Latin word meaning group

The role of Latin
was very important due to such historic events as the
Roman occupation of Britain, the influence of the Roman civilization
& the introduction of Christianity.
That’s why Latin greatly influenced OE: its alphabet, the growth of
writing & literature.

Latin words entered the E.
language at different stages of OE history. Chronologically they can
be divided into several
layers:

1)
The oldest layer words
were borrowed into E. in the 1^st
c. BC. Most of the territory known to us as now Europe was occupied
by Roman Empire. Among the inhabitants of the continent are Germanic
tribes. After a number of wars between Germanic tribes & the
Romans, these 2 opposing peoples come into peaceful contact. Trade is
carried. & the Germanic people get knowledge of some new &
useful things. The first among them are new
things to eat. It is
from the Romans that the Germanic tribes learn how to make butter &
cheese. & as there are no words for these foodstuffs in their
tribal languages, they are to use Latin words to name them.

It is also to the Romans that
the Germanic tribes gain the knowledge of some new fruits &
vegetables. & the Latin names of these fruits
& vegetables
enter the language: cherry, pear, plum, pea, beet, plant.

Among other language borrowings
of this period are: cup, kitchen, kettle, dish, pie

2) The
second layer
consists of words, which directly or indirectly belong to the sphere
of religion &
church, & words connected with learning.
This period of Latin influence began with the introduction of
Christianity in the
late 6^th
century & lasted
to the end of OE. The total number of Latin loan-words in OE exceeds
500, this layer accounting for over 400 words. As Latin was the
official language of the Christian Church, so Latin borrowings came
from church Latin that time. & indicated persons, objects &
ideas associated with church, religion & rituals.

e.g. priest, bishop, abbot,
pope, monk, angle, c&le, devil.

After the introduction of
Christianity many monastic
schools were set up
in Britain. The spread of education led to the wider use of Latin:
teaching was conducted in Latin, or consisted of learning Latin.

e.g. school, scholar, magister

Also:
accent, grammar, meter, notary, decline

A great number of miscellaneous
borrowings came from Latin probably because they indicated new
objects & new ideas, introduced into E. life together with their
Latin names by those who had a good comm& of Latin: monks,
priests, school-masters. Some of these scholarly words became part of
everyday voc-ry. They belong to different
semantic spheres:

names of trees & plants:
elm, lily, pine, pear, mint, fennel, rose, plant.

of illnesses & words
pertaining to medical treatment: cancer, fever, plaster.

names of animals:
camel, elephant, tiger, mule.

names of clothes &
household duties: cap, mat, sack, sock, silk.

names of foods:
beet, oyster, radish.

The Latin impact on the OE
vocabulary was not restricted to borrowing of words. There were also
other aspects of influence. The most important of them is the
appearance of the so-called “translation-loans”
– words & phrases created on the pattern of Latin words as
their literal translations. The earliest examples of
translation-loans are names of the days of the week: Monday ═ day
of the Moon, Tuesday ═ day of Mars, Wednesday ═ day of Mercury.

3) & again in the 16th-17th
following the period of Renaissance, Latin became increasingly
important as the language of learning & academic life

e.g. philosophy, music,
phenomenon, to collect, to attract, to illustrate..

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Adding the ‘re‘ prefix to the root ‘do‘ creates the word ‘redo‘, which means to do something again/more than once.

Latin Suffixes Examples

So, what do we now know about Latin roots, suffixes, and prefixes?

Here are a few key points:

Latin is still taught to millions of students around the world, and will continue to be for a very long time to come.

Fundamentally this is because:

• Latin is the (or a) main and most recent root language for many major world languages.
• Also, for centuries, in fact for two millennia, Latin been a main language of scholarship and academia.

More specifically:

• Latin has for many centuries been used widely in law. Law is crucial to governance and leadership, society and civilization, diplomacy and international relations, business, trade, and commerce, finance, the military, and therefore so is Latin.
• Latin has for many centuries been the language of the Christian religion, notably of Roman Catholicism. Christianity became an empire of sorts, which in its own way for centuries effectively ruled most of the world.
• Latin has for many centuries been a crucial language for all of the sciences, therefore Latin has been crucial also to innovation, invention, exploration, transport, discovery, medicine, health, anatomy, every human and animal condition, and life
  itself.
• Particularly related to the above, Latin terminology remains the underpinning language of living things and the biological taxonomy which
  organizes our understanding of every living thing on the planet.
• Latin, chiefly via French, had a significant influence in the development of the English language. The conventional English alphabet (along with those of the Romance languages) is known as the Latinate alphabet, because its origins are in ancient
  Latin. (The ‘Romance’ languages notably include Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.)
• Latin phrases and words have entered (directly and unchanged) the English language, and many other languages too — and the words, rules and structures of Latin have determined — and continue to determine — the way that new words are created.

