Latin and Greek are the root of several modern languages. When Roman empire fell around the fifth century, its numerous tongues mutated into different languages, some of which are known as the Romance Languages (e.g., Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, among others). English, although is not counted among Romance languages, its vocabulary reflects a sizeable influence of the Latin. Several English words that are in common parlance right now are derivatives from Latin.
While some of the Latin words that made it into English lost their original graphic and phonetic make-up, others retain their original format and are used verbatim (yes, Latin word) in English. Most of these Latin phrases are used in arcane and technical jargons such as the legalese and academic language.
In today’s post, I share with you this collection of popular phrases used in academic language. Whether you are writing a research paper, a literature review, or a scholarly thesis, Latin phrases can cast a professional flair on your academic style and enrich the lexicon of your language.
There are several Latin phrases used in Academic language but I only selected few examples. These are phrases I have repeatedly comes across in my academic readings and ones which, consequently, I came to integrate in my scholarly writings. The definitions and examples used in the the chart below are taken from the following sources: Google dictionary, Wikipedia and Merriam Webster.
If you’re looking for an English word, it’s aesthetics.
If you’re looking for a Latin word, it’s aesthetica.
Classical Latin had no word for the study of art. The word was coined, in Latin, by philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten in 1735 in his master’s thesis Meditationes Philosophicae de Nonnullis ad Poema Pertinentibus. The 1765 edition of Baumgarten’s treatise Aesthetica begins with this definition:
Aesthetica (theoria liberalium artium, gnoseologia inferior, ars pulcre cogitandi, ars analogi rationis) est scientia cognitionis sensitivae.
Aesthetics (the theory of the liberal arts, the lower theory of knowledge [i.e. pertaining to sense-perception rather than reasoning], the art of comprehending beauty, the art of the sensory world that exists within the faculty of reason [i.e. perception, imagination, comparison, discerning of detail, etc.]) is the science of sensuous cognition.*
Baumgarten was especially concerned to show, contra Plato’s dismissal of poetry as a mere imitation of a mere reflection of the true reality, that poetry, by arousing a complexity of sensory images and consequent emotions within the mind, is capable of perfection and worthy in its own right. Hence Baumgarten coined the word from Ancient Greek αἰσθητικός, meaning «pertaining to sense-perception»—the start-point or ground of aesthetic imagination and judgement.
The Dictionary of Untranslatables points out that the word has some ambiguity, because Baumgarten thought that a single independent science should cover sensory perception, art, beauty, and reason’s cognition of those things. Some writers have since used the word, in many different languages, more narrowly; some limit it to sense perception and some to beauty.
* Don’t take my translation too seriously. I’m not an expert, and Baumgarten may have been using some of the Latin words in specialized 18th-century senses that I’m not familiar with.
A language, like a person, can be open-minded and flexible, conservative and closed, and even dead, like Latin. For centuries, there has been no one who can say Latin is his or her mother tongue. However, many speak it, including each of us.
Latin accompanies us everywhere. We bear Latin names: Barbara means a foreign woman, Anthony stands for the priceless one, Victor is a winner, and Chester indicates a fortress. All our months have Latin names. Latin is the language of ancient philosophers and poets.
It was also an international language for European scientists, especially for linguists, physicists, and biologists. This is why today you can easily come across some Latin words and abbreviations in documents, instructions, scientific articles, and even in fiction.
Everyone will understand you if you say a.m. and p.m. Just don’t add that this means “ante meridian” and “post meridian.” P.S. which is “post scriptum” (after what has been said) and CV which is “curriculum vitae” (story of one’s life) are as widespread as the most common English words nowadays. But what about the rest of the letters and dots that are put together which seems to have no logic at all? Fortunately, the list of Latin abbreviations commonly used in ordinary life is not that long.
