What does the Latin word science mean?
In English, science came from Old French, meaning knowledge, learning, application, and a corpus of human knowledge. It originally came from the Latin word scientia which meant knowledge, a knowing, expertness, or experience. By the late 14th century, science meant, in English, collective knowledge.
What is the Greek word science?
The modern English word ‘science‘ is related to the Latin word ‘scientia’, the ancient Greek word for knowledge was ‘episteme’. Probably neither word is exactly carrying the meaning of our modern word ‘science‘, and we use the word ‘science as a shorthand of referring to attempts to explain and understand nature.
Who gave the name science?
William Whewell
Why are they called scientist?
How The Word ‘Scientist‘ Came To Be In 1834, Cambridge University historian and philosopher of science William Whewell coined the term «scientist» to replace such terms as «cultivators of science.» Historian Howard Markel discusses how «scientist» came to be, and lists some possibilities that didn’t make the cut.
Who is most famous scientist?
The 10 Greatest Scientists of All Time
- Albert Einstein (Credit: Mark Marturello)
- Marie Curie (Credit: Mark Marturello)
- Isaac Newton (Credit: Mark Marturello)
- Charles Darwin (Credit: Mark Marturello)
- Nikola Tesla (Credit: Mark Marturello)
- Galileo Galilei (Credit: Mark Marturello)
- Ada Lovelace (Credit: Mark Marturello)
- Pythagoras (Credit: Mark Marturello)
Who is the first woman scientist in ISRO?
Tessy Thomas
Who is the rocket woman of India?
Ritu Karidhal Srivastava
Who is the chief of ISRO?
chairman K Sivan
Who is the Rocket Man of India?
K Sivan — Chairman ISRO
What is the salary of K Sivan?
K Sivan gets a monthly salary of Rs. 2.
What is the salary of ISRO chief?
| Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation | |
|---|---|
| Inaugural holder | Vikram Sarabhai |
| Formation | 1963 (as chairman of INCOSPAR) |
| Salary | ₹2.
Who is the first Indian went to Moon?Astronaut Rakesh Sharma Is any Indian landed on moon?India’s first successful lunar mission, Chandrayaan-1, put a spacecraft in orbit around the moon in 2008 and then later sent a probe hurtling toward the moon’s south pole, where it deliberately crashed and released material that got analyzed by the orbiter’s scientific instruments, helping to confirm the presence of … Which countries have their flag on moon?China has planted its flag on the Moon, more than 50 years after the US first planted the Stars and Stripes there. The pictures from China’s National Space Administration show the five-starred Red Flag holding still on the windless lunar surface. Where is Rakesh Sharma now?Sharma retired from flying in 2001. He now lives in Kunnoor in Tamil Nadu and is a non-executive chairman of Bangalore (Bengaluru) Based Cadila Labs. Who is the son of Rakesh Sharma?Kapil Sharma How many Indian astronauts are there?That is because an Indian-American who had made it to the list of 18 astronauts selected by NASA. Raja Jon Vurputoor Chari, 43, a graduate of the US Air Force Academy, MIT, and US Naval Test Pilot School, is the only Indian-American in the list. More topics
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The Science of Latin: How the Language of Ancient Rome Can Help You Learn More About the World Around You
The Latin word scientia originally meant knowledge, a knowing, expertness, or experience. By the late 14th century, science had come to mean collective knowledge in English. Science is often used interchangeably with terms like “knowledge” and “information.” It can refer to a body of facts, as in the phrase “scientific information.” It can also refer to the process of acquiring that knowledge, as in “the scientific method.”
Is science Greek or Latin?
The term science comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning “knowledge”. However, the roots of science can be traced back to the Greek culture. The Greek philosopher Aristotle is considered one of the fathers of science, as he developed some of the first systematic methods for studying and observing the natural world. So while the term science may come from Latin, its roots can be found in both Greece and Rome.
What is the Greek word of science?
