About the dictionaries
The following dictionaries are currently available here on Latinitium.com:
Smith & Hall
Smith, William & Hall, Theophilus D. (1871). A Copious and Critical English-Latin Dictionary.
The English-Latin dictionary of Smith & Hall, originally published in 1871 under the title A Copious and Critical English-Latin Dictionary, is widely regarded as the best and, with 29 000 headwords, most extensive lexicon for translating from English into Latin ever written. Thanks to the effort of Johan Winge, it is now, for the first time, available online in a fully digitized and searchable form, exlusively here on Latinitium!
One feature of this digital edition that we hope that our readers will particularly enjoy is the ability to click on any Latin word and be redirected to the corresponding article in Lewis & Short. Similarly, most of the references are linked to the original text in the Perseus Digital Library.
What primarily sets this dictionary apart from other English dictionaries of the same magnitude (notably A Copious and Critical English-Latin Lexicon by Riddle & Arnold, 1864) is the fact that Smith & Hall spent considerable effort on going back to the classical texts and reevaluating the meaning of the Latin words and phrases in their original context. The proposed Latin translations are supported by references to the sources, and commonly illustrated with quotations, both in English translation and in the original Latin.
A more in-depth account of the labour that was spent by the authors on this monumental work can be read in the original preface. There they also give an overview of the structure of the dictionary articles. See also the list of abbreviations of names of authors and their works and a separate list of general abbreviations.
Lewis & Short
Lewis, Charlton T. & Short, Charles. (1849). Harpers’ Latin Dictionary: A New Latin Dictionary Founded on the Translation of Freund’s Latin-German Lexicon.
The Latin-English Dictionary of Lewis & Short hardly needs an introduction, for anyone who speaks English and studies Latin is likely to have consulted it on several occasions, either in print, or, perhaps more likely these days, using a web site or a smart-phone app.
In order to easier investigate the meaning of quoted Latin sentences, each Latin word is a link to the corresponding dictionary article.
Horae Latinae: Studies In Synonyms and Syntax
Ogilvie, Robert. (1901). Horae Latinae: Studies in Synonyms and Syntax.
Here you will find almost 500 English words and expressions with detailed descriptions of how to best render them in Latin, and with copious quotes from classical authors illustrating the usage.
The proposed Latin translations are linked to the corresponding articles in Lewis & Short.
Döderlein’s Handbook of Latin synonyms
Döderlein, Ludwig. (1874). Handbook of Latin Synonyms.
This is the English version of Ludwig Döderlein’s Handbuch der Lateinischen Synonymik, which is an abridged version of his monumental 6‑volume Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologieen (1826–1838). In 550 articles, the finer nuances in meaning of nearly 2 400 Latin words are discussed. The handbook briefly states the differences between the Latin words while leaving out the reasoning and arguments for establishing them, which are present in the full work. Frequently, the articles will end with a link to the full original German text, for those who are curious to investigate the issue further.
Used in conjunction with the other dictionaries here, this is an invaluable resource for determining the difference between apparent synonyms in Latin. As in the other dictionaries, the Latin words are linked to their corresponding articles in Lewis & Short.
- Top Definitions
- Synonyms
- Quiz
- Related Content
- More About Search
- Examples
- British
- Idioms And Phrases
This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.
This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.
verb (used with object)
to go or look through (a place, area, etc.) carefully in order to find something missing or lost: They searched the woods for the missing child. I searched the desk for the letter.
to look at or examine (a person, object, etc.) carefully in order to find something concealed: He searched the vase for signs of a crack. The police searched the suspect for weapons.
to explore or examine in order to discover: They searched the hills for gold.
to look at, read, or examine (a record, writing, collection, repository, etc.) for information: to search a property title; He searched the courthouse for a record of the deed to the land.
to look at or beneath the superficial aspects of to discover a motive, reaction, feeling, basic truth, etc.: He searched her face for a clue to her true feelings.
to look into, question, or scrutinize: She searched her conscience.
(of natural elements) to pierce or penetrate: The sunlight searched the room’s dark corners.
to uncover or find by examination or exploration (often followed by out): to search out all the facts.
Military. to fire artillery over (an area) with successive changes in gun elevation.
Digital Technology. to electronically retrieve data, web pages, database records, or other information from (files, databases, etc.) by typing relevant terms into a search engine or other search tool: Most of us have searched the internet for medical advice.
verb (used without object)
to inquire, investigate, examine, or seek; conduct an examination or investigation.
noun
- the act of searching; careful examination or investigation: Her date with the guy she met online went badly, so her search for “Mr. Right” continues.
- an instance of this:Did the search turn up any clues?
the practice, on the part of naval officers of a belligerent nation, of boarding and examining a suspected neutral vessel at sea in order to ascertain its true nationality and determine if it is carrying contraband: the right of visit and search.
Digital Technology. the act or process of electronically retrieving data, web pages, database records, or other information from files, databases, etc., as in Boolean search; keyword search:A search of the article turned up two references to my company.
VIDEO FOR SEARCH
Did You Mean To Look Up «Search» On Dictionary.com?
It’s OK, we’ve all been here. Search is actually one of our most searched words! Stick around to find out why it’s one of our favorite words!
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QUIZ
CAN YOU ANSWER THESE COMMON GRAMMAR DEBATES?
There are grammar debates that never die; and the ones highlighted in the questions in this quiz are sure to rile everyone up once again. Do you know how to answer the questions that cause some of the greatest grammar debates?
Which sentence is correct?
Idioms about search
search me, I don’t know: Why has it taken so long to reach a decision? Search me.
Origin of search
First recorded in 1300–50; Middle English verb serchen, cerchen, from Anglo-French sercher or directly from Old French cerchier, from Late Latin circāre “to go around,” derivative of Latin circus “circle”; noun derivative of the verb
OTHER WORDS FROM search
search·a·ble, adjectivesearch·a·ble·ness, nounsearcher, nounoutsearch, verb (used with object)
pre·search, noun, verb (used with object)un·der·search, nounun·searched, adjectivewell-searched, adjective
Words nearby search
SEAQ, seaquake, sear, sea ranger, sea raven, search, search dog, search engine, search engine optimization, searching, searchless
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023
MORE ABOUT SEARCH
What is a basic definition of search?
Search means to look to find something that is missing or whose location has been forgotten or is unknown. It also means to carefully examine a person or thing to find something that is hidden. A more modern meaning of search is to enter a query on a search engine or website in order to find a specific page or piece of information. Search is also used as a noun to refer to the process of looking for something. Search has many other senses as both a verb and a noun.
Most generally, search means to look for something. It usually implies something more thorough than just looking.
Real-life examples: People search for buried treasure, missing children, and things that they have lost, among many other things. Sometimes, people are said to search for abstract things, such as meaning or happiness.
Used in a sentence: We searched everywhere in the house for my sister’s missing toy.
Search also means to look closely at or examine a person or thing to find something that may be concealed or hidden.
Real-life examples: Police and security guards search people to check for weapons or illegal items they may be hiding on themselves or in something they own. Collectors or appraisers will often search an item for damage or signs that something may be fake.
Used in a sentence: The art expert searched the statue to find the sculptor’s trademark signature that proved it was genuine.
Search is also commonly used in the context of searching the internet, a website, or an individual webpage.
Real-life examples: When you use a search engine, you enter a search term in order to view the search results to find what you’re looking for. This process is called a search.
Used in a sentence: I searched for the exact phrase, but there were no results, so I tried another search using only keywords.
As a noun, search also commonly refers to the process of trying to find something. An investigation is a kind of search for the truth.
Real-life examples: Police often conduct searches to find missing people or suspects. People participate in or start searches focused on finding many different things, such as romantic partners, colleges, missing wallets, or answers to questions.
Used in a sentence: I haven’t made much progress in my search for the perfect birthday present for my girlfriend.
Where does search come from?
The first records of the word search come from the early 1300s. It ultimately comes from the Late Latin verb circāre, meaning “to go around.” The noun sense comes from the verb.
Search shares an origin with the words circle and circus. The Latin circāre comes from the Latin word circus, meaning “ring” or “circle.”
Did you know … ?
How is search used in real life?
Search is a common word that’s used in the context of looking for something.
Some people are lucky enough to find love early in their life, some are cursed to search for it forever.
— Handoko Tjung (@handokotjung) November 20, 2020
My search for a birthday dress has been a fail thus far 😩
— Sambalina (@JaydynsDynasty) November 22, 2020
Been looking for a song for 1,5 years. I didn’t remember the title or any of the lyrics. All I had in my head is 1 second of the clip. I was searching through old songs so maybe it would show up in the suggested videos. Today it showed on the main page. Bless you YouTube gods!
— Grzegorz Komincz (@Liquid_MaNa) November 24, 2020
Try using search!
Is search used correctly in the following sentence?
After a long search, the man finally found his wedding ring, which he had dropped in the sand.
Words related to search
examination, exploration, hunt, inquiry, inspection, investigation, pursuit, quest, research, check, comb, examine, explore, go through, inspect, investigate, look, probe, ransack, scan
How to use search in a sentence
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You’re in search of sweets for your sweethearts more than ever and you’re ready to try something new.