45 common Latin abbreviations and their meanings
You must have read these top 3 abbreviations thousands of times :
- i.e. = id est = that is
- e.g. = exempli = for example
- etc. = etcetera = and so on
The rest might be a surprise for you:
- a. = annus, anno = year
- a. = antem = before
- abamic. = ab amico = from a friend (used in correspondence)
- abinit. = ab inito = at first
- absque. = absque = without
- a.c. = anni currentis = this year
- acc. = acceptum = received
- acq., acqu. = acquisitum, acquisitio = purchased
- a d. = a dato = from the date of (signature)
- adnot. = adnotavit = a mark, marked
- ad fin. = ad finem = to the end
- adint = ad interim = previously
- ad. lib. = ad libitum = optional
- a. f. = anni futuri = next year
- a m.c. = a mundo condito = on creation (of the world)
- a.p. = anno passato = last year
- b.f. = bona fide = honestly, with no fraudulent intention
- c., ca. = circa = approximetely
- cf., cfr. = conferatur = compare
- c.l. = citato loco = in the above mentioned location
- cor. cor. impr. = correctis, corrigendis, imprimatur = correct, rectify, print
- etal. = et alii = and the others
- et pass. = et passim = and the following, and in the following
- et seq. = et sequence = and the next (used as a reference to the next page, chapter, etc.)
- fec. = fecit = made by (used by artists)
- h.e. = hoc est = that is to say, this means
- ib., ibid. = ibidem = the same, in the same place (to make a reference to the source which was used previously)
- i.a. = inter alia = among the others
- i.q. = idem quod = the same way as
- loc. cit. = loco citato = in the place cited
- L.S. = locus sigilli = place of print
- N.B. = Nota Bene = pay attention
- op.cit. = opus citatum = a reference to a source that was used before the last one (used when ibid. Can’t be used)
- p.a., per an. = per annum = yearly, every year
- pro tem. = pro tempore = for some time, temporary
- Q.E.D. = quod erat demonstrandum = what was to be shown
- qs = quantum sufficit = any amount that is necessary
- q.v. = quod vide = look there
- sl. = sine loco = with no place indication
- v., vs. = versus = against
- viz. = videlicet = namely (used to give more details on a topic)
- v.v. = vice versa = with the order reversed
Along with theseabbreviations, there are some Latin words and phrases commonly used in business and science, e.g.:
- Ad hoc refers to something that is specifically designed or arranged for a given occasion. It is used in a business context and determines meetings and conferences.
- Verbatim means “literally” and is commonly used in reports and quotations.
- Modus operandi is used to describe a person’s method of work.
- Sic is a Latin word that is translated as “so” or “thus.”
- De jure stands for “according to the law.”
- De facto is “true according to facts.”
- Ergo is “therefore.” Use it whenever you want to seem smart.
- Vis major indicates an act of God that is under a person’s or company’s influence.
Latin abbreviations used in specific fields
Every classic academic discipline uses a list of Latin abbreviations of its own: law, medicine, botanic, and biology manuals are lined with Latinisms.
Latin abbreviations in history
- a. u. (c.) = anno urbis (conditae) = after Rome’s foundation
- SPQR = Senatus Populus que Romanus = Senate and the citizens of Rome (inscription on the standards of the Roman legions)
Latin abbreviations in religious studies
- a. Chr. = ante Christum = B.C. (before Christ)
- A.D. = anno Domini = in the summer of God, in the year when Christ was born
- AMDG = ad majorem Dei gloriam = for the greater glory of God
- a. p. C. = anno post Christum = the year after Christ’s birth
Latin abbreviations in medicine (to name a few)
- M.D.S. = Misce. Da. Signa. = Mix. Give. Mark.
- q. s. = quantum satis = when it is necessary, as much as necessary
- Mm. = musculi = muscles
- t.i.d. = ter in die = three times per day
Latin abbreviations in law (just a couple)
- corp. del. = corpus delicti = physical evidence, main evidence
- e. o. = ex officio = on duty
- F. fa., fi. fa. = fieri facias = is translated as “face of the card that is in flame” and stands for writ of execution
These words, letters, and dots are a part of the professional vocabulary of medical doctors, lawyers, chemists, and many others. And the list we present to you is not even close to being full.
However, there is one thing we can recommend to you concerning the use of abbreviations, including Latin ones. Explain them in brackets when you use them for the first time to make sure your reader will understand you. After all, this is what we seek when we use dfferent methods and ways of communication—to be understood.