The Greek word for science is ‘episteme’. It is related to the Latin word ‘scientia’, which is the root of the modern English word ‘science’. Episteme was originally used to refer to knowledge in general, but it came to be used more specifically for fields of study such as philosophy, mathematics, and medicine.
Why is science a Latin language?
Science is a Latin language because it was one of the first languages in which scientific work was published. Galileo, who is considered the father of modern science, wrote in Italian and his work was then translated into Latin so that more scientists could read it. Latin became the dominant language of science because it was the language of the Catholic Church, which owned and operated most of the universities in Europe at the time. Many of the great scientists of the past, such as Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton, wrote in Latin. Today, science is still a Latin-based language, with many technical and scientific terms coming from Latin or Greek roots. Even though English has become the dominant language of science, Latin is still used extensively in research and academia.
Is physics a Greek word?
No, the word physics is not a Greek word. It is derived from the Greek word, φuσισ (phusis) meaning nature. The Greeks gave more than a name to the study of physics for it is with them that the abstract development of physics began.
What does physics mean in Latin?
When broken down to its roots, the word “physics” has Greek and Latin origins. The root “phys” comes from the Greek word for nature, while the “-ics” part is derived from the Latin word for knowledge or science. So when combined, these two roots give us the modern definition of physics as the study of nature.
Interestingly, the word “physics” wasn’t always used to describe this specific branch of science. In fact, it was originally used to refer to a much broader field of study that included everything from mathematics and astronomy to philosophy and medicine.
It wasn’t until the Renaissance that physics began to be used in its more modern sense, referring specifically to the study of natural phenomena. And even then, it wasn’t until the 19th century that physics was recognized as its own distinct scientific discipline.
So in short, the word “physics” has a long and varied history. But at its core, it refers to the study of nature – something that has been fascinating humans since ancient times.
Why science terms are Greek?
There are a few reasons why science terms are often Greek. First, they were invented because new words were needed to name newly described structures. For hundreds of years, they had to be in Latin (or Greek) because books about biology and medicine were written in Latin (with a few entries in Greek), which was the international language of science. Second, many scientific terms are based on Greek roots because they describe concepts that are fundamental to our understanding of the world (such as the word “geometry,” which comes from the Greek root “geo,” meaning “earth”). Finally, usingGreek terms can help to make complex ideas more understandable and easier to remember.
What is the root of scientist?
The root of ‘scientist’ is the Latin word ‘scientia’, which is probably derived from the stem of the adjective ‘scientific’. The term was first recorded in English in the early 19th century and has since replaced the earlier term ‘sciencist’.
What is the Greek root word for biology?
The Greek root word bio means ‘life. ‘ Some common English vocabulary words that come from this root word include biological, biography, and amphibian. One easy word that is helpful in remembering bio is biology, or the study of ‘life. ‘
What is Doxa and episteme?
Doxa is belief or opinion, while episteme is real knowledge, based on reasoning and scientific thinking. Ancient Greek philosophers identified several levels of knowledge, with doxa being the lowest and episteme being the highest. In order to move from doxa to episteme, one must engage in critical thinking and questioning, in order to arrive at the truth.
Doxa is often based on tradition or Custom; it is what we have been taught to believe. Doxa is not always ill- founded, but it can be. For example, we may have a doxa that the earth is flat because that is what we have been told all our lives. But when we critically examine this belief, we can see that it is not supported by evidence and reason, and so we can reject it as false.
Episteme, on the other hand, is true knowledge that has been arrived at through rational thought and examination. It is not based on tradition or custom, but on evidence and reason. For example, our current understanding of the universe is based on episteme; it has been arrived at through years of scientific study and observation.
So in summary: Doxa is belief or opinion, while episteme is true knowledge. Doxa can be ill-founded or simply based on tradition or custom, while episteme must be supported by evidence andreasoning.
Is Scire a Greek word?