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Best weighted blanket brands to knowThere are a few specifically great brands we think you should be familiar with when you start your weighted blanket search.
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It plans on rolling it out globally at some point, which is expected to have a 7% impact in the search queries.
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One of the great advantages of having search data mapped on a graph is that you can easily spot the highs and lows of how many times keywords were searched for.
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In 2019, The Fact Checker noticed the spread of misleading video posed a challenge not only to fact-checkers but also to anyone relying on social media or Web searches to get information or find the latest news.
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In my search for answers about who I was, I pored over religious texts in search of enlightenment.
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After a hit, they would adjust the search to the most likely route from there.
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The ATSB has been impressive in the way it has taken over the direction of the search for Flight 370.
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Search teams find dozens of people and jet debris floating in the Java Sea, as the airline confirms the wreckage is from QZ8501.
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We separate the search for justice from the search for truth at our peril.
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Felipe was so full of impatience to continue his search, that he hardly listened to the Father’s words.
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He will search out the hidden meanings of proverbs, and will be conversant in the secrets of parables.
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But such refuge, he knew, could avail him nothing if the bear should scent him out and search for him.
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His search has always hitherto been fruitless, and he has sunk back, disheartened, into the sea.
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Joe,” said Mr. Wardle, after an unsuccessful search in all his pockets, “is my snuff-box on the sofa?
British Dictionary definitions for search
verb
to look through (a place, records, etc) thoroughly in order to find someone or something
(tr) to examine (a person) for concealed objects by running one’s hands over the clothing
to look at or examine (something) closelyto search one’s conscience
(tr foll by out) to discover by investigation
surgery
- to explore (a bodily cavity) during a surgical procedure
- to probe (a wound)
(tr) military to fire all over (an area)
computing to review (a file) to locate specific information
archaic to penetrate
search me informal I don’t know
noun
the act or an instance of searching
the examination of a vessel by the right of search
computing
- a review of a file to locate specific information
- (as modifier)a search routine
right of search international law the right possessed by the warships of a belligerent state in time of war to board and search merchant vessels to ascertain whether ship or cargo is liable to seizure
Derived forms of search
searchable, adjectivesearcher, noun
Word Origin for search
C14: from Old French cerchier, from Late Latin circāre to go around, from Latin circus circle
Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Other Idioms and Phrases with search
In addition to the idiom beginning with search
- search me
also see:
- high and low, search
- in search of
The American Heritage® Idioms Dictionary
Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
You can refine a search with logical operators.
| & | and |
| | | or |
| ~ | near (within about 100 characters) |
| ( ) | precedence |
| # | word break |
And you can restrict a search to set of authors or works by
including filters in the search string. Filters use
abbreviations (or numbers) for authors and works and are
enclosed within square brackets. For example, [Cic] esse videtur would search for esse videtur in Cicero. These patterns are
valid:
| [Cic:Catil] | Cicero’s In Catilinam |
| [Cic:56-59] | Cicero’s Letters |
| [474:39-40,73] | Brutus, Orator, and Rhetorica ad Herennium |
| [Cic Quint] | Cicero and Quintilian |
| [Catul Tib Prop Ov] | Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, and Ovid |
Abbreviations (and numbers) can be found in the Canon.
It’s guaranteed that you have or will run into some of these Latin terms in anything including the lightest reading. That’s because they’re everywhere. In newspapers, textbooks, manuals, et cetera. They are used in, inter alia, academic writing, text messaging, and, quite extensively, law documents. So, they are, ipso facto, very important to know. Ergo, we thought it’s a good idea to combine these Latin words and phrases in one place and explain what they mean so that when you run into some of them next time, you go like, ha! I have seen this word somewhere and I know what it means. So, let’s get down to it.
1. a priori
A belief or conclusion based on assumptions or reasoning of some sort rather than actual experience or empirical evidence. Before actually encountering, experiencing, or observing a fact.
2. a posteriori.
A fact, belief, or argument that is based on actual experience, experiment, or observation. After the fact.
3. ad astra.
To the stars.
4. ad hoc.
For a particular situation, without planning or consideration of some broader purpose or application.
5. ad hominem.
Directed to a particular person rather than generally, such as an attack on a person rather than a position they are espousing.
6. ad infinitum.
Repeat forever.
7. ad lib
Short for ad libitum. As you desire, at one’s pleasure. To speak or perform without preparation.
8. ad nauseam.
Repetition that has become annoying or tiresome.
9. affidavit.
He has sworn. Sworn statement.
10. alma mater.
Nourishing, kind, bounteous mother. School from which one graduated.
11. alias.
Also known as. Otherwise known as. Less commonly as the proper meaning of at another time, otherwise.
12. alibi.
In another place. Elsewhere. Reason one couldn’t have been in a location where an act was committed.
13. alter ego.
Other self. Another side of oneself.
14. A.D.
short for anno Domini. In the year of our Lord. Number of years since the birth of Jesus Christ.
15. a.m.
Short for ante meridiem. Before midday (noon.) Morning.
16. animus.
Spirit, mind, courage anger. Animosity. Intense opposition and ill will towards something, somebody, or some social group, commonly emotional, passionate, and mean-spirited. Hatred.
17. ante.
Before. Earlier. In a Supreme Court opinion, ante refers to an earlier page of the same opinion.
18. ante bellum.
Before the war.
19. ante mortem.
Before death.
20. bona fide.
Genuine. Real. With no intention to deceive.
21. c. / ca. / or cca.
Short for circa. Around. About. Approximately. Relative to a certain year.
22. carpe diem.
Seize the day or moment. Make the best of the present rather than delay or focus on the future.
23. caveat.
Warning, caution, disclaimer, or stipulation.
24. cf.
Short for confer. Compare to. In reference to, as a comparison.
25. cogito ergo sum.
I think, therefore I am — Descartes.
26. consensus.
Agreement. General or widespread agreement.
27. corpus.
Body, especially of written or textual matter such as books and papers.
28. curriculum.
Race. Course of a race. Path of a race. Subjects comprising a course of academic study.
29. CV
Short for curriculum vitae. The course of one’s life. Resume. List of significant academic and professional accomplishments, achievements, awards, education, and training.
30. de facto.
True or matter of fact as it is, regardless of intent, good reason, authority, or official reason for being such.
31. dictum.
Something said. Noteworthy, authoritative statement or principle. Common wisdom.
32. doctor.
Teacher. Learned person. Doctor.
33. ergo.
Therefore.
34. et al.
Short for et alia (neuter plural) or et alii (masculine plural) or et aliae (feminine plural). And others. And all of the others.
35. etc.
Short for et cetera.
36. e pluribus unum.
— Out of many, one — U.S. motto.
37. ex post.
After.
38. ex post facto.
After the fact.
39. e.g.
Short for exempli gratia. For the sake of example. For example.
40. ibid.
Short for ibidem or ib idem. In the same place. For a citation, indicates that it is from the same place as the preceding citation.
41. id.
short for idem. From the same source. For a citation, indicates that it is from the same source, but not from the same location in that source. In contrast to ibidem (ibid.) which means the same location or place in the same source as the preceding citation.
42. i.e.
Short for id est. That is. In other words.
43. in absentia.
Conducted in the absence of.
44. in camera.
In chambers. In private, commonly for legal proceedings, in the judge’s office (chambers.) before digital photography cameras were little “chambers.”
45. in situ.
In position. In place.
46. in toto.
As a whole. Entirely. All of it.
47. incognito.
Unknown. With one’s identity concealed. This is actually an Italian word, derived from the Latin word incognitus.
48. inter alia.
Among others. Among other things.
49. innuendo.
By nodding. Implied. Indirectly implied. Suggested. Oblique allusion.
50. intra.
Within. In a Supreme Court opinion, refers to a decision of another court, typically an appeals court.
51. ipso facto.
By that very fact or act. Therefore.
51. lingua franca.
Common language in a multi-language environment. Technically, it’s Italian.
52. magnum opus.
Great work. Greatest work. Masterpiece.
53. M.O.
short for modus operandi. Mode or method of operation. How you do things.
54. n.b. or N.B.
short for nota bene. Note well. It is worth noting that.
55. per capita.
Per person, for each person, of a population. Individually, but not for any particular person.
56. per cent.
or percent short for per centum. For each one hundred.
57. per se.
By itself. Intrinsically. Specifically.
58. p.m. / PM
short for post meridiem. After midday (noon.) Afternoon.
59. post.
After. Later. In a Supreme Court opinion, post refers to a later page of the same opinion.
60. post mortem.
After death.
61. prima facie.
On its face. Accepted on its face. Accepted as true based on initial impression. Accepted as true unless proven false.
62. PS.
short for post scriptum. Written after. After what has been written. In addition to what has been written. In addition.
63. quasi.
As if. As though. Resembling. Similar but not quite exactly the same. Having many but not all the features of.
64. quid pro quo.
This for that. An exchange of goods or services. A barter transaction. Any contractual transaction.
