На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.
На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.
большое количество слов
большого количества слов
Large number of words borrowed from Sanskrit or formed on its basis are used in Hindi.
В хинди используется большое количество слов, заимствованных из санскрита или образованных на его основе.
Fortunately, this can be avoided, since there are quite a large number of words that can be identified using search engine optimization.
К счастью этого можно избежать, так как существует достаточно большое количество слов, которые могут быть выявлены с помощью поисковой оптимизации.
But having in your arsenal of a large number of words and a complete lack of knowledge about how to use them together, after all, would force you to take learning English grammar.
Но наличие в вашем арсенале большого количества слов и полное отсутствие знаний о том, как их вместе употребить, все-таки, вынудит вас заняться обучением грамматики английского языка.
Hackers are smart guys and once they came to know that developers are storing hashed passwords, they pre-computed hash of large number of words (from a popular word list or dictionary words).
Хакеры — умные ребята, и как только они узнали, что разработчики хранят хешированные пароли, они предварительно вычислили хеш большого количества слов (из списка популярных слов или словарных слов).
Tamed parrots can memorize and recite a large number of words and sounds, as they have a good memory.
Прирученный попугай может запоминать и произносить большое количество слов и звуков, так как обладают хорошей памятью.
Probably most people have heard the claim that Eskimo languages have an unusually large number of words for «snow».
Умные люди говорят о том, что в эскимосских языках имеется необычайно большое количество слов для обозначения снега.
A popular belief exists that the Inuit have an unusually large number of words for snow.
Широко распространено утверждение о том, что в эскимосских языках имеется необычайно большое количество слов для обозначения снега.
A large number of words transferred from the languages of Indian tribes, which neighbors the settlers.
Большое количество слов переходит из языков индейских племен, с которыми соседствовали поселенцы.
The Chinese language itself has a large number of words with the same pronunciation but completely different meanings.
Сам китайский язык имеет большое количество слов с тем же произношением, но совершенно разные значения.
A large number of words allows you to avoid excessive values of distinct language units for the evaluation of kinship, when their number is small.
Большое количество слов позволяет избежать чрезмерной значимости отдельных языковых единиц для оценки родства, когда их количество мало.
The official language of the country is Spanish, but here it includes a large number of words borrowed from Africans and Indians.
Официальным языком в стране является испанский, однако здесь он включает в себя большое количество слов, заимствованных от африканцев и индейцев.
A popular belief exists that the Inuit have an unusually large number of words for snow.
Умные люди говорят о том, что в эскимосских языках имеется необычайно большое количество слов для обозначения снега.
The situation is even more complicated would be if not for the fact that a large number of words are formed from each other, and because they are much easier to remember.
Ситуация ещё более усложнялась бы, если бы не тот факт, что большое количество слов образуются друг от друга, и потому запомнить их намного легче.
The dictionary is based on the common vocabulary, including colloquial one, and on a large number of words and terms from different spheres (science, technology, etc).
Основу словаря составляет общеупотребительная лексика, включая разговорную, а также большое количество слов и терминов из различных сфер деятельности (наука, техника и т.п).
Children aged 9-10 months understand a large number of words, distinguish the intonation with which they are spoken, react to the word «not.»
Воспитание детей Дети в возрасте 9-10 месяцев понимают большое количество слов, различают интонацию, с которой с ними говорят, реагируют на слово «нельзя».
A large number of words of this group appeared in American English in the 60s during the Vietnam War, and then it was actively used by other governments.
Большое количество слов этой группы появилась в американском варианте английского языка в 60-х годах во время войны с Вьетнамом и потом было активно использовано другими правительствами.
Like Belorussian, Ukrainian language contains a large number of words borrowed from Polish, but it has fewer borrowings from Church Slavonic than Russian.
«Как и белорусский, украинский язык содержит большое количество слов, заимствованных из польского, но у него меньше заимствований из церковнославянского языка, чем у русского языка», — говорится в статье.
In the future, out of his legendary albums, Nebraska and Born in the U. S. A. the Latter is a sufficiently large number of words.
В дальнейшем выходят его легендарные альбомы Nebraska и Born in the U.S.A. Последний заслуживает достаточно большого количества слов.
Nomina trivialia, which later became used as specific epithets in the binomial names of living organisms) is still used (the previously used long names consisting of a large number of words, gave a description of the species, but were not strictly formalized).
nomina trivialia, которые позже стали использоваться в качестве видовых эпитетов в биноминальных названиях живых организмов) используется до сих пор (применявшиеся ранее длинные названия, состоящие из большого количества слов, давали описание видов, но не были строго формализованы).
In Japanese, there is a large number of words non-Japanese origin.
В словарном составе японского языка имеется большое количество слов иностранного (неяпонского) происхождения.
Результатов: 35. Точных совпадений: 35. Затраченное время: 122 мс
Documents
Корпоративные решения
Спряжение
Синонимы
Корректор
Справка и о нас
Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900
Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200
Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200
This is a list of dictionaries considered authoritative or complete by approximate number of total words, or headwords, included. These figures do not take account of entries with senses for different word classes (such as noun and adjective) and homographs. Although it is possible to count the number of entries in a dictionary, it is not possible to count the number of words in a language.[1][2] In compiling a dictionary, a lexicographer decides whether the evidence of use is sufficient to justify an entry in the dictionary. This decision is not the same as determining whether the word exists.[citation needed]
The green background means a given dictionary is the largest in a given language.
There is one count that puts the English vocabulary at about 1 million words — but that count presumably includes words such as Latin species names, prefixed and suffixed words, scientific terminology, jargon, foreign words of extremely limited English use and technical acronyms.[39][40][41]
[56]
135,000 (Larousse Dictionnaire de français, published by Editions Larousse)[70][71]
large number of — перевод на русский
But the systems of mass production that had been developed in America were only profitable if they made large numbers of the same objects.
Но системы массового производства, созданые в Америке, были прибыльными только если они производили большое количество одинаковых товаров.
Throughout Germany, a large number of firms are making seemingly innocent component parts, which are then dispatched to great central factories where they’re assembled very rapidly, into fighter and bomber aircraft.
По всей Германии большое количество заводов изготавливают,.. …казалось бы, обычные запасные части,.. …которые потом переправляют на центральные заводы,..
Killing large numbers of people simply ’cause they don’t look like you, they don’t talk like you and they don’t have the same kind of hats you do!
«бить большое количество людей просто потому, что они не выгл€д€т как вы, не говор€т как вы, и у них нет таких же шл€п как у вас.
That’s the question! How are gonna get large numbers of people to commit suicide at a time and place of our choosing?
ак сделать чтобы большое количество людей совершили самоубийство в нужное врем€ в нужном нам месте?
Punish them severely enough that they can essentially intimidate a large number of other people.
Наказать их достаточно строго, чтобы это существенно запугало большое количество остальных.
Показать ещё примеры для «большое количество»…
Or you could use two flat mirrors and a candle flame you would see a large number of images each the reflection of another image.
Если поставить два плоских зеркала и пламя свечи между ними, то вы увидите огромное количество отражений, каждое из которых в свою очередь является отражением другого.
You, um… you remember we told you earlier about the large number of dogs that watch us here on A Bit of Fry and Laurie?
Вы… мы уже ранее говорили Вам, что нашу программу, смотрит огромное количество домашних питомцев.
A large number of Greek ships were destroyed… in the bombing of the nearby Port of Piraeus.
Огромное количество греческих кораблей было разрушено недалеко от порта Пирес.
I have been looking through a large number of reference books, And I can’t find a single mention of it.
Я пересмотрел огромное количество справочников, и не мог найти хоть малейшее упоминание об этом.
An enormous amount of energy will be drained from wherever you arrive and a large number of people will be killed.
Гигантское количество энергии будет поглощено из всего, что будет находится в точке вашего прибытия. И огромное количество людей погибнет.
Показать ещё примеры для «огромное количество»…
There are a large number of Alices, of Trudys,
Здесь много Алис, Труди,
Get rich, screw a large number of women.
— Я разбогател и получу много женщин.
Does that mean that L has begun to suspect the police? He must need quite a large number of people to investigate them.
что L начал подозревать полицию? их должно быть много.
Large numbers of bodies are still not cleared from the original outbreak of infection.
После вспышки эпидемии осталось много тел, их предстоит убрать.
Man, we got a large number of clovers on our lawn.
Мужик, у нас много клевера на лужайке.
Показать ещё примеры для «много»…
What we are looking at now is a mission where a large number of the Watutsi people took shelter.
Сейчас перед нами миссионерская резиденция где большое число людей батутси нашли убежище.
Parish shipped a large number of electronic components from China to New York.
Пэришу доставили морем большое число деталей электроники из Китая в Нью-Йорк.
Though a large number of men have been dispatched north.
Однако большое число людей отправлено на север.
The largest number of malnourished people ever in the history of the Earth.
Это самое большое число за всю историю Земли.
From a very large number of computer runs making various assumptions, adopting various maxima and minima, there is in fact a general forecast of a breakdown of world society in the first decades of the next century.