No, scire is not a Greek word. Etymologically, it is derived from the Latin verb scindere, meaning “to split or to cut.” The verb scindere in turn comes from the Greek verb schizein, which has the same meaning. Similarly, the Sanskrit verb chinatti also means “to split.”
So while the root of the word “science” may be associated with the idea of splitting or separating, it is important to note that this does not necessarily imply a reductionist approach. In fact, the term science can just as easily refer to the act of synthesizing or bringing together different elements. Thus, while science may originally have been about dividing things up, it is now just as much about connecting them.
WHAT IS SCIENCE? • Latin word “scientia, ” meaning knowledge • Is a process of constructing, organizing, and testing explanations and predictions about the world around us.
ORIGIN • Originally considered a philosophy, or an investigation of everyday problems • Used by early hominids and humans to survive the day to day, any ideas how? • Science thrives on scaffolding, using what you know to figure out what you do not know.
pro et contra “for and against” • What are the advantages of using science? • Why? • What are the disadvantages? • Why?
Science in the Classroom • Why is the study of science vital to your success in this classroom, the work place, and in everyday situations? • Is science or the scientific process a learned or “innate” behavior?
SCIENCE 101 • You must use a scientific method! • What is a scientific method? • A scientific method is a technique for acquiring, investigating, correcting and integrating knowledge
Scientific Method • • Observation Problem Hypothesis Experiment Data Analysis Conclusion
O. P. H. E. D. A. C • Observation – what do you see, smell, taste, touch, hear or “sense” • Good • Bad Divebums. com
National geographic
O. P. H. E. D. A. C • Problem – what seems to be the problem? Issue? Question? Interest? National geographic
O. P. H. E. D. A. C • Hypothesis – proposed explanation of observed problem based on what you know. National park service –dry tortugas Jefferycarrier. net
O. P. H. E. D. A. C • Experiment – a test or procedure that will challenge your hypothesis in regards to your observed problem. • Accept / Support • Reject / Challenge National park service – dry tortugas
O. P. H. E. D. A. C • Data – collected information from an experiment to test a hypothesis about a problem that was observed. • Once data has been collected it CANNOT be changed or altered. Why? • What are some examples of data that you might collect tagging animals?
O. P. H. E. D. A. C • Analysis – a detailed examination or investigation of data with the intent of interpretation. • You randomly select and weigh 10 American men and women Weight Lbs. 175 220 120 200 180 200 150 165 190 M M F M M M F F Gender • Avg M 195 F 165 Center for Disease Control
O. P. H. E. D. A. C • Conclusion – a well-structured outcome or result using the analysis of the collected data which supports or rejects the hypothesis. • A rejected hypothesis is extremely important, knowing what something is not can help you discover what something is.
Scientific Experiment • Utilizes a scientific method, O. P. H. E. D. A. C • Tests a hypothesis made from an observed problem. • Experiments need to be designed so they can be repeated. Why? • The more tests/experiments performed the better the results. Why?
Experimental Design • Variables – liable to change, changeable. • Independent Variable (IV) — the variable that is changed, “input” • Dependent Variable (DV) – the variable that changes because of the IV, “output” • Control – used for comparison, shows “change” • Constant – a fixed variable that is not changed.
General Science • Science uses a “standard” language. Why? • “le systeme International d’unites” fr. for the International System of Units, SI units • What are some SI units?
