Как пишется формат excel

Microsoft Excel (Windows)
Microsoft Excel 2007
Тип	Табличный процессор
Разработчик	ОС	Microsoft Windows
Версия	12.0.6214.1000 (2007 SP1) — 11 декабря 2007
Лицензия	Microsoft EULA
Сайт	Домашняя страница продукта

Microsoft Excel (Mac OS X)
Microsoft Excel 2008
Тип	Табличный процессор
Разработчик	ОС	Mac OS X
Версия	12.1.1 Buid 080522 (2008) — 14 апреля 2008
Лицензия	Microsoft EULA
Сайт	Домашняя страница продукта

Microsoft Excel (также иногда называется Microsoft Office Excel^[1]) — программа для работы с электронными таблицами, созданная корпорацией Microsoft Windows, Windows NT и Mac OS. Она предоставляет возможности экономико-статистических расчетов, графические инструменты и, за исключением Excel 2008 под Mac OS X, язык макро-программирования табличный процессор, доступный на вышеуказанных платформах. Microsoft Excel входит в состав Microsoft Office и на сегодняшний день Excel является одним из наиболее популярных приложений в мире.

Содержание

• 1 История
• 2 Версии
  • 2.1 Версии для Windows и Windows NT
  • 2.2 Версии для Macintosh
  • 2.3 Версии для OS/2
• 3 Форматы файлов
  • 3.1 Office Open XML
  • 3.2 Экспорт и перемещение таблиц
• 4 Программирование
• 5 Критика
  • 5.1 Точность
  • 5.2 Проблемы с датой
  • 5.3 Ошибки отображения Excel
• 6 Примечания
• 7 Ссылки

История

В 1982 году Microsoft запустила на рынок первый электронный табличный процессор Multiplan, который был очень популярен на CP/M системах, но на Mac и была выпущена в 1985 году, а первая версия для Windows была выпущена в ноябре 1987 года. Lotus не торопилась выпускать 1-2-3 под Windows, и Excel с 1988 года начала обходить по продажам 1-2-3, что в конечном итоге помогло Microsoft достичь позиций ведущего разработчика программного обеспечения. Microsoft укрепляла свое преимущество с выпуском каждой новой версии, что имело место примерно каждые два года. Текущая версия для платформы Windows — Excel 12, также известная как Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Текущая версия для платформы Mac OS X — Microsoft Excel 2008.

В начале своего пути Excel стал причиной иска о товарном знаке от другой компании, уже продававшей пакет программ под названием «Excel». В результате спора Microsoft был обязана использовать название «Microsoft Excel» во всех своих официальных пресс-релизах и юридических документах. Однако со временем эта практика была позабыта, и Microsoft окончательно устранила проблему, приобретя товарный знак другой программы. Microsoft также решила использовать буквы XL как сокращенное название программы: иконка Windows-программы состоит из стилизованного изображения этих двух букв, а расширение файлов по умолчанию в Excel — .xls. В сравнении с первыми табличными процессорами Excel представляет множество новых функций пользовательского интерфейса, но суть остается прежней: как и в программе-родоначальнике, VisiCalc, ячейки расставляются в строки и столбцы и могут содержать данные или формулы с относительными или абсолютными ссылками на другие клетки.

Excel был первым табличным процессором, позволявшим пользователю менять внешний вид таблицы (шрифты, символы и внешний вид ячеек). Он также первым представил метод умного пересчета ячеек, когда обновляются только те ячейки, которые зависят от измененных ячеек (раньше табличные процессоры либо постоянно пересчитывали все ячейки или ждали команды пользователя).

Будучи впервые объединенными в Microsoft Office в 1993 году, Microsoft Word и Microsoft PowerPoint получили новый графический интерфейс для соответствия Excel, главного стимула модернизации ПК в то время.

Начиная с 1993 года, в состав Excel входит (VBA), язык программирования, основанный на Visual Basic, позволяющий автоматизировать задачи Excel. VBA является мощным дополнением к приложению и в более поздних версиях Excel доступна полнофункциональная интегрированная среда разработки. Можно создать VBA-код, повторяющий действия пользователя и таким образом автоматизировать простые задачи. VBA позволяет создавать формы для общения с пользователем. Язык поддерживает использование (но не создание) ActiveX; более поздние версии позволяют использовать элементы объектно-ориентированного программирования.

Функциональность макровирусов. И это было серьезной проблемой до тех пор, пока антивирусные продукты не научились обнаруживать их. Фирма Microsoft, с опозданием приняв меры для уменьшения риска, добавила возможность выбора режима безопасности:

• полностью отключить макросы
• включить макросы при открытии документа
• доверять всем макросам, подписанным с использованием надежных сертификатов.

Версии Excel от 5.0 до 9.0 содержат различные «пасхальные яйца», хотя, начиная с версии 10 Microsoft начала принимать меры по их ликвидации.

Версии

Версии для Windows и Windows NT

Excel 97 (8.0) на Windows XP

Microsoft Office Excel 2003

• 1988 год — Excel 2.0 для Windows
• 1990 год — Excel 3.0
• 1992 год — Excel 4.0
• 1993 год — Excel 5.0 (Office 4.2 и 4.3, также есть 32-битная версия только для Windows NT)
• 1995 год — Excel 7 для Windows 95 (включён в пакет Microsoft Office 95)
• 1997 год — Excel 97 (включён в пакет Microsoft Office 97)
• 1999 год — Excel 2000 (9) — Microsoft Office 2000
• 2001 год — Excel 2002 (10) — Microsoft Office XP
• 2003 год — Excel 2003 (11) — Microsoft Office 2003
• 2007 год — Excel 2007 (12) — Microsoft Office 2007
• Замечание: Версия 1.0 не использовалась, чтобы избежать путаницы с продуктами 7 должен был показывать, что он соответствует Word 7.