С помощью большого числа компьютеров, способных делать различные предположения, принимая разнообразные минимумы и максимумы, нами был фактически спрогнозирован распад мирового сообщества в первой половине следующего века.
Показать ещё примеры для «большое число»…
We do have a large number of ships passing through.
Через станцию проходит множество кораблей.
An examination of the body showed a large number of bites and wounds.
Осмотр тела показал множество ранений.
They report large numbers of Odin’s men patrolling just beyond the border.
Да, сир. У границы замечено множество патрулей Одина.
She’s already undergone a large number of medical procedures.
Она и так пережила множество медицинских процедур.
All I’ll say is, he gets a large number of letters, written in a particular female hand.
Вот что я скажу, он получает множество писем, написанных особенным женским почерком.
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The Linguistic Society of America mentions 6,909 distinct languages in the world. Have you ever wondered which language has the most words in it out of all these languages?
This is quite a difficult question to answer, even for some linguistics. You start learning any new language; you may have this question in mind how many words this language has?
Even though it seems a pretty simple question, it has various complexities. By the end of this article, you will be able to find the answer to your question; “which language has the most words?”
It is still controversial how many words a language has. This is because there are some words that dictionaries do not include.
However, there are certain languages that many linguistics consider as the richest languages. Here are a few of them:
1. English – Does It Have The Most Words?
According to some linguists, English is one of the largest languages in terms of word count. Only a limited amount of dictionary entries support this assertion.
The Oxford English Dictionary contains almost 200,000 words. It includes 47,156 obsolete words and 171,476 active words.
Many countries in the world speak English as a second language. English is a language that has also taken hundreds of words from other languages.
It has incorporated these words into its own. It enables native English speakers to choose a broader range of vocabulary.
This is mainly because of the Viking invasions in England. Then, the Normans, colonization, and exploration waves added some to the English lexicon.
Due to this reason, the English dictionary got several new foreign terms. Every day, new words are being added to the English language. It has become the global lingua franca.
2. Korean – Is It The Richest Language?
Korean is at the very top of the list. There are 1,100,373 terms in the largest dictionary of the Korean language. This information comes from a government-approved official source.
This is the only most extensive collection of words in any language’s dictionary. It has around double the number of words in English, having 505,000 in its most extensive dictionary.
Even that appears to be a huge sum. But, this number includes both the South Korean and North Korean vocabulary.
And I assume it covers all the dialects in both locations. It clarifies some of the complications.
3. Arabic – Does It Have The Most Words:
Its strong impact on other languages is undeniable. But is Arabic the richest language in terms of words? Arabic might be the richest language due to its complexity based on its intricacy.
Arabic words use about three, four, or five letter roots to make a word. These roots create a wide range of meanings.
You might end up with a large number of words if you counted each variant as a different word. However, native speakers are not using all these words.
There are hundreds of terms used for camel in Arabic. It also has different love words, including unique words for every stage of love. That demonstrates the Arabic language’s incredible versatility and depth.
Many individuals might don’t know that a large number of words originate from Arabic.
Spanish, Latin, Italian, German, Greek, and other languages frequently use these words. Most people don’t know this fact before they make their way into the English Language.
4. German – Extensive Vocabulary:
If we count compound words, German contains over 300,000 words. So, German language speakers can theoretically make as many terms as they want.
German has some words that are some of the longest words in existence. German uses compound words and makes them super long.
For instance, the German word “Unabhängigkeitserklärung” means “declaration of independence.” Do you think it is a single word?
Given the compounding possibilities, German would soon surpass English.
This can happen with the continuous addition of different legitimate German “words.” Germans would accept these words without hesitation.
5. Japanese – With Massive Word Count:
Another popular competitor is Japanese, which contains a massive 500,00 words. Half of them, however, are written in Kanji (Chinese characters).
You may write a daily newspaper with roughly 1200 Kanji words on a daily basis.
This can give you an idea that how massive word count Japanese has. Even though it relates to Chinese, but it still is one the languages with most words.
6. Finnish – Has The Most Words:
Finnish is an agglutinative language. It has the ability to produce an unlimited number of characters. You will not, however, discover such an extensive vocabulary.
Agglutinative languages can make new words by the combination of prefixes and suffixes. Finnish is one of these languages.
Are Dictionaries A Reliable Source To Estimate Which Language Has The Most Words?
Based on the facts, the answer would be no. Have you ever heard any language expert saying that English contains the most words?
They state this claim but verifying it is nearly impossible. Moreover, dictionaries do not contain all of the words of a language. Most of the dictionaries exclude slang words.
Many Linguistics refer that the English language has the most words. But, what if we search for Korean? Dictionary says that it’s 1,100,373 words.
This word count is about twice the number of words in English. So, the claim goes wrong here.
The Duden contains almost 145,000 German words. The Diccionario de la Real Academia Española documents almost 88,000 words.
In a nutshell, dictionaries are not a correct approach. We can’t estimate the language having the most words based on dictionary entries. But there is an exception in some European languages.
Facts: Dictionaries Cannot Estimate Which Language Has The Most Words
Several examples show that dictionaries are not the ultimate approach. It is impossible to estimate the language having the most words in this way.
Steven Frank is the author of The Pen Commandments. He says that English comprises 500,000 words.
While the Oxford English Dictionary estimates a different figure. It states that the English language contains about 200,000 terms. It includes 47,156 obsolete words and 171,476 active words.
Other examples are:
According to Steven Frank, the German language has around 135,000 people. At the same time, the word count in authoritative dictionaries is 330,000.
Steven Frank claims that the French language has less than 100,000 words. The dictionary Littré, on the other hand, contains 132,000 active terms.
At the same time, according to the dictionary Larousse, French has 59,000 words.
These dictionaries have limitations to the terms of a single country. This is despite the people speaking the French language well beyond France’s boundaries.
Bottom Line:
By Now, you must have an idea that which language has the most words. Many linguistics say that the English language has the most words of any language on the planet. However, proving this is not easy.
It’s difficult to estimate the total number of words in non-alphabetic languages. For example, Chinese.
One approach for determining which language has the most words is the dictionaries. But it mainly works for all of Europe’s major languages.
Furthermore, dictionaries would not be able to include all the terms in a language. Most of the time, dictionaries do not have compounded words in many ways.
So, in the end, it really doesn’t matter. You’ll be dealing with a large vocabulary.
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I’ve always loved learning and teaching languages. I started my career as a teacher in Madrid, Spain, where I taught business professionals. I then moved to Brussels, Belgium, where I worked with international affairs students and interns who were working with the European Union.
The longest word in any given language depends on the word formation rules of each specific language, and on the types of words allowed for consideration.
Agglutinative languages allow for the creation of long words via compounding. Words consisting of hundreds, or even thousands of characters have been coined. Even non-agglutinative languages may allow word formation of theoretically limitless length in certain contexts. An example common to many languages is the term for a very remote ancestor, «great-great-…..-grandfather», where the prefix «great-» may be repeated any number of times. The examples of «longest words» within the «Agglutinative languages» section may be nowhere near close to the longest possible word in said language, but is instead a popular example of a text-heavy word.
Systematic names of chemical compounds can run to hundreds of thousands of characters in length. The rules of creation of such names are commonly defined by international bodies, therefore they formally belong to many languages. The longest recognized systematic name is for the protein titin, at 189,819 letters.[1] While lexicographers regard generic names of chemical compounds as verbal formulae rather than words,[2] for its sheer length the systematic name for titin is often included in longest-word lists.
Longest word candidates may be judged by their acceptance in major dictionaries such as the Oxford English Dictionary or in record-keeping publications like Guinness World Records, and by the frequency of their use in ordinary language.
Agglutinative languagesEdit
BasqueEdit
The longest Basque toponym is Azpilicuetagaraicosaroyarenberecolarrea (40) which means «The lower field of the sheepfold (located in) the hight of Azpilicueta».[3]
EsperantoEdit
Since Esperanto allows word compounding, there are no limits on how long a word can theoretically become. An example is the 39-letter oranĝ-kanton-pafil-limig-aktivul-malamanto, meaning «Orange County gun control activist hater». Such clusters are not considered good style (the 8-word alternative oranĝkantona malamanto de aktivuloj por limigo de pafiloj is more standard), but they are permissible under the rules of Esperanto grammar.[4] Hyphens are optional in Esperanto compounds,[5] so oranĝkantonpafillimigaktivulmalamanto is also technically a valid spelling.
The longest Esperanto roots officially recognized by the Akademio de Esperanto are 13 letters long, shown here with the added substantive «-o» ending:
- administracio (administration),
- aŭtobiografio (autobiography),
- diskriminacio (discrimination),
- konservatorio (conservatory),
- paleontologio (palaeontology),
- paralelogramo (parallelogram), and
- trigonometrio (trigonometry).[6]
The longest word found in the dictionary Plena Ilustrita Vortaro as of its 2020 edition is the 24-letter proper noun Meklenburgio-Antaŭpomerio (the German state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), followed by the 21-letter word proviantadministracio (rations administration).