65. sic
or [sic]. So, this. The previous word should be taken literally even if it is not correct or appropriate.
66. stat.
or stat short for statim. Immediately. Now. without delay.
67. status quo.
The existing state of affairs. As it is. As things are.
68. stricto sensu
or sensu stricto. In a narrow, tight, or strict sense. Strictly speaking.
69. sui generis.
Of its own kind. Unique. Outside of existing categories. In law, outside of existing law.
70. supra.
Above. From the previous cited source.
71. tabula rasa.
Clean slate. Blank slate. Absence of any preconceived notions, ideas, goals, or purpose.
72. veni, vidi, vici.
I came, I saw, I conquered.
73. verbatim.
The same exact words. Literally.
74. vs.
short for versus. Against. In opposition to. As opposed to. In contrast to.
75. veto.
I forbid. Reject.
76. vice versa.
As well as the two immediately preceding subjects of a statement reversed. The same either way. The other way around.
77. viz.
short for videre licet or videlicet. Namely. That is.
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Latin is the language of the Romans. Through the continuing influence of Roman civilization and the use of Latin by the Catholic Church many genealogical resources are written in Latin. This page provides information about the language, including grammar, and a Latin to English wordlist.
Nearly all Roman Catholic church records used Latin to some extent.
Latin was used in the records of most European countries and in the Roman Catholic records of the United States and Canada. Because Latin was used in so many countries, local usage varied. Certain terms were commonly used in some countries but not in others. In addition, the Latin used in British records has more abbreviations than the Latin used in European records.
Latin is an inflected language, meaning that the endings of words vary according to how the words are used in a sentence. Who—whose— whom or marry—marries—married are examples of words in English with variant forms. This word list gives the most commonly seen form of each Latin word. As you read Latin records, be aware that almost all words vary with usage.
The case of a word describes how it is being used in a sentence. The main three cases are:
Nominative: when the noun is the subject of the sentence, i.e. it is doing the verb
Accusative : when the noun is the object of the sentence, so something else is doing a verb on it.
Genitive: the noun possesses or belongs to something else. In English indicated by ‘of’ or ‘s
A word’s ending also varies by whether it is plural or singular. Latin words are divided into five declensions, but only three are considered here. Each declension has it’s own basic pattern for word endings.
Most male names are in the 2nd declension. Nearly all female names are in the 1st declension. Names from both genders can be found in the 3rd declension.
Latin words for persons, places, and things (nouns) are classified as masculine, feminine, or neuter. For example, rex (king) is a masculine word, aetas (age) is a feminine word, and oppidum (town) is a neuter word.
Words that describe persons, places, or things (adjectives) will have either masculine, feminine, or neuter endings to match whatever they describe. For example, in Latin you would write magnus rex (great king), magna aetas (great age), and magnum oppidum (large town).
This word list gives only the masculine form of adjectives. For example:
-
- noster, nostra, nostrum (our) is listed as noster
- magnus, magna, magnum (great, large) is listed as magnus
- nobilis, nobile (noble, known) is listed as nobilis
Some words can be either masculine or feminine, such as patrinus (godfather) and patrina (godmother). This word list usually gives only the masculine form even though a feminine form may occur in Latin records. Thus, given the word famulus (servant), you can conclude that famula is a female servant. Similarly, this word list gives only natus est («he was born»). You can conclude that nata est means «she was born.» The plural form nati sunt means «they were born.»
Examples and Exceptions[edit | edit source]
| filius | son |
| (pater) filii | (father) of the son |
| (baptizavi) filium | (I baptized the) son |
| (ex) filio | (from) the son |
| vidua | widow |
| (filius) viduae | (son) of the widow |
| (sepelivi) viduam | (I buried the) widow |
| (ex) vidua | (from) the widow |
| pater | father |
| (filius) patris | (son) of the father |
| (sepelivi) patrem | (I buried the) father |
| (ex) patre | (from) the father |
Other noun endings change as follows to show possession:
-
- -as may change to -atis
- -ns may change to -ntis
- -or may change to -oris
- -tio may change to -tionis
Example: sartor (tailor) changes to sartoris (of the tailor)
Words that show action (verbs) also vary depending on who is doing the action and whether the action is past, present, or future. For example, the Latin word baptizare (to baptize) will appear with various endings:
| Present | Past |
| baptize | have baptized, baptized |
| (I) baptizo | baptizavi, baptizabam |
| (he) baptizat | baptizavit, baptizabat |
| (they) baptizant | baptizaverunt, baptizabant |
| is baptized | was baptized |
| (he) baptizatur | baptizatus est |
Spelling[edit | edit source]
Spelling rules were not standardized in earlier centuries. The following spelling variations are common in Latin documents:
-
- i and j used interchangeably
- u and v used interchangeably
- e used for ae (æ)
- e used for oe (œ)
- c used for qu
Examples:
-
- ejusdem or eiusdem
- civis or ciuis
- preceptor or praeceptor
- celebs or coelebs
- quondam or condam
Additional Resources[edit | edit source]
This word list includes only the words most commonly found in genealogical sources. For further help, use a Latin-English dictionary. Latin-English dictionaries are available on each floor of the FamilySearch Library. The call numbers begin with 473.21.
Many resources exist that will help you read Latin genealogical records. One of these is a 10 part online video called, Latin Handwriting.
Another resource is the National Archives of England, they have 12 online lessons covering latin records from 1086 to 1733, each lesson provides step by step instructions and is listed under the title of «Learn medieval Latin — Stage 1».
The Internet can be of great assistance in trying to translate Latin. There are some dictionaries and word lists as well as some sites that will translate for you. One good website is William Whitaker’s Words for translating words; also try this online Latin Dictionary. It is important to remember with using any of these websites that you have to be careful about accepting the meaning. Be sure that the meaning makes sense with what you are trying to translate.
The Dizionario di Abbreviature Latine ed Italiane contains an intensive list of Latin abbreviations, but the translations are in Italian.
- Ainsworth, Robert. Ainsworth’s Latin Dictionary. Revised Edition. London, England: F. Westly and A.H. Davis, 1836. FS Library book 473 Ai65a 1836; film 599788 — images; At various libraries (WorldCat). Online at: FamilySearch Digital Library.
Additional dictionaries are listed under Latin Language — Dictionaries in the Subject Search of the FamilySearch Catalog. Most bookstores carry useful, inexpensive Latin-English dictionaries.
The following sources can also be helpful for reading Latin records:
- Baxter, J. H. and Charles Johnson. Medieval Latin Word-List From British and Irish Sources. London, England: Oxford University Press, n.d. FS Library book 942 A8bm; At various libraries (WorldCat).
- Grun, Paul A. Schlüssel zur alten und neuen Abkürzungen: Wörterbuch lateinischer und deutscher Abkürzungen des späten Mittlealters und der Neuzeit. Limburg/Lahn, Germany: Starke Verlag, 1966. FS Library book 943 B4gg vol. 6. Key to ancient and modern abbreviations: Dictionary of Latin and German abbreviations of the late middle age and modern times.
- Jensen, C. Russell. Parish Register Latin: An Introduction. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA: Vita Nova Books, 1988. FS Library book 475 J453p; At various libraries (WorldCat). A guide to understanding Latin as it appears in continental European church records. Online at: Internet Archive.
- Martin, Charles Trice. The Record Interpreter: A Collection of Abbreviations, Latin Words and Names Used in English Historical Manuscripts and Records. 2nd ed. London: Stevens, 1910. FS Library book 422.471 M363re 1910; 1892 edition on FS Library film 547,182, item 3; At various libraries (WorldCat).
- McLaughlin, Eve. Simple Latin for Family Historians. 2nd ed. Birmingham, England: Federation of Family History Societies, 1987. FS Library book 471.1 M273; At various libraries (WorldCat). This booklet lists Latin words frequently used in English parish registers.
- Temple, Robin Edgel. Latin for Genealogical Research: A Primer for Record Latin. Thesis (M.A.). Brigham Young University, 1977. FS Library call number 929.1 T247L; edition on FS Library film 6070611(*); At various libraries (WorldCat).
Key Words[edit | edit source]
To find and use specific types of Latin records, you will need to know some key words in Latin. This section lists key genealogical terms in English and gives the Latin words that have the same or similar meanings.