Версии для

1988 год — Excel 1.5

1989 год — Excel 2.2

1990 год — Excel 3.0

1992 год — Excel 4.0

1993 год — Excel 5.0

1998 год — Excel 8.0 (Office ’98)

2000 год — Excel 9.0 (Office 2001)

2001 год — Excel 10.0 (Office v. X)

2004 год — Excel 11.0 (Office 2004)

2008 год — Excel 12.0 (Office 2008)

Версии для OS/2

• 1989 год — Excel 2.2
• 1990 год — Excel 2.3
• 1991 год — Excel 3.0

Версии Excel до 7.0 были ограничены в возможностях хранения данных, вмещая до 16 384 (2¹⁴) строк. Версии 8.0-11.0 могли справиться с 65 535 (2¹⁶) строк и 256 колонками (2⁸). Версия 12.0 обрабатывает до 1 048 576 (2²⁰) строк и 16 384 (2¹⁴) колонок.^[2]

Форматы файлов

В Microsoft Excel вплоть до 2003 версии включительно, использовался свой собственный бинарный формат файлов (BIFF) в качестве основного.^[3] Excel 2007 использует Microsoft Office Open XML в качестве своего основного формата.

Несмотря на то, что Excel 2007 поддерживает и направлен на использование новых XML-форматов в качестве основных, он по-прежнему совместим с традиционными бинарными форматами. Кроме того, большинство версий Microsoft Excel могут читать DBF, SYLK, DIF и другие форматы.

Office Open XML

Microsoft Excel 2007, наряду с другими продуктами Microsoft Office 2007, вводит множество новых форматов файлов. Они являются частью Office Open XML (OOXML) спецификации.

Новые форматы Excel 2007

Формат	Расширение	Примечания
Рабочая книга Excel	.xlsx	Стандартный формат рабочих книг Excel 2007. В действительности это сжатый ZIP-архив каталога XML документов. Является заменой бывшего бинарного формата .xls, хотя и не поддерживает макросы по соображениям безопасности.
Рабочая книга Excel с макросами	.xlsm	Та же рабочая книга Excel, но с поддержкой макросов.
Бинарная рабочая книга Excel	.xlsb	Та же рабочая книга Excel с макросами, но хранящая информацию в бинарном формате, открывая документы быстрее чем XML. В особенности часто используется для очень больших документов с десятками тысяч строк и/или сотнями колонок.
Шаблон Excel с макросами	.xltm	Шаблон, созданный как основа для рабочих книг, включена поддержка макросов. Заменяет старый формат .xlt.
Надстройка Excel	.xlam	Надстройка Excel, направленная на добавление дополнительных функциональных возможностей и инструментов.

Экспорт и перемещение таблиц

API позволяет открывать таблицы Excel в ряде других приложений. Это включает в себя открытие документов Excel на веб-страницах с помощью ActiveX или таких плагинов, как Adobe Flash Player. Проект

Программирование

Ценной возможностью Excel является возможность писать код на основе Visual Basic для приложений (VBA). Этот код пишется с использованием отдельного от таблиц редактора. Управление электронной таблицей осуществляется посредством объектно-ориентированной модели кода и данных. С помощью этого кода любые функции или подпрограммы, которые могут быть созданы в семействах языков Basic или Fortran, могут запущены на основе входных данных таблиц, а результаты будут мгновенно записываться кодом в электронные таблицы или будут отображены на диаграммах (графиках). Таблица становится интерфейсом кода, позволяя легко работать с кодом и его расчетами.

Критика

Общая критика табличных процессоров применима и к Excel. Специфичные предметы критики в Excel — это точность, проблемы с датами и ошибки отображения Excel 2007.

Точность

Из-за того, что Excel работает на основе расчетов с плавающей запятой, статистическая точность Excel подвергается критике.^[4][5][6][7] Сторонники Excel заявляют в ответ, эти ошибки проявляются лишь в особых условиях специально подобранных исходных данных, которые затрагивают относительно небольшое число пользователей, и с низкой вероятностью могут встретится на практике. Для версий 97, 2000, 2002 зафиксированы ошибки при выполнении функции MOD (деление с остатком) при определённых аргументах, где функция вместо результата возвращает ошибку #NUM!.^[8]

Проблемы с датой

В версиях Excel до 2007 включительно 1900 год ошибочно считался високосным.^[9][10] Ошибка возникла в Lotus 1-2-3 и была намеренно внесена в Excel для совместимости и поддерживалась для обратной совместимости.^[11][12]

Ошибки отображения Excel

Скриншот Microsoft Excel 2007, показывающий ошибку отображения 65535

22 сентября 2007 года было сообщено^[13], что в определенных ситуациях Excel 2007 будет показывать неправильные результаты. В частности, для тех пар чисел, чье произведение равно 65535 (например, 850 и 77,1), Excel отобразит в качестве итога 100000. Это происходит с примерно 14,5 % таких пар.^[14] Кроме того, если к результату добавить единицу, Excel выведет итог 100001. Однако, если вычесть из итога единицу, на дисплее отобразится правильный результат 65534. (Также, если итог умножить или разделить на 2, будут отображены 131070 и 32767,5 соответственно.)

Microsoft сообщила в блоге Microsoft Excel^[15], что проблема существует в отображении шести конкретных значений с плавающей запятой между 65534,99999999995 и 65535 и шести значений между 65535,99999999995 и 65536 (не включая границ). Любые расчеты, результат которых равен одному из двенадцати значений, будут отображаться неправильно. Фактические данные, хранящиеся и передающиеся в другие ячейки, верны, неверно лишь отображение значения. Ошибка появилась в Excel 2007 и не существует в предыдущих версиях. 9 октября 2007 года Microsoft выпустила патч, исправляющий проблему.^[16] Он вошёл и в состав исправлений Service Pack 1.

Примечания

1. ↑ Обзор Microsoft Office Excel 2007
2. ↑ Возросшие возможности Excel 2007
3. ↑ http://support.microsoft.com/kb/840817/
4. ↑ http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~evagold/excel.html
5. ↑ http://www.cof.orst.edu/net/software/excel/no-stats.php
6. ↑ http://www.practicalstats.com/Pages/excelstats.html
7. ↑ http://www.mis.coventry.ac.uk/~nhunt/pottel.pdf
8. ↑ http://support.microsoft.com/kb/119083
9. ↑ http://support.microsoft.com/kb/214058/EN-US/
10. ↑ http://support.microsoft.com/kb/214326/en-us
11. ↑ http://www.joelonsoftware.com/items/2006/06/16.html
12. ↑ Matthew MacDonald. Excel 2007: the missing manual O’Reilly, 2006. ISBN 0596527594
13. ↑ http://groups.google.com/group/microsoft.public.excel/browse_thread/thread/2bcad1a1a4861879/2f8806d5400dfe22?hl=en&
14. ↑ Excel 2007 показывает неверные ответы в простых вычислениях VeroBlog
15. ↑ Обновление вычислений Блог команды Microsoft Excel
16. ↑ Обновление вычислений (патч доступен) Блог команды Microsoft Excel

