постоянное использование союза and (и) и also (также). В английском языке существует множество альтернативных слов и фраз:

• moreover, furthermore, in addition — более того (используются в начале предложения);
• besides — кроме того;
• as well as — так же, как и;
• coupled with — наряду с;
• not only … but also — не только …, а также и;
• not to mention, to say nothing of — не говоря уже о (используется, чтобы подчеркнуть новый аргумент);
• on top of that — сверх всего прочего, вдобавок ко всему;
• not only that, but — при этом.

That war caused suffering to millions of people worldwide, not to mention its impact on countries’ economy. — Эта война обрекла на страдания миллионы людей по всему миру, не говоря уже о ее влиянии на экономику стран.
The characters of the novel missed their train, and on top of that they were alone in the middle of nowhere. — Герои романа опоздали на поезд, и вдобавок ко всему они остались одни в глуши.

4. Contrast — противопоставление

Уметь правильно высказать противоположные мнения или факты также важно. Вместо обычного but (но) употребляйте следующие linking words:

• however — однако;
• on the one hand — с одной стороны;
• on the other hand — с другой стороны;
• having said that — вместе с тем, при этом;
• then again, that said — впрочем, хотя;
• yet — тем не менее (если стоит в начале предложения);
• despite smth, in spite of smth, notwithstanding smth — несмотря на что-либо;
• nonetheless, nevertheless — несмотря на это, все равно.

It is well known that the first landing on the Moon took place on July 20, 1969. Having said that, some people assert that it is a hoax. — Всем хорошо известно, что первая высадка на Луну была 20 июля 1969 года. При этом некоторые утверждают, что это ложь.
The manager says that a fire was the reason for what happened. Then again, it’s possible that he was paid to say this. — Менеджер утверждает, что причиной случившегося стал пожар. Впрочем, возможно, что ему заплатили, чтобы он так сказал.

Ann was not doing well in her physics course. Yet, she managed to get a high grade in the final exam. — Анна не очень хорошо училась по физике. Тем не менее ей удалось получить высокую оценку за итоговый экзамен.
Notwithstanding some members’ objections, the company went ahead with the plan. — Несмотря на возражения некоторых членов, компания продолжила идти по намеченному плану.
The research had its limitations, but it was important for us nevertheless. — В исследовании были свои ограничения, но оно все равно было важным для нас.

5. Comparing — сравнение

При сравнении двух точек зрения можно использовать следующие linking words:

• likewise, similarly — равно как и, таким же образом, аналогично;
• whereas — тогда как;
• conversely — и наоборот, в свою очередь;
• by contrast, in comparison — напротив, зато, в противоположность;
• although, even though — хотя;
• unlike — в отличие от.

Cars must stop at red traffic lights. Likewise, bicycles have to stop too. — Машины должна останавливаться на красный свет. Таким же образом должны поступать и велосипедисты.
People who aim to climb corporate ladders develop this trait while growing up. Conversely, people who search for stability acquire these values in their childhood. — Люди, которые стремятся идти по карьерной лестнице, приобретают эту черту характера пока взрослеют. В свою очередь, люди, которые ищут стабильность, получают эти ценности в детстве.

The marketing department suffers from absenteeism. By contrast, the call center employees are performing very well. — В отделе маркетинга наблюдается проблема отсутствия работников без уважительной причины. Зато сотрудники колл-центра работают очень хорошо.
The village festival went well, unlike the previous year when very few people came. — Сельский праздник прошел хорошо, в отличие от предыдущего года, когда собралось совсем мало людей.

6. Cause and consequence — причина и следствие

Важно уметь не только выражать свое мнение, но и аргументировать его. Многие изучающие английский язык делают ошибку, используя только because (потому что) и so (поэтому), тогда как существует множество синонимичных слов и фраз для выражения причин или следствий:

1. Cause — причина
   • since, as — так как;
   • owing to the fact that, due to the fact that — в связи с тем, что;
   • on the grounds that — исходя из того, что;
   • in view of, in light of — принимая во внимание, исходя из;
   • because of — из-за.