For example, in the first column you will find the English word marriage. In the second column you will find Latin words with meanings such as marry, marriage, wedding, wedlock, unite, legitimate, joined, and other words used in Latin records to indicate marriage.
| English | Latin |
| birth | nati, natus, genitus, natales, ortus, oriundus |
| burial | sepulti, sepultus, humatus, humatio |
| christening | baptismi, baptizatus, renatus, plutus, lautus, purgatus, ablutus, lustratio |
| child | infans, filius/filia, puer, proles |
| death | mortuus, defunctus, obitus, denatus, decessus, peritus, mors, mortis, obiit, decessit |
| father | pater |
| godparent | patrini, levantes, susceptores, compater, commater, matrina |
| husband | maritus, sponsus, conjux, vir |
| marriage | matrimonium, copulatio, copulati, conjuncti, intronizati, nupti, sponsati, ligati, mariti |
| marriage banns | banni, proclamationes, denuntiationes |
| mother | mater |
| given name | nomen |
| surname | cognomen |
| parents | parentes, genitores |
| wife | uxor, marita, conjux, sponsa, mulier, femina, consors |
Genealogical Abbreviations[edit | edit source]
| Abbreviation | Latin | English |
| + | Defuncti | died |
| &c | et cætera | and also |
| aas | anno aetatis suae | died in the year of his age, i.e., a.a.s. 24 |
| ar | anno regni | year of reign |
| at | ætatis | age[1] |
| atq. | atque (variant of «ac») | and, and also |
| c | circa | about, approximately |
| c | comitis | count |
| Ch | Confirmati | confirmed |
| civit | civitas | city |
| dsp | decessit sine prole | died without issue (children)[2] |
| dspl | decessit sine prole legitima | died without legitimate issue (children)[2] |
| dspm | decessit sine prole mascula | died without male issue (sons)[2] |
| dspml | decessit sine prole mascula legitima | died without legitimate male issue (sons) |
| dspms | decessit sine prole mascula superstite | died without surviving male issue (living sons)[2] |
| dsps | decessit sine prole superstite | died without surviving issue (living children)[2] |
| dspv | decessit sine prole virilli | died without male issue (sons)[2] |
| dvm | decessit vita matris | died in the lifetime of the mother |
| dvp | decessit vita patris | died in the lifetime of the father |
| J | Matrimonis Juncti | joined in marriage |
| msp | mortuus sine prole | died without offspring (children)[3] |
| na | natus or nata | born[1] |
| NB! | Nota bene | important note, please note |
| ob | obiit | died, followed by the date[4] |
| osp or ob.s.p. | obiit (or obit) sine prole | died without issue (children)[4] |
| P | Prima vice Communicates | first communion |
| PP | per procurationem | by proxy |
| q. | quondam | deceased, the late |
| slp | sine legitima prole | died without legitimate issue (children)[5] |
| smp | sine mascula prole | died without male issue (sons)[5] |
| sp | sine prole | without issue (children)[5] |
| spl | sine prole legitima | died without legitimate issue (children)[5] |
| spm | sine prole mascula | died without male issue (sons)[5] |
| sps | sine prole superstite | without surviving issue (children)[5] |
| sp/ss | susceptores | sponsors (godparents) |
Numbers[edit | edit source]
In some genealogical records, numbers—especially dates—are written out. The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3) and the ordinal (1st, 2nd, 3rd) versions of each number. Ordinal numbers are adjectives and may sometimes appear with the feminine ending (-a) or the neuter ending (-um). In written dates the ordinal numbers usually end with the grammatical ending (-o). Example:
- quartus = the fourth
quarto = on the fourth
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 101 150 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 |
Cardinal unus duo, duae tres, tres, tria quattuor quinque sex septem octo novem decem undecim duodecim tredecim quattuordecim quindecim sedecim septemdecim, decimo septimo odeviginti undeviginti, decimo nona viginti viginti unus viginti duo viginti tres viginti quattuor viginti quinque viginti sex viginti septem viginti octo viginti novem triginta quadraginta quinquaginta sexaginta septuaginta octoginta nonaginta centum centum unus centum quinquaginta ducenti trecenti quadringenti quingenti sescenti septigenti octingenti nongenti mille |
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20st 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th 101th 150th 200th 300th 400th 500th 600th 700th 800th 900th 1000th |
Ordinal primus secundus tertius quartus quintus sextus septimus octavus nonus decimus undecimus duodecimus tertius decimus quartus decimus quintus decimus sextus decimus septimus decimus duodevicesimus undevicesimus vicesimus or vigesimus vicesimus primus vicesimus secundus vicesimus tertius vicesimus quartus vicesimus quintus vicesimus sextus vicesimus septimus vicesimus octavus vicesimus nonus tricesimus quadragesimus quinquagesimus sexagesimus septuagesimus octogesimus nonagesimus centesimus centesimus primus centesimus quinquagesimus ducentesimus trecentesimus quadringentesimus quingentesimus sescentesimus septingentesimus octingentesimus nongentesimus millesimus |
Roman Numerals[edit | edit source]
Roman numerals are written as combinations of the seven letters listed below. The letters can be written in capital (XVI) or lower-case (xvi) letters.
| I = 1 | V = 5 | X = 10 | L = 50 | C = 100 | D = 500 | M = 1000 |
D is sometimes represented by the symbol 
.
M is sometimes represented by the symbol 
.
If smaller value numbers follow larger value numbers, add the values together. If a smaller value number precedes a larger value number, subtract the smaller from the larger. For example:
| VII IX XL MDCCII MCMLXIV |
= (5+2) = 7 = (10-1) = 9 = (50-10) = 40 = 1000+500+200+2 = 1702 = 1000+(1000-100)+50+10+(5-1) = 1964 |
Common Roman Numerals[edit | edit source]
| 1 = I 2 = II 3 = III 4 = IV 5 = V 6 = VI 7 = VII 8 = VIII 9 = IX 10 = X 11 = XI 12 = XII 13 = XIII |
14 = XIV 15 = XV 16 = XVI 17 = XVII 18 = XVIII 19 = XIX 20 = XX 21 = XXI 22 = XXII 23 = XXIII 24 = XXIV 25 = XXV 26 = XXVI |
27 = XXVII 28 = XXVIII 29 = XXIX 30 = XXX 31 = XXXI 40 = XL 50 = L 60 = LX 70 = LXX 80 = LXXX 90 = XC 100 = C 101 = CI |
150 = CL 200 = CC 300 = CCC 400 = CD 500 = D 600 = DC 700 = DCC 800 = DCCC 900 = CM 1000 = M 1600 = MDC 1700 = MDCC 1800 = MDCCC 1900 = MCM |
Dates and Times[edit | edit source]
In Latin records, dates are often written out. Numbers generally end with -o when used in a date. For example:
- Anno Domini millesimo sescentesimo nonagesimo quarto et die decimo septimo mensis Maii [In the year of (our) Lord one thousand six hundred ninety-four, and on the seventeenth day of the month of May]
To understand Latin dates, use the following lists as well as the preceding «Numbers» section.
Months[edit | edit source]
| English | Latin |
| January | Januarius |
| February | Februarius |
| March | Martius |
| April | Aprilis |
| May | Maius |
| June | Junius |
| July | Julius |
| August | Augustus |
| September | September, 7ber, VIIber, 7bri, VIIbri |
| October | October, 8ber, VIIIber, 8bri, VIIIbri |
| November | November, 9ber, IXber, 9bri, IXbri |
| December | December, 10ber, Xber. 10bri, Xbri |
Days of the Week[edit | edit source]
| English | Latin |
| Sunday | dominica, dies dominica, dominicus, dies Solis, feria prima, abbreviations: Dca., dom., fer. pri., fer. 1. |
| Monday | feria secunda, dies Lunae, abbreviations: fer.sec., fer. 2. |
| Tuesday | feria tertia, dies Martis, abbreviations: fer. ter., fer. 3. |
| Wednesday | feria quarta, dies Mercurii, abbreviations: fer. quar., fer. 4. |
| Thursday | feria quinta, dies Jovis, abbreviations: fer quin., fer. 5. |
| Friday | feria sexta, dies Veneris, abbreviations: fer sex., fer 6. |
| Saturday | feria septima, sabbatum, dies sabbatinus, dies Saturni, abbreviations: fer. sept., fer. 7 |
Phrases Indicating Time[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
| anno domini | in the year of the Lord |
| anno incarnationis | in the year (since/of) the incarnation of the Lord |
| annus | year |
| annus bissextus | leap year |
| ante meridiem | before noon (a.m.) |
| altera die | on the next day |
| biduum | space of two days, two-day period |
| cras | tomorrow |
| die | day |
| die sequenti | on the following day |
| die vero | this very day |
| ejusdem die | of the same day |
| eodem anno | in the same year |
| eodem die | on the same day |
| eodem mense | in the same month |
| eodemque | the same (day, month) |
| eo tempore | at this time |
| feria | day, holiday |
| hebdomada | a week |
| heri | yesterday |
| hodie | today |
| hora | hour |
| longo tempore | for a long time |
| mane | in the morning |
| meridie | noon |
| mense | month |
| nocte | at night |
| nudius tertius | three days earlier |
| nunc dies tertius | three days earlier |
| nunc temporis | of the present time |
| perendie | day after tomorrow |
| pomerid | after noon (p.m.) |
| post meridiem | after noon (p.m.) |
| postridie | on the day after, a day later |
| pridie | the day before |
| pro tempore | for (at) the time |
| triduum | space of three days, three-day period |
| tunc temporis | of former time |
| vespere, vespertinus | in the evening |
General Words[edit | edit source]
This general word list includes words commonly seen in genealogical sources. Numbers, months, and days of the week are listed both here and in separate sections that follow this list.
In this list, some grammatical variations of Latin words are given in parentheses. Some Latin phrases and their translations are listed [in brackets] under the most significant Latin word, not the first word, of the phrase. Words in parentheses in the English column clarify the definition.