Scientific writing often uses a few Latin phrases, either abbreviated (etc. for et cetera and et al. for et alii) or spelt out (in vitro, in vivo, in situ). Should they be set in italics? As is common with such queries, there is no single right or wrong answer, although, increasingly, the trend is to dispense with italics. Most publishers and style guides instruct authors not to use italics for such phrases. Both Springer and Elsevier, for example, insist on setting «in vitro,» «in vivo,» and «in situ» in normal, or Roman, font, and so does the Chicago Manual of Style and Scientific Style and Format.
On the other hand, the author instructions for The Auk, published by The American Ornithologists’ Union, are quite specific with regard to using italics: «Only the following Latin terms should be italicized: in vivo, in vitro, in utero, in situ, ad libitum, a priori, and a posteriori. All other Latin terms (except scientific names) should be left unitalicized.» The Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors also insists that in vivo and in vitro should be set in italics.
The only sensible advice in this matter is, therefore, to follow your target journal’s practice. If you do decide to use italics in your scientific writing, here is a bit of typographic trivia: when setting a word or phrase in italics, always include the space before that word or phrase and leave out the space that follows that word or phrase. This ensures that the gaps on either side of italicized text appear uniform.
Another issue many authors are unclear about is Using «et al.» in research papers for in-text references.
Published on: Jan 14, 2014
A – B – C – D – E – F – G – H – I – J – L – M – N – O – P – Q – R – S – T – U – V – W
This is a list of the Latin words used in the Stage 1 lessons.
It is set out so that you can
- find each word easily
- recognise whether it is a noun, verb, adjective etc.
- identify which declension it belongs to (if it’s a noun or adjective) or which conjugation it belongs to (if it’s a verb)
- know what to do next to decline it
By using our word list, you will gain practice and confidence with Latin.
When you complete the tutorial, you will have the confidence to use a Latin-English dictionary. We suggest R E Latham, Revised Medieval Latin Word-list, (London, published for the British Academy by the Oxford University Press, 1973).
Other Latin dictionaries are set out in the same manner as our word list. However, you may find that they may provide less information.
Remember that if you look up a medieval, Tudor or Stuart word in a Classical Latin dictionary, it may give a different and inappropriate meaning.
How to use the word list
Remember that this word list gives the most common medieval spelling of each word. It does not list the many variants of the word. In particular, in Tudor and Stuart documents you may find that the word is spelt with an ‘ae’ instead of an ‘e’.
Nouns
Nouns are given in the nominative singular, followed by the genitive singular ending. The gender of the noun is given and its meaning in English.
Look at our example of terra:
terra, -e (f.) land
- ‘terra‘ is the nominative singular form of the word
- ‘-e‘ is the genitive singular ending
- ‘(f.)’ is the gender – feminine
If you know the genitive singular of a noun, you can work out which case it belongs to.
If you know which case it belongs to, you can work out how to decline it.
The genitive singular of third declension nouns is particularly important. Therefore, both the nominative and genitive singular of third declension nouns is given in full.
Verbs
Verbs are given in parts (called the principal parts).
Look at our example of habere:
habeo, habere, habui, habitum (2) to have
- ‘habeo‘ is the ‘I’ form of the present tense
- ‘habere‘ is the infinitive
- ‘habui‘ is the ‘I’ form of the past tense
- ‘habitum‘ is the supine (not covered in this series of lessons)
With this information, you will be able to conjugate each verb.
Sometimes the supine is not given.
Adjectives
These are all noted. For first and second declension adjectives, the masculine, feminine and neuter nominative singular forms are given, with their meaning.
For example:
dimidius, -a, -um (adjective) half
- ‘dimidius‘ is the masculine nominative singular
- ‘-a‘ is the feminine nominative singular ending
- ‘-um‘ is the neuter nominative singular ending
Some first and second declension adjectives end ‘er’ in the masculine nominative singular. Most lose the ‘e’ of ‘er’ when declined.
For example:
pulcher, puchra, pulchrum (adjective) beautiful
For third declension adjectives, either
- the masculine/feminine and neuter nominative singular forms are given, with the meaning – for example, omnis, -e (adjective) all
or
- the nominative and genitive forms are given, with the meaning – for example, ingens, ingentis (adjective) huge
For an explanation of this, see lesson seven.