   Since they had to wait for the train, they decided to have a cup of coffee. — Так как им нужно было ждать поезд, они решили выпить по чашке кофе.
   Many members have objected to the proposal on the grounds that it would be too costly. — Многие члены не одобрили предложение исходя из того, что оно может быть слишком затратным.
   In view of the late hour, the chairman decided to put off that discussion until the next meeting. — Принимая во внимание позднее время, председатель решил отложить обсуждение до следующего собрания.

2. Consequence — следствие
   • consequently — следовательно;
   • as a result — в результате этого;
   • as a consequence — вследствие этого, как следствие;
   • therefore — поэтому;
   • for this reason — по этой причине, в силу вышесказанного;
   • thus — так, таким образом.

   Nowadays young adults receive a lot of help from their parents. As a consequence, they are remain unemployed longer than previous generations did. — Сегодня молодые люди получают много помощи со стороны родителей. Вследствие этого они остаются безработными дольше, чем представители предыдущих поколений.
   We were unable to get funding. For this reason, we had to abandon that idea. — Нам не удалось получить финансирование. По этой причине нам пришлось оставить эту идею.
   This plan will reduce waste, and thus cut costs. — Благодаря этому плану мы сможем сократить количество отходов и таким образом снизить расходы.

7. Example — пример

Помимо всем известного выражения for example (например) есть и несколько других вариантов linking words, позволяющих привести пример:

• for instance — например;
• to give an illustration — наглядно показать;
• such as — такой как, а именно;
• particularly, in particular, especially — в особенности.

Some birds migrate to avoid harsh winter climates. Swallows, for instance, leave the UK in early winter and fly south. — Некоторые птицы мигрируют, чтобы избежать суровых зим. Ласточки, например, ранней зимой улетают из Великобритании на юг.
To give an illustration of what I mean, let’s look at the case of obesity. — Для наглядности давайте рассмотрим проблему ожирения.
If you want to decrease your chances of having a heart attack, you should reduce your intake of meat, in particular red meat. — Если хотите уменьшить вероятность инфаркта, вы должны сократить потребление мяса, в особенности красного.

8. Condition — условие

Следующая группа linking words позволит добавить уточнение к уже сказанному или сделать оговорку:

• provided that, providing that, providing, on the condition that — при условии, что;
• in the event of, in case of — при возникновении, на случай (после ставится существительное);
• in the event that, in case — в случае, если.

He can borrow my car providing he doesn’t drive too fast. — Он может взять мою машину при условии, что не будет ехать слишком быстро.
It’s better to take an umbrella in case of rain. — Лучше взять зонтик на случай дождя.
In the event that trouble starts, lock all the doors! — В случае если начнутся волнения, закрой все двери!

Если вы хотите говорить грамотно, свободно выражать свои мысли и не делать ошибок на письме, запишитесь на курс «Практическая грамматика».

9. Introduction and conclusion — введение и заключение

В этой части разберем, какие слова-связки подходят для введения и заключения:

1. Introduction — введение

   Зачастую в начале письменных работ можно привести какое-то общеизвестное мнение или факт, таким образом представив тему, о которой пойдет речь. Употребляйте следующие фразы:

   • it is widely believed that — многие считают, что / повсеместно считается, что;
   • people often claim that — люди часто утверждают, что;
   • some people argue that — некоторые люди приводят аргументы, что / утверждают, что;
   • as a general rule, generally — как правило, обычно;
   • on the whole, in general — в целом, в общем.

   It is widely believed that the Earth is the only planet in our solar system where life is possible. — Считается, что Земля — это единственная планета в нашей солнечной системе, где возможна жизнь.
   As a general rule, people who exercise regularly do not suffer from stress. But some people argue that they are still exposed to stress-related problems. — Как правило, люди, которые регулярно делают физические упражнения, не страдают от стресса. Но некоторые утверждают, что они все равно подвержены проблемам, вызванным стрессом.