SI units Name Symbol Quantity / Measure Metre/meter m Length Kilogram kg Mass Second s Time Ampere A Electric current kelvin K Temperature Candela cd Luminous intensity Mole mol Amount of substance
Metric Conversions • Metric and SI units have a organized system for conversions Kilo Hecta Deka Base Deci Centi Milli 1000 x 10 x liter, meter, gram 1/1000
A. SI Prefix Conversions 532 m 0. 532 km = _______ khdbdcm
A. SI Prefix Conversions khdbdcm 0. 2 m 1) 20 cm = _______ 32 m. L 2) 0. 032 L = _______ 45, 000 3) 45 kg = _______ g 0. 0805 4) 805 dm = _______ km
Matter • Anything that has both mass and volume • What are three states of matter? • Solid, Liquid, Gas National geographic Bbc. co. uk Sciencedaily. com
Atom • Basic unit of matter • Dense nucleus with surrounding cloud Universetoday. com
Element • Pure sample of one “type” of atom • Properties governed by atomic structure Periodictable. com
Energy • The capacity of a system to perform work • Occurs in many different forms or “states” Nationalgeographic. com
System • systema grk. “whole of separate parts” • A closed series of components and their relationships. Examples? serc. carleton. edu
WHAT IS EARTH SCIENCE? • The study of the dynamic processes, cycles, and forces that interact on planet Earth and its’ place in the universe – Formation – Composition – History – Characteristics
Earth Science • Utilizes a wide range of scientific disciplines to examine the Earth and its’ processes, examples? • What exactly will we be studying?
Earth Science • There are four major areas • • Astronomy Meteorology Geology Oceanography
Astronomy • Study of objects beyond the Earth’s atmosphere • What would you study? • What is the appropriate title for a scientist who studies Astronomy? • Astronomer, “astro” relating to celestial bodies • NOT ASTROLOGY!!!
Meteorology • Study of the air and gaseous space surrounding the Earth • What would you study? • What is the appropriate title for a scientist who studies Meteorology? • Meteorologist, meteoros- grk. “high in sky”
Geology • Study of the composition and processes that form and change the state of the Earth • What would you study? • What is the appropriate title for a scientist who studies Geology? • Geologist, “geo” relating to the Earth
Oceanography • Study of the Earth’s oceans • What would you study? • What is the appropriate title for a scientist who studies Oceanography? • Oceanographer, “okeanos” grk. the ocean world
Earth Science • These major areas focus on understanding the four main systems on Earth • Lithosphere • Hydrosphere • Atmosphere • Biosphere
What is Environmental Science? • The study of the environment through the use of both the physical and biological sciences • What is an environment? • The cumulative effects and conditions resulting from all of the physical and biological factors • Why study the environment?
Environmental Science vs. Environmentalism • Environmental Science does not have an agenda! • Environmental Scientists study the conditions, factors, and states of an environment • Environmentalism has an agenda! • Concerned with a personal opinion or preference for the environment, “tree hugger” • Which of the two will we focus on? Why?
Enviro Science vs. Enviro-ism • Stand Up…. quietly. • You will be given a scenario, you must decide if you are for or against…. . and why!
Introduction
The Latin word scientia, which means “knowing” or “being skilled,” is the source of the English word science. It has become common, especially in school curricula, to restrict the usage of the word science to the study of the physical, earth, space, and life sciences—for example, physics, chemistry, geology, astronomy, biology, and anatomy.
The branches of study that are now called sciences once fell under the heading of philosophy, an umbrella term that suggested the pursuit of knowledge. As recently as the early 19th century, physicists and chemists were still called philosophers. Adam Smith, who originated the modern study of economics, was known as a moral philosopher rather than as an economist. The word scientist was invented in 1840 by an English writer, William Whewell. It came gradually to refer to practitioners of a specialized field of knowledge. The prestige of the natural sciences at the time lent its weight to them, in contrast to other branches of study that were not considered to use the scientific method.
The scientific method today is not limited to the methods used in specific branches of science. Every area of study has its own specific goals and its own methods for reaching them. For example, most chemistry research takes place in a lab, while botanical studies may be conducted in greenhouses or in the field. However, the overarching process of the scientific method—forming a hypothesis based on observations of phenomena and using a rigorous approach to investigating that hypothesis—is the foundation of modern research in all areas of science. The goals and methods of research in physics are not the same as those of botany or geology, yet all follow a standard approach to study questions of interest. Other fields of study—economics, sociology, archaeology, or psychology—may also be called sciences because they pursue knowledge by suitable methods.