Pronouns
The masculine, feminine and neuter nominative singular forms are given, with their meaning. All pronouns are noted.
For example:
qui, que, quod (pronoun) who, whom, which
Adverbs
These are all noted, with their meaning.
For example:
ubi (adverb) where
Prepositions
These are all noted, with the case they take and their meaning.
For example:
ante (preposition + accusative) before
Abbreviations
These abbreviations are used in the word list:
- (f.) means feminine
- (m.) means masculine
- (n.) means neuter
Brackets
Where necessary, any further explanation of a word is given in brackets.
For example:
probo, probare, probavi, provatum (1) to prove (a will)
A
a (before a consonant)/ab (before a vowel) (preposition + ablative) by, from
abbas, abbatis (m.) abbot
ac and
acra, -e (f.) acre
ad (preposition + accusative) towards, to, for, at (implies movement towards)
Adam, Ade (m.) Adam
adventus, -us (m.) appearance in court, arrival, Advent
aecclesia, -e (f.) church
Agnes, Agnetis (f.) Agnes
agricola, -e (m.) farmer
Alexander, Alexandri (m.) Alexander
Alicia, -e (f.) Alice
alius, alia, aliud (adjective) the other
alter, altera, alterum (adjective) the other (of two things)
Amabila, -e, (f.) Amabila
amen amen (Hebrew word; does not decline)
Anglia, -e (f.) England
Anglicus, -i (m.) Englishman
anima, -e (f.) (dative and ablative plural animabus) soul
animal, animalis (n.) animal
Anna, -e (f.) Anna
Annunciatio, Annunciationis (f.) Annunciation
ante (preposition + accusative) before
antiquus, -a, -um (adjective) old
appono, apponere, apposui, appositum (3) to affix
Aprilis, Aprilis (m.) April
apud (preposition + accusative) at, by, near, to, towards
aquaticus, -a, -um (adjective) worked by water
Archangelus, -i (m.) archangel
argentum, -i (n.) silver
armiger, armigeri (m.) squire, esquire
audio, audire, audivi, auditum (4) to hear
Augustus, -i (m.) August
aurifaber, aurifabri (m.) goldsmith
ava, -e (f.) grandmother
avisamentum, -i (n.) advice
avus, -i (m.) grandfather
B
baro, baronis (m.) baron, tenant-in-chief
beatus, -a, -um (adjective) blessed
bene (adverb) well
Benedictus, -i (m.) Benedict
bonus, -a, -um (adjective) good
bosca, –e (f.) wood, woodland, firewood
boscus, -i (m.) wood, woodland, firewood
Breve, brevis (n.) writ
burgagium, -ii (n.) burgage
C
calcar, calcaris (n.) spur
capio, capere, cepi, captum (3) to take, seize, rent
Carolus, -i (m.) Charles
carta, -e (f.) charter
caruca, -e (f.) plough
castrum, -i (n.) castle
catallum, -i (n.) chattel
celeriter (adverb) quickly
centum one hundred
centum et unus one hundred and one
Christina, -e (f.) Christina
Christoferus, -i (m.) Christopher
civis, civis (m.) citizen [genitive plural civium]
clavis, clavis (f.) key [genitive plural clavium]
clericus, -i (m.) clerk
cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum (3) to know, get to know
comitatus, -us (m.) county, earldom, county court
communis, -e (adjective) common
concedo, concedere, concessi, concessum (3) to concede, grant, allow
concordia, -e (f.) agreement
condo, condere, condidi, conditum (3) to make (a will)
confirmo, confirmare, confirmavi, confirmatum (1) to confirm
conquestus, -us (m.) conquest, the Norman conquest of England in 1066
consilium, -ii (n.) counsel, council
coram (preposition + ablative) in the presence of, before
coronator, coronatoris (m.) coroner
crastinum, -i (n.) morrow
croftum, -i (n.) croft, enclosed piece of arable land
cum (preposition + ablative) with
curia, -e (f.) court
D
dampnum, -i (n.) damage
data given, dated
datum given, dated
de (preposition + ablative) from, concerning, of, for
debeo, debere, debui, debitum (2) to owe, to be obliged to do (something)
decem ten (does not decline)
December, Decembris (m.) December
defensor, defensoris (m.) defender
dico, dicere, dixi, dictum (3) to say
dies Dominica Sunday
dies Iovis Thursday
dies Lune Monday
dies Martis Tuesday
dies Mercurii Wednesday
dies Sabbati Saturday
dies Veneris Friday
dies, diei (m.) day