Click the letter below to get to the words starting with that letter.
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
A[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| a (ab) | from, by (ablative preposition) |
| abavia | great-great-grandmother |
| abavus | great-great-grandfather, ancestor |
| abdormitus | died |
| abdormivit | he/she died |
| ab hoc mense | from this month on |
| abiit | he/she died |
| abinde | since |
| abitus est | he/she died, went away |
| abjectarius | cabinetmaker, woodworker |
| abjuro | to renounce by oath |
| ablutus est | he was baptized |
| abs | from, by |
| abscessus | death |
| absque | without, except |
| abstersus | baptized |
| abuo | I baptize, I wash |
| ac | and |
| acatholicus | non-Catholic, Protestant |
| accipio | to take, receive, take possession of |
| accola | local resident |
| acicularius | needle maker |
| acquiescat | he/she reposes, dies, is content with |
| acquietus est | he died |
| acra | acre |
| actum | record |
| ad | to, at, in, for, towards |
| adhuc | as yet, still |
| adjutor | assistant |
| adjuvenis | assistant |
| adolescens | young man, adolescent |
| adulterium | adultery |
| advenit | he appeared, came |
| advocatus | lawyer |
| aeger | sick |
| aegyptus | gypsy |
| aequalis | equal |
| aetas (aetatis) | age |
| aetate | (being) in the age of, age |
| affinitas | relationship by marriage |
| affirmavit | he/she affirmed, confirmed, asserted |
| agentis | of the official |
| agnatus | blood relative in the male line |
| agonia | cramps |
| agricola | farmer |
| ahenarius | coppersmith |
| albus | white |
| alemannus | German |
| alias | also, otherwise, or, at, another, called |
| alibi | elsewhere, at another time |
| aliqui, aliquod | some |
| aliud (alius) | other, another |
| allemania | Germany |
| altare | altar |
| alter | the next, the other |
| alutarius | tanner |
| ambo | both, two together |
| amita | aunt, father’s sister |
| amitinus | cousin, (child of father’s sister) |
| ancilla | female servant |
| ancillus | male servant |
| anglia | England |
| anima | soul, spirit |
| animam reddidit domino suo | he/she returned his/her soul to his/her Lord (died) |
| anno | in the year (of) |
| anno domini | in the year of (our) Lord |
| anno incarnationis | in the year (since/of) the incarnation (of the Lord) |
| annus | year |
| andedictus | aforesaid |
| ante | before, in front of, prior to |
| antiquus | old, senior |
| apoplexia | stroke |
| aprilis | of April |
| apud | at the house of, at, by, near |
| aqua | water |
| archidiaconus | archdeacon |
| archiepiscopus | archbishop |
| archivum | archive |
| arcularius | carpenter |
| arma | coat of arms |
| armentarius | herdsman |
| armiger | gentleman, squire |
| armorum | of coats of arms |
| at | but |
| atque | and |
| augusti | of August |
| aurifaber | goldsmith |
| auriga | driver |
| aut | or |
| autem | but, however, moreover |
| auxentium | Alsace |
| ava | grandmother |
| avi | ancestors, grandparents |
| avia | grandmother |
| aviaticus | nephew |
| avunculus | uncle (mother’s brother) |
| avus | grandfather |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
B[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| bacallarius | bachelor |
| baillivus | bailiff |
| balneator | bathhouse operator; surgeon |
| bannorum, liber | register of marriage banns, announcements |
| bannum | bann, marriage proclamation |
| baptisatus, baptizata | baptized |
| baptisma | baptism |
| necessitate baptismo | (being) an emergency baptism |
| baptismatis | of baptism |
| baptismus | baptism |
| baptizatorum, liber | register of baptisms |
| baptizatus est, baptizata est | he was baptized, has been baptized |
| baptizavi | I baptized, have baptized |
| baro | baron |
| beatus | blessed, deceased |
| bene | well |
| bergarius | shepherd |
| biduum | space of two days, two-day period |
| biennium | two-year period |
| bona | possessions |
| bonus | good |
| bordarius | cottager, tenant, border |
| borussia | Prussia |
| brasiator | brewer |
| burgensis | citizen, burgess |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
C[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| cadaver | dead body, cadaver |
| caelebs | bachelor, single man |
| caelum | heaven, sky |
| caementarius | stonemason |
| calcearius | shoemaker |
| calciator | shoemaker |
| caledonia | Scotland |
| caligator | shoemaker |
| cambria | Wales |
| cameranius | chamberlain, valet, groom |
| capella | chapel |
| capellanus | chaplain |
| capitis | head, chief |
| capt et jurat | taken and sworn |
| caput | head, chief |
| carbonarius | collier, coal miner |
| carecarius | carter |
| carnarius | butcher |
| carpentarius | carpenter |
| carta | deed, charter, map |
| casale | estate, village |
| casatus | cottager |
| cataster | land, property record |
| catholicus | Catholic |
| caupo (cauponis) | innkeeper |
| causa | cause, sake, because of |
| ex causa | on account of, for the sake of |
| celator | turner |
| celebraverunt | they celebrated, were married |
| census | census |
| centenarius | a person one hundred years of age |
| centesimus | hundredth |
| centum | hundred |
| cerdo (cerdonis) | handworker |
| chartarius | paper miller |
| chirotherarus | glover |
| chirurgus | surgeon |
| chramarius | merchant |
| cimeterium | cemetery |
| cingarus | gypsy |
| circa | about, around, round about |
| circiter | about, approximately |
| civis | citizen |
| civitas | city |
| clausit | he/she finished, closed |
| claustrarius | locksmith |
| clausum | closed, finished |
| clericus | clergyman |
| clostrarius | locksmith |
| coelebs | bachelor, single man |
| coemeterium | cemetery |
| cognationis | blood relationship |
| collis | hill, mount, mountain |
| cognomen | name, family name, surname |
| colonus | colonist, settler, resident, farmer |
| colorator | dyer |
| comes | count |
| comitas | county |
| comitatus | county |
| comitissa | countess |
| commater | godmother |
| commorantes | living, residing |
| comparatio | presence, appearance |
| comparuit | he/she appeared, was present |
| compater | godfather |
| compos | in possession of |
| concepta est | she was pregnant |
| concessit | consented |
| conditione, sub | conditionally |
| conjugatus | married |
| conjuges | married couple |
| conjugum | of/from the married couple |
| conjuncti sunt | they were joined (in marriage) |
| conjux | spouse |
| consanguinitatis | of blood relationship (such as cousins) |
| consobrina | female cousin (usually on the mother’s side) |
| consobrinus | male cousin (usually on the mother’s side) |
| consors (consortis) | wife |
| contra | against, opposite |
| contracti | contracted, drawn together |
| contraxerunt | they contracted (marriage) |
| convulsionis | of convulsions |
| coop. loci., cooperator loci | local assistant priest |
| cooperator | assistant priest, curate, chaplain |
| cooperta | married (of a woman) |
| copulationis | of marriage |
| copulati sunt | they were married, joined |
| copulatus | married, joined |
| copulavit | he married (performed wedding) |
| coquus | cook |
| coram | in the presence of |
| coriarius | tanner, leather worker |
| corpus (corporis) | body |
| cotarius | cottager |
| cras | tomorrow |
| creatura dei | foundling (creature of God) |
| cuius | whose |
| cuiusdam | of a certain |
| cultellarius | cutler |
| cum | with |
| cuprifaber | coppersmith |
| cur | why |
| curia | court |
| currarius | carriage builder |
| custos (custodis) | custodian, guard |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
D[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| datum | date, given |
| de | of, from, by, concerning, about |
| debilitas | illness, weakness |
| decanatus | deanery, section of a diocese |
| decanus | deacon |
| decem | ten |
| decembris | of December |
| decessit | he/she died |
| decessus | died, death |
| decimus | tenth |
| decretum | decree |
| decubuit | he/she died, lay down |
| dedit | he/she gave |
| deflorata | deflowered, no longer a virgin |
| defuit | he/she departed, died |
| defunctorum | of the dead (people) |
| defunctorum, liber | register of the deceased |
| defunctus est | he/she dies, is discharged |
| defungitur | he died |
| dei | of God |
| deinde | then, thereafter, next |
| dilectus | beloved |
| denarius | coin, penny, money |
| denatus | deceased, dead |
| denatus est | he died, has died |
| denunciatio | publication of marriage banns |
| factis tribus denunciationibus | after the publication of three marriage banns (three marriage banns having been published) |
| desponsationis | engagement |
| desponsatus | engaged |
| deus | God |
| dexter | right |
| dictus | said, stated, known as |
| didymus | twin |
| die | on the day |
| dies (diei) | day |
| dignus | worthy |
| dimidium | half |
| diocesis | diocese |
| discessit | he/she died |
| disponsationis | permission |
| diuturnus | of long duration |
| divortium | divorce |
| doageria | dowager |
| dodum | formerly, recently |
| domi | at home |
| domicella | young lady, servant, nun |
| domicellus | young nobleman, junker, servant, servant in a monastery |
| domina | lady |
| dominica | Sunday |
| dominus | lord, rule, the Lord (Jesus Christ) |
