Kremlin is the russian word for

Kremlin (Russian: кремль) is the Russian word for «fortress», «citadel» or «castle». It is used to refer to fortified central complexes in historic Russian cities. In Moscow it refers to the central square. The word is also used to mean the government of Russia.

The Necropolis for communists is in one of the walls of the Moscow Kremlin. The mausoleum for Vladimir Lenin is outside.

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• Moscow Kremlin

The Moscow Kremlin is a magnificent architectural achievement. Its monumental walls and towers, golden-domed cathedrals, and ancient palaces stand high on the Borovitskiy Hill above the Moscow River. It’s an entire city within Moscow. Russian princes and tsars lived here a long time ago, but today it is the official residence of the President of Russia.

What does the word ‘Kremlin’ mean?

Kremlin is the Russian word for “fortress” or “citadel”. Indeed, some other old Russian cities have their own Kremlin. But the Kremlin of Moscow is the one known around the world and the symbol of the Russian state.

The word «Kremlin» meant not the outer city wall but a fortress within a city. Thus, in the first 200 years of Moscow history, people referred to the Moscow fortress as «the city.» Later on, the town started to grow, and more people settled outside the city wall.

The first mention of » the Kremlin»  in the annals was only in 1331. At that time, the Kremlin wall served both as a fortification and a boundary between the prince’s residence and ordinary city dwellers.

It was a common practice in the past to built a fortress in the middle of a town. Smolensk, Novgorod, Pskov, Astrakhan, Tobolsk, Kazan, Kolomna, Zaraisk, and many other Russian towns had their kremlins.

The History of Moscow Kremlin

The Kremlin dates back to the first residents of Moscow. The founder of Moscow, Prince Yury Dolgoruky, ordered the construction of the first wooden fortress in 1156 on a site known as the town of Moscow, but the word “kremlin” was only first recorded in the 14th century.

The Kremlin we see today was constructed in the late 15th century. Moscow prince Ivan the Great dreamed of building a capital that would equal Constantinople in grandeur and importance. He called his dream the «Third Rome» and brought architects from Italy. Most of their work is still standing. 

At the beginning of the 18th century, the capital was transferred to St. Petersburg, and the Kremlin ceased to be the residence of the tsars.

After the Revolution, the Bolsheviks moved the capital to Moscow and settled on the grounds of the Kremlin. Lenin, Stalin, and some members of the Soviet government lived on the territory of the Kremlin. Since Soviet times the word «kremlin» has become synonymous with «government of Russia».

Does anyone live in the Kremlin these days? In fact, yes and no. The president lives not in the Kremlin, but in his residence outside of Moscow. Kremlin serves only as an official place of work.

The Arsenal building houses the barracks of the Presidential Regiment, where the servicemen of the Presidential regiment live, however, this hardly makes the Kremlin residential. There are no classic «residential areas» where, for example, officials or just wealthy citizens would live on the territory of the fortress.

What to see in the Kremlin?

Kremlin grounds

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

Kremlin is the Russian word for «fortress» or «citadel».

Kremlin is the Russian word for citadel or fortress, and they are found in many Russian cities.

Kremlin is the Russian word for «Fortress».

An unmistakable sign that the Kremlin will support him is that a time when Russian state TV doesn’t have a good word to say about Ukraine’s leaders, it is lionizing Onyshchenko.

Неповторимым признаком того, что Кремль поддержит его, является то, что в то время, когда российское государственное телевидение не имеет хорошего слова, чтобы говорить о лидерах Украины, оно львизирует Оныщенко.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 1519856. Точных совпадений: 3. Затраченное время: 257 мс

Documents

Корпоративные решения

Спряжение

Синонимы

Корректор

Справка и о нас

Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

To many tourists the word kremlin refers only to the Moscow Kremlin, but Moscow is not the only Russian city to have a kremlin, which is the Russian word for a mediaeval fortress which represented the centre of the city and the seat of the local prince or governor.  A fortification which did not surround the centre of a city is just called a fortress (крепость/krepost in Russian).  Fortified monasteries also should not be confused with kremlins, although they too are sometimes incorrectly called kremlins.