As of March 2022 the longest word found in the Tekstaro de Esperanto text corpus is the 66-letter word unue-volapukista-poste-esperantista-poste-idista-poste-denove-esperantista, meaning «first-volapukist-then-esperantist-then-idist-then-again-esperantist», which was used in a review published in Monato in 1997 to describe František Lorenz.[7] However, this word does not follow normal Esperanto word formation rules. Other long words found in Tekstaro de Esperanto that do follow regular word formation include:
- sescent-kvindek-mil-kvadratkilometra (consisting of 650 000 square kilometers), 33 letters, used in an Esperanto version of an 2011 article by Marc Lavergne in Le Monde diplomatique,
- tragedio-komedio-historio-pastoraloj (tragical-comical-historical-pastorals), 33 letters, used in L. L. Zamenhof’s translation of Hamlet,
- Nord-Atlantik-Traktad-Organizo (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 27 letters, more commonly translated with two words: Nord-Atlantika Traktat-Organiz(aĵ)o.
EstonianEdit
- Sünnipäevanädalalõpupeopärastlõunaväsimatus meaning «untiredness of a birthday week graduation party» which is 46 letters.[citation needed]
- 31 lettered word of uusaastaöövastuvõtuhommikuidüll meaning «morning idyll after the new year».[8]
- There is also the 25 letter long word of põllumajandusministeerium which is «Ministry of Agriculture».[citation needed]
- The word kuulilennuteetunneliluuk meaning «the hatch a bullet flies out of when exiting a tunnel» is 24 letters long and a palindrome. It could be one of the longest palindromes.[citation needed]
FinnishEdit
Examples of long words that have been in everyday use in the Finnish language are kolmivaihekilowattituntimittari which means «three-phase kilowatt hour meter» (31 letters), liikekannallepanotarkastuskierros («mobilization inspection round», 33 letters),[9] peruspalveluliikelaitoskuntayhtymä («a public utility of a municipal federation for provision of basic services», 34 letters),[10] and lentokonesuihkuturbiinimoottoriapumekaanikkoaliupseerioppilas «airplane jet turbine engine auxiliary mechanic non-commissioned officer student» (61 letters), an actual military term, although one which has been deprecated. The longest military term in current use is vastatykistömaalinosoitustutkakalustojärjestelmäinsinöörierikoisupseeri «counter-artillery targeting radar systems engineer specialist officer» with 71 characters, with 2 more if grammatically incorrect extra hyphens added for readability are counted.[citation needed] If conjugated forms are allowed, even longer real words can be made. Allowing derivatives and clitics allows the already lengthy word to grow even longer, although the usability of the word starts to degrade. Because Finnish uses free forming of composite words, new words can even be formed during a conversation. One can add nouns after each other without breaking grammar rules.
If one allows artificial constructs as well as using clitics and conjugated forms, one can create even longer words: such as kumarreksituteskenteleentuvaisehkollaismaisekkuudellisennesk-
enteluttelemattomammuuksissansakaankopahan (102 letters), which was created by Artturi Kannisto.[11]
The longest non-compound (a single stem with prefixes and suffixes) Finnish word recognised by the Guinness Book of Records is epäjärjestelmällistyttämättömyydellänsäkäänköhänkään (see also Agglutination#Extremes), based on the stem järki (reason, sanity), and it means: «I wonder if – even with his/her quality of not having been made unsystematized».
Äteritsiputeritsipuolilautatsijänkä and a defunct bar named after it, Äteritsiputeritsipuolilautatsi-baari, are the longest place names in use.
HungarianEdit
Eltöredezettségmentesítőtleníttethetetlenségtelenítőtlenkedhetnétek, with 67 letters is the longest word in the Hungarian language and approximately means «you could defragmentation defragmenting impenetrability defragmentation». It is already morphed, since Hungarian is an agglutinative language.
The Hungarian language has many causes for writing words together, but there are a few rules for avoiding undisciplined length, resulting in unreadability.
Words with less than six syllables can be written in one. Agglutinated words have to be separated by one dash, if they are more than six syllables altogether. If there are more than two words that are already written with a dash and we want to add some more, we have to use a new dash to add it (like C-vitamin-adagolás, meaning «Vitamin C rationing»). If there would be two long words to be written, they are advised to be used separately (possible: békeszerződéstervezet-kidolgozás meaning «peace agreement plan elaboration», but advised rather a békeszerződés tervezetének kidolgozása meaning «the elaboration of the plan of the peace agreement»).
[12]
The longest dictionary form word is the word megszentségtelenített, with 21 characters (although it ultimately derives from the word szent meaning: «saint» or «sacred»), and it means «desecrated» or «profaned».[13]
KoreanEdit
There is some disagreement about what is the longest word in the Korean language, which arises from misunderstanding of the Korean language.
The longest word appearing in the Standard Korean Dictionary published by the National Institute of the Korean Language is 청자 양인각 연당초상감 모란 문은구 대접 (靑瓷陽印刻蓮唐草象嵌牡丹文銀釦대접); Revised Romanization: cheongjayang-in-gakyeondangchosang-gammoranmuneun-gudaejeop, which is a kind of ceramic bowl from the Goryeo dynasty; that word is 17 syllable blocks long, and contains a total of 46 hangul letters.[14][15] However, to call this a word would be incorrect. It simply consists of many words which act as adjectives for the one word 대접.
The word 니코틴아마이드 아데닌 다이뉴클레오타이드 (nikotin-amaideu adenin dainyukeulle-otaideu), a phonetic transcription of «nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide», has a larger number of syllable blocks (19) but a smaller number of letters (41), but does not qualify as a single word due to the spaces.
In proper nouns, many Korean monarchs have overly long posthumous names built from many different Sino-Korean nouns describing their positive characteristics, for example Sunjo of Joseon, whose full posthumous name is the 77-syllable-block 순조 선각 연덕현도 경인순희 체성응명흠광석경계천배극융원돈휴의행소윤희화준렬대중지정 홍훈철 모건시태형창 운홍기고명박후강건수정계통수력 공유범문안무정영경 성효대왕 (sunjoseongag-yeondeoghyeondogyeong-insunhuicheseong-eungmyeongheumgwangseoggyeong-gyecheonbaegeug-yung-wondonhyuuihaengsoyunhuihwa-junlyeoldaejungjijeonghonghuncheolmogeonsitaehy-eongchang-unhong-gigomyeongbaghugang-geonsujeong-gyetongsulyeoggong-yubeommun-anmujeong-yeong-gyeongseonghyodaewang).[citation needed] This is simply writing the phrase in Hanja (Hanzi) 純祖先覺淵德顯道景仁純禧體聖凝命欽光錫慶繼天配極隆元敦休懿行昭倫熙化峻烈大中至正洪勳哲謨乾始泰亨昌運弘基高明博厚剛健粹精啓統垂曆建功裕範文安武靖英敬成孝肅皇帝, being transliterate in Hangul. It is not a single word and does not qualify as a lexical entry.
MongolianEdit
A popular example of the longest suffixed word in Mongolian is «Цахилгаанжуулалтыхантайгаа» (tsakhilgaanjuulaltykhantaigaa) which is 26 letters long. Here is a table showing, with translations, which suffixes are added.[citation needed]
| Word | Translation |
|---|---|
| Цахилгаан | electricity (power) |
| Цахилгаанжуул | electrify |
| Цахилгаанжуулалт | electrification |
| Цахилгаанжуулалтын | electrifications |
| Цахилгаанжуулалтыхан | electricians |
| Цахилгаанжуулалтыхантай | with electricians |
| Цахилгаанжуулалтыхантайгаа | do (action) with electricians |
OjibweEdit
The longest word in the Ojibwe language is miinibaashkiminasiganibiitoosijiganibadagwiingweshiganibakwezhigan (66 letters), meaning «blueberry pie». This literally translates to «blueberry cooked to jellied preserve that lies in layers in which the face is covered in bread».[16]
TagalogEdit
Tagalog can make long words by adding on affixes, suffixes, and other root words with a connector.
The longest published word in the language is pinakanakakapagngitngitngitngitang-pagsisinungasinungalingan, with 59 letters. This compound word means «to keep making up a lie that causes the most extreme anger while pretending you are not.»[17]
TurkishEdit
Turkish, as an agglutinative language, carries the potential for words of arbitrary length.
Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriveremeyebileceklerimizdenmişsinizcesine, at 70 letters, has been cited as the longest Turkish word. It was used in a contrived story designed to use this word.[18][19] The word means «As if you would be from those we can not easily/quickly make a maker of unsuccessful ones» and its usage was illustrated as follows:
Kötü amaçların güdüldüğü bir öğretmen okulundayız. Yetiştirilen öğretmenlere öğrencileri nasıl muvaffakiyetsizleştirecekleri öğretiliyor. Yani öğretmenler birer muvaffakiyetsizleştirici olarak yetiştiriliyorlar. Fakat öğretmenlerden biri muvaffakiyetsizleştirici olmayı, yani muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştirilmeyi reddediyor, bu konuda ileri geri konuşuyor. Bütün öğretmenleri kolayca muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriverebileceğini sanan okul müdürü bu duruma sinirleniyor, ve söz konusu öğretmeni makamına çağırıp ona diyor ki: Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriveremeyebileceklerimizdenmişsinizcesine laflar ediyormuşsunuz ha?