dilectus, -a, -um (adjective) beloved
dimidius, -a, -um (adjective) half
do, dare, dedi, datum (1) to give
domina, -e (f.) lady, Lady
Dominica, -e (f.) Sunday
dominicus, -a, -um (adjective) demesne
domus, -us (f.) house
ducenti, -ae, -a two hundred
duo two
duodecim twelve
duodeviginti eighteen
E
e (before a consonant)/ex (before a vowel) (preposition + ablative) from, out of
Eboracum, -i (n.) York
ecclesia, -e (f.) church
edifico, edificare, edificavi, edificatum (1) to build
Edwardus, -i (m.) Edward
ego I
eius (pronoun, genitive of is, ea, id) of him, of her, of it
Elias Elias
Elizabetha, -e (f.) Elizabeth
eorum, earum, eorum (pronoun, genitive of is, ea, id, masculine, feminine, neuter plural) of them, theirs
episcopus, -i (m.) bishop
Ernegis Ernegis
escambium, -ii (n.) exchange
esse to be (see sum)
et and
etas, etatis (f.) age
executor, executoris (m.) executor
exitus, -us (m.) profits, exit, revenue
expensum, -i (n.) money paid, payment, expense
F
faber, fabri (m.) smith
facio, facere, feci, factum (3) to make, do
falso (adverb) falsely
Februarius, -i (m.) February
feodum, -i (n.) fee, fief
fera, -e (f.) beast of the chase
festum, -i (n.) feast
fidelis, -e (adjective) faithful
fides, fidei (f.) faith
filia, -e (f.) (dative and ablative plural
filiabus) daughter
finalis, -e (adjective) final
finis, finis (m. sometimes f.) fine, boundary, end, limit
franciplegius, -ii (m.) frankpledge
frater, fratris (m.) brother
fundatio, fundationis (f.) foundation
G
garderoba, -e (f.) wardrobe
generosus, -i (m.) gentleman
genu, -us (n.) knee
Georgius, -ii (m.) George
Ghida, -e (f.) Gytha
Gilbertus, -i (m.) Gilbert
Gracia, -e (f.) Grace
gracia, -e (f.) grace
gratia, -e (f.) grace
Gulielmus, -i (m.) William
H
habeo, habere, habui, habitum (2) to have
Henricus, -i (m.) Henry
Heraldus, -i (m.) Harold
heres, heredis (m., f.) heir
hereditarius, -ii (m.) heir
Hibernia, -e (f.) Ireland
hic, hec, hoc (adjective and pronoun) this, he, she, it
hic (adverb) here
hida, -e (f.) hide (The amount of land which could support a household, often supposed to be 120 acres)
homo, hominis (m.) man
Hugo, Hugonis (m.) Hugh
huiusmodi this
I
iaceo, iacere, iacui, iacitum (2) to lie, to be situated
ibi there
ibidem (adverb) at the same place, in the same place
idem, eadem, idem (pronoun) the same
ideo (adverb) therefore
ille, illa, ilud (pronoun and adjective) that, he, she, it
imperator, imperatoris (m.) emperor
imperpetuum (adverb) forever, in perpetuity
in (preposition + accusative) into, onto (preposition + ablative) in, on
ingens, ingentis (adjective) huge
ingressus, -us (m.) entry, right of entry
inspeximus inspeximus (A kind of charter which testifies to the fact that an earlier charter has been inspected and confirmed)
inter (preposition + accusative) among, between
ipse, ipsa, ipsum (pronoun and adjective) self, he himself, she herself, itself, aforesaid
is, ea, id (pronoun and adjective) he, she, it, this, that
Isabella, -e (f.) Isabella
item (adverb) likewise, moreover, also
iuxta (preposition + accusative) next to, near, according to
J
Januarius, -i (m.) January
Johanna, -e (f.) Joanna
Johannes, Johannis (m.) John
Julius, -i (m.) July
Junius, -i (m.) June
jurator, juratoris (m.) juror
jus, juris (n.) right, law
L
laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum (1) to work
legalis, -e (adjective) lawful
lego, legare, legavi, legatum (1) to leave, bequeath
liber, -era, -erum (adjective) free
libere (adverb) freely
libra, -e (f.) pound (currency)
littera, -e (f.) letter
Londinia, -e (f.) Londinium-ii (n) London
M
magister, magistri (m.) master
magnus, -a, -um (adjective) great, big
Maius, -i (m.) May
manerium, -ii (n.) manor
manus, -us (f.) hand
marca, -e (f.) mark (unit of currency)
mare, maris (n.) sea [genitive plural marium]
Maria, -e (f.) Mary
martir, martiris (m.) martyr
Martius, -i (m.) March
mater, matris (m.) mother
Mathildis, Mathildis (f.) Matilda (note Matilda can also be Mathilda, – e (f)).