Ссылки

• Официальный сайт Microsoft Office
• Видеоучебник Microsoft Excel 2007
• Работа с файлами Excel с помощью .NET Framework(англ.)
• Список сайтов MVP(англ.)
• Описание формата BIFF

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Microsoft Excel

A simple line chart being created in Excel, running on Windows 10
Developer(s)	Microsoft
Initial release	November 19, 1987; 35 years ago
Stable release	2103 (16.0.13901.20400) / April 13, 2021; 20 months ago[1]
Written in	C++ (back-end)[2]
Operating system	Microsoft Windows
Type	Spreadsheet
License	Trialware[3]
Website	products.office.com/en-us/excel

Microsoft Excel for Mac

Excel for Mac (version 16.67), running on macOS Big Sur 11.5.2
Developer(s)	Microsoft
Initial release	September 30, 1985; 37 years ago
Stable release	16.56 (Build 21121100) / December 14, 2021; 12 months ago[4]
Written in	C++ (back-end), Objective-C (API/UI)[2]
Operating system	macOS
Type	Spreadsheet
License	Proprietary commercial software
Website	products.office.com/mac

Microsoft Excel for Android

Microsoft Excel for iOS

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Excel forms part of the Microsoft Office suite of software.

Features

Basic operation

Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets,^[7] using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering, and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager).^[8] A PivotTable is a tool for data analysis. It does this by simplifying large data sets via PivotTable fields. It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics,^[9][10] and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer,^[11] or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports.^[12][13] In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule,^[14] analyze the results, make a Word report or PowerPoint slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants. Excel was not designed to be used as a database.^{[citation needed]}

Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts.^[15]

Functions

Excel 2016 has 484 functions.^[16] Of these, 360 existed prior to Excel 2010. Microsoft classifies these functions in 14 categories. Of the 484 current functions, 386 may be called from VBA as methods of the object «WorksheetFunction»^[17] and 44 have the same names as VBA functions.^[18]

With the introduction of LAMBDA, Excel will become Turing complete.^[19]

Macro programming

VBA programming

The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft’s Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA^[20] and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet.

VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011,^[21] although the build lacks support for ActiveX objects, impacting some high level developer tools.^[22]

A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder.^[23] The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompt by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be recorded but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed.

Macro Recorded code may not be compatible with Excel versions. Some code that is used in Excel 2010 cannot be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the cell colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible.

VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model,^[24] a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes). User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient.

History

From its first version Excel supported end-user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and user-defined functions (extension of Excel’s built-in function library). In early versions of Excel, these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special-purpose macro sheets (stored with file extension .XLM in Windows.) XLM was the default macro language for Excel through Excel 4.0.^[25] Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default but with version 5.0 XLM recording was still allowed as an option. After version 5.0 that option was discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2021 are capable of running an XLM macro, though Microsoft discourages their use.^[26]

Charts

Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. It also supports Pivot Charts that allow for a chart to be linked directly to a Pivot table. This allows the chart to be refreshed with the Pivot Table. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet or added as a separate object.

These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells changes. For example, suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response to a user’s change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design.

Add-ins

Additional features are available using add-ins. Several are provided with Excel, including:

• Analysis ToolPak: Provides data analysis tools for statistical and engineering analysis (includes analysis of variance and regression analysis)
• Analysis ToolPak VBA: VBA functions for Analysis ToolPak
• Euro Currency Tools: Conversion and formatting for euro currency
• Solver Add-In: Tools for optimization and equation solving

Data storage and communication

Number of rows and columns

Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (2¹⁴ = 16384) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (2¹⁶ = 65536) rows and 256 columns (2⁸ as label ‘IV’). Version 12.0 onwards, including the current Version 16.x, can handle over 1M (2²⁰ = 1048576) rows, and 16384 (2¹⁴, labeled as column ‘XFD’) columns.^[27]

File formats

Excel Spreadsheet

Microsoft Excel up until 2007 version used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (.XLS) as its primary format.^[28] Excel 2007 uses Office Open XML as its primary file format, an XML-based format that followed after a previous XML-based format called «XML Spreadsheet» («XMLSS»), first introduced in Excel 2002.^[29]

Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML-based formats as replacements, Excel 2007 remained backwards-compatible with the traditional, binary formats. In addition, most versions of Microsoft Excel can read CSV, DBF, SYLK, DIF, and other legacy formats. Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007.^[30] The file formats were mainly from DOS-based programs.

Binary

OpenOffice.org has created documentation of the Excel format. Two epochs of the format exist: the 97-2003 OLE format, and the older stream format.^[31] Microsoft has made the Excel binary format specification available to freely download.^[32]

XML Spreadsheet

The XML Spreadsheet format introduced in Excel 2002^[29] is a simple, XML based format missing some more advanced features like storage of VBA macros. Though the intended file extension for this format is .xml, the program also correctly handles XML files with .xls extension. This feature is widely used by third-party applications (e.g. MySQL Query Browser) to offer «export to Excel» capabilities without implementing binary file format. The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as Book1.xml or Book1.xls:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<Workbook xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet"
 xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"
 xmlns:x="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:excel"
 xmlns:ss="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet"
 xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
 <Worksheet ss:Name="Sheet1">
  <Table ss:ExpandedColumnCount="2" ss:ExpandedRowCount="2" x:FullColumns="1" x:FullRows="1">
   <Row>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Name</Data></Cell>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Example</Data></Cell>
   </Row>
   <Row>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Value</Data></Cell>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="Number">123</Data></Cell>
   </Row>
  </Table>
 </Worksheet>
</Workbook>

Current file extensions

Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the Microsoft Office 2007 suite, introduced new file formats. The first of these (.xlsx) is defined in the Office Open XML (OOXML) specification.

Excel 2007 formats

Old file extensions

Using other Windows applications

Windows applications such as Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word, as well as Excel can communicate with each other and use each other’s capabilities. The most common are Dynamic Data Exchange: although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as «the protocol from hell».^[34] As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. It is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to important financial data services such as Bloomberg and Reuters.

OLE Object Linking and Embedding allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data. This may take on the form of «embedding» where an application uses another to handle a task that it is more suited to, for example a PowerPoint presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa.^{[35][36][37][38]}

Using external data

Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as (for example) .odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver.