2. Conclusion — заключение
   • taking everything into account, all things considered — принимая все во внимание;
   • as was previously stated — как уже отмечалось ранее;
   • in conclusion — в заключение;
   • to sum up — подводя итог;
   • above all — главным образом, а главное;
   • all in all — подводя итог изложенному выше, отметим.

   All things considered, we can state that the general situation in the region is improving. — Принимая все во внимание, можно заявить, что общая ситуация в регионе улучшается.
   To sum up, it is unlikely that mankind will ever bring an end to all wars. — Подводя итог, маловероятно, что человечество когда-либо положит конец войнам.
   Above all, it is important to remember that natural resources are depleting. — Главное, важно помнить, что природные богатства истощаются.
   All in all, the problem of civil war victims in these countries still remains. — Подводя итог изложенному выше, отметим, что проблема жертв гражданской войны в этих странах по-прежнему существует.

Теперь вы сможете более уверенно высказывать свое мнение, выражать несогласие или наоборот поддерживать точку зрения своего собеседника. Предлагаем вам повторить пройденный материал и пройти тест.

Тест по теме «Слова-связки в английском языке»

Скачать список лексики по теме «Слова-связки в английском языке» (*.pdf, 235 Кб)

👉 Connectors Definition

Linker Words or Word Connectors are used to link large groups of words: phrases and sentences. You can also use them to connect paragraphs to give them coherence. Sentence connectors are usually placed at the beginning of a sentence and may be categorized as follows:

👉 CONTRAST

1. HOWEVER

• This restaurant has the best kitchen in town. However, their staff are quite rude.

2. IN CONTRAST

• House prices have gone up this year. In contrast, car prices seem to be stagnating.

3. NEVERTHELESS

• I was in so much pain I didn’t want to get up in the morning. Nevertheless, I went to football practice as usual.

4. NONETHELESS

• I don’t think Sean has serious behavioural problems. Nonetheless, I’ll talk to him first thing in the morning.

5. YET

• I’ve asked you a thousand times not to leave your dirty socks on the floor. Yet, you keep doing it.

6. ON THE OTHER HAND

• England has the best language schools. On the other hand, it has the worst weather.

7. BY COMPARISON

• Going out with Jim has its risks. By comparison, being with Tim is as easy as falling off a log.

8. ON THE CONTRARY

• I don’t hate Jim. On the contrary, I’m rather fond of him.

9. INSTEAD

• I didn’t want to take a side in the argument. Instead, I put my headphones on and listened to some smooth jazz.

10. IN ANY CASE

• I was thinking of going round Jim’s place. In any case, I haven’t been invited.

11. ALL THE SAME

• Yes, he’s very good-looking. All the same, I don’t think you should go out with him.

Read more:
Other ways to say ON THE OTHER HAND!

👉 SIMILARITY

1. LIKEWISE

• You can’t give your phone number to every man who asks for it. Likewise, you can’t go out with everyone who fancies you.

2. SIMILARLY

• You’re not allowed to use your phone here. Similarly, you have to switch it off when you’re in the library.

3. CORRESPONDINGLY

• She’s an excellent photographer. Correspondingly, her paintings are works of art.

4. IN THE SAME WAY

• Cutting down on sugar will help you lose weight. In the same way, doing more exercise will help you get rid of a few kilos.

5. ALSO

• I want to talk to Prince Harry when I’m in England. Also, I want to meet his sister-in-law.

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👉 RESULT

1. AS A RESULT

• I’ve done a pranic healing course. As a result, I’ve been able to cure my neighbour’s sick cat.

2. AS A CONSEQUENCE

• Zack has skipped school on many occasions. As a consequence, he’s failed his French test.