No science is ever a fixed body of knowledge. This is indicated by the word scientific, which means science making—an ongoing process of searching for new information. When the process of making knowledge ceases, what is left is a tradition to be passed from one generation to another. Science does not exclude its tradition but continues developing it. In a letter to physicist Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton paid tribute to science makers who preceded him: “If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.”
There are no distinct boundaries separating the various fields. A relationship exists between all of them. Each field uses its own information and methods as well as those of others. The entire field of science is too large to be studied as a whole, so it is divided into different fields based on commonalities. The sciences can be broadly divided into two main areas: the natural sciences and the social sciences. The natural sciences consist of the physical sciences, earth and space sciences, and life (biological) sciences. The social sciences comprise fields that study social and cultural elements of human behavior, such as economics and sociology. Each of these categories includes many specialized fields. Some fields, such as biochemistry and physical archaeology, combine two or more of the others.
The Physical Sciences
Physical science deals with nonliving things—from the tiny particles that make up an atom to the universe itself. It can be divided broadly into three main subject areas: physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
Physics
The field of physics studies forms of energy such as heat, sound, and light. Concerned with the nature and sources of energy, it also explores how one form of energy is changed to another. Its study encompasses not only the behavior of objects under the action of given forces but also the nature and origin of gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear force fields.
Electronics concerns the study and control of electrons, especially in relation to computers and to transistors. Some physicists observe the nature of substances at extremely low (cryogenic) or high temperatures. Thermodynamics is the study of heat as it is produced by the motion of molecules.
Light physics deals with the physical characteristics of radiant energy as they affect sight. This field also includes forms of radiant energy that are not part of the visible spectrum. Optics is the study of all phenomena of electromagnetic waves of wavelengths less than those of microwaves yet greater than those of X-rays. Sound is the subject of a number of fields in physics, including acoustics and ultrasonics.
Nuclear physics involves the study of particles found in the nuclei of atoms together with the energy effects produced when the nuclear particles are disturbed by external forces. Solid state physics deals with the properties and structures of solid materials, including crystals.
Mechanics is a broad field that investigates the effects of forces on bodies in motion or at rest. It embraces the fields of dynamics, the study of forces that produce or change motion, and statics, the study of balanced forces or bodies at rest. Aerodynamics is the study of fluid mechanics as it is related to motion between a fluid (air) and a solid. Hydrodynamics is concerned with liquids in motion. Kinematics is the study of motion apart from its effects upon bodies. Kinetics deals with the changes in motion as they are caused by forces not in equilibrium.
Engineering is the application of scientific principles used in converting natural resources into structures, machines, products, and processes for the benefit of mankind. There are traditionally four basic engineering disciplines: civil, mechanical, electrical, and chemical engineering. Other engineering disciplines are concerned with mining, nuclear technology, and environmental control.
Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of the properties, composition, and structure of substances, which are defined as elements and compounds. It seeks to explain the transformations that these substances undergo and the energy that is released or absorbed during these processes.
The science of chemistry embraces many other subfields, including analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, colloid chemistry, biochemistry, electrochemistry, nuclear chemistry, and chemical engineering. Biochemistry and organic chemistry, which deal with the chemistry of living things, are examples of how the physical sciences and biological sciences are linked to one another.
Other special fields of chemistry deal with its application in various industries. Metallurgy, for example, deals with the recovery of metals from their ores. A branch of metallurgy is concerned with the making of metal alloys for specific purposes. Petroleum chemistry is confined to the commercial manufacture of products from crude oil.
Mathematics
Mathematics is an ancient science that deals with logical reasoning and quantitative calculation—with numbers, shapes, and various ways of counting and measuring. Modern mathematics has evolved from a simple science to a very abstract field of theory. It is the language used by all the other sciences and is the basis for precision in many scientific fields.