Excel can accept data in real-time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters (through addins such as Power Plus Pro).

• DDE: «Dynamic Data Exchange» uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as «the protocol from hell».^[34] In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets.
• Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility.^[39]
• Real Time Data: RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been slow to gain acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors.^[40][41]

Alternatively, Microsoft Query provides ODBC-based browsing within Microsoft Excel.^[42][43][44]

Export and migration of spreadsheets

Programmers have produced APIs to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening Excel documents on the web using either ActiveX controls, or plugins like the Adobe Flash Player. The Apache POI opensource project provides Java libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files.

Password protection

Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords:

• Password to open a document^[45]
• Password to modify a document^[46]
• Password to unprotect the worksheet
• Password to protect workbook
• Password to protect the sharing workbook^[47]

All passwords except password to open a document can be removed instantly regardless of the Microsoft Excel version used to create the document. These types of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a document. Such password-protected documents are not encrypted, and a data sources from a set password is saved in a document’s header. Password to protect workbook is an exception – when it is set, a document is encrypted with the standard password “VelvetSweatshop”, but since it is known to the public, it actually does not add any extra protection to the document. The only type of password that can prevent a trespasser from gaining access to a document is password to open a document. The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document.

In Microsoft Excel 95 and earlier versions, the password to open is converted to a 16-bit key that can be instantly cracked. In Excel 97/2000 the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment. As regards services that use rainbow tables (e.g. Password-Find), it takes up to several seconds to remove protection. In addition, password-cracking programs can brute-force attack passwords at a rate of hundreds of thousands of passwords a second, which not only lets them decrypt a document but also find the original password.

In Excel 2003/XP the encryption is slightly better – a user can choose any encryption algorithm that is available in the system (see Cryptographic Service Provider). Due to the CSP, an Excel file can’t be decrypted, and thus the password to open can’t be removed, though the brute-force attack speed remains quite high. Nevertheless, the older Excel 97/2000 algorithm is set by the default. Therefore, users who do not change the default settings lack reliable protection of their documents.

The situation changed fundamentally in Excel 2007, where the modern AES algorithm with a key of 128 bits started being used for decryption, and a 50,000-fold use of the hash function SHA1 reduced the speed of brute-force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per second. In Excel 2010, the strength of the protection by the default was increased two times due to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key.

Other platforms

Excel for mobile

Excel Mobile is a spreadsheet program that can edit XLSX files. It can edit and format text in cells, calculate formulas, search within the spreadsheet, sort rows and columns, freeze panes, filter the columns, add comments, and create charts. It can’t add columns or rows except at the edge of the document, rearrange columns or rows, delete rows or columns, or add spreadsheet tabs.^{[48][49][50][51][52][53]} The 2007 version has the ability to use a full-screen mode to deal with limited screen resolution, as well as split panes to view different parts of a worksheet at one time.^[51] Protection settings, zoom settings, autofilter settings, certain chart formatting, hidden sheets, and other features are not supported on Excel Mobile, and will be modified upon opening and saving a workbook.^[52] In 2015, Excel Mobile became available for Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile on Windows Store.^[54][55]

Excel for the web

Excel for the web is a free lightweight version of Microsoft Excel available as part of Office on the web, which also includes web versions of Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint.

Excel for the web can display most of the features available in the desktop versions of Excel, although it may not be able to insert or edit them. Certain data connections are not accessible on Excel for the web, including with charts that may use these external connections. Excel for the web also cannot display legacy features, such as Excel 4.0 macros or Excel 5.0 dialog sheets. There are also small differences between how some of the Excel functions work.^[56]

Microsoft Excel Viewer

Microsoft Excel Viewer was a freeware program for Microsoft Windows for viewing and printing spreadsheet documents created by Excel.^[57] Microsoft retired the viewer in April 2018 with the last security update released in February 2019 for Excel Viewer 2007 (SP3).^[58][59]

The first version released by Microsoft was Excel 97 Viewer.^[60][61] Excel 97 Viewer was supported in Windows CE for Handheld PCs.^[62] In October 2004, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003.^[63] In September 2007, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003 Service Pack 3 (SP3).^[64] In January 2008, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 (featuring a non-collapsible Ribbon interface).^[65] In April 2009, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 2 (SP2).^[66] In October 2011, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 3 (SP3).^[67]

Microsoft advises to view and print Excel files for free to use the Excel Mobile application for Windows 10 and for Windows 7 and Windows 8 to upload the file to OneDrive and use Excel for the web with a Microsoft account to open them in a browser.^[58][68]

Quirks

In addition to issues with spreadsheets in general, other problems specific to Excel include numeric precision, misleading statistics functions, mod function errors, date limitations and more.

Numeric precision

Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user request. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations, and so, for example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable.^{[citation needed]}

In the figure, the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1’s after the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0’s followed by a string of eleven 1’s. However, the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0’s followed by a string of thirteen 1’s and two extra erroneous digits. This is because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it displays.

Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification.^[69] Excel’s implementation involves conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that is on average better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision, but that can be worse. See the main article for details.

Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be raised. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation.^[70][71]

As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision.^[72]

Statistical functions

The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized,^{[73][74][75][76][77]} as mishandling missing data, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010.^[78]

Excel MOD function error

Excel has issues with modulo operations. In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the error warning #NUM! instead of an answer.^[79]

Fictional leap day in the year 1900

Excel includes February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year, even though e.g. 2100 is correctly treated as a non-leap year.^[80][81] The bug originated from Lotus 1-2-3 (deliberately implemented to save computer memory), and was also purposely implemented in Excel, for the purpose of bug compatibility.^[82] This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format.^[83]

Thus a (not necessarily whole) number greater than or equal to 61 interpreted as a date and time are the (real) number of days after December 30, 1899, 0:00, a non-negative number less than 60 is the number of days after December 31, 1899, 0:00, and numbers with whole part 60 represent the fictional day.

Date range

Excel supports dates with years in the range 1900–9999, except that December 31, 1899, can be entered as 0 and is displayed as 0-jan-1900.