We are in a teachers’ training school that has evil purposes. The teachers who are being educated in that school are being taught how to make unsuccessful ones from students. So, one by one, teachers are being educated as makers of unsuccessful ones. However, one of those teachers refuses to be maker of unsuccessful ones, in other words, to be made a maker of unsuccessful ones; he talks about and criticizes the school’s stand on the issue. The headmaster who thinks every teacher can be made easily/quickly into a maker of unsuccessful ones gets angry. He invites the teacher to his room and says «You are talking as if you were one of those we can not easily/quickly turn into a maker of unsuccessful ones, huh?»
Other well-known very long Turkish words are:[20]
- Çekoslovakyalılaştıramadıklarımızdanmışsınızcasına means «As if you are one of those people whom we could not turn into a Czechoslovakian».
- Afyonkarahisarlılaştırabildiklerimizdenmişsinizcesine means «As if you are one of the people that we made resemble from Afyonkarahisar». (Afyonkarahisar is a city in Turkey.)
Word formationEdit
| Turkish | English |
|---|---|
| Muvaffak | Successful |
| Muvaffakiyet | Success |
| Muvaffakiyetsiz | Unsuccessful (‘without success’) |
| Muvaffakiyetsizleş(-mek) | (To) become unsuccessful |
| Muvaffakiyetsizleştir(-mek) | (To) make one unsuccessful |
| Muvaffakiyetsizleştirici | Maker of unsuccessful ones |
| Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileş(-mek) | (To) become a maker of unsuccessful ones |
| Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştir(-mek) | (To) make one a maker of unsuccessful ones |
| Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriver(-) | (To) easily/quickly make one a maker of unsuccessful ones |
| Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriverebil(-mek) | (To) be able to make one easily/quickly a maker of unsuccessful ones |
| Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriveremeyebil(-mek) | To be able to not make one easily/quickly a maker of unsuccessful ones |
| Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriveremeyebilecek | One who is not able to make one easily/quickly a maker of unsuccessful ones |
| Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriveremeyebilecekler | Those who are not able to make one easily/quickly a maker of unsuccessful ones |
| Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriveremeyebileceklerimiz | Those whom we cannot make easily/quickly a maker of unsuccessful ones |
| Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriveremeyebileceklerimizden | From those we can not easily/quickly make a maker of unsuccessful ones |
| Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriveremeyebileceklerimizdenmiş | (Would be) from those we can not easily/quickly make a maker of unsuccessful ones |
| Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriveremeyebileceklerimizdenmişsiniz | You would be from those we can not easily/quickly make a maker of unsuccessful ones |
| Muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriveremeyebileceklerimizdenmişsinizcesine | As if you would be from those we can not easily/quickly make a maker of unsuccessful ones |
Non-agglutinative languagesEdit
AfrikaansEdit
Afrikaans, as it is a daughter language of the Dutch language, is capable of forming compounds of potentially limitless length in the same way as in the Dutch language. According to the Total Book of South African Records, the longest word in the language is[21]Tweedehandsemotorverkoopsmannevakbondstakingsvergaderingsameroeperstoespraakskrywerspersverklaringuitreikingsmediakonferensieaankondiging (136 letters), which means «issuable media conference’s announcement at a press release regarding the convener’s speech at a secondhand car dealership union’s strike meeting». This word, however, is contrived to be long and does not occur in everyday speech or writing.
ArabicEdit
Currently, the longest word in Arabic is the 15-letter-long word أَفَإِستَسقَينَاكُمُوها.[22] Which means «Did we ask you to let us drink it?» However, according to some online sources the 16-letter-long word أَفَإِستَسقَينَاكُمُوهما is the longest word in Arabic meaning «Did we ask you to let us drink both of them?». Regardless, official sources supporting such a stance cannot be found.
BulgarianEdit
The Bulgarian online etymological dictionary claims that longest word in Bulgarian to be the 39-letter-long непротивоконституционствувателствувайте (neprotivokonstitutsionstvuvatelstvuvayte), introduced in the Constitution of Bulgaria of 1947 (Dimitrov Constitution).[23] The word means «do not perform actions against the constitution» (addressed to more than one person).
CatalanEdit
The longest word in Catalan is considered to be Anticonstitucionalment, an adverb meaning «[done in a way that is] against the constitution», however, the scientific word Psiconeuroimmunoendocrinologia, related to endocrinology, has been proposed by the University of Barcelona to be the true longest word.[24]
CroatianEdit
The longest known word in Croatian is prijestolonasljednikovičičinima,[25] meaning «to those who belong to the throne successor’s little wife.» The 31-letter word is the dative case of prijestolonasljednikovičica «the throne successor’s little wife» which is the diminutive of prijestolonasljednikovica «the throne successor’s wife.»
CzechEdit
Traditionally, the word nejneobhospodařovávatelnější («of the least cultivable», 28 letters) is considered as the longest Czech word, but there are some longer artificial words. Most of them are compound adjectives in dative, instrumental or other grammatical case and derived from the iterative or frequentative verbal form or the ability adjective form (like «-able»).
- Nejnezdevětadevadesáteroroznásobovávatelnějšími (47; Instrumental case of the ones least multipliable by a group of ninety-nine on a regular basis)
- Nejnezdevětadevadesáteroroznásobovávatelnější (Those who are the least multiplable by a group ninety-nine on a regular basis)
- Nejzdevětadevadesáteroroznásobovávatelnější (Those who are the most multiplable by a group ninety-nine on a regular basis)
- Zdevětadevadesáteroroznásobovávatelnější (Those who are more multiplable by a group ninety-nine on a regular basis)
- Zdevětadevadesáteroroznásobovávatelní (Those who are multiplable by a group of ninety-nine on a regular basis)
- Zdevětadevadesáteroroznásobovávat (Alternative of «multiply out by a group of ninety-nine on a regular basis»)
- Zdevětadevadesáteroroznásobovat (Multiply out by a group of ninety-nine on a regular basis — continuous grammatical aspect)
- Zdevětadevadesáteroznásobovat (Multiply by ninety-nine on a regular basis – continuous grammatical aspect)
- Zdevětadevadesáteroznásobit (Multiply by a group of ninety-nine once)
- Zdevětadevadesáteronásobit (Multiply by a group of ninety-nine)
- Devětadevadesátero (A group of ninety-nine)
- Devětadevadesát (Inverse of devadesát devět = ninety-nine)
DanishEdit
Danish, like many Germanic languages, is capable of compounding words to create ad hoc compounds of potentially limitless length. Nevertheless, the constructed word speciallægepraksisplanlægningsstabiliseringsperiode – which means «a period of stabilising the planning of a specialist doctor’s practice» – was cited in 1993 by the Danish version of the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest word in the Danish language at 51 letters long. It is however not possible (using Google) to find a text, which actually uses this word, except for in the context of discussing the longest Danish word.
DutchEdit
Dutch, like many Germanic languages, is capable of forming compounds of potentially limitless length. The 53-letter word Kindercarnavalsoptochtvoorbereidingswerkzaamhedenplan, meaning «preparation activities plan for a children’s carnival procession», was cited by the 1996 Guinness Book of World Records as the longest Dutch word.[26]
The longest word in the authoritative Van Dale Dutch dictionary (2009 edition) in plural form is meervoudigepersoonlijkheidsstoornissen;[27] 38 letters long, meaning «multiple personality disorders». The entry in the dictionary however is in the singular, counting 35 letters.
The free OpenTaal dictionary,[28] which has been certified by the Dutch Language Union (the official Dutch language institute) and is included in many open-source applications, contains the following longest words, which are 40 letters long:
- vervoerdersaansprakelijkheidsverzekering, «carriers’ liability insurance»;
- bestuurdersaansprakelijkheidsverzekering, «drivers’ liability insurance»;
- overeenstemmingsbeoordelingsprocedures, «conformity assessment procedures» (38 letters)
The word often said to be the longest in Dutch – probably because of its funny meaning and alliteration – which has also appeared in print, is Hottentottensoldatententententoonstellingsbouwterrein («construction ground for the Hottentot soldiers’ tents exhibition»); counting 53 letters.