Arithmetic is the science of computation by the use of numbers. Algebra is the study of relationships between numbers as they are represented by symbols. Geometry is a science that deals with the measurements and relationships of lines and angles. Calculus is the system of mathematics used to figure the rate of change of a function. There are two types of calculus: differential calculus, which deals with the rate of change of a variable, and integral calculus, which concerns the limiting values of differentials and is used to determine length, volume, or area. The assembling of information in numerical form, together with the processes of tabulation and interpretation, is the concern of statistics.
The Earth and Space Sciences
The Earth sciences seek to understand the features and phenomena of the Earth, its waters, and its atmosphere. The space sciences study stars, the planets, the solar system, and the universe.
Earth sciences
The Earth sciences in general aim to understand the present features and the past evolution of the Earth. This includes the many physical and chemical—and some biological—aspects of the Earth’s atmosphere, waters, surface, and internal structure. Particular phases of the Earth sciences include careful measurements of the Earth’s magnetism, gravity, size, and shape.
The Earth sciences include a number of specific disciplines. Perhaps the broadest of these is geology, the study of the history, structure, and composition of the Earth and the past and present processes that act on it. Among the many other basic Earth sciences are geomorphology, geophysics, seismology, geochemistry, meteorology, climatology, hydrology, and oceanography and marine science.
Some Earth sciences have great applications in society. Meteorology, for example, provides information regarding weather conditions for the purpose of providing forecasts. Climatology studies current and past patterns and trends in global climate. The understanding of earthquake patterns and behaviors is based largely on knowledge gleaned from seismology.
Astronomy
The science of astronomy deals with the origin, evolution, composition, distances, sizes, and movements of the bodies and matter within the universe. It includes astrophysics, which focuses on the physical properties and structure of all cosmic matter. In astrometry, the sizes, distances, and motions of heavenly bodies are measured. Astronautics is the science that enables humans to navigate in outer space.
Celestial mechanics, which investigates the motion of bodies in space and the way they are influenced by gravitational attraction, is used to determine the weight and speed of Earth satellites. Cosmology deals with the origin, structure, and evolution of the entire universe. In radio and radar astronomy, radio and radar signals are beamed from Earth to bodies relatively close to the Earth—meteor trails, the moon, nearby planets—to gain information about them by means of the echoes.
Other areas of astronomy involve monitoring the X-rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet rays, and infrared radiation emitted by celestial bodies. Celestial navigation is a way of determining one’s location on the Earth by measuring the positions of stars above. Archaeoastronomy relates archaeology, anthropology, and mythology with astronomy.
The Biological Sciences
Biological science deals with the relationships between all living things, their environments, and the need to maintain certain conditions to preserve life. Despite their apparent differences, all of the biological science fields are interrelated by basic principles. The sciences of zoology and botany, dealing respectively with animals and plants, have contributed greatly to the field of medicine.
Biology
Biology is the study of all living things—plants and animals—and their vital processes. The two main divisions of biology are zoology, the study of animals, and botany, the study of plants. Another biological discipline is physiology, the study of the functioning of organs and the chemical and physical processes in living things. Much of the current knowledge of physiology was obtained from studying the responses of cells and tissues to imposed environmental changes. New techniques have extended the boundaries of physiology. For example, radioactive isotopes are now used in the measurement of amounts and fluxes of substances present at low concentrations inside cells and in extracellular fluids. Cytology, the study of cells, is thus related to physiology. The structure, function, and classification of microorganisms, including protozoans, algae, molds, bacteria, and viruses, are concerns of microbiology.
The study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and the relationships of their internal parts is called morphology. The term morphology is sometimes confused with the term anatomy. Whereas anatomy describes the structure of organisms, by dissection and by other means, morphology is concerned with explaining the shapes and arrangement of the parts of organisms as they relate to evolution, function, and development.
Biophysics is concerned with the application of the principles and methods of the physical sciences to biological problems. Major areas deal with the influence of physical agents, such as electricity in nerves or mechanical force in muscles; the interaction of living organisms with physical agents such as light or sound; and interactions between living things and their environment, as in locomotion, navigation, and communication. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical substances that make up cells and play a key role in chemical reactions vital to life.