Converting a fraction of a day into hours, minutes and days by treating it as a moment on the day January 1, 1900, does not work for a negative fraction.^[84]

Conversion problems

Entering text that happens to be in a form that is interpreted as a date, the text can be unintentionally changed to a standard date format. A similar problem occurs when a text happens to be in the form of a floating-point notation of a number. In these cases the original exact text cannot be recovered from the result. Formatting the cell as TEXT before entering ambiguous text prevents Excel from converting to a date.

This issue has caused a well known problem in the analysis of DNA, for example in bioinformatics. As first reported in 2004,^[85] genetic scientists found that Excel automatically and incorrectly converts certain gene names into dates. A follow-up study in 2016 found many peer reviewed scientific journal papers had been affected and that «Of the selected journals, the proportion of published articles with Excel files containing gene lists that are affected by gene name errors is 19.6 %.»^[86] Excel parses the copied and pasted data and sometimes changes them depending on what it thinks they are. For example, MARCH1 (Membrane Associated Ring-CH-type finger 1) gets converted to the date March 1 (1-Mar) and SEPT2 (Septin 2) is converted into September 2 (2-Sep) etc.^[87] While some secondary news sources^[88] reported this as a fault with Excel, the original authors of the 2016 paper placed the blame with the researchers misusing Excel.^[86][89]

In August 2020 the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) published new guidelines in the journal Nature regarding gene naming in order to avoid issues with «symbols that affect data handling and retrieval.» So far 27 genes have been renamed, including changing MARCH1 to MARCHF1 and SEPT1 to SEPTIN1 in order to avoid accidental conversion of the gene names into dates.^[90]

Errors with large strings

The following functions return incorrect results when passed a string longer than 255 characters:^[91]

• type() incorrectly returns 16, meaning «Error value»
• IsText(), when called as a method of the VBA object WorksheetFunction (i.e., WorksheetFunction.IsText() in VBA), incorrectly returns «false».

Filenames

Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error:

A document with the name ‘%s’ is already open. You cannot open two documents with the same name, even if the documents are in different folders. To open the second document, either close the document that is currently open, or rename one of the documents.^[92]

The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell ='[Book1.xlsx]Sheet1'!$G$33, and there are two books named «Book1» open, there is no way to tell which one the user means.^[93]

Versions

Early history

Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982. Multiplan became very popular on CP/M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1-2-3. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and the first Windows version was 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) on November 19, 1987.^[94][95] Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by the early 1990s, Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft achieve its position as a leading PC software developer. This accomplishment solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing GUI software. Microsoft maintained its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so.

Microsoft Windows

Excel 2.0 is the first version of Excel for the Intel platform. Versions prior to 2.0 were only available on the Apple Macintosh.

Excel 2.0 (1987)

The first Windows version was labeled «2» to correspond to the Mac version. It was announced on October 6, 1987 and released on November 19.^[96] This included a run-time version of Windows.^[97]

BYTE in 1989 listed Excel for Windows as among the «Distinction» winners of the BYTE Awards. The magazine stated that the port of the «extraordinary» Macintosh version «shines», with a user interface as good as or better than the original.

Excel 3.0 (1990)

Included toolbars, drawing capabilities, outlining, add-in support, 3D charts, and many more new features.^[97]

Excel 4.0 (1992)

Introduced auto-fill.^[98]

Also, an easter egg in Excel 4.0 reveals a hidden animation of a dancing set of numbers 1 through 3, representing Lotus 1-2-3, which is then crushed by an Excel logo.^[99]

Excel 5.0 (1993)

With version 5.0, Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-defined functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA includes a fully featured integrated development environment (IDE). Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and in‑worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not creation) of ActiveX (COM) DLL’s; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic object-oriented programming techniques.

The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses. This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate.

Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various Easter eggs, including a «Hall of Tortured Souls», a Doom-like minigame, although since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products.^[100]

5.0 was released in a 16-bit x86 version for Windows 3.1 and later in a 32-bit version for NT 3.51 (x86/Alpha/PowerPC)

Excel 95 (v7.0)

Released in 1995 with Microsoft Office for Windows 95, this is the first major version after Excel 5.0, as there is no Excel 6.0 with all of the Office applications standardizing on the same major version number.

Internal rewrite to 32-bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable.

Excel 97 (v8.0)

Included in Office 97 (for x86 and Alpha). This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper clip office assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. It introduced the now-removed Natural Language labels.

This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter Egg.

Excel 2000 (v9.0)

Included in Office 2000. This was a minor upgrade but introduced an upgrade to the clipboard where it can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive.

Excel 2002 (v10.0)

Included in Office XP. Very minor enhancements.

Excel 2003 (v11.0)

Included in Office 2003. Minor enhancements, the most significant being the new Tables.

Excel 2007 (v12.0)

Included in Office 2007. This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system. This was different from what users were used to, and was met with mixed reactions. One study reported fairly good acceptance by users except highly experienced users and users of word processing applications with a classical WIMP interface, but was less convinced in terms of efficiency and organization.^[101] However, an online survey reported that a majority of respondents had a negative opinion of the change, with advanced users being «somewhat more negative» than intermediate users, and users reporting a self-estimated reduction in productivity.

Added functionality included the SmartArt set of editable business diagrams. Also added was an improved management of named variables through the Name Manager, and much-improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which allow (x, y) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced.

Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including .xlsm for a workbook with macros and .xlsx for a workbook without macros.^[102]

Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the number of rows was now 1,048,576 (2²⁰) and columns was 16,384 (2¹⁴; the far-right column is XFD). This changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range. This version made more extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets; however, VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL add‑ins were only executed in parallel if they were thread-safe and this was indicated at registration.

Excel 2010 (v14.0)

Included in Office 2010, this is the next major version after v12.0, as version number 13 was skipped.

Minor enhancements and 64-bit support,^[103] including the following:

• Multi-threading recalculation (MTR) for commonly used functions
• Improved pivot tables
• More conditional formatting options
• Additional image editing capabilities
• In-cell charts called sparklines
• Ability to preview before pasting
• Office 2010 backstage feature for document-related tasks
• Ability to customize the Ribbon
• Many new formulas, most highly specialized to improve accuracy^[104]

Excel 2013 (v15.0)

Included in Office 2013, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

• Improved Multi-threading and Memory Contention
• FlashFill^[105]
• Power View^[106]
• Power Pivot^[107]
• Timeline Slicer
• Windows App
• Inquire^[108]
• 50 new functions^[109]

Excel 2016 (v16.0)

Included in Office 2016, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

• Power Query integration
• Read-only mode for Excel
• Keyboard access for Pivot Tables and Slicers in Excel
• New Chart Types
• Quick data linking in Visio
• Excel forecasting functions
• Support for multi-selection of Slicer items using touch
• Time grouping and Pivot Chart Drill Down
• Excel data cards^[110]

Excel 2019, Excel 2021, Office 365 and subsequent (v16.0)

Microsoft no longer releases Office or Excel in discrete versions. Instead, features are introduced automatically over time using Windows Update. The version number remains 16.0. Thereafter only the approximate dates when features appear can now be given.