Usually kremlins were built out of stone and included towers, although earlier versions were made out of wood and often stood on specially-constructed earthen mounds.  Inside they traditionally housed governmental buildings as well as religious ones — usually the main cathedral of the city.  Below is a list of kremlins which today are of varying degrees of preservation, some are more or less intact or only partly ruined, while for others only the earthen mounds survive.  In some cases all the fortifications have been destroyed and all that remains is the buildings which were once inside and the name kremlin.

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Surviving or Partially Surviving Kremlin Walls

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ASTRAKHAN KREMLIN

The Astrakhan Kremlin was built in the late 16th century to defend Russia’s southern border, after Ivan the Terrible had liquidated the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556 and incorporated it into Russia.  Unlike the majority of the other Russian kremlins the Astrakhan Kremlin was built out of white stone and it has survived virtually intact.  Inside the kremlin you will find the impressive Dormition Cathedral as well as other churches and several museums.

   Astrakhan, Astrakhan Region (Southern Federal District)

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KAZAN KREMLIN

The Kazan Kremlin is located in the centre of Kazan on a high peninsular sticking out into the Rivers Kazanka and Volga . A fortress has been in this location since ancient times but the present kremlin was built on the orders of Tsar Ivan the Terrible after his conquest of Kazan in 1552. Pskov master architects were brought in to construct the 1,800 metres of walls and 13 towers. Today the kremlin is the heart of Kazan and its most famous sight. In 2000 it was inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List.  Located inside are the Qol-Şärif Mosque, the Annunciation Cathedral,  the palace of the president of Tatarstan as well as several museums.

   Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan (Volga Federal District)

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KOLOMNA KREMLIN

The Kolomna Kremlin was built in stone between 1525 and 1531 upon the orders of Grand Prince Vasili III to better protect Russia’s southern borders from Crimean Tatar raids.  Previously to this the kremlin was only made out of wood which was destroyed and rebuilt several times over the centuries.  Originally the kremlin had 1940 metres of walls with 17 towers, but only six towers and several sections of the walls have survived. Inside the kremlin are several religious buildings including the Dormition Cathedral, the Novo-Golutvin Convent and the Uspensky Brusensky Convent.

   Kolomna, Moscow Region (Central Federal District)

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MOSCOW KREMLIN

The Moscow Kremlin is of course the most famous of Russia’s kremlins and is often just referred to as the Kremlin, which in turn is a byword for the Russian government.  The first stone version was built on the orders of Grand Prince Dmitri Donskoy on Borovitsky Hill between 1366 and 1368.  This was then replaced between 1485 and 1495 during the reign of Grand Prince Ivan III, who also ordered the building of new cathedrals inside.  It has subsequently been restored many times, including large-scale reconstruction work after the Time of Troubles in the early 17th century and after the 1812 invasion of Napoleon, who attempted to blow it up.  Since then it has been fully restored.

Today the Moscow Kremlin functions as the official seat of the Russian president and as a tourist attraction run as the Moscow Kremlin State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve.  Inside the Moscow Kremlin are three magnificent cathedrals — the Dormition Cathedral, the Archangel Michael Cathedral and the Annunciation Cathedral — several churches, a palace complex and governmental buildings plus the famous Tsar Bell and the Tsar Canon.   In 1990 it was inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List.

   Moscow (Central Federal District)

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NIZHNY NOVGOROD KREMLIN

Nizhny Novgorod was founded in 1221 and the first wooden kremlin dates from this time. The first stone walls were erected in 1374 when Nizhny Novgorod was the centre of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal Grand Principality. However the surviving version of the kremlin dates from between 1508 and 1515 and was built on the orders of Grand Prince Ivan III to secure Muscovy from the Kazan Khanate, whose armies later besieged the kremlin several times. The kremlin surrounds an area measuring 22.7 hectares and inside there are several administrative buildings and monuments as well as the Archangel Michael Cathedral.

   Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod region (Volga Federal District)

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NOVGOROD KREMLIN (DETINETS)

The fortress in Novgorod is traditionally known as the Novgorod Detinets rather than the Novgorod Kremlin, but the terms are often used interchangeably and there is no real difference in meaning.  The version of the Detinets which survives today dates from the time Ivan III conquered the Novgorod Republic in 1478 and was completed by approximately 1490. In the 19th century the Detinets had fallen into a state of disrepair and in 1862 a large part of the walls collapsed.  More damage was inflicted during the Second World War, but large-scale reconstruction work was carried out in the 1950s and 1960s.  Inside the kremlin are the famous St Sophia’s Cathedral and the Millennium of Russia Monument Bell.

   Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod region (North-West Federal District)

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 PSKOV KREMLIN (KROM)

The Pksov Kremlin is traditionally known as the Krom which is situated on the headland at the confluence of the River Pskov and the River Velikaya.  In turn the Krom is surrounded by an additional, more extensive set of fortified walls known as the Pskov Fortress.   The Krom’s exact date of construction is not known but the surviving version is thought to have been built in the 14th and 15th centuries.  Between the 14th and 16th century the Krom served as the administrative, legal and spiritual centre of the Pskov Republic.  It incorporates seven towers.  Inside the Krom is the Trinity Cathedral while to the south are the remains of what is known as Daumantas’ City (Dovmont Gorod) which dates from the 13th century and extended the fortifications of the krom.

   Pskov, Pskov region region (North-West Federal District)

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 ROSTOV VELIKY

The Rostov Kremlin was built between 1670 and 1683 on the orders of Metropolitan Iona Sysoevich of Rostov and Yaroslavl to serve as a new residence for himself. Even though the strong fortified walls and 11 towers were really more for decorative purposes rather than defensive ones, the new residence nevertheless started to be referred to as a kremlin.  As expected for a religious residence, there are many churches inside which now mostly function as museums of the Rostov Kremlin State Museum Reserve.

   Rostov, Yaroslavl region region (Central Federal District)

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SMOLENSK KREMLIN (Smolensk Fortress)

The Smolensk Kremlin has been included in this list as the fortifications in Smolensk are practically always called a kremlin.  However military historians argue that they are actually a fortress as they don’t meet the criteria of surrounding the very centre of the city as the walls originally ran for 6.5 kilometres around a large area of the city.  Today less than half of the original walls have survived and only 18 out of 39 towers remain.

   Smolensk, Smolensk region  (Central Federal District)

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TOBOLSK KREMLIN

The Tobolsk Kremlin is unique as it is the only kremlin in Siberia.  Construction of the Tobolsk Kremlin walls began in the early 18th century after the completion of the St Sofia-Dormition Cathedral in 1686.  Work on the construction continued on and off until 1799.

   Tobolsk, Tyumen region (Ural Federal District)

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TULA KREMLIN

In 1507 Grand Prince Vasili III of Rus set about strengthening Tula’s defences as the increasing number of Tatar raids from the south made Tula important for the defence of Moscow. Firstly a wooden fortress was built and then in between 1514 and 1520 the stone kremlin which survives today was constructed inside the wooden defences.

   Tula, Tula region (Central Federal District)

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ZARAISK KREMLIN

The Zaraisk kremlin was built on the orders of Grand Prince Vasili III between 1528 and 1531 and probably involved Italian architects who were working in Russia at that time. It is rather simple in both form, consisting of just a rectangle of wall with seven towers, and in terms of what is inside — two churches and a few other buildings.  Despite this simplicity though, it is still rather impressive.

   Zaraisk, Moscow region (Central Federal District)

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//russia in lists//

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Moscow Kremlin
Native name Russian: Московский Кремль
Location	Moscow, Russia
Coordinates	55°45′6″N 37°37′4″E / 55.75167°N 37.61778°ECoordinates: 55°45′6″N 37°37′4″E / 55.75167°N 37.61778°E
Area	27.7 ha (0.277 km2)
Built	1482–1495
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, ii, iv, vi
Designated	1990 (14th session)
Reference no.	545
Region	Eastern Europe
Location in Central Moscow Kremlin (Russia) Kremlin (Europe)

The Moscow Kremlin (Russian: Московский Кремль, tr. Moskovskiy Kreml’, IPA: [ˈmɐˈskofskʲɪj krʲemlʲ]), also simply known as the Kremlin, is a fortified complex in the center of Moscow.^[1] It is the best known of the kremlins (Russian citadels), and includes five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers. In addition, within the complex is the Grand Kremlin Palace that was formerly the residence of the Russian emperor in Moscow. The complex now serves as the official residence of the Russian president and as a museum with almost three million visitors in 2017.^[2] The Kremlin overlooks the Moskva River to the south, Saint Basil’s Cathedral and Red Square to the east, and Alexander Garden to the west.

The name kremlin means «fortress inside a city»,^[3] and is often also used metonymically to refer to the Russian government. It previously referred to the government of the Soviet Union (1922–1991) and its leaders. The term «Kremlinology» refers to the study of Soviet and Russian politics.

The Kremlin is open to the public and offers individual and group guided tours.^[4] Visible are the Armoury Chamber, Tsar Cannon, Tsar Bell, artillery pieces, and the exposition of Russian wooden sculpture and carvings.^[5]

History[edit]

Origin[edit]

The site had been continuously inhabited by Finnic peoples (especially the Meryans) since the 2nd century BC. The East Slavs occupied the south-western portion of Borovitsky Hill as early as the 11th century, as evidenced by a metropolitan seal from the 1090s which was unearthed by Soviet archaeologists in the area. The Vyatichi built a fortified structure (or «grad») on the hill where the Neglinnaya River flowed into the Moskva River.

Up to the 14th century, the site was known as the ‘grad of Moscow’. The word «Kremlin» was first recorded in 1331^[6] (though etymologist Max Vasmer mentions an earlier appearance in 1320^[7]). The grad was greatly extended by Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy in 1156, destroyed by the Mongols in 1237 and rebuilt in oak in 1339.^[8]

Seat of grand dukes[edit]

Dmitri Donskoi replaced the oak walls with a strong citadel of white limestone in 1366–1368 on the basic foundations of the current walls;^[8] this fortification withstood a siege by Khan Tokhtamysh. Dmitri’s son Vasily I resumed construction of churches and cloisters in the Kremlin. The newly built Cathedral of the Annunciation was painted by Theophanes the Greek, Andrei Rublev, and Prokhor in 1406. The Chudov Monastery was founded by Dmitri’s tutor, Metropolitan Alexis; while his widow, Eudoxia, established the Ascension Convent in 1397.

Residence of the tsars[edit]

Grand Prince Ivan III organised the reconstruction of the Kremlin, inviting a number of skilled architects from Renaissance Italy, including Petrus Antonius Solarius, who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and Marcus Ruffus who designed the new palace for the prince. It was during his reign that three extant cathedrals of the Kremlin, the Deposition Church, and the Palace of Facets were constructed. The highest building of the city and Muscovite Russia was the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, built in 1505–08 and augmented to its present height in 1600. The Kremlin walls as they now appear were built between 1485 and 1495.^[8] Spasskie gates of the wall still bear a dedication in Latin praising Petrus Antonius Solarius for the design.

After construction of the new kremlin walls and churches was complete, the monarch decreed that no structures should be built in the immediate vicinity of the citadel. The Kremlin was separated from the walled merchant town (Kitay-gorod) by a 30-meter-wide moat, over which Saint Basil’s Cathedral was constructed during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The same tsar also renovated some of his grandfather’s palaces, added a new palace and cathedral for his sons, and endowed the Trinity metochion inside the Kremlin. The metochion was administrated by the Trinity Monastery, and contained the graceful tower church of St. Sergius, which was described by foreigners as one of the finest in the country.

During the Time of Troubles, the Kremlin was held by the Polish forces for two years, between 21 September 1610 and 26 October 1612. The Kremlin’s liberation by the volunteer army of prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin paved the way for the election of Mikhail Romanov as the new tsar. During his reign and that of his son Alexis and grandson Feodor, the eleven-domed Upper Saviour Cathedral, Armorial Gate, Terem Palace, Amusement Palace and the palace of Patriarch Nikon were built. Following the death of Alexis’s son, Feodor, and the Moscow Uprising of 1682, Tsar Peter escaped with much difficulty from the Kremlin and as a result developed a dislike for it. Three decades later, Peter abandoned the residence of his forefathers for his new capital, Saint Petersburg.

External images
Graphic reconstruction of the Moscow fortress at the beginning of the 18th century
Graphic reconstruction of the Moscow fortress at the beginning of the 19th century

The Golden Hall, a throne room with murals painted probably after 1547, was destroyed to make place for the Kremlin Palace, commissioned by Elizabeth of Russia and designed by architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli in 1752.^[9]

Imperial period[edit]

Although still used for coronation ceremonies, the Kremlin was abandoned and neglected until 1773, when Catherine the Great engaged Vasili Bazhenov to build her new residence there. Bazhenov produced a bombastic Neoclassical design on a heroic scale, which involved the demolition of several churches and palaces, as well as a portion of the Kremlin wall. After the preparations were over, construction was delayed due to lack of funds. Several years later the architect Matvey Kazakov supervised the reconstruction of the dismantled sections of the wall and of some structures of the Chudov Monastery, and built the spacious and luxurious Offices of the Senate, since adapted for use as the principal workplace of the President of Russia.

During the Imperial period, from the early 18th and until the late 19th century, the Kremlin walls were traditionally painted white, in accordance with fashion.^[10]

French forces occupied the Kremlin from 2 September to 11 October 1812, following the French invasion of Russia. When Napoleon retreated from Moscow, he ordered the whole Kremlin to be blown up. The Kremlin Arsenal, several portions of the Kremlin Wall and several wall towers were destroyed by explosions and the Faceted Chamber and other churches were damaged by fire. Explosions continued for three days, from 21 to 23 October 1812. However, rain damaged the fuses, and the damage was less severe than intended. Restoration works were undertaken in 1816–1819, supervised by Osip Bove. During the remainder of the reign of Alexander I, several ancient structures were renovated in a fanciful neo-Gothic style, but many others, including all the buildings of the Trinity metochion, were condemned as «disused» or «dilapidated» and were torn down.

On visiting Moscow for his coronation festivities, Tsar Nicholas I was not satisfied with the Grand Palace (alias Winter Palace), which had been erected in the 1750s to the design of Francesco Rastrelli. The elaborate Baroque structure was demolished, as was the nearby church of St. John the Precursor, built by Aloisio the New in 1508 in place of the first church constructed in Moscow. The architect Konstantin Thon was commissioned to replace them with the Grand Kremlin Palace, which was to rival the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in its dimensions and in the opulence of its interiors. The palace was constructed in 1839–1849, followed by the re-building of the Kremlin Armoury in 1851.

After 1851 the Kremlin changed little until the Russian Revolution of 1917. The only new features added during this period were the Monument to Alexander II and a stone cross marking the spot where in 1905 Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia was assassinated by Ivan Kalyayev. These monuments were destroyed by the Bolsheviks in 1918.

Soviet period and beyond: destruction of cultural heritage[edit]

The Soviet government moved from Petrograd (present-day Saint Petersburg) to Moscow on 12 March 1918. Vladimir Lenin selected the Kremlin Senate as his residence. Joseph Stalin also had his personal rooms in the Kremlin. He was eager to remove all the «relics of the tsarist regime» from his headquarters. Golden eagles on the towers were replaced by shining Kremlin stars, while the wall near Lenin’s Mausoleum was turned into the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.

The Chudov Monastery and Ascension Convent, with their 16th-century cathedrals, were demolished to make room for the military school. The Little Nicholas Palace and the old Saviour Cathedral were pulled down as well.

During the Second World War, in order to confuse the German pilots, the towers were repainted with different colors and covered with wooden tents. Every roof was painted rusty brown so as to make them indistinguishable from typical roofs in the city. The grounds, paved with cobblestone, were covered up with sand. Tents painted to look like roofs were stretched over the gardens, and the facades of the buildings were also painted.^[11]

The residence of the Soviet government was closed to tourists until 1955. It was not until the Khrushchev Thaw that the Kremlin was reopened to foreign visitors. The Kremlin Museums were established in 1961, and the complex was among the first Soviet patrimonies inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1990.

Although the current director of the Kremlin Museums, Elena Gagarina (Yuri Gagarin’s daughter), advocates a full-scale restoration of the destroyed cloisters, recent developments have been confined to expensive restoration of the original interiors of the Grand Kremlin Palace, which were altered during Stalin’s rule.

Overall, during the Soviet rule (1917–1991), 28 out of 54 historic buildings in the Kremlin were destroyed (among them 17 out of 31 churches and cathedrals), most of them centuries-old.^[12]

State Kremlin Palace[edit]

The State Kremlin Palace (alias Kremlin Palace of Congresses), was commissioned by Nikita Khrushchev as a modern arena for Communist Party meetings, and was built within the Kremlin walls 1959–1961. Externally the palace is faced with white marble and the windows are tinted and reflective. The construction of a large modern public building in a historic neighborhood generated an uproar, especially since the building replaced several heritage buildings, including the old neo-classical building of the State Armory, and some of the rear parts of the Great Kremlin Palace. Although this was not the first time that the Soviet government had destroyed architectural heritage (notably the Chudov Monastery and Ascension Cloisters) in the Kremlin and in the country in general, by the mid 1950s laws were in place effectively considering all pre-Soviet constructions as historical monuments and preventing their demolition, in some ways making the construction illegal^{[further explanation needed]}. Despite the public disapproval, the Palace was constructed and integrated into the larger complex of the Great Kremlin Palace with walkways linking it to the Patriarchal Chambers and the Terem Palace.

Buildings[edit]

The existing Kremlin walls and towers were built by Italian masters from 1485 to 1495. The irregular triangle of the Kremlin wall encloses an area of 275,000 square metres (2,960,000 sq ft). Its overall length is 2,235 metres (2,444 yards), but the height ranges from 5 to 19 metres (16 to 62 ft), depending on the terrain. The wall’s thickness is between 3.5 and 6.5 metres (11 and 21 ft).

Originally there were eighteen Kremlin towers, but their number increased to twenty in the 17th century. All but three of the towers are square in plan. The highest tower is the Troitskaya, which was built to its present height of 80 metres (260 ft) in 1495. Most towers were originally crowned with wooden tents. The extant brick tents with strips of colored tiles date to the 1680s.

Cathedral Square is the heart of the Kremlin. It is surrounded by six buildings, including three cathedrals. The Cathedral of the Dormition was completed in 1479 to be the main church of Moscow and where all the Tsars were crowned. The massive limestone façade, capped with its five golden cupolas, was the design of Aristotele Fioravanti. Several important metropolitans and patriarchs are buried there, including Peter and Makarii. The gilded, three-domed Cathedral of the Annunciation was completed next in 1489, only to be reconstructed to a nine-domed design a century later. On the south-east of the square is the much larger Cathedral of the Archangel Michael (1508), where almost all the Muscovite monarchs from Ivan Kalita to Ivan V of Russia are interred. (Boris Godunov was originally buried there, but was moved to the Trinity Monastery.)

There are two domestic churches of the Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow, the Church of the Twelve Apostles (1653–1656) and the exquisite one-domed Church of the Deposition of the Virgin’s Robe, built by Pskov artisans from 1484 to 1488 and featuring superb icons and frescoes from 1627 and 1644.

The other notable structure is the Ivan the Great Bell Tower on the north-east corner of the square, which is said to mark the exact center of Moscow and resemble a burning candle. Completed in 1600, it is 81 metres (266 feet) high. Until the Russian Revolution, it was the tallest structure in the city, as construction of buildings taller than that was forbidden. Its 21 bells would sound the alarm if any enemy was approaching. The upper part of the structure was destroyed by the French during the Napoleonic Invasion and has been rebuilt. The Tsar bell, the largest bell in the world, stands on a pedestal next to the tower.

The oldest secular structure still standing is Ivan III’s Palace of Facets (1491), which holds the imperial thrones. The next oldest is the first home of the royal family, the Terem Palace. The original Terem Palace was also commissioned by Ivan III, but most of the existing palace was built in the 17th century. The Terem Palace and the Palace of Facets are linked by the Grand Kremlin Palace. This was commissioned by Nicholas I in 1838. The largest structure in the Kremlin, it cost 11 million rubles to build and more than one billion dollars to renovate in the 1990s. It contains dazzling reception halls, a ceremonial red staircase, private apartments of the tsars, and the lower storey of the Resurrection of Lazarus church (1393), which is the oldest extant structure in the Kremlin and the whole of Moscow.

The northern corner of the Kremlin is occupied by the Arsenal, which was built for Peter the Great in 1701. The southwestern section of the Kremlin holds the Armoury building. Built in 1851 to a Renaissance Revival design, it is currently a museum housing Russian state Regalia and Diamond Fund.

The haloalkaliphilic methylotrophic bacterium Methylophaga muralis (first called Methylophaga murata) was first isolated from deteriorating marble in the Kremlin.^[13]

Helipad[edit]

To stop disruptions to traffic caused by motorcades, Russian President Vladimir Putin authorized the construction of a helipad in the Kremlin. The helipad was completed in May 2013. The Russian President will now commute back and forth to the Kremlin using a Mil Mi-8 helicopter. Careful consideration was taken in choosing the location of the helipad. The location chosen is said to be of no threat to the architecture of the Kremlin.^[14]

Moscow Metro[edit]

The nearest Moscow Metro stations to the Kremlin are: Okhotny Ryad and Biblioteka Imeni Lenina (Sokolnicheskaya Line), Teatralnaya (Zamoskvoretskaya Line), Ploshchad Revolyutsii (Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line), Arbatskaya (Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line), Alexandrovsky Sad (Filyovskaya Line), and Borovitskaya (Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line).

References[edit]

Specific[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Ivanov, Vladimir N. (1971). Московский Кремль [Moscow’s Kremlin] (in Russian). Moscow.
• Merridale, Catherine (2013). Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin. New York: Henry Holt. pp. 505. ISBN 9780805086805.
• Nenakormova, Irina S. (1987). Государственные музеи Московского Кремля [Art treasures from the Museums of the Moscow Kremlin] (in Russian). Moscow: Iskusstvo.

External links[edit]

• tour-planet.com – Sights of the Moscow Kremlin
• Kremlin.ru — Map of the Kremlin
• Travel2moscow.com – Official Moscow Guide
• History of the Kremlin
• Moscow Kremlin State Historical and Cultural Museum Sanctuary
• Open Kremlin
• Rare access inside the Kremlin, video news report from BBC News Online, 17 January 2013
• Cynthia Marsh. «Kremlin». Words of the World. Brady Haran (University of Nottingham).

Asked by: Jaqueline Jast

Score: 4.7/5
(3 votes)

The Moscow Kremlin, or simply the Kremlin, is a fortified complex in the center of Moscow founded by Russian ruling dynasty of Rurikids. It is the best known of the kremlins, and includes five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers.

What exactly is the Kremlin?

the Kremlin, the executive branch of the government of Russia or of the Soviet Union, especially in regard to its foreign affairs. the citadel of Moscow, including within its walls the chief offices of the Russian and, formerly, of the Soviet government.

Is Kremlin an English word?

The name «Kremlin» means «fortress inside a city», and is often also used metonymically to refer to the government of the Russian Federation.

Why is the Kremlin famous?

Overview of the Kremlin, Moscow. As throughout its history, the Kremlin remains the heart of the city. It is the symbol of both Russian and (for a time) Soviet power and authority, and it has served as the official residence of the president of the Russian Federation since 1991.

Who built the Kremlin in Russia?

First mentioned in the Hypatian Chronicle in 1147 as a fortification erected on the left bank of the Moskva river by Yuri Dolgoruki, Prince of Suzdal, the Kremlin developed and grew with settlements and suburbs which were further surrounded by new fortifications — Kitaigorodsky Wall, Bely Gorod, Zemlyanoy Gorod and …

33 related questions found

Generally, «kremlin» (with the lowercase k) is the Russian word for citadel or fortress. Like elsewhere, early on, its walls encompass the whole settlement; then only its central/historical part; then, frequently (but not necessarily), it only remains the residence of the ruler/government.

«The Kremlin» is the Moscow Kremlin, the most famous one. It is the main official residence of the Russian President (or another head of state). Notably, this is not the residence of the [head of] the government, who, historically, plays a very technical role.

The figure of speech when a term for the whole is used in place of its part (or vice versa) is called synecdoche. It is very common, particularly in political speech. In this sense, «The Kremlin», «Moscow» or even «Russia» is the same thing, just like «The White House», «Washington» and «the US».