EnglishEdit
The 45-letter word pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis is the longest English word that appears in a major dictionary.[29][30] Originally coined to become a candidate for the longest word in English, the term eventually developed some independent use in medicine.[31] It is referred to as «P45» by researchers.[32]
The 30-letter word pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism refers to an inherited disorder,[33] named for its similarity to pseudohypoparathyroidism in presentation, which is in turn named for its similarity to hypoparathyroidism. This is the longest word that was not contrived with the sole intention of becoming the longest word.[34]
Floccinaucinihilipilification, at 29 letters and meaning the act of estimating something as being worth so little as to be practically valueless, or the habit of doing so, is the longest non-technical, coined word in Oxford Dictionaries of the English language.[29]
Antidisestablishmentarianism, at 28 letters, is the longest non-coined, non-systematic English word in Oxford Dictionaries.[29] It refers to a 19th-century political movement that opposed the disestablishment of the Church of England as the state church of England.
FrenchEdit
GermanEdit
In German, whole numbers (smaller than 1 million) can be expressed as single words, which makes siebenhundertsiebenundsiebzigtausendsiebenhundertsiebenundsiebzig (777,777) a 65 letter word. In combination with -malig or, as an inflected noun, (des …) -maligen, all numbers can be written as one word. A 79 letter word, Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft, was named the longest published word in the German language by the 1972 Guinness Book of World Records, but longer words are possible. The word was the name of a prewar Viennese club for subordinate officials of the headquarters of the electrical division of the company named the Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft, «Danube steam boat operation company».
The longest word that is not created artificially as a longest-word record seems to be Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz at 63 letters. The word means «law delegating beef label monitoring» but as of 2013, it was removed from the books because European Union regulations have changed and that particular law became obsolete, leading to news reports that Germany «had lost its longest word».[35]
In December 2016 the 51-letter word Bundespräsidentenstichwahlwiederholungsverschiebung («deferral of the second iteration of the federal presidential run-off election») was elected the Austrian Word of the Year 2016.[36] The jury called it a «descriptive word» which «in terms of its content as well as its length, is a symbol and an ironic form of commentary for the political events of this year, characterized by the very long campaign for the presidential election, the challenges of the voting process, and its reiteration.»[36][37]
GreekEdit
In his comedy Assemblywomen (c. 392 BC), Aristophanes coined the 182-letter word λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλλιοκιγκλοπελειολαγῳοσιραιοβαφητραγανοπτερύγων (Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokigklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetraganopterygon), a fictional food dish consisting of a combination of fish and other meat. The word is cited as the longest ancient Greek word ever written.[38]
A modern Greek word of 22 letters is ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογράφημα (ilektroenkefalográfima) (gen. ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογραφήματος (ilektroenkefalografímatos), 25 letters) meaning «electroencephalogram».
HebrewEdit
The longest Hebrew word is the 19-letter-long (including vowels) וכשלאנציקלופדיותינו (u’chshelentsiklopediotenu),[39] which means «And when to our encyclopedias…» The Hebrew word אנציקלופדיה (encyclopedia) is of a European origin.
The longest word in Hebrew that doesn’t originate from another language is וכשלהתמרמרויותינו, (u’chshelehitmarmeruyotenu) which crudely means «And when, to our resentments/ grievances»
The 11-letter-long (including vowels) וְהָאֲחַשְׁדַּרְפְּנִים (veha’aḥashdarpením) is the longest word to appear in the Hebrew Bible. — Its meaning is «And the satraps». It also does not originate from Hebrew.[citation needed]
Other very long Hebrew words include:
- וכשבהשתעשעויותיהם (u’chshebehishta’ashuateyhem) meaning: «And when they were having fun» or «And while in their playfulness».
HindiEdit
Hindi has a finite list of compound words which are based on established grammatical rules of the language. The word commonly cited as the longest in Hindi is लौहपथगामिनीसूचकदर्शकहरितताम्रलौहपट्टिका (lauhpathagāminīsūchakdarshkaharitatāmralauhpaṭṭikā), which consists of 24 consonants and 10 vowel diacritics, making up a total of 34 characters. The word literally means «a green railway warning signboard made of copper-iron». Its plural would be लौहपथगामिनीसूचकदर्शकहरितताम्रलौहपट्टिकाएँ (lauhpathagāminīsūchakdarshkaharitatāmralauhpaṭṭikāẽ), which has an additional vowel and a diacritic. It is a neologism and not in common use.[40]
A much smaller word borrowed from Sanskrit which is in common use and is also often cited as the longest word is किंकर्तव्यविमूढ़ (kinkartavyavimūṛh). It consists of 8 consonants and 5 vowel diacritics, making up a total of 13 characters. The word literally means «confused about what to do», meaning to be bewildered or flabbergasted.
IcelandicEdit
Icelandic has the ability to form compounds of arbitrary length by stringing together genitives (eignarfallssamsetning), so no single words of maximal length exist in the language. However, vaðlaheiðarvegavinnuverkfærageymsluskúr and vaðlaheiðarvegavinnuverkfærageymsluskúraútidyralyklakippuhringur are sometimes cited as particularly long words;[41] the latter has 64 letters and means «a keychain ring for the outdoor key of road workers shed in a moor called Vaðlaheiði».
Analysis of a corpus of contemporary Icelandic texts by Uwe Quasthoff, Sabine Fiedler and Erla Hallsteinsdóttir identified Alþjóðaflutningaverkamannasambandsins («of the International Transport Workers’ Federation»; 37 letters) and Norðvestur-Atlantshafsfiskveiðistofnunarinnar («of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries’ Organization»; 45 letters) as the longest unhyphenated and hyphenated words.[42]
The longest word occurring at least twice in the University of Leipzig isl-is_web_2015 corpus is Auðmannastjórnvaldaembættisstjórnmálaverkalýðsverðlausraverðbréfaábyrgðarlausrakvóta-ræningjaaftaníossaspilling (110 letters).[43]
IndonesianEdit
Indonesian is a part of Austronesian language. According from Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. The longest word of this language is mempertanggungjawabkan, which is 22 letter meaning «take responsibility» in english and heksakosioiheksekontaheksafobia, 30 letter meaning «hexacosioihexecontahexaphobia» in english.[44]
IrishEdit
The longest non-compound word in Irish is grianghrafadóireacht, a 20-letter-long word meaning «photography».[45]
ItalianEdit
The longest word in Italian is traditionally precipitevolissimevolmente, which is a 26-letter-long adverb.[46] It is formed by subsequent addition of postfixes to the original root:
- precipitevole: «hasty»;
- precipitevolissimo: «very hasty»;
- precipitevolissimevole: «[of someone/something] that acts very hastily», (not grammatically correct[citation needed]);
- precipitevolissimevolmente: «in a way like someone/something that acts very hastily» (not grammatically correct, but nowadays part of the language).
The word is never used in every-day language, but in jokes. Nevertheless, it is an official part of Italian language; it was coined in 1677 by poet Francesco Moneti:
perché alla terra alfin torna repente / precipitevolissimevolmente
— Francesco Moneti, Cortona Convertita, canto III, LXV
The word technically violates Italian grammar rules, the correct form being precipitevolissimamente, which is three letters and one syllable shorter. The poet coined the new word to have 11 syllables in the second verse.
Other words can be created with a similar (and grammatically correct) mechanism starting from a longer root, winding up with a longer word. Some examples are:
- sovramagnificentissimamente (cited by Dante Alighieri in De vulgari eloquentia), 27 letters, «in a way that is more than magnificent by far» (archaic);[47]
- incontrovertibilissimamente, 27 letters, «in a way that is very difficult to falsify»;
- particolareggiatissimamente, 27 letters, «in an extremely detailed way»;
- anticostituzionalissimamente, 28 letters, «in a way that strongly violates the constitution».
The longest accepted neologism is psiconeuroendocrinoimmunologia (30 letters).[citation needed].
Other long words are:
- nonilfenossipolietilenossietonolo (33 letters — chemical)
- pentagonododecaedrotetraedrico (30 letters — 3D geometric figure)
- esofagodermatodigiunoplastica (29 letters — surgery)
- elettroencefalograficamente (27 letters — medical adverb: electroencephalographically)
- diclorodifeniltricloroetano (27 letters — chemical: DDT)
LáadanEdit
Láadan is not agglutinating as there is no mechanism to combine arbitrary words into one without intermediating grammatical mechanisms (such as the relativizer § In other languages); however, there are a number of affixes that further elucidate the contextual meaning of a word. These are ignored when determining the longest words in the language. The primary reference for vocabulary is the 3rd edition of the official dictionary and grammar.
- oshetham éelenethilethu, 22 letters not counting the space, or 17 phonemes (since for example ée is a toneme of e, and th is a separate sound from *t or *h separately—the asterisks indicate that neither sound exists in Láadan) — a set phrase for a wreath of grapevine, a common symbol of the language[48]
- shineshidethóo, 14 letters or 10 phonemes — an invited guest[49]
LatinEdit
The longest attested word in Classical Latin is subductisupercilicarptor, which was coined by the obscure poet Laevius in the 1st century. In Medieval Latin, the longest known word is honorificabilitudinitas, which was first attested in a treatise written by the 8th century Grammarian Peter of Pisa. One can further increase the length of the words by adding the Dative plural case to them, which would result in the words subductisupercilicarptoribus and honorificabilitudinitatibus respectively.[citation needed]
LithuanianEdit
The longest Lithuanian word is 40 letters long:
- nebeprisikiškiakopūstlapiaujančiuosiuose — «in those, of masculine gender, who aren’t gathering enough wood sorrel’s leaves by themselves anymore.» — the plural locative case of past iterative active participle of verb kiškiakopūstlapiauti meaning «to pick wood-sorrels’ leaves» (leaves of edible forest plant with sour taste, word by word translation «rabbit cabbage»). The word is attributed to software developer / writer Andrius Stašauskas.[50][unreliable source?][51][unreliable source?]
MāoriEdit
The Māori-language 85-letter place name Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu is the longest place name in English-speaking countries and second longest in the world, according to Wises New Zealand Guide and The New Zealand Herald.[52]
PolishEdit
Very long Polish words can be created as adjectives from numerals and nouns. For example, Dziewięćsetdziewięćdziesięciodziewięcionarodowościowego, 54 letters, is the genitive singular form of an adjective meaning roughly «of nine-hundred and ninety-nine nationalities». Similar words are rather artificial compounds, constructed within allowed grammar rules, but are seldom used in spoken language, although they are not nonsense words.[citation needed] It is possible to make even longer words in this way, for example:
Dziewięćsetdziewięćdziesiątdziewięćmiliardówdziewięćsetdziewięćdziesiątdziewięćmilionów-dziewięćsetdziewięćdziesiątdziewięćtysięcydziewięćsetdziewięćdziesięciodziewięcioletniego (176 letters, meaning «of 999,999,999,999 years old»).
One of the longest common words is 31-letter dziewięćdziesięciokilkuletniemu – the dative singular form of «ninety-and-some years old one». Another known long word is konstantynopolitańczykowianeczka[citation needed] (32 letters), «a daughter of a man who lives in Constantinople» and pięćdziesięciogroszówka (23 letters), «a 50 groszy coin».[53]
RomanianEdit
The longest Romanian word is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcaniconioză, with 44 letters,[54] but the longest one admitted by the Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române («Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language», DEX) is electroglotospectrografie, with 25 letters.[55][56]
RussianEdit
Most likely one of the longest Russian words is a chemical term, тетрагидропиранилциклопентилтетрагидропиридопиридиновая (tetragidropiranilciklopentiltetragidropiridopiridinovaya), which contains 55 letters. It was used in Russian patent RU2285004C2 (granted and published in 2006). This word is an adjective that can describe e.g. a chemical formula. As a noun, it is without the last 4 letters.
Another one is превысокомногорассмотрительствующий (prevysokomnogorassmotritel’stvuyushchiy), which contains 35 letters. It is an adjective in the bureaucratic language of the 19th century «meaning a very polite form of addressing clerks, something like Your Excellency, Your Highness, Your Majesty all together» (Guinness World Records 2003[citation needed]). Its dative singular form, превысокомногорассмотрительствующему (prevysokomnogorassmotritel’stvuyushchemu, with 36 letters) can be an example of excessively official vocabulary of the 19th century.
Numeral compounds can be long as well, such as Тысячевосьмисотвосьмидесятидевятимикрометровый (Tysyachevos’misotvos’midesyatidevyatimikrometrovyy), which is an adjective containing 46 letters, meaning «1889-micrometers long».[57]
SanskritEdit
Sanskrit allows word compounding of arbitrary length. Nouns and verbs can be expressed in a sentence.[citation needed]
The longest sentence ever used in Sanskrit literature is (in Devanagari):
- निरन्तरान्धकारितदिगन्तरकन्दलदमन्दसुधारसबिन्दुसान्द्रतरघनाघनवृन्द-सन्देहकरस्यन्दमानमकरन्दबिन्दुबन्धुरतरमाकन्दतरुकुलतल्पकल्पमृ-दुलसिकताजालजटिलमूलतलमरुवकमिलदलघुलघुलयकलितरमणीय-पानीयशालिकाबालिकाकरारविन्दगलन्तिकागलदेलालवङ्गपाटलघनसा-रकस्तूरिकातिसौरभमेदुरलघुतरमधुरशीतलतरसलिलधारानिराकरिष्णुत-दीयविमलविलोचनमयूखरेखापसारितपिपासायासपथिकलोकान्
In IAST transliteration:
- nirantarāndhakārita-digantara-kandaladamanda-sudhārasa-bindu-sāndratara-ghanāghana-vṛnda-sandehakara-syandamāna-makaranda-bindu-bandhuratara-mākanda-taru-kula-talpa-kalpa-mṛdula-sikatā-jāla-jaṭila-mūla-tala-maruvaka-miladalaghu-laghu-laya-kalita-ramaṇīya-pānīya-śālikā-bālikā-karāra-vinda-galantikā-galadelā-lavaṅga-pāṭala-ghanasāra-kastūrikātisaurabha-medura-laghutara-madhura-śītalatara-saliladhārā-nirākariṣṇu-tadīya-vimala-vilocana-mayūkha-rekhāpasārita-pipāsāyāsa-pathika-lokān
from the Varadāmbikā Pariṇaya Campū by Tirumalāmbā,[58] composed of 195 Sanskrit letters (428 letters in the roman transliteration, dashes excluded), thus making it the longest word ever to appear in worldwide literature.[59][60]
Each hyphen separates every individual word this word is composed of.
The approximate meaning of this word is:
- «In it, the distress, caused by thirst, to travellers, was alleviated by clusters of rays of the bright eyes of the girls; the rays that were shaming the currents of light, sweet and cold water charged with the strong fragrance of cardamom, clove, saffron, camphor and musk and flowing out of the pitchers (held in) the lotus-like hands of maidens (seated in) the beautiful water-sheds, made of the thick roots of vetiver mixed with marjoram, (and built near) the foot, covered with heaps of couch-like soft sand, of the clusters of newly sprouting mango trees, which constantly darkened the intermediate space of the quarters, and which looked all the more charming on account of the trickling drops of the floral juice, which thus caused the delusion of a row of thick rainy clouds, densely filled with abundant nectar.»
SlovakEdit
Traditionally, the word najneobhospodarovávateľnejšieho («of the least cultivable», 31 letters) is considered as the longest Slovak word, but there are some longer artificial words. Most of them are compound adjectives in dative, instrumental or other grammatical case and derived from the iterative or frequentative verbal form or the ability adjective form (like -able).[61][62]
Artificial words, lexically valid but never used in language:
- znajneprekryštalizovávateľnejšievajúcimi, 40 letters, «through the least crystallised ones»
- znajnepreinternacionalizovateľnejšievať, 39 letters
- najnezrevolucionalizovateľnejšiemu, 34 letters [63]
- najnerozkrasokorčuľovateľnejšieho, 33 letters
Artificial words using Slovak towns or places, lexically valid but never used in language:
- znajneprehornádskodružstevnianskovávateľnejšievajúcimi, 54 letters
- znajneprechminianskojakubovianskovávateľnejšievajúcimi, 54 letters
Numerals:
- deväťstodeväťdesiatdeväťtisícštyristodeväťdesiatdeväť, 53 letters, «999499» [64]
- sedemstodeväťdesiatsedemtisícsedemstodeväťdesiatsedem, 53 letters, «797797» [65]
SpanishEdit
The longest word in Spanish is esternocleidomastoideitis (inflammation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, 30 letters).[66] Runners-up are anticonstitucionalmente ([proceeding in a manner that is] contrary to the constitution) and electroencefalografistas (specialists that do electrical scans on brains (electroencephalographists)), both 23 letters.
The word anticonstitucionalmente is usually considered the longest word in general use. This word can be made even longer by the addition of the absolute superlative suffix, rendering anticonstitucionalísimamente (i.e.: «very strongly against the constitution»). Some dictionaries (but not the RAE dictionary[67]) removed its root word (anticonstitucional) in 2005, causing comments about it not «being a valid word anymore» and suggesting the use of inconstitucional as a replacement.[citation needed]
SwedishEdit
Realisationsvinstbeskattning (28 letters) is the longest word in Svenska Akademiens Ordlista. It means «capital gains taxation», and is usually shortened to Reavinstskatt (same meaning).
However, Swedish grammar makes it possible to create arbitrarily long words. One such word is Spårvagnsaktiebolagsskensmutsskjutarefackföreningspersonalbeklädnadsmagasinsförråd-sförvaltarens (94 letters) which means: «[belonging to] The manager of the depot for the supply of uniforms to the personnel of the track cleaners’ union of the tramway company».[68]
Toki PonaEdit
kijetesantakalu in the Toki Pona writing system sitelen pona
The longest word in Toki Pona is kijetesantakalu (15 letters), which was proposed in 2009 as an April Fools’ joke by the language’s creator Sonja Lang as a word for any animal of the Procyonidae family, which includes raccoons and related species.[69] The word has since entered into common use, and it has become common to define kijetesantakalu more broadly as any animal from the Musteloidea superfamily.[70] In 2019 James Flear designed a glyph for kijetesantakalu in Toki Pona’s sitelen pona writing system, which has become a popular icon within the Toki Pona community.[71]
As a minimalistic isolating constructed language, most words in Toki Pona are much shorter, the median being 4 letters. The longest words featured in the 2014 book Toki Pona: The Language of Good, Lang’s first official Toki Pona publication, are the 7-letter words kepeken («to use, by means of») and sitelen («symbol, picture»). The list of proposed country names in the same book also mentions ma Papuwanijukini («Papua New Guinea»), which includes a 14-letter proper adjective.[72]
VietnameseEdit
Vietnamese is an isolating language, which naturally limits the length of a morpheme. The longest, at seven letters, is nghiêng, which means «inclined» or «to lean».[73] This is the longest word that can be written without a space. However, not all words in Vietnamese are single morphemes. Indeed, nghiêng can be reduplicated as nghiêng nghiêng.