medietas, medietatis (f.) moiety, half
mensis, -is (m.) month
mercatum, -i (n) – market
meridies, meridiei (m.) midday, south
meus, mea, meum (pronoun) my
Michael, Michaelis (m.) Michael
michi, mihi (pronoun, dative case) to me
miles, militis (m.) knight
mille one thousand
missa, -e (f.) mass
mitto, mittere, misi, missum (3) to send
modo (adverb) now
modus, -i (m.) manner, method
monachus, -i (m.) monk
monasterium, -ii (n.) monastery
moneo, monere, monui, monitum (2) to warn, advise
mors, mortis (f.) death
moveo, movere, movi, motum (2) to move
N
navis, navis (f.) ship [genitive plural navium]
neuter, neutra, neutrum (adjective) neither (of two things)
nomen, nominis (n.) name
non (adverb) not
nonaginta ninety
nongenti nine hundred
nos we
noster, nostra, nostrum (pronoun) our, ours
novem nine (does not decline)
November, Novembris (m.) November
novus, -a, -um (adjective) new
nullus, -a, -um (adjective) no, none
nunc (adverb) now
nuper (adverb) former, lately
O
O! Oh!
obeo, obire, obii, obitum to die
obitus, -us (m.) death, anniversary of a death
octava, -e (f. and plural) octave
octingenti eight hundred
octo eight (does not decline)
October, Octobris (m.) October
octoginta eighty
omnis, -e (adjective) all
ordino, ordinare, ordinavi, ordinatum (1) to order, appoint
oro, orare, oravi, oratum (1) to pray
ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum (3) to show
P
panis, -is (m.) bread
papa, -e (m.) pope
parca, -e (f.) park
parcus, -i (m.) park
parens, parentis (m. and f.) parent
parochialis, -e (adjective) parochial, parish
pars, partis (f.) (genitive plural partium) part
parsona, -e (m.) parson
pastura, -e (f.) pasture
pater, patris (m.) father
pecunia, -e (f.) livestock
per (preposition + accusative) by, through, during
persona, -e (f.), parson
pertinentia, -e (f.) appurtenance
peto, petere, petivi, petitum (3) to petition, require, seek
Petrus, -i (m.) Peter
placitum, -i (n.) plea
plegius, -ii (m.) pledge
pons, pontis (m.) bridge [genitive plural pontium]
porcus, -i (m.) pig
post (preposition + accusative) after
pre (preposition + ablative) before
predictus, -a, -um (adjective) aforesaid
presens, presentis (adjective) present
prior, prioris (m.) prior
prius (adverb) before
pro (preposition + ablative) for, during, as far as, in accordance with, in return for
probatum proved see probare
probo, probare, probavi, probatum (1) to prove (a will)
puer, pueri (m.) boy
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum (adjective) beautiful
Q
quadraginta forty
quadringenti four hundred
quattuor four
quattuordecim fourteen
qui, que, quod (pronoun) who, whom, which
quiete (adverb) peacefully
quietus, -a, -um (adjective) freely, quit
quindecim fifteen
quingenti five hundred
quinquaginta fifty
quinque five
quod because, that (after ‘to know’, ‘to say’)
R
Radulphus, -i (m.) Ralph
recognosco, recognoscere, recognovi, recognitum (3) to acknowledge
redditus, -us (m.) rent
reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum (3) to give back, pay, surrender, yield
regina, -e (f.) queen
res, rei (f.) a thing
rex, regis (m.) king
Ricardus, -i (m.) Richard
Robertus, -i (m.) Robert
Rogerus, -i (m.) Roger
rotulus, -i (m.) roll, record
S
sacramentum, -i (n.) oath, sacrament
sanctus, -a, -um (adjective) saint
sapiens, sapientis (adjective) wise