3. THEREFORE

• We’re going to experience some meteor showers in the next few days. Therefore, the number of miraculous self-healings will rise.

4. THUS

• You didn’t tell me you wanted to come. Thus, we won’t be taking you with us.

5. ACCORDINGLY

• Plenty of tourists visit the area in summer. Accordingly, selling hand-made objects is the main source of income for locals.

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👉 SEQUENCING

1. FIRST, FIRSTLY, FIRST OF ALL, IN THE FIRST PLACE

• First of all, I’d like to talk about the benefits of having a pet pig.

2. TO BEGIN WITH

• To begin with, pet pigs are cleaner than dogs.

3. FOR ONE THING

• For one thing, they’re completely loyal to their owners.

4. SECOND, SECONDLY, IN THE SECOND PLACE

• Secondly, their impressive numeracy skills must be mentioned.

5. FOR ANOTHER THING

• For another thing, you might want to consider how cute they look in pyjamas.

6. THIRD, THIRDLY, IN THE THIRD PLACE

• In the third place, you can always count on your pet pig to perform some tricks for you when you’d like to impress a pretty girl.

7. ALSO

• Also, they don’t eat much.

8. BESIDES

• Besides not eating much, they won’t ever chew on your electric cords.

9. IN ADDITION

• In addition, they can be taught to feed themselves if you allow them access to your pantry.

10. FURTHERMORE

• Furthermore, they make wonderful walking buddies.

11. MOREOVER

• Moreover, they’ll show you the way home when you’re drunk.

12. FINALLY

• Finally, pet pigs are fantastic guards. No burglar would ever have the heart to hurt a pet pig.

13. LAST, LASTLY, LAST OF ALL

• Lastly, your reputation as an eccentric will rapidly grow in the neighbourhood if you’re seen walking a pet pig on a leash every morning.

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👉 ORDER OF IMPORTANCE

1. MOST IMPORTANTLY

• I’d like to talk to you about how to keep calm at your workplace. Most importantly, never go to the canteen while your boss is there.

2. PRIMARILY

• You’ll have to focus on your immediate surroundings. Primarily, on your computer screen.

3. ABOVE ALL

• Above all, don’t ever look up from your notes when people are around.

4. MOST SIGNIFICANTLY

• Most significantly, avoid eye-contact at all costs.

5. ESSENTIALLY, BASICALLY (usually spoken)

• How can I put this? Essentially, having an affair with one of your colleagues should be the last thing on your mind.

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👉 PARTICULARIZATION

1. IN PARTICULAR, PARTICULARLY

• Nearly a third of marriages end in divorce. In particular, it’s middle-aged couples that yearn for much more from life.

2. MORE SPECIFICALLY

• Couples tend to argue about financial issues. More specifically, they argue when one of them is out of work.

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👉 EXAMPLIFICATION

1. FOR EXAMPLE

• To solve this problem, you might want to try making small gestures. For example, making your spouse’s favourite meal for dinner or giving him a massage after a tiring day.

2. FOR INSTANCE

• Appreciate the small things your spouse does for you. For instance, leave thank-you notes for them every now and then.

3. TO ILLUSTRATE

• Misunderstandings can be highly destructive. To illustrate, if your spouse sees you with a friend of the opposite sex in a café, he might not understand why he hasn’t been invited and demand an explanation.

Read more:
Other ways to say for example?

👉 EXPLANATION

1. THAT IS TO SAY, THAT IS

• Keep romance alive. That is to say, don’t let your lovelife fall into routine.

2. NAMELY

• I have a very good reason for not trusting my ex. Namely, he’s a convicted felon.

3. IN OTHER WORDS

• Don’t be unsociable. In other words, go out and make some friends.

4. PUT DIFFERENTLY

• John has managed to get over Jane. Put differently, he’s started seeing other women.

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👉 EMPHASISING

1. AS A MATTER OF FACT

• I love sleeping with my pet pig. As a matter of fact, I can’t fall asleep unless he’s in my bed.