Latin is obviously vital for the operation of many fundamental professions and disciplines, and for the rest of us, Latin remains fascinating and helpful in the understanding of our day-to-day language, especially the Latin expressions and terminology
which survive and arise in business, technical definitions, law, education, grammar, and science, etc.

Here is the listing of Latin terms, including some very common popular phrases, and lots of less common specialized, yet fascinating terminology:

List of Latin terms, phrases, and expressions

Contact us if you can suggest an additional phrase/expression for the above collection.

Interesting Latin place names

Several ancient Latin placenames survive into modern times with similar or related meanings. Here are some examples, together with other Latin names that are interesting in their own right, if not surviving at all.

Latin numbers in English words

Latin numbers feature originally in many English words. Here are the main examples. The key elements are those which most commonly arise in English words. These meanings are helpful for understanding unfamiliar words which contain these elements.
(Note that the months of the year were named when the calendar contained only ten months.)

Roman Latin numerals

Roman numerals used symbols from the Latin alphabet, and are still used today in traditional/official/dramatic works, and on clocks and watches. There are differing and unproven views as to the original shapes and evolution of these symbols. The simplest
theories are that the symbols represented hand signals (Alfred Hooper, 1945, whereby 1-4 = fingers; V = thumb, plus fingers; X = two crossed thumbs) or separately they are notches or cuts in tally sticks (surviving traditionally in parts of Europe
today), so that 1-4 = single cuts; 5 = double cut; 10 = cross-cut. Beyond these propositions other concepts are too complex to summarise here. The C and M symbols were likely later influenced by the Latin word equivalents, centum and mille. The
numbering system operates according essentially to the basic rules that:

• letters may be repeated up to three times (which represents three times the number); the exception is that IIII is valid as 4, although IV is far more usual
• symbols right are added; left are subtracted; only single figures may be subtracted — for example 79 = LXXIX
• the subtracted figure must be no less that one tenth of the larger figure — for example IX = 9, but IC is not a valid expression of 99 (instead properly 99 is XCIX) — another way to understand this rule is that left-positioned/subtracted figures
  must always be the next smallest unit, i.e., you can’t subtract a I (1) from a L (50), or a V (5) from a C (100), etc.
• a bar above a figure = 1,000 greater

A brief history of Latin

Latin is the language of ancient Rome, whose empire covered most of Europe around the beginning of the first millennium, and particularly the period of the Roman Empire’s strongest dominance, c.300BC-300AD.

The Latin language of the Roman civilization was derived from the much older main Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), dated as far back as the 10th millennium BC, extending from the Indian sub-continent through Europe (hence its name — proto means
first, see proto), coinciding with the basic colonization of European lands, although precise history of this
remains subject to much debate and ongoing research. Nevertheless, Proto-Indo-European is considered to be the fundamental root language of all European languages and is certainly the root of Latin.

Linguistic history suggests that by around the 3rd millennium BC the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language had diverged into separate branches.

One of these branches became early or ancient Latin, established in the Italian peninsular (i.e., modern Italy).

(Incidentally Latin was influenced by the older ancient Greek language, which also evolved from PIE, and which subsequently characterized the later Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire until the 1400s, following the disintegration of the Roman/Western
Roman Empire by 480AD. This explains separately the significance and prevalence of Greek in the etymology of many modern languages such as English.)

Having become a little local language in central western Italy (as was towards the end of the first millennium, and which became Rome) Latin simply grew and spread with the awesome development and power of Roman Empire, prior to which, and without
which, Latin was was and would likely have remained, a minority language, and might not have survived at all.

In fact Latin obviously failed to survive as a living language, but it has survived and become arguably the world’s most significant ‘dead’ language, because it was so embedded in governance and science and education, that the world could not function
and develop without it.

see also

• diacritical marks
• grammar and literary glossary
• cliches and words origins — including the origins of the ampersand
• useful and amusing acronyms for business and teaching