sciant omnes know all men
sciant presentes et futuri know all [men] present and future
scilicet (adverb) namely
scio, scire, scivi, scitum (4) to know
scriptum, -i (n.) writing
se defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum (3) to be assessed at
se himself
secundum (preposition + accusative) according to
Sed (set) but
sedecim sixteen
sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum (2) to sit
semper (adverb) always
sepe (adverb) often
septem seven (does not decline)
September, Septembris (m.) September
septemdecim seventeen
septendecim seventeen
septingenti seven hundred
septuaginta seventy
Sequens, sequentis following
sequor (3) to follow
servicium, -ii (n.) service
sescenti six hundred
sex six
sexaginta sixty
shopa, -e (f.) shop
sicut (adverb) just as
sigillum, -i (n.) seal
silva, -e (f.) wood
silvaticus, -a, -um (adjective) wild
Simo, Simonis (m.) Simon
sine (preposition + ablative) without
soca, -e (f.) soc
socum, -i (n.) soc
solidus, -i (m.) shilling
solummodo only
solus, -a, -um (adjective) alone, only
solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum (3) to pay
soror, sororis (f.) sister
sub (preposition + accusative) up to, (preposition + ablative) under
subito suddenly
subsequens, subsequentis the following (adjective)
sum, esse, fui to be
summa, -e (f.) sum
super (preposition + accusative) over, (preposition + ablative) upon
suus, sua, suum (pronoun) his, her, its, their (own)
T
tandem (adverb) at length
teignus, -i (m.) thane
tempus, temporis (n.) time, period
tenementum, -i (n.) tenement
teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum (2) to hold
terminus, -i (m.) term, period, end, boundary, limit
terra, -e (f.) land
testamentum, -i (n.) will, testament
testimonium, -ii (n.) witness, testimony
testis, testis (m., f.) witness
Thomas, -e (m.) Thomas
tofta, –e (f.) house, toft, house and outbuildings
totalis, -e (adjective) total
totus, -a, -um (adjective) all, whole
trecenti three hundred
tredecim thirteen
tres, tria three (does not decline)
triginta thirty
tunc (adverb) then
turris, turris (f.) tower
tuus, tua, tuum (pronoun) your, yours (one person)
U
ubi (adverb) where, when
ullus, -a, -um (adjective) any
undecim eleven
undeviginti nineteen
unus, -a, -um (adjective) one
uter, utra, utrum (adjective) which (of two things)
uxor, uxoris (f.) wife
V
venerabilis, -e, (adjective) venerable
venio, venire, veni, ventum (4) to come
verbum, –i (n.) word
versus (preposition + accusative) against
vester, vestra, vestrum (pronoun) your
vetus, veteris (adjective) old
via, -e (f.) road, street
vicarius, -ii (m.) vicar
videlicet (adverb) namely, to wit, that is
video, videre, vidi, visum (2) to see
vidua, -e (f.) widow
vigilia, -e (f.) eve
viginti duo twenty two
viginti novem twenty nine
viginti octo twenty eight
viginti quattuor twenty four
viginti quinque twenty five
viginti septem twenty seven
viginti sex twenty six
viginti tres twenty three
viginti twenty
viginti unus twenty one
villa, -e (f.) vill, town
vir, viri (m.) man, husband
virgata, -e (f.) virgate
virgo, virginis (f.) virgin
visus, -us (m.) view
vita, -e (f.) life
voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum (1) to call
W
Walterus, -i (m.) Walter
wasta, -e (f.) waste
Westmonasterium, -ii (n.) Westminster
Wilhelmus, -i (m.) William