• Dynamic Arrays. These are essentially Array Formulas but they «Spill» automatically into neighboring cells and does not need the ctrl-shift-enter to create them. Further, dynamic arrays are the default format, with new «@» and «#» operators to provide compatibility with previous versions. This is perhaps the biggest structural change since 2007, and is in response to a similar feature in Google Sheets. Dynamic arrays started appearing in pre-releases about 2018, and as of March 2020 are available in published versions of Office 365 provided a user selected «Office Insiders».

Apple Macintosh

• 1985 Excel 1.0
• 1988 Excel 1.5
• 1989 Excel 2.2
• 1990 Excel 3.0
• 1992 Excel 4.0
• 1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Office 4.x—Final Motorola 680×0 version^[111] and first PowerPC version)
• 1998 Excel 8.0 (part of Office 98)
• 2000 Excel 9.0 (part of Office 2001)
• 2001 Excel 10.0 (part of Office v. X)
• 2004 Excel 11.0 (part of Office 2004)
• 2008 Excel 12.0 (part of Office 2008)
• 2010 Excel 14.0 (part of Office 2011)
• 2015 Excel 15.0 (part of Office 2016—Office 2016 for Mac brings the Mac version much closer to parity with its Windows cousin, harmonizing many of the reporting and high-level developer functions, while bringing the ribbon and styling into line with its PC counterpart.)^[112]

OS/2

• 1989 Excel 2.2
• 1990 Excel 2.3
• 1991 Excel 3.0

Summary

Microsoft Excel for Windows release history

Microsoft Excel for Macintosh release history

Microsoft Excel for OS/2 release history

Impact

Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, VisiCalc: the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other cells.

Excel 2.0 for Windows, which was modeled after its Mac GUI-based counterpart, indirectly expanded the installed base of the then-nascent Windows environment. Excel 2.0 was released a month before Windows 2.0, and the installed base of Windows was so low at that point in 1987 that Microsoft had to bundle a runtime version of Windows 1.0 with Excel 2.0.^[113] Unlike Microsoft Word, there never was a DOS version of Excel.

Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes, and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell re-computation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command). Excel introduced auto-fill, the ability to drag and expand the selection box to automatically copy a cell or row contents to adjacent cells or rows, adjusting the copies intelligently by automatically incrementing cell references or contents. Excel also introduced extensive graphing capabilities.

Security

Because Excel is widely used, it has been attacked by hackers. While Excel is not directly exposed to the Internet, if an attacker can get a victim to open a file in Excel, and there is an appropriate security bug in Excel, then the attacker can gain control of the victim’s computer.^[114] UK’s GCHQ has a tool named TORNADO ALLEY with this purpose.^[115][116]

See also

• Comparison of spreadsheet software
• Numbers (spreadsheet)—the iWork equivalent
• Spreadmart
• Financial Modeling World Cup, online esport financial modelling competition using Excel

References

References

• Bullen, Stephen; Bovey, Rob; Green, John (2009). Professional Excel Development: The Definitive Guide to Developing Applications Using Microsoft Excel and VBA (2nd ed.). Boston: Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-50879-9.
• Dodge, Mark; Stinson, Craig (2007). Microsoft Office Excel 2007 Inside Out. Redmond, Wash.: Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-0-7356-2321-7.
• Billo, E. Joseph (2011). Excel for Chemists: A Comprehensive Guide (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-38123-6.
• Gordon, Andy (January 25, 2021). «LAMBDA: The ultimate Excel worksheet function». microsoft.com. Microsoft. Retrieved April 23, 2021.

External links

• Microsoft Excel – official site

Microsoft Excel

A simple line chart being created in Excel, running on Windows 10
Developer(s)	Microsoft
Initial release	November 19, 1987; 35 years ago
Stable release	2103 (16.0.13901.20400) / April 13, 2021; 20 months ago[1]
Written in	C++ (back-end)[2]
Operating system	Microsoft Windows
Type	Spreadsheet
License	Trialware[3]
Website	products.office.com/en-us/excel

Microsoft Excel for Mac

Excel for Mac (version 16.67), running on macOS Big Sur 11.5.2
Developer(s)	Microsoft
Initial release	September 30, 1985; 37 years ago
Stable release	16.56 (Build 21121100) / December 14, 2021; 12 months ago[4]
Written in	C++ (back-end), Objective-C (API/UI)[2]
Operating system	macOS
Type	Spreadsheet
License	Proprietary commercial software
Website	products.office.com/mac

Microsoft Excel for Android

Microsoft Excel for iOS

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Excel forms part of the Microsoft Office suite of software.

Features

Basic operation

Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets,^[7] using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering, and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager).^[8] A PivotTable is a tool for data analysis. It does this by simplifying large data sets via PivotTable fields. It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics,^[9][10] and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer,^[11] or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports.^[12][13] In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule,^[14] analyze the results, make a Word report or PowerPoint slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants. Excel was not designed to be used as a database.^{[citation needed]}

Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts.^[15]

Functions

Excel 2016 has 484 functions.^[16] Of these, 360 existed prior to Excel 2010. Microsoft classifies these functions in 14 categories. Of the 484 current functions, 386 may be called from VBA as methods of the object «WorksheetFunction»^[17] and 44 have the same names as VBA functions.^[18]

With the introduction of LAMBDA, Excel will become Turing complete.^[19]

Macro programming

VBA programming

The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft’s Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA^[20] and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet.

VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011,^[21] although the build lacks support for ActiveX objects, impacting some high level developer tools.^[22]

A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder.^[23] The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompt by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be recorded but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed.

Macro Recorded code may not be compatible with Excel versions. Some code that is used in Excel 2010 cannot be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the cell colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible.

VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model,^[24] a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes). User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient.