2. IN FACT

• I told them not to invite Rachel to the party. In fact, I was the only person who saw what a party pooper she really was.

3. ACTUALLY

• I think it would be a good idea to send her some flowers. Actually, you should get her a hundred orchids.

4. INDEED

• He may be the best-dressed man around. Indeed, he has a really good taste in fashion.

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👉 FOCUSING AND LINKING

1. AS FOR (often suggests disinterest or dislike)

• I’m going to Janet’s party at the weekend. As for Mary’s, I think I’ll pass.

2. WITH RESPECT TO

• Starting your own IT company may be the one of the best things you can do right now. With respect to opening a pet shop, it’s hard to say the same thing.

3. REGARDING

• Start your day with making the most important phone calls. Regarding emails, you might put them off until later.

4. WITH REGARD TO

• With regard to handling complaints, you might want to keep in mind that your customers are always right.

5. AS REGARDS

• Working from home has many advantages. As regards disadvantages, it might be difficult to keep your cat off your keyboard.

6. TALKING OF

• Talking of cats, you can’t trust them to keep you company when you need it. They’re quite selfish creatures.

7. AS FAR AS … CONCERNED

• As far as dogs are concerned, they might give you a chance to get up from your desk and get some exercise during the day.

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👉 CONCLUSION

1. IN CONCLUSION

• In conclusion, it may be said that pigs make the best pets.

2. IN BRIEF

• Meeting my boss at the pub was an interesting experience. In brief, it was a disaster.

3. IN SUMMARY

• In summary, it may not be the best idea to frequent the same pubs as your boss.

4. TO SUM UP

• To sum up, some people are better suited to working from home than others.

5. ALL IN ALL

• All in all, you have to make sure both you and your customers are satisfied with your work.

Read more:
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👉 CORRECTION

1. RATHER

• I thought it was a good idea to get a ferret. Rather, it had always been my dream to get one.

2. TO BE MORE PRECISE

• You might want to change a few things. To be more precise, I think you should start again from scratch.

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👉 TIME

1. AT FIRST

• It wasn’t a piece of cake to learn English. At first, I couldn’t pronounce all the words correctly.

2. THEN

• Then, I couldn’t spell all the words correctly.

3. AFTERWARDS

• Afterwards, I had a hard time understanding the tenses.

4. LATER

• Later, I couldn’t memorize phrasal verbs and idioms.

5. IN THE MEANTIME

• In the meantime, I was getting some help from MyEnglishTeacher.

6. MEANWHILE

• Meanwhile, I was enjoying my skype lessons more and more.

Read more:
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👉 DISMISSAL

(of what was said before)

1. ANYWAY

• I couldn’t get my head around the Passive Voice. Anyway, I don’t think it’s important to use it all the time.

2. ANYHOW

• Anyhow, I’ve just decided to learn Russian next.

3. AT ANY RATE

• At any rate, I don’t want to become a simultaneous interpreter in five languages.

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👉 Connectors Synonyms

Connectors are not only used in grammar. Connectors are things that are used to connect or tether two, or more, things together. There are many different synonyms for connectors:

Examples:

• Bond, coupling, joint, link, adapter, clamp, fastener, junction, tie, terminal, plug, fitting, splicing, fastener, sleeve, etc.

👉 Sentence Definition

A sentence is a set of words that forms a coherent and complete thought and message. This means that a sentence says something concrete. It has to be structured and logical in order for the sentence to be correct.

Sentences are made up of various parts, such as: nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, articles, etc. Within a sentence, there are parts that relate the thought and message, such as: subject, predicate, object, phrase, punctuation, etc. Each of these parts is important for a sentence to be complete.

Through sentences we tell other people what we think, feel, or what we want to do. In order to relate those thoughts we string together words into groups. These finally relate our message to other people and the world.

There are four different types of sentences, and each has its own specific goal and structure. These types are: declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory.