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Сегодня мы поговорим о словах-связках (linking words) и фразах-связках в английском языке.
Содержание статьи:
Что такое linking words and phrases?
Таблицы linking words с переводом.
Упражнения на отработку linking words and phrases.
Что такое linking words and phrases?
В английской речи или на письме Вы можете использовать слова-связки (linking words) или короткие фразы (linking phrases), которые помогут организовать Вашу речь и сделать ее более логичной и понятной для того, кто Вас слушает или читает.
Слова-связки могут быть разными частями речи. Linking words важны для написания достойного и связного эссе (essay writing).
Обратите внимание, на использование слов-связок: неправильное использование linking words в английском языке может полностью изменить смысл того, что вы пытаетесь сказать.
Ниже приводятся таблицы слов-связок и фраз-связок с переводом. Этот перечень не является исчерпывающим. Будьте осторожны: хотя linking words and phrases сгруппированы в наших таблицах по сферам применения, слова-связки в каждой из таблиц не являются синонимичными – для их правильного применения необходимо уточнить перевод, а также место в предложении.
Некоторые слова-связки и фразы используются в нескольких таблицах, так как могут иметь различное (логическое) значение.
|
Listing (слова-связки, используемые для перечисления, организации логической последовательности). |
|
|
first, second, third |
Первое, второе, третье |
|
firstly, secondly, thirdly |
Во-первых, во-вторых, в-третьих |
|
first, furthermore, finally |
Во-первых, кроме того, наконец-то |
|
to begin, to conclude, in conclusion |
Для начала, чтобы сделать вывод, в завершение |
|
next, last, finally |
следующий, последний, наконец |
|
In addition, moreover |
Кроме того, кроме того |
|
Further, furthermore |
Далее / кроме того, |
Примеры с переводом
Firstly, it could be rather risky, secondly, we don’t have enough qualification. – Во-первых, это может быть очень рискованно, во-вторых, у нас нет достаточной квалификации.
And, moreover, Greg was a man of stainless character. – И, более того, Грег был человеком с честным характером.
|
Reinforcement (слова-связки, употребляющиеся для усиления, подкрепления мысли ) |
|
|
also |
также |
|
furthermore |
кроме того |
|
moreover |
более того |
|
what is more |
более того |
|
in addition |
кроме того |
|
besides |
кроме того |
|
above all |
прежде всего |
|
as well (as) |
также (как) |
|
in the same way |
таким же образом |
|
not only … but also |
не только … но и |
Примеры с переводом:
And, besides, I did not know the whole truth myself then. – И, кроме того, я и сам-то всей правды тогда не знал.
Molly is not only intelligent but also beautiful. – Молли не только умна, но и красива.
|
Similarity (слова-связки для выражения схожести / похожести) |
|
|
equally |
одинаково |
|
likewise |
также |
|
similarly |
аналогично |
|
correspondingly |
соответственно |
|
in the same way |
таким же образом |
Примеры с переводом
Development banks, likewise, increased their loan commitments in 1999. — Банки развития также увеличили объем своих кредитов в 1999 году.
|
Giving examples (слова-связки для примера, введения дополнительной информации) |
|
|
for example |
например |
|
for instance |
например |
|
as follows: |
следующим образом: |
|
that is |
то есть |
|
namely |
а именно |
|
in other words |
другими словами |
Примеры с переводом:
Three students were mentioned, namely John, Sarah and Sylvia. – Трое студентов были упомянуты, а именно Джон, Сара и Сильвия.
China, for example, faces increasing export difficulties – Китай, к примеру, все больше сталкивается с проблемами в области экспорта.
|
Summary (слова связки для подведения итогов высказывания) |
|
|
in conclusion |
в заключение |
|
to conclude |
в заключение |
|
in brief |
в кратце |
|
to summarise |
подводя итог |
|
overall |
в целом |
|
therefore |
поэтому |
Примеры с переводом:
I wish in conclusion to express the view of the Group. — В заключение я хотел бы выразить мнение Группы.
But overall, the situation has not changed much. — Однако в целом ситуация существенно не изменилась.
|
Expressing an alternative (слова-связки, которые используются для выражения альтернативы) |
|
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alternatively |
в качестве альтернативы / как вариант |
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rather |
скорее |
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on the other hand |
с другой стороны |
|
the alternative is |
Альтернатива такова |
|
another possibility would be |
другой возможностью могло бы быть |
Примеры с переводом:
Alternatively, we can assume that price changes stay large even as the period gets shorter. –В качестве альтенативы, можно предположить, что изменения цен остаются значительными, даже в случае сокращения периода.
|
Result/consequence (слова-связки для выражения результата / следствия) |
|
|
so |
так |
|
therefore |
поэтому |
|
as a result/consequence |
в результате/вследствие |
|
accordingly |
соответственно |
|
consequently |
следовательно |
|
because of this/that |
из-за этого/ того |
|
thus |
таким образом |
|
hence |
Отсюда |
|
for this/that reason |
По этой / той причине |
|
so that |
так что |
|
in that case |
в том случае |
|
under these circumstances |
при таких обстоятельствах |
Примеры с переводом:
Central Asia thus remains only weakly integrated into the world economy. – Центральная Азия, таким образом, остается лишь ограниченно интегрированной в мировую экономику.
In these circumstances, there will be temporary financial loss to fishermen. – В таких обстоятельствах рыбаки будут терпеть временные финансовые потери.
|
Stating the obvious (слова-связки для выражения очевидности мысли) |
|
|
obviously |
очевидно |
|
clearly |
ясно |
|
naturally |
естественно |
|
of course |
конечно |
|
as can be expected |
как можно ожидать |
|
surely |
конечно |
|
after all |
Ведь, в общем, помимо прочего |
|
Undoubtedly |
Несомненно |
|
Indeed |
Действительно |
Примеры с переводом:
«I’ve obviously missed something,»– Видимо, я что-то недопонял.
He was, after all, a humorless child. — Он, в общем, и в детстве обладал не слишком развитым чувством юмора.
|
Emphasis (слова-связки для акцентирования мысли) |
|
|
Generally |
Вообще |
|
Admittedly |
Правда |
|
In fact |
На самом деле |
|
Particularly / in particular |
Особенно / в особенности |
|
Especially |
Особенно |
|
Importantly |
Главное |
Примеры с переводом:
Admittedly, the dates haven’t been fixed yet. – Правда, сроки еще не указаны.
More importantly, nine new services will be offered to our customers. – И, что еще важнее, клиентам будут предложены девять новых видов услуг.
Linking words exercises. Упражнения на слова-связки.
Exercise 1. Choose the correct answers to the given text.
There are many reasons for visiting the city of Rome. _________ (1) , it is a city with an interesting history.__________ (2), it was the capital of the Roman Empire. _________ (3), Rome is very beautiful, _________ (4) its many palaces, churches and squares. __________ (5), many of the city’s classical monuments have been preserved, __________ (6) it is possible to see how the city used to be. ___________ (7), many people travel to Rome every year. ____________ (8), I believe that, ___________ (9) a trip to Rome may be expensive, it is well worth visiting such a wonderful city.
|
A |
B |
C |
|
|
1 |
Since |
On the whole |
Firstly |
|
2 |
Secondly |
Finally |
Therefore |
|
3 |
in order to |
Moreover |
All in all |
|
4 |
due to |
because |
so |
|
5 |
Apart from |
However |
In addition |
|
6 |
because |
so |
And |
|
7 |
Because |
But |
For this reason |
|
8 |
To sum up |
Although |
For example |
|
9 |
moreover |
although |
due to |
Exercise 2. Choose the correct linking word.
- I have never been here before… (as/but/and) my friend has.
- We took a taxi… (in short/but/because) we were late.
- This house is beautiful… (In addition to/ However/ Because), it is in poor condition.
- I was tired, … (so/for example/since) I went to bed early.
- … (All in all / Despite / Although) she felt ill, she didn’t call the doctor.
- Some foods, … (moreover/as a result/such as) chocolate, are very fattening.
- Everyone attended the meeting… (whose / whereas / apart from) Steve, who was on holiday.
- Is this the boy… (whose/which/ what) parents own the factory.
Ответы к упражнениям на linking words.
Ex. 1.
1c, 2a, 3b, 4a, 5c, 6b, 7c, 8a, 9b
Ex. 2.
1 but, 2 because, 3 however, 4 so, 5 although, 6 such as, 7 apart from, 8 whose
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A. Match the sentence beginnings to the correct endings.
1 I’m hungry because
2 I’m going to buy a car as soon as
3 I love to be active when I’m on holiday, while
4 You can have some ice cream since
5 Please don’t start watching the DVD until
6 Rachel was heartbroken for
7 I could communicate quite well even though
8 You can borrow my book as long as
9 We’d better go home in a minute as
10 Please be quiet in case
a it’s getting late.
b you ate all your dinner.
c I haven’t eaten all day.
d I don’t speak the language.
e you wake the neighbours.
f I’ve saved enough money.
g you don’t write in it.
h my friends prefer just lying in the sunshine.
i I’ve finished washing up.
j she knew her dream would never come true.
Answers
1 c 2 f 3 h 4 b 5 i 6 j 7 d 8 g 9 a 10 e
B. All these sentences mean the same. Complete them using the linking words from the box. Use each word / expression once only.
although but despite even though however
in spite though yet
1 I’m interested in geology ………………… I don’t want to study it.
2 I’m interested in geology. …………………, I don’t want to study it.
3 I’m interested in geology. I don’t want to study it, ………………… .
4 ………………… of being interested in geology, I don’t want to study it.
5 I’m interested in geology, and ………………… I don’t want to study it.
6 ………………… interested in geology, I don’t want to study it.