History

From its first version Excel supported end-user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and user-defined functions (extension of Excel’s built-in function library). In early versions of Excel, these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special-purpose macro sheets (stored with file extension .XLM in Windows.) XLM was the default macro language for Excel through Excel 4.0.^[25] Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default but with version 5.0 XLM recording was still allowed as an option. After version 5.0 that option was discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2021 are capable of running an XLM macro, though Microsoft discourages their use.^[26]

Charts

Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. It also supports Pivot Charts that allow for a chart to be linked directly to a Pivot table. This allows the chart to be refreshed with the Pivot Table. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet or added as a separate object.

These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells changes. For example, suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response to a user’s change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design.

Add-ins

Additional features are available using add-ins. Several are provided with Excel, including:

• Analysis ToolPak: Provides data analysis tools for statistical and engineering analysis (includes analysis of variance and regression analysis)
• Analysis ToolPak VBA: VBA functions for Analysis ToolPak
• Euro Currency Tools: Conversion and formatting for euro currency
• Solver Add-In: Tools for optimization and equation solving

Data storage and communication

Number of rows and columns

Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (2¹⁴ = 16384) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (2¹⁶ = 65536) rows and 256 columns (2⁸ as label ‘IV’). Version 12.0 onwards, including the current Version 16.x, can handle over 1M (2²⁰ = 1048576) rows, and 16384 (2¹⁴, labeled as column ‘XFD’) columns.^[27]

File formats

Excel Spreadsheet

Microsoft Excel up until 2007 version used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (.XLS) as its primary format.^[28] Excel 2007 uses Office Open XML as its primary file format, an XML-based format that followed after a previous XML-based format called «XML Spreadsheet» («XMLSS»), first introduced in Excel 2002.^[29]

Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML-based formats as replacements, Excel 2007 remained backwards-compatible with the traditional, binary formats. In addition, most versions of Microsoft Excel can read CSV, DBF, SYLK, DIF, and other legacy formats. Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007.^[30] The file formats were mainly from DOS-based programs.

Binary

OpenOffice.org has created documentation of the Excel format. Two epochs of the format exist: the 97-2003 OLE format, and the older stream format.^[31] Microsoft has made the Excel binary format specification available to freely download.^[32]

XML Spreadsheet

The XML Spreadsheet format introduced in Excel 2002^[29] is a simple, XML based format missing some more advanced features like storage of VBA macros. Though the intended file extension for this format is .xml, the program also correctly handles XML files with .xls extension. This feature is widely used by third-party applications (e.g. MySQL Query Browser) to offer «export to Excel» capabilities without implementing binary file format. The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as Book1.xml or Book1.xls:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<Workbook xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet"
 xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"
 xmlns:x="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:excel"
 xmlns:ss="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet"
 xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
 <Worksheet ss:Name="Sheet1">
  <Table ss:ExpandedColumnCount="2" ss:ExpandedRowCount="2" x:FullColumns="1" x:FullRows="1">
   <Row>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Name</Data></Cell>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Example</Data></Cell>
   </Row>
   <Row>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Value</Data></Cell>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="Number">123</Data></Cell>
   </Row>
  </Table>
 </Worksheet>
</Workbook>

Current file extensions

Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the Microsoft Office 2007 suite, introduced new file formats. The first of these (.xlsx) is defined in the Office Open XML (OOXML) specification.

Excel 2007 formats

Old file extensions

Using other Windows applications

Windows applications such as Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word, as well as Excel can communicate with each other and use each other’s capabilities. The most common are Dynamic Data Exchange: although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as «the protocol from hell».^[34] As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. It is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to important financial data services such as Bloomberg and Reuters.

OLE Object Linking and Embedding allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data. This may take on the form of «embedding» where an application uses another to handle a task that it is more suited to, for example a PowerPoint presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa.^{[35][36][37][38]}

Using external data

Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as (for example) .odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver.

Excel can accept data in real-time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters (through addins such as Power Plus Pro).

• DDE: «Dynamic Data Exchange» uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as «the protocol from hell».^[34] In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets.
• Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility.^[39]
• Real Time Data: RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been slow to gain acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors.^[40][41]

Alternatively, Microsoft Query provides ODBC-based browsing within Microsoft Excel.^[42][43][44]

Export and migration of spreadsheets

Programmers have produced APIs to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening Excel documents on the web using either ActiveX controls, or plugins like the Adobe Flash Player. The Apache POI opensource project provides Java libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files.

Password protection

Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords:

• Password to open a document^[45]
• Password to modify a document^[46]
• Password to unprotect the worksheet
• Password to protect workbook
• Password to protect the sharing workbook^[47]

All passwords except password to open a document can be removed instantly regardless of the Microsoft Excel version used to create the document. These types of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a document. Such password-protected documents are not encrypted, and a data sources from a set password is saved in a document’s header. Password to protect workbook is an exception – when it is set, a document is encrypted with the standard password “VelvetSweatshop”, but since it is known to the public, it actually does not add any extra protection to the document. The only type of password that can prevent a trespasser from gaining access to a document is password to open a document. The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document.

In Microsoft Excel 95 and earlier versions, the password to open is converted to a 16-bit key that can be instantly cracked. In Excel 97/2000 the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment. As regards services that use rainbow tables (e.g. Password-Find), it takes up to several seconds to remove protection. In addition, password-cracking programs can brute-force attack passwords at a rate of hundreds of thousands of passwords a second, which not only lets them decrypt a document but also find the original password.

In Excel 2003/XP the encryption is slightly better – a user can choose any encryption algorithm that is available in the system (see Cryptographic Service Provider). Due to the CSP, an Excel file can’t be decrypted, and thus the password to open can’t be removed, though the brute-force attack speed remains quite high. Nevertheless, the older Excel 97/2000 algorithm is set by the default. Therefore, users who do not change the default settings lack reliable protection of their documents.

The situation changed fundamentally in Excel 2007, where the modern AES algorithm with a key of 128 bits started being used for decryption, and a 50,000-fold use of the hash function SHA1 reduced the speed of brute-force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per second. In Excel 2010, the strength of the protection by the default was increased two times due to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key.