| domus | home, house, family |
| donum | gift |
| dos (dotis) | dowry |
| duae | two |
| ducatus | duchy |
| ducentesimus | two hundredth |
| ducenti | two hundred |
| ducis | See dux. |
| dum | while, when, until, as long as |
| duo | two |
| duodecim | twelve |
| duodecimus | twelfth |
| duodevicesimus | eighteenth |
| duodeviginti | eighteen |
| dux (ducis) | duke, leader |
| dysenteria | dysentery |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
E[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| e | out of, from |
| eadem | the same |
| eam | her |
| ebdomada | week |
| ecclampsia | convulsions |
| ecclesia | church |
| in facie ecclesiae | in front of the church |
| ego | I |
| ejusdem | the same |
| elapsus | past, elapsed |
| empicus | lung disease |
| enim | for, namely, truly |
| eodem | the same |
| eodem die | on the same day |
| eodemque | the same (day, month) |
| episcopus | bishop |
| equalis | equal |
| eques (equitis) | knight, cavalry soldier |
| erant | they were |
| ergo | therefore, because of |
| erratum | error |
| esse | to be |
| est | he/she is |
| et | and, even |
| etiam | and also, and even |
| eum | him |
| ex | from, out of (places of origin) |
| exhalavit animam | he/she breathed out his/her soul (died) |
| extra | outside of, beyond |
| extraneus | stranger, foreign |
| extremum | last |
| extremum munitus | last rites provided |
| exulatus | exile |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
F[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| faber | maker, smith |
| factus | made |
| falso | falsely, incorrectly |
| familia | family |
| familiaris | relative, slave, friend, follower |
| famula | maid servant |
| famulus | (male) servant |
| feber (febris) | fever |
| februarii | of February |
| fecunda | pregnant |
| femina | female, woman |
| fere | almost, nearly |
| feria | day, holiday |
| festum | feast, festival, wedding |
| fidelis | faithful |
| figulus | potter |
| filia | daughter |
| filia populae | illegitimate daughter |
| filiaster | stepson |
| filiastra | stepdaughter |
| filiola | little daughter |
| filiolus | little son |
| filius | son |
| filius populi | illegitimate son |
| finis | border, end |
| firmarius | farmer |
| fluxus | dysentery |
| focus | hearth, fireplace, home |
| foderator | fuller, cloth worker |
| fodiator | digger |
| folium | page |
| fons (fontis) | baptismal font, spring, fountain |
| fossor | grave digger, miner |
| frater | brother |
| fuerunt | they were |
| fui | I was |
| fuit | he/she was |
| furnarius | baker |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
G[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| garcio | boy, servant |
| gardianus | church warden |
| gemellae | twins (female) |
| gemelli | twins (male, or male and female) |
| geminus | twin |
| genealogia | genealogy |
| gener | son-in-law |
| generis | See genus. |
| generosus | of noble birth, gentleman |
| genitor | father |
| genitores | parents |
| genitus est | he was born, begotten |
| gens (gentis) | male line, clan, tribe, lineage |
| genuit | he/she was begotten |
| genus (generis) | sex, type, kind, birth, descent, origin, class, race |
| germana | real sister (by blood), German |
| germania | Germany |
| germanus | real brother (by blood), German |
| glos (gloris) | sister-in-law (wife’s sister) |
| gradus | degree, grade |
| gratia | grace, sake |
| gravida | pregnant |
| guardianus | guardian |
| gubernium | domain |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
H[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| habent | they have |
| habet | he/she has |
| habitans | resident, inhabitant |
| habitatio | residence |
| habitavit | he/she resided, dwelt |
| habuit | he/she had, held |
| haec (hac) | this, the latter |
| haereticus | heretic |
| haud | not |
| hebdomada | week |
| helvetia | Switzerland |
| heres (heredis) | heir |
| heri | yesterday |
| hibernia | Ireland |
| hic | here |
| hinc | from here |
| his | this, the latter |
| hispania | Spain |
| hoc | this, the latter |
| hodie | today |
| homo (hominis) | man, human being |
| honestus | respectable, honorable |
| hora | hour |
| hortulanus | gardener |
| hospes (hospitis) | innkeeper |
| huius, hujus | of this, of the latter |
| hujate | in this town/place |
| humationis | burial |
| humatus est | he was buried |
| humilis | humble, lowly |
| hungaricus | Hungarian |
| hydropsis | dropsy |
| hypodidasculus | schoolmaster, usher |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
I[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| iam | already |
| ibi | there |
| ibidem (ib, ibid) | in the same place |
| idem | the same |
| ignotus | unknown |
| iit | he/she went |
| illegitimus | illegitimate |
| illius | of that, of the former |
| impedimentum | hindrance, impediment (often to a marriage) |
| nulloque detecto impedimento matrimonio | and no hindrance to the marriage having been uncovered |
| imperium | empire |
| imponit | he imposes, places upon |
| impositus | imposed, placed upon, given |
| cui impositum est nomen | to whom was given the name |
| imposui | I placed upon |
| impraegnavit | he impregnated |
| impregnata | pregnant |
| in nomine S.S. Trinitatis | in the name of the Holy Trinity |
| incarnationis | of the incarnation (of the Lord) |
| incola | inhabitant, resident |
| index (indicis) | index |
| inerunt | they entered into (marriage) |
| infans (infantis) | child, infant |
| inferior | lower |
| infirmus | weak |
| infra | below, under |
| infrascriptus | written below, undersigned |
| iniit | he/she entered, began |
| initiatus est | he was baptized |
| injuria | injury, worry |
| inter | between |
| intra | within, during |
| intronizati sunt | they were married, have been married |
| intronizaverunt | they married, have married |
| inupta | unmarried |
| invenit | he/she found, discovered |
| ipse | himself, herself, itself |
| ita | so, thus |
| item | also, likewise |
| ivit | he/she went |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
J[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| januarii | of January |
| jovis, dies | Thursday |
| judaicus | Jewish |
| judicium | court, judgment |
| jugum | married couple (short for conjugum) |
| julii | of July |
| juncti sunt | they were joined (in marriage) |
| junii | of June |
| junior | younger, junior |
| juravit | he/she swore, took an oath |
| jure | legally, lawfully |
| juro | I swear, testify |
| jus (juris) | law |
| juvenis | young man, young woman, young person |
| juxta | near to, beside |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
L[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| laborius | worker, laborer |
| lanarius | wool worker |
| lanatus | clothed in wool |
| laniarius | butcher |
| laniator | butcher |
| lanifex (lanificis) | weaver |
| laterarius | brick maker |
| lautus est | he was baptized, has been baptized |
| lavacrum | font |
| lavatus est | he was baptized, washed |
| lavo | I baptize, wash |
| legio | legion |
| legitimatus | legitimate |
| levabat | he was holding, raising, lifting up |
| levans | godparent |
| levantes | the godparents |
| levantibus | by the godparents |
| levare ex fonte | to raise from the baptismal font, to act as a godparent |
| levir | husband’s brother, brother-in-law |
| liber | book, register, free |
| liberi | children |
| libra | pound (weight) |
| ligati sunt | they were married, have been married |
| ligatus | married, joined, married person |
| ligavi | I joined (in marriage) |
| lignarius | joiner, cabinetmaker |
| lignicidus | woodcutter |
| linifex (linificis) | linen weaver |
| locus | place |
| ludimagister | schoolmaster, teacher |
| ludus | school |
| lunae, dies | Monday |
| lustrationis | of the baptism |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
M[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| macellator | butcher |
| magis | more |
| magister | master |
| magnus | large, great |
| maii | of May |
| major | greater, older |
| majorennis | of legal age |
| majoritatatis | of legal age, majority |
| male | badly |
| malus | bad, evil |
| mane | in the morning |
| manu propria | (signed) by one’s own hand |
| manus | hand, band |
| marasmus | weakness |
| maris | of a male, man |
| marita | married, wife |
| mariti | married couple |
| maritus | married, husband |
| martii | of March |
| martis, dies | Tuesday |
| mas | male, man |
| mater (matris) | mother |
| matertera | aunt, mother’s sister |
| matrica | register, record book |
| matrimonium | marriage |
| per subsequens matrimonium legitimatus | legitimized by subsequent marriage |
| matrina | godmother |
| matruelis | cousin on mother’s side |
| matutinus (matut.) | in the morning |
| me | me |
| mecum | with me |
| medicus | doctor |
| mendicus | beggar |
| mense | in the month (of) |
| mensis | month |
| mercator | merchant |
| mercenarius | day laborer |
| mercurii, dies | Wednesday |
| meretrix (meretricis) | harlot, prostitute |
| meridies | noon |
| meus | mine |
| miles (militis) | soldier, knight |
| mille | thousand |
| millesimus | thousandth |
| minorennis | not of legal age |
| minoritatis | of less than legal age, minority |
| minus | less |