7 ………………… I’m interested in geology, I don’t want to study it.
8 ………………… my interest in geology, I don’t want to study it.
Answers
1 but 2 However 3 though
4 In spite 5 yet 6 Although
7 Even though 8 Despite
C. Complete the sentences, using one word in each space. The underlined words will help you.
1 The earthquake was both sudden ………………. powerful. It was incredible.
2 It was such a beautiful day ………………. we decided to go to the beach.
3 I can think of lots of reasons not to go. For one thing, I’m tired. ………………., it’s much too late.
4 We can ………………. stay here or we can go home. Which would you prefer?
5 There were ………………. many people that we couldn’t find anywhere to sit.
6 I can’t make up my mind. On the one hand, I know it’s a great opportunity. ………………., I don’t really want to leave home yet.
7 Your story was ………………. ………………. very well written, but also really exciting.
8 We couldn’t get any money. There was ………………. a bank nor even a cash machine in the town.
Answers
1 and 2 that 3 For another 4 either 5 so
6 On the other 7 not only 8 neither
D. Join the sentences, using the prepositions given. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
1 Peter told me. Ruth’s not going to the party.
According …………………………………… .
2 The weather has been terrible. The match is cancelled.
Due to …………………………………… .
3 You helped me a lot. I finished on time.
Without …………………………………… .
4 Their prices are too high. No one can afford to eat there.
Because of …………………………………… .
5 The film was too long. Otherwise, it was perfect.
Except for …………………………………… .
6 You shouldn’t watch TV all the time. You should go out in the sunshine.
Rather than …………………………………… .
7 My sister is right-handed. Everyone else in my family is left-handed.
Apart from …………………………………… .
8 Don’t drink fizzy drinks. Drink some water.
Instead of …………………………………… .
9 She is a brilliant pianist. She’s also very nice.
As well as …………………………………… .
10 I was wearing my lucky shoes. So I won the game.
Thanks to …………………………………… .
Answers
Possible answers
1 Peter, Ruth’s not going to the party
2 the terrible weather / the fact that the weather has been terrible / the weather being terrible, the match is cancelled
3 your help, I wouldn’t / couldn’t have finished on time
4 their (excessively) high prices / the fact that their prices are too high, no one can afford to eat there
5 the (excessive) length of the film / the fact that the film was too long, it was perfect
6 watching TV all the time, you should go out in the sunshine
7 my sister, everyone in my family is left-handed
8 (drinking) fizzy drinks, drink some water
9 being a brilliant pianist, she’s also very nice
10 my lucky shoes / the fact (that) I was wearing my lucky shoes, I won the game
E. Complete this text, using the linking words in the box.
by the way for instance indeed in other words
namely or rather say so to speak
to put it another way well
Geology is often considered to be a dull and unimportant subject, 1…………………… . What could be more boring than looking at rocks all the time? 2……………………, reading books about rocks that other people have looked at. 3……………………, of course there’s much more to geology than that. 4……………………, it’s thanks to geology that we are starting to understand how our climate is changing. 5……………………, if we want to save our planet from disaster, we need advice from experts, 6…………………… geologists. And that’s not all. Have you ever wondered, 7……………………, how they find oil under the sea? Or how they build, 8…………………… the world’s tallest towers, the longest bridges or the deepest tunnels, or 9…………………… the building you’re in now? 10……………………, can you imagine a world without geologists?
Answers
1 so to speak 2 Or rather 3 Well 4 For instance
5 In other words 6 namely 7 by the way 8 say
9 indeed 10 To put it another way
F. Complete the first sentence about your plans or dreams for the future. Then complete at least five of the other sentences so they are true for you.
I’d really like to ………………………………………… .
Example: I’d realty like to study at university.
However, ………………………………………… .
That’s why ………………………………………… .
In fact, ………………………………………… .
On the other hand, ………………………………………… .
In addition, ………………………………………… .
In other words, ………………………………………… .
Alternatively, ………………………………………… .
Apart from this, ………………………………………… .
G. Circle the correct option.
1 Scientists were excited, ………… it was unusual for rifts to appear on land.
a since b although c so
2 They didn’t see the last event, ………… are they likely to see the next one.
a neither b nor c yet
3 Everyone was there ………… from David.
a apart b instead c except
4 The rift will continue to open. …………, it may even form a new ocean.
a Even though
b Or even
c In fact
5 Thanks for the meal. …………, how’s your brother getting on?
a For example
b By the way
c To put it another way
Answers
1 a 2 b 3 a 4 c 5 b
Related Posts
- English Advanced Grammar Exercises – International English
- English Advanced Grammar Exercises – Informal and spoken English
- English Advanced Grammar Exercises – Formal and academic English
- English Advanced Grammar Exercises – Ellipsis and substitution
- English Advanced Grammar Exercises – Reference techniques
- English Advanced Grammar Exercises – Emphatic devices
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