The written language abounds with compound words in which each constituent word is delimited by spaces, just like any freestanding word. Moreover, the grammar lacks inflection to mark parts of speech, and prepositions are often optional. Therefore, the boundary between a word and a phrase is poorly defined.[74] Examples of this ambiguity include:
- Chủ nghĩa phân biệt chủng tộc («racism»), which is composed of the words chủ nghĩa («ideology»), phân biệt («discriminate»), and chủng tộc («race»)
- Cơm gà xào sả ớt, which literally describes a dish of grilled chicken sauteed with lemongrass and peppers on rice
- Ông bà anh chị em, a polite pronoun composed of five kinship terms
Unlike locally coined compound words, compound words in Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary are less ambiguous, because of the use of premodifiers (as in English) as opposed to the native postmodifiers. Long Sino-Vietnamese words include bách khoa toàn thư («encyclopedia») and thủy động lực học («hydrodynamics»).
Loanwords and pronunciation respellings from other languages can also result in long words. For example, «consortium» is côngxoocxiom (12 letters), and «Indonesia» may be left as-is or spelled In-đô-nê-xi-a (13 counting hyphens).[75] The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Vietnam systematically respells foreign names, introducing long names into an official Vietnamese lexicon:
- Kômixacjepxkaia («Komissarzhevskaya», 15 letters)[76]
- Rôjơđextơvenxki («Rozhdestvensky», 15 letters)[77]
- Mêtơrôpôliten Ôpêra («Metropolitan Opera», 18 letters)[78]
Long initialisms in Vietnamese include:
- CHXHCNVN (Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam, «Socialist Republic of Vietnam», 8 characters)
- MTDTGPMNVN (Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam, «Viet Cong», 10 characters)
In modern Vietnamese, compound words can be identified fairly easily within title cased text: a morpheme that begins with a capital letter followed by one or more morphemes that begin with a lowercase letter. For example, xã hội chủ nghĩa («socialism») is capitalized as one component within Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam.
WelshEdit
Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch, a railway station on the island of Anglesey in Wales, is the longest place name in the Welsh language. At 51 letters in the Welsh alphabet (the digraphs ll and ch are each collated as single letters) the name can be translated as «St Mary’s church in the hollow of the white hazel near to the rapid whirlpool and the church of St Tysilio of the red cave». However, it was artificially contrived in the 1860s as a publicity stunt, to give the station the longest name of any railway station in the United Kingdom.
Long words are comparatively rare in Welsh. Candidates for long words other than proper nouns include the following (the digraph dd is also treated as a single letter, as is ng in many instances including in the last word below):
- gwrthddatgysylltiadaeth (antidisestablishmentarianism)
- microgyfrifiaduron (microcomputers)
- gwrthgyfansoddiaethwyr (anticonstitutionalists)
- lled-ddargludyddion (semiconductors)
- tra-arglwyddiaethasant (they tyrannised)
- cyfrwngddarostynedigaeth (intercession)[79] (-au can be added to form the plural, and the word can be further lengthened slightly by initial mutation: fy nghyfrwngddarostynedigaethau, «my intercessions»)
See alsoEdit
- Morphology (linguistics)
- Longest English sentence
- Coxeter group — mathematical concept whose entities are sometimes called words
ReferencesEdit
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- ^ Oxford Word and Language Service team. «Ask the experts — What is the longest English word?». AskOxford.com / Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
- ^ (in Basque) Iñaki Arranz, Hitza azti, Alberdania, 2006, 283 pages. (Zein da euskal hitzik luzeena?)
- ^ Jordan, David K. (1 July 1999). «Chapter 4 (Part 1): Nouns». Being colloquial in Esperanto: a reference guide. Esperanto League for North Amer. ISBN 9780939785049.
The last, «silly» line is the same as the «wrong» one, but it is technically possible because it is a single noun.
- ^ Wennergren, Bertilo. «PMEG – Precizigaj antaŭelementoj – Kombinoj el kombinoj». Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
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https://helyesiras.mta.hu/helyesiras/default/akh12] in the Hungarian Academy of Sciences: Rules of Hungarian Orthography - ^ See at the end of the entry megszentségtelenít in a monolingual dictionary of Hungarian
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- ^ «Çekoslavakyalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız? TDK’ye Göre Doğru Yazılışı — Çekoslavakyalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız? Doğru Yazımı Nasıldır?». nasil.yazilir.com. 23 December 2016.
- ^ Rosenthal, Eric (1982). Total Book of South African records. Delta Books. p. 61. ISBN 0-908387-19-9.
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- ^ «A Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia». francesfarmersrevenge.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
- ^ «Wat is het langste woord in het Nederlands». levenslangleren.be.
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- ^ «pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis definition». reference.com. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
- ^ «PNEUMONOULTRAMICROSCOPICSILICOVOLCANOCONIOSIS». pathology.med.ohio-state.edu. Archived from the original on 8 June 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
- ^ «BBC – h2g2 – Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – The Longest Word». BBC. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
- ^ «Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program». rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
- ^ «What is the longest English word?». AskOxford. Archived from the original on 22 October 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ «Law change spells end for Germany’s longest word». salon.com. Associated Press. 4 June 2013.
- ^ a b Austria chooses its Word of the Year, The Local, 9 Dec. 2016.
- ^ Presseerklärung der Jury zur Wahl des Österreichischen Worts des Jahres, Forschungsstelle Österreichisches Deutsch, 9 Dec. 2016
- ^ De Luca, Kenneth M. (2005). Aristophanes’ male and female revolutions : a reading of Aristophanes’ Knights and Assemblywomen. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7391-0833-8.
- ^ «Longest word in hebrew | Hebrew language | Preply». preply.com. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ «हिंदी भाषा का अब तक निर्मित किया गया सबसे बड़ा शब्द है?». Upto Cricket (in Hindi). Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- ^ Helgason, Haukur Már. «Hvernig hljóðar lengsta orð í heimi á íslensku?». Vísindavefurinn. University of Iceland. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
- ^ Quasthoff, Uwe; Fiedler, Sabine; Hallsteinsdóttir, Erla, eds. (14 May 2012). Frequency Dictionary Icelandic / Íslensk tíðniorðabók. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. ISBN 978-3-86583-656-4. OCLC 808247819.
- ^ http://cls.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/de/isl-is_web_2015/3.5.6_Longest%20Words.html[dead link]
- ^ «3 kata terpanjang dalam KBBI».
- ^ «Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): grianghrafadóireacht». www.teanglann.ie. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
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- ^ «Loooooooong words». Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ NZPA (11 August 2003). «Nasa turns to Kiwi when it needs expert space advice». New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
Three years ago, Mr Coleman, a website designer, posted a message on an internet bulletin board about Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu in southern Hawkes Bay. It is the second-longest place name in the world, according to Wises New Zealand Guide.
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The formal characteristics of Vietnamese compounds are not completely clear, however, and because no obvious graphic boundaries exist to demarcate one word from another, the distinction between word and phrase is often very difficult to discern.
- ^ «Thông tin cơ bản về các nước, khu vực và quan hệ với Việt Nam» [Basic information on countries, regions, and relations with Vietnam] (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
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- ^ «Rôjơđextơvenxki G. N.». Encyclopedic Dictionary of Vietnam (in Vietnamese). 2005.
- ^ «Mêtơrôpôliten Ôpêra». Encyclopedic Dictionary of Vietnam (in Vietnamese). 2005.
- ^ «LISTSERV 15.5 – WELSH-L Archives». heanet.ie.