| modo | lately, presently, now |
| modus | manner, way |
| mola | mill |
| molitor | miller |
| moneta | money |
| mons (montis) | mountain |
| morbus | disease |
| more novo | (according to) the new style (of dating) |
| more vetere | (according to) the old style (of dating) |
| moritur | he/she died |
| mortis | of death |
| ex hac mortali ad immortalem vitam | from this mortality to immortal life (died) |
| ob imminens mortis periculum | on account of imminent danger of death (for an emergency baptism) |
| mortuus est | he died |
| mos (moris) | custom, manner |
| mulier | woman, wife |
| multus | many |
| municeps | a magistrate of a town |
| munitus | fortified, provided |
| murarius | bricklayer |
| mutuus | mutual, common |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
N[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| nativitas | birth |
| naturalis | natural, illegitimate |
| natus est, nata est | he was born |
| natus hoc die | born this day |
| nauta | sailor |
| nec | neither, nor |
| necessitatis | of necessity |
| necnon | and also |
| negotiator | merchant (commerce) |
| nemo (neminis) | no one |
| nempe | namely |
| neosponsa | newlywed (female) |
| neosponsus | newlywed (male) |
| nepos (nepotis) | nephew, grandson |
| neptis | niece, granddaughter |
| neque | and not |
| nescit | he doesn’t know |
| niger | black |
| nihil | nothing |
| nisi | if not |
| n.n. = nomen nescio | I do not know the name |
| nobilis | noble |
| nobilitatis | of nobility |
| nocte | at night |
| nomen | name |
| nomen nescio | name not known |
| nominatus est | he was named |
| nomine | by/with the name (of) |
| non | not, no |
| nonagenarius | a person in his nineties |
| nonagesimus | ninetieth |
| nonaginta | ninety |
| nongentesimus | nine hundredth |
| nongenti | nine hundred |
| nonus | ninth |
| nonus decimus | nineteenth |
| nos | we, us |
| noster | our |
| nota bene | note well, notice |
| notarius | notary |
| nothus | illegitimate child |
| novem | nine |
| novembris | of November |
| noverca | stepmother |
| nox | night |
| nudius | earlier |
| nudius tertius | today is the third day (e.g., the day before yesterday) |
| nullus | no, none |
| numerus | number |
| nunc | now, at this time |
| nunquam | never |
| nuntius | messenger |
| nuper | lately (sometimes denotes a deceased person) |
| nupserunt | they married |
| nupta | married woman, bride |
| nuptias | wedding |
| nuptus | married |
| nurus | daughter-in-law |
| nutritor | foster father |
| nutrius | foster child |
| nutrix (nutricis) | foster mother |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
O[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| ob | on account of, for, according to |
| obdormitus est | he fell asleep, died |
| obierunt | they died, have died |
| ob(i) imminens vitæ periculum | because of impending danger of death |
| obiit | he/she died, went away, departed |
| obiit sine prole | died without issue |
| obitus | death, died |
| obstetrix (obstetricis) | midwife |
| octavus | eighth |
| octavus decimus | eighteenth |
| octingentesimus | eight hundredth |
| octingenti | eight hundred |
| octo | eight |
| octobris | of October |
| octogenarius | a person in his eighties |
| octogesimus | eightieth |
| octoginta | eighty |
| officialis | official |
| oibus | Short for omnibus, ‘all’ |
| olim | formerly, once (sometimes denotes a deceased person; also used in English church records to denote a name change, such as a slave name prior to baptism; «formerly known as») |
| omnis | all, every |
| operarius | day laborer |
| oppidum | city, town |
| orbus | orphan |
| origo (originis) | origin, birth |
| oriundus, ex | originating (from), born |
| orphanus | orphan |
| ortus | origin, birth |
| ovilius | shepherd |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
P[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| pacatio | payment |
| paene | almost, nearly |
| pagina | page |
| pagus | village, district |
| palatium | palatinate |
| panifex | baker |
| papa | pope |
| parentes | parents |
| pariochialis | parochial, parish |
| pariter | equally, also |
| parochia | parish |
| parochus | parish priest |
| pars (partis) | area, region |
| partus | birth, childbirth |
| parvulus | very little, small |
| parvus | little |
| pastor | pastor, shepherd |
| pater (patris) | father |
| patres | forefathers, ancestors |
| patria | fatherland, native land |
| patrina | godmother |
| patrini | godparents |
| patrinus | godfather |
| patruelis | cousin on father’s side |
| patruus | uncle (father’s brother) |
| pauper | poor |
| pax (pace) | peace |
| pedegogus | schoolteacher |
| penult | the last but one, next to the last |
| per | through, by means of |
| peregrinus | foreign, strange |
| perendie | day after tomorrow |
| perfecit | he/she completed, did |
| periit | he/she perished, died |
| peritus | deceased, dead |
| peritus est | he died |
| pestis | plague |
| phthisis | consumption, tuberculosis |
| pictor | painter |
| pie | piously |
| pigator | dyer |
| piscator | fisherman |
| pistor | baker |
| pius | pious |
| plutus | baptized, sprinkled |
| pomerid | afternoon (p.m.) |
| pons (pontis) | bridge |
| popula | people |
| post | after |
| posterus | following |
| posthumus | born after death of father |
| post partum | after birth |
| postridie | on the day after, a day later |
| potuit | could |
| preceptor | teacher, instructor |
| predefunctus | previously deceased (such as before the birth of a child) |
| predictus | aforesaid |
| prefatus | aforesaid |
| prefectus | magistrate |
| pregnata | pregnant |
| premissus | published previously (such as marriage banns) |
| prenobilis | respected, honorable, esteemed |
| presens (presentis) | present, in attendance |
| preter | besides, also, past, beyond |
| pretor | village mayor |
| pridie | the day before |
| primus | first |
| princeps | prince |
| principatus | principality |
| privigna | stepdaughter |
| privignus | stepson |
| pro | for, in behalf of, as far as |
| proclamationis | bann, decree |
| procurator | lawyer, monastic official |
| progenitus | firstborn |
| proles | issue, child, offspring (gender not given) |
| promulgationis | decree, bann |
| prope | near, close to |
| propter | because of, near |
| prout | as, accordingly |
| provisus | provided (with) |
| proximus | previous, preceding |
| anni proximi elapsi | of the preceding year |
| pudica | chaste, upright |
| puella | girl |
| puer | boy, child |
| puera | girl |
| puerperium | childbirth |
| purgatus | baptized, purged, cleansed |
| puta | reputed, supposed |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
Q[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| quadragesimus | fortieth |
| quadraginta | forty |
| quadrigentesimus | four hundredth |
| quadringenti | four hundred |
| quaestor | treasurer, paymaster |
| quam | how, as much as |
| quando | when |
| quartus | fourth |
| quartus decimus | fourteenth |
| quasi | almost, as if |
| quattuor | four |
| quattuordecim | fourteen |
| -que | and (as a suffix) |
| qui (quae, quod) | who, which, what |
| quidam (quaedam, quodam) | a certain person or thing |
| quindecim | fifteen |
| quingentesimus | five hundredth |
| quingenti | five hundred |
| quinquagesimus | fiftieth |
| quinquaginta | fifty |
| quinque | five |
| quintus | fifth |
| quintus decimus | fifteenth |
| quod | because |
| quondam | formerly, former (refers to a deceased person) |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
R[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| recognito | examination, inquest by jury |
| rectus | right, direct |
| regeneratus est | he was baptized |
| regimine pedestre | infantry regiment |
| regina | queen |
| registrum | index, list |
| regius | royal |
| regnum | kingdom |
| relicta | widow |
| relictus | widower, surviving |
| religio (religionis) | religion |
| relinquit | he/she left behind, abandoned |
| renanus | of the Rhine |
| renatus est | he was baptized |
| repertorium | index, list |
| requiescat in pace | (may he/she) rest in peace |
| restio | rope maker |
| rex (regis) | king |
| ritus | rite, ceremony |
| rotulus | roll |
| rufus | red |
| rusticus | peasant, farmer |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
S[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| sabbatinus, dies | Saturday |
| sabbatum | Saturday |
| sacellanus | chaplain |
| sacer | sacred |
| sacerdos (sacerdotis) | priest |
| Sacra Eucharistia | sacred last rites |
| sacramentum | sacrament, ordinance, rite |
| omnibus sacramentis provisis | (he/she) was provided with all the last rites |
| sacramentis totiis munitiis | (being) fortified by all the last rites |
| sacro fonte baptismi | in the sacred font of baptism |
| saeculum | a generation, century, age, eternity, world |
| saepe | often |
| salarium | salary |
| Saluatoris | Savior (as in year of our Lord) |
| sanctus | holy, sacred, a saint |
| sanus | healthy |
| sartor | tailor |
| satis | enough |
| saturni, dies | Saturday |
| scabinus | judge, lay assessor |
| scarlatina | scarlet fever |
| schola | school |
| scorbutus | scurvy |
| scorifex (scorificis) | tanner |
| scorta | unmarried mother, whore |