Genetics is the study of heredity in general and genes in particular. It has been applied to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of hereditary diseases; to the breeding of plants and animals; and to the development of industrial processes that use microorganisms.
Among the many other fields of biology are embryology, the study of fetal development; ecology, the study of organisms and their interactions with other organisms and with their environment; and taxonomy, the classification of plants and animals. The development, care, and cultivation of trees and forests are the focus of forestry.
Medical science
By definition an art as well as a science, the medical sciences are concerned with the maintenance of health and the prevention, alleviation, or cure of disease. While the field of medicine as it relates to human health is well known, the medical sciences comprise a wide number of specialties. Veterinary medicine deals specifically with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease in animals. Dentistry focuses on the treatment of teeth. Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that concerns the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders. Psychology, which is sometimes classed with the social sciences, is the study of behavior and behavioral manifestations of experience in humans and other animals.
The Social Sciences
Any discipline or branch of science that deals with the social and cultural aspects of human behavior can be called a social science. Among the disciplines comprising the social sciences are economics, sociology, geography, and political science. The term behavioral science is used to describe some social sciences, such as anthropology and linguistics, that deal with human behavior. Psychology is often classified as a social science.
Economics
The field of economics is concerned chiefly with the description and analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Microeconomics deals with the behavior of individual areas or units of activity, such as individual farmers, business firms, and traders. Macroeconomics is the study of whole systems, especially with regard to general levels of output and income and the interrelations between different sectors of the economy.
Sociology
The scientific study of society, social institutions, and social relationships is called sociology. It involves the structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups of people. A related field, social psychology, deals with the manner in which the personality, attitudes, motivations, and behavior of the individual are influenced by social groups.
Geography
With aspects of physical as well as social science, geography is the study of the features of the Earth’s surface and of their relationships to each other and to humankind. Physical geography incorporates some Earth sciences such as climatology as well as hydrography and the study of landforms known as geomorphology. Human geography involves the economic, political, and social activities of people in communities and cultures. The structure and dynamics of human populations, including age, sex, births, deaths, and migratory movements, are investigated in the field of demography.
Political science
Political science studies the origin, development, structure, powers, functions, underlying philosophy, and administration of the different forms of government. Political scientists investigate governments at all levels—local to international. Among its other areas of focus are business, labor, and legislative programs, natural resources, and regional planning. Although most historians regard history as one of the humanities, many consider it a science. Law, the discipline concerned with the customs and rules governing a community, is also sometimes regarded as a science, particularly comparative law.
Anthropology
Anthropology is sometimes called the science of humanity. It is broadly divided into four areas—cultural anthropology, linguistics, physical anthropology, and archaeology. Human culture, especially with respect to social structure, language, law, politics, religion, art, and technology, is the focus of cultural anthropology. It is particularly concerned with patterns in human behavior as a description of social and cultural phenomena. Since language is the critical factor that sets humans apart from the other animals, linguistics is a basic study in the social sciences. A further refinement of linguistics, semantics deals with the evolution and essential meanings of words. Physical anthropology is concerned with similarities and differences between humans and their human and nonhuman ancestors; it examines these relationships through comparisons of physical characteristics. Archaeology is the science that examines the cultures of earlier peoples and civilizations.
Additional Reading
Asimov, Isaac.
Isaac Asimov’s Wonderful Worldwide Science Bazaar (Houghton, 1986).
Barnes, Barry.
About Science (Blackwell, 1985).
Brooks, Culver.
Introduction to Science (Paladin House, 1986).
Gabel, Dorothy.
Introductory Science Skills (Waveland, 1982).
Maxwell, Nicholas.
From Knowledge to Wisdom (Blackwell, 1984).
Rensberger, Boyce.
How the World Works (Morrow, 1986).
Snow, C.P.
Two Cultures (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1969).