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1
large number
Персональный Сократ > large number
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2
large number
English-Russian base dictionary > large number
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3
large number
English-Russian big medical dictionary > large number
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4
large number
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > large number
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5
large number
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > large number
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6
large number of radial points in the grid
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > large number of radial points in the grid
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7
a large number of
English-Russian base dictionary > a large number of
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8
a large number
English-Russian grammar dictionary > a large number
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9
a large number of
Персональный Сократ > a large number of
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10
a large number of
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > a large number of
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11
a large number
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > a large number
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12
a large number of
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > a large number of
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13
a large number, a large amount, a great deal
English-Russian grammar dictionary > a large number, a large amount, a great deal
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14
a large number of people
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > a large number of people
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15
for a large number of customers
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > for a large number of customers
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16
he attracted a large number of followers
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > he attracted a large number of followers
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17
if we could have at our disposal a large number of precise observations we
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > if we could have at our disposal a large number of precise observations we
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legion (A very large number, multitude)
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > legion (A very large number, multitude)
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span a large number of tracks
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > span a large number of tracks
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this work has given impetus to a large number of investigations
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > this work has given impetus to a large number of investigations
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large number — index plurality, quantity Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
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Large Number Hypothesis — Die Large Number Hypothesis (engl., LNH, deutsch Hypothese der großen Zahlen) ist eine Vermutung in der theoretischen Physik. Sie wurde 1937 von Paul Dirac erhoben und beschäftigt sich mit der seltsamen Häufung von absoluten Verhältnissen in der… … Deutsch Wikipedia
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large number — noun a large indefinite number (Freq. 18) a battalion of ants a multitude of TV antennas a plurality of religions • Syn: ↑battalion, ↑multitude, ↑plurality, ↑pack … Useful english dictionary
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Large format lens — Large format lenses are photographic optics that provide an image circle large enough to cover large format film or plates. Large format lenses are typically used in large format cameras and view cameras.Photographic optics generally project a… … Wikipedia
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large — [ lardʒ ] adjective *** bigger than usual in size: The house had an exceptionally large yard. Large crowds gather each year in St. Peter s Square to see the Pope. A large man with a long ginger beard stood in the doorway. a. used in clothing… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
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large-scale — large ,scale adjective only before noun * 1. ) involving a large number of people or things, or happening over a large area: The gang is believed to be involved in large scale international drug trafficking. We need to protect the village from… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
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large attendance — large number of persons present … English contemporary dictionary
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Large numbers — This article is about large numbers in the sense of numbers that are significantly larger than those ordinarily used in everyday life, for instance in simple counting or in monetary transactions. The term typically refers to large positive… … Wikipedia
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Large deviations theory — In Probability Theory, the Large Deviations Theory concerns the asymptotic behaviour of remote tails of sequences of probability distributions. Some basic ideas of the theory can be tracked back to Laplace and Cramér, although a clear unified… … Wikipedia
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number — number1 W1S1 [ˈnʌmbə US bər] n ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(number)¦ 2¦(phone)¦ 3¦(in a set/list)¦ 4¦(for recognizing somebody/something)¦ 5¦(amount)¦ 6 numbers 7¦(music)¦ 8¦(magazine)¦ 9 have somebody s number 10 black/elegant etc … Dictionary of contemporary English
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large — [[t]lɑ͟ː(r)ʤ[/t]] ♦ larger, largest 1) ADJ GRADED A large thing or person is greater in size than usual or average. The Pike lives mainly in large rivers and lakes… In the largest room about a dozen children and seven adults are sitting on the… … English dictionary
Have you heard language experts say that English has more words than other languages? The claim is made but it’s practically impossible to verify.
Steven Frank, the author of The Pen Commandments claims that English has 500,000 words with German having about 135,000 and French having fewer than 100,000.
But wait…
A blog post for The Economist agrees that English is rich in vocabulary, but comparisons with other languages can’t be made for several reasons.
The simplest problem in comparing the size of different languages is inflection.
Do we count “run”, “runs” and “ran” as three separate words? Another problem is multiple meanings. Do we count “run” the verb and “run” the noun as one word or two? What about “run” as in the long run of a play on Broadway? According to a recent NPR article, “run” has at least 645 different meanings!
When counting a language’s words do we count compounds? Is “every day” one word or two? Are the names of new chemical compounds words? Answering the question, “What is the richest language?” becomes more and more complicated.
Estoy, Estás, Está—One Word or Three?
Some languages inflect much more than English. The Spanish verb “estar” has dozens of forms—estoy, estás, está, “I am,” “you are,” “he is” and so on.
Does that make Spanish richer in word count?
Some languages inflect much less (Chinese is famously ending-free). So, whether we count inflected forms will have a huge influence on final counts.
Moreover, many languages habitually build long words from short ones.
German is obvious; it is a trifle to coin a new compound word for a new situation. For example, is the German Unabhängigkeitserklärung—declaration of independence—one word?
Given the possibilities for compounds, German would quickly outstrip English, with the constant addition of new legitimate German “words”, which Germans would accept without blinking.
A Sentence that Translates as One Word
The Turkish language is similar in this way.
Turkish not only crams words together but does so in ways that make whole, meaningful sentences.
“Were you one of those people whom we could not make into a Czechoslovak?” translates as one word in Turkish.
You write it without spaces, pronounce it in one breath in speaking, it can’t be interrupted with digressions, and so forth.
Counting the Words in the Dictionary
Another way of measuring the vocabulary in a language and comparing counts is by counting the number of words listed in a standard authoritative dictionary in that language.
From a list on Wikipedia, here’s one such comparison. This is a list of dictionaries considered authoritative or complete by approximate number of total words or headwords, included.
These figures do not include entries with senses for different word classes (such as noun and adjective) and homographs.
Wikipedia says it’s possible to count the number of entries in a dictionary, but it’s not possible to count the number of words in a language:
| Language | Words in the Dictionary |
| Korean | 1,100,373 |
| Japanese | 500,000 |
| Italian | 260,000 |
| English | 171,476 |
| Russian | 150,000 |
| Spanish | 93,000 |
| Chinese | 85,568 |
Which language has the most words? Maybe it’s English.
The Oxford Dictionary says it’s quite probable that English has more words than most comparable world languages. The reason is historical.
English was originally a Germanic language, related to Dutch and German. English shares much of its grammar and basic vocabulary with those languages.
After the Norman Conquest in 1066 English was hugely influenced by Norman French, which became the language of the ruling class for a considerable period, and by Latin, which was the language of scholarship and of the Church.
Very large numbers of French and Latin words entered the language. This melding of languages means English has a much larger vocabulary than either the Germanic languages or the members of the Romance language family according to Oxford.
English builds its vocabulary through a willingness to accept foreign words. And because English became an international language, it has absorbed vocabulary from a large number of other sources.
So, which language is richest in words?
Let us ask a different, and we think more important question:
Does it really matter?
Whatever languages you translate or interpret in—Chinese, Japanese, Russian, sign language, or others—you are bound to have a rich body of words to work with.
But if you want to dig deeper into the subject, check out Part 2 on the Arabic language.
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Sources:
Economist
Oxford Dictionaries
Wikipedia
I have around 5000 files and I need to find words in each of them from a list of 10000 words. My current code uses a (very) long regex to do it, but it’s very slow.
wordlist = [...list of around 10000 english words...]
filelist = [...list of around 5000 filenames...]
wordlistre = re.compile('|'.join(wordlist), re.IGNORECASE)
discovered = []
for x in filelist:
with open(x, 'r') as f:
found = wordlistre.findall(f.read())
if found:
discovered = [x, found]
This checks files at a rate of around 5 files per second, which is a lot faster than doing it manually, however it’s still very slow. Is there a better way to do this?
asked Apr 15, 2015 at 6:02
4
If you have access to grep on a command line, you can try the following:
grep -i -f wordlist.txt -r DIRECTORY_OF_FILES
You’ll need to create a file wordlist.txt of all the words (one word per line).
Any lines in any of your files that match any of your words will be printed to STDOUT in the following format:
<path/to/file>:<matching line>
answered Apr 15, 2015 at 6:19
Sam ChoukriSam Choukri
1,86411 silver badges17 bronze badges
1
Without more info on your data, a couple of thoughts are to use dictionaries instead of lists, and to reduce the data needed for searching/sorting. Also consider using re.split if your delimiters are not as clean as below:
wordlist = 'this|is|it|what|is|it'.split('|')
d_wordlist = {}
for word in wordlist:
first_letter = word[0]
d_wordlist.setdefault(first_letter,set()).add(word)
filelist = [...list of around 5000 filenames...]
discovered = {}
for x in filelist:
with open(x, 'r') as f:
for word in f.read():
first_letter = word[0]
if word in d_wordlist[first_letter]:
discovered.get(x,set()).add(word)
return discovered
answered Apr 15, 2015 at 8:18
1
The Aho-Corasick algorithm was devised for precisely this usage, and implemented as fgrep in Unix. With POSIX, the command grep -F is defined to perform this function.
It differs from regular grep in that it only uses fixed strings (not regular expressions) and is optimized for searching for a large number of strings.
To run it on a large number of files, specify the precise files on the command line, or pass them through xargs:
xargs -a filelist.txt grep -F -f wordlist.txt
The function of xargs is to fill up the command line with as many files as possible, and run grep as many times as necessary;
grep -F -f wordlist.txt (files 1 through 2,500 maybe)
grep -F -f wordlist.txt (files 2,501 through 5,000)
The precise number of files per invocation depends on the length of the individual file names, and the size of the ARG_MAX constant on your system.
answered Apr 15, 2015 at 8:34
tripleeetripleee
172k32 gold badges264 silver badges311 bronze badges
2