| scotia | Scotland |
| scribo | I write |
| scripsit | he/she wrote |
| scriptum | written |
| secundus | second |
| sed | but |
| sedecim | sixteen |
| sellarius | saddler |
| semel | once, a single time |
| semi | half |
| semper | always |
| senex (senicis) | old man |
| senilis | weak with age |
| senior | older, elder |
| senium | old age |
| sepelivi | I buried |
| septagenarius | a person in his seventies |
| septem | seven |
| septembris | of September |
| septemdecim | seventeen |
| septentrional | north, as in America Septentrionali |
| septigenti | seven hundred |
| septimana | week |
| septimus | seventh |
| septimus decimus | seventeenth |
| septingentesimus | seven hundredth |
| septuagesimus | seventieth |
| septuaginta | seventy |
| sepultorum, liber | burial register |
| sepultus est, sepulta est | he was buried |
| sequens (sequentis) | following |
| serdo (serdonis) | tanner |
| servus | servant |
| sescentesimus | six hundredth |
| sescenti | six hundred |
| seu | or |
| sex | six |
| sexagesimus | sixtieth |
| sexaginta | sixty |
| sextus | sixth |
| sextus decimus | sixteenth |
| sexus | sex |
| si | if |
| sic | thus, so, yes |
| sigillum | seal |
| signum | sign, mark |
| signum fecit | he/she made a mark, signed |
| silva | woods, forest |
| sine | without |
| sinister | left |
| sinus | bosom, breast |
| in sinum maternum conditus | given into the maternal breast (buried) |
| sive | or |
| smigator | soap maker |
| socer (socris) | father-in-law |
| socius | apprentice, comrade, associate |
| socrinus | brother-in-law |
| socrus | mother-in-law |
| sol (solis) | the sun |
| solemnicationis | marriage |
| solis, dies | Sunday |
| solutus | unmarried, free from debt |
| soror | sister |
| sororius | brother-in-law (sister’s husband) |
| spasmus | cramps |
| spirituales, parentes | godparents |
| sponsa | bride, spouse, betrothed |
| sponsalia | marriage banns |
| sponsalis | betrothed |
| sponsatus | married |
| sponsor | godparent |
| sponsus | groom, spouse, betrothed |
| spurius | illegitimate |
| statim | immediately |
| status | condition, status |
| stemma | pedigree |
| stinarius | plowman |
| stirps | origin, source |
| stuprata | pregnant (out of wedlock) |
| stuprator | father of an illegitimate child |
| sub | under, beneath, below |
| subdo/subdita | substitute, placed under = used as a.k.a. or alias |
| subscripsit | he/she undersigned |
| subscriptus | undersigned |
| subsequentis | following, subsequent |
| subsignatum | marked or signed below |
| subsignavit | he/she marked (signed) below |
| suevia | Sweden |
| sum | I am |
| sunt | they are |
| superior | upper |
| superstes | surviving, still living |
| supra | before, above, beyond |
| supradictum | above written |
| surdus | deaf |
| susceptor | godparent (male) |
| susceptores | godparents |
| susceptorix | godparent (female) |
| sutor | cobbler, shoemaker |
| suus | his/her/its own, their own |
| synergus | ENGLISH WORD |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
T[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| taberna | inn, tavern |
| tamen | however |
| tandem | at first, finally |
| tegularius | brick maker |
| teleonarius | tax collector |
| tempus (temporis) | time |
| terra | land, earth |
| tertius | third |
| tertius decimus | thirteenth |
| testes | witnesses |
| testibus | by witnesses |
| testimentum | will, testament |
| testis | witness |
| textor | weaver |
| thorus | tatus of legitimacy, bed |
| ex illegitimo thoro | of illegitimate status |
| tibialifex | stocking-maker |
| tignarius | carpenter |
| tinctor | dyer |
| tomus | volume |
| tonsor | barber |
| tornator | turner (lathe) |
| totus | entire, all |
| trans | across |
| transitus est | he died |
| trecentesimus | three hundredth |
| trecenti | three hundred |
| tredecim | thirteen |
| tres (tria) | three |
| tribus | clan, lineage |
| tricesimus | thirtieth |
| tricesimus primus | thirty-first |
| triduum | space of three days, three-day period |
| trigemini | triplets |
| triginta | thirty |
| triginta unus | thirty-one |
| tum | then |
| tumulatus | buried |
| tunc | then, at that time, immediately |
| tussis | cough |
| tutela | guardianship |
| tutor | guardian |
| tuus | your |
| typhus | typhoid fever, typhus |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
U[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| ubi | where |
| uix nata | legitimately born (born to a married couple) |
| ultimus | last, final |
| unctio extrema | extreme unction, the last rites, anointing |
| unde | wherefore, whereupon, whence |
| undecim | eleven |
| undecimus | eleventh |
| undevicesimus | nineteenth |
| undeviginti | nineteen |
| ungaricus | Hungarian |
| unigenus | only (born) son, unique, only begotten |
| unus | one, only, together |
| urbs (urbis) | city |
| ut | how, as, that, therewith, in order that |
| uterinus | on mother’s side of family, of the same mother |
| uterque | both |
| ut infra | as below |
| ut supra | as above |
| uxor | wife |
| uxoratis | married |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
V[edit | edit source]
Because V can be a variant of U,[6] if your word is not here see also list U.
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| vagabundus | wanderer, vagabond |
| vagus | tramp |
| variola | smallpox |
| vassus | servant, vassal |
| vel | or |
| velle | will, testament |
| venerabilis | venerable, worthy |
| veneris dies | Friday |
| venia | permission, indulgence |
| vero die | on this very day |
| vespere | in the evening |
| vester | your |
| vetula | old woman |
| vetus (veteris) | old |
| via | road, way |
| vicarius | vicar |
| vicecomes | sheriff, reeve |
| vicesimus | twentieth |
| vicinus | nearby, neighborhood |
| victor | cooper (occupation) |
| vicus | village |
| vide | see |
| videlicet | namely |
| vidua | widow |
| viduus | widower |
| vigesimus | twentieth |
| vigesimus nonus | twenty-ninth |
| vigesimus octavus | twenty-eighth |
| vigesimus primus | twenty-first |
| vigesimus quartus | twenty-fourth |
| vigesimus quintus | twenty-fifth |
| vigesimus secundus | twenty-second |
| vigesimus septimus | twenty-seventh |
| vigesimus sextus | twenty-sixth |
| vigesimus tertius | twenty-third |
| viginti | twenty |
| viginti duo | twenty-two |
| viginti noven | twenty-nine |
| viginti octo | twenty-eight |
| viginti quattuor | twenty-four |
| viginti quinque | twenty-five |
| viginti septem | twenty-seven |
| viginti sex | twenty-six |
| viginti tres | twenty-three |
| viginti unus | twenty-one |
| villa | village |
| villicanus | reeve, steward |
| vinicola | winemaker |
| vir | man, male |
| virgo (virginis) | virgin |
| virtuosus | virtuous, honorable |
| vita | life |
| vitam cessit | he/she departed from life (died) |
| vitriarius | glassmaker |
| vitricus | stepfather |
| vivens (vivus) | living |
| vos | you |
| voto | vow, religious undertaking and promise, marriage |
| vulgo | commonly, generally (known as) |
| vxor | see uxor |
| Words starting with: |
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Z |
|---|
Z[edit | edit source]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| zingarius | gypsy |
External Links[edit | edit source]
- BYU Script Latin Tutorial
- GenealogyInTime Latin Dictionary — billed by GenealogyInTime as «the largest online resource devoted to Latin words and phrases in genealogy.»
- An On-line Latin word-list (Hypertext version) — from the University of Kansas
- Words (by William Whitaker)- Latin to English — 39,000 entry dictionary and grammar aid
- Genealogical Abbreviations» in Roots: The Genealogy And Family History Home Page — about 240 English, Latin, and French abbreviations published by Randy Jones
- Latin Terms from Ancestry
- Anglo-Latin Wordbook — word list compiled from several British glossaries
- The Record Interpreter: a collection of abbreviations, Latin words and names used in English historical manuscripts and records. Compiled by Charles Trice Martin.
- Latin/English Glossary of Causes of Death and other Archaic Medical Terms — Latin terms for decease and causes of death
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 John E. Cussans, Handbook of Heraldry : With Instructions for Tracing Pedigrees and Deciphering Ancient Mss. : Rules for the Appointment of Liveries etc. (London: Chatto and Windus, 1893), 283; digital images, Google Books (http://books.google.com/books?id=G6MrAAAAIAAJ : accessed 28 April 2009).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Gabriel Adeleye, World dictionary of foreign expressions: a resource for readers and writers (Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1999), 94, 112; digital images, Google Books (http://books.google.com/books?id=tzW0IasL5EQC : accessed 28 April 2009); book preview limits pages viewed.
- ↑ Adeleye, World dictionary of foreign expressions, 252.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Adeleye, World dictionary of foreign expressions, 279-80, 286.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Adeleye, World dictionary of foreign expressions, 364-6, 370.
- ↑ History of the letter U, English Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U#History : accessed 15 April 2022).