(See also bibliographies in articles on the fields of the sciences.)
Пожалуйста, переведите этот текст SCIENCE The word «science» comes from the Latin word «scientia», which means «knowledge».
Scientists make observations and collect facts in field they work in.
Then they arrange facts orderly and try to express the connection between the facts and try to work out theories.
Then they have to prove the facts or theory correct and make sufficient and sound evidence.
So scientific knowledge is always growing and improving.
Science has great influence on our life.
It provides with base of modern technology, materials, sources of power and so on.
Modern science and technology have changed our life in many different ways.
During the present century our life changed greatly.
Thanks to radio and television we can do a great number of jobs ; it was radio and TV that made it possible to photograph the dark side of the moon and to talk with the first cosmonaut while he was orbiting the Earth.
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| English term or phrase: The word “science” comes from the latin word “scientia”, which means “knowledge” |
| The word “science” comes from the latin word “scientia”, which means “knowledge”. Scientists make observations and collect facts in field they work in. Then they arrange facts ordelly and try to express the connaction between the facts and try to work out theories. Then they have to prove the facts or theory correct and make sufficient and sound evidence. So sientific knowledge is always growing and improving. Science has great influence on our life. It provides with base of modern technology, materials, sources of power and so on. Modern science and technology have changed our life in many different ways. During the present century our life changed greatly. Thanks to radio and television we can do a great number of jobs; it was radio and TV that made it possible to photograph the dark side of the moon and to talk with the first cosmonaut while he was orbiting the Earth. On of the wonders og our age is the “electronic brain”, or giant calculating mashine, which can to some extent duplicste human sences. The desk computer is expected to function as your personal librarian, to carry out simple optimization computations, to control your budget or diet, play several hundred games, etc. further development of the computer is bellieved to lead to a situation in which most of the knowledge accepted by mankind will be stored in the computers and made accessible to anyone with the home computers. It is natural that the advent of minicomputers with extensive memories and possibilities will lead to a new higher level in information culture. Among other things, we shall be able to organise educational process in the country’s colleges and universities and also in the system of school education on a new basic. Knowledge is the most valuable wealth, and minicomputers will help us to make it accessible for everyone. Agrycultiral sientists develop better varietives of plants. The development of antibiotics and other drugs has helped to control many diseases. Studies in anatomy and physiology have let to amazing surgical operations and the inventions of lifesaving mashines, that can do the work of such organs as heart, lungs and so on. Nuclear fission when a tremendous amount if energy is setting free is very important discovery. Science improved the living standarts, communications, promoted contact between people and government, knowledge and culture, made it possible to discover and develop new sources of energy, made it possible to prolong man’s life. But science also has some disadvantages. It produces mass culture: painting, music, literature. Some scientific inventions increase the ecological problems, provide with new diseases like AIDS, increased the danger of violent death. The greatest scientists were very persistent and were sure in their success. Even without any serious education they made great inventions. Even during times of disappointing experiments and unacknowledgement by other scientists, they didn’t give up and went on working out theories. Also they were always ready to begin everything from the very beginning. They worked a lot, and this work wasn’t for money. The aim, the main object of the greatest scientists of all times was always to find out the trith and no personal prejudices can be allowed. So the science grows and prospers and is the engine of progress. The problem of learning languages very important today. Foreign languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the progress in science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge and has contributed to an overflow of information. The total knowledge of mankind is known to double every seven years. Foreign languages are needed as the main and the most efficient means of information exchange of the people of our planet. |
| Английское слово “science” происходит от латинского слова “scientia”, которое означает “знание” |
| Explanation: . ————————————————— Если Ваш вопрос, Аскер, состоял именно в этом, то я перевела фразу в заголовке. Мы часто сетуем, что Аскеры дают мало контекста или вообще не дают. А Вы наоборот — дали много контекста. Но это ничего — в таком деле лучше много, чем мало. С наступающим Новым годом, Алексей! |
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