Other platforms

Excel for mobile

Excel Mobile is a spreadsheet program that can edit XLSX files. It can edit and format text in cells, calculate formulas, search within the spreadsheet, sort rows and columns, freeze panes, filter the columns, add comments, and create charts. It can’t add columns or rows except at the edge of the document, rearrange columns or rows, delete rows or columns, or add spreadsheet tabs.^{[48][49][50][51][52][53]} The 2007 version has the ability to use a full-screen mode to deal with limited screen resolution, as well as split panes to view different parts of a worksheet at one time.^[51] Protection settings, zoom settings, autofilter settings, certain chart formatting, hidden sheets, and other features are not supported on Excel Mobile, and will be modified upon opening and saving a workbook.^[52] In 2015, Excel Mobile became available for Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile on Windows Store.^[54][55]

Excel for the web

Excel for the web is a free lightweight version of Microsoft Excel available as part of Office on the web, which also includes web versions of Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint.

Excel for the web can display most of the features available in the desktop versions of Excel, although it may not be able to insert or edit them. Certain data connections are not accessible on Excel for the web, including with charts that may use these external connections. Excel for the web also cannot display legacy features, such as Excel 4.0 macros or Excel 5.0 dialog sheets. There are also small differences between how some of the Excel functions work.^[56]

Microsoft Excel Viewer

Microsoft Excel Viewer was a freeware program for Microsoft Windows for viewing and printing spreadsheet documents created by Excel.^[57] Microsoft retired the viewer in April 2018 with the last security update released in February 2019 for Excel Viewer 2007 (SP3).^[58][59]

The first version released by Microsoft was Excel 97 Viewer.^[60][61] Excel 97 Viewer was supported in Windows CE for Handheld PCs.^[62] In October 2004, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003.^[63] In September 2007, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003 Service Pack 3 (SP3).^[64] In January 2008, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 (featuring a non-collapsible Ribbon interface).^[65] In April 2009, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 2 (SP2).^[66] In October 2011, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 3 (SP3).^[67]

Microsoft advises to view and print Excel files for free to use the Excel Mobile application for Windows 10 and for Windows 7 and Windows 8 to upload the file to OneDrive and use Excel for the web with a Microsoft account to open them in a browser.^[58][68]

Quirks

In addition to issues with spreadsheets in general, other problems specific to Excel include numeric precision, misleading statistics functions, mod function errors, date limitations and more.

Numeric precision

Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user request. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations, and so, for example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable.^{[citation needed]}

In the figure, the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1’s after the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0’s followed by a string of eleven 1’s. However, the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0’s followed by a string of thirteen 1’s and two extra erroneous digits. This is because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it displays.

Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification.^[69] Excel’s implementation involves conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that is on average better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision, but that can be worse. See the main article for details.

Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be raised. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation.^[70][71]

As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision.^[72]

Statistical functions

The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized,^{[73][74][75][76][77]} as mishandling missing data, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010.^[78]

Excel MOD function error

Excel has issues with modulo operations. In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the error warning #NUM! instead of an answer.^[79]

Fictional leap day in the year 1900

Excel includes February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year, even though e.g. 2100 is correctly treated as a non-leap year.^[80][81] The bug originated from Lotus 1-2-3 (deliberately implemented to save computer memory), and was also purposely implemented in Excel, for the purpose of bug compatibility.^[82] This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format.^[83]

Thus a (not necessarily whole) number greater than or equal to 61 interpreted as a date and time are the (real) number of days after December 30, 1899, 0:00, a non-negative number less than 60 is the number of days after December 31, 1899, 0:00, and numbers with whole part 60 represent the fictional day.

Date range

Excel supports dates with years in the range 1900–9999, except that December 31, 1899, can be entered as 0 and is displayed as 0-jan-1900.

Converting a fraction of a day into hours, minutes and days by treating it as a moment on the day January 1, 1900, does not work for a negative fraction.^[84]

Conversion problems

Entering text that happens to be in a form that is interpreted as a date, the text can be unintentionally changed to a standard date format. A similar problem occurs when a text happens to be in the form of a floating-point notation of a number. In these cases the original exact text cannot be recovered from the result. Formatting the cell as TEXT before entering ambiguous text prevents Excel from converting to a date.

This issue has caused a well known problem in the analysis of DNA, for example in bioinformatics. As first reported in 2004,^[85] genetic scientists found that Excel automatically and incorrectly converts certain gene names into dates. A follow-up study in 2016 found many peer reviewed scientific journal papers had been affected and that «Of the selected journals, the proportion of published articles with Excel files containing gene lists that are affected by gene name errors is 19.6 %.»^[86] Excel parses the copied and pasted data and sometimes changes them depending on what it thinks they are. For example, MARCH1 (Membrane Associated Ring-CH-type finger 1) gets converted to the date March 1 (1-Mar) and SEPT2 (Septin 2) is converted into September 2 (2-Sep) etc.^[87] While some secondary news sources^[88] reported this as a fault with Excel, the original authors of the 2016 paper placed the blame with the researchers misusing Excel.^[86][89]

In August 2020 the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) published new guidelines in the journal Nature regarding gene naming in order to avoid issues with «symbols that affect data handling and retrieval.» So far 27 genes have been renamed, including changing MARCH1 to MARCHF1 and SEPT1 to SEPTIN1 in order to avoid accidental conversion of the gene names into dates.^[90]

Errors with large strings

The following functions return incorrect results when passed a string longer than 255 characters:^[91]

• type() incorrectly returns 16, meaning «Error value»
• IsText(), when called as a method of the VBA object WorksheetFunction (i.e., WorksheetFunction.IsText() in VBA), incorrectly returns «false».

Filenames

Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error:

A document with the name ‘%s’ is already open. You cannot open two documents with the same name, even if the documents are in different folders. To open the second document, either close the document that is currently open, or rename one of the documents.^[92]

The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell ='[Book1.xlsx]Sheet1'!$G$33, and there are two books named «Book1» open, there is no way to tell which one the user means.^[93]

Versions

Early history

Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982. Multiplan became very popular on CP/M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1-2-3. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and the first Windows version was 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) on November 19, 1987.^[94][95] Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by the early 1990s, Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft achieve its position as a leading PC software developer. This accomplishment solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing GUI software. Microsoft maintained its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so.

Microsoft Windows

Excel 2.0 is the first version of Excel for the Intel platform. Versions prior to 2.0 were only available on the Apple Macintosh.

Excel 2.0 (1987)

The first Windows version was labeled «2» to correspond to the Mac version. It was announced on October 6, 1987 and released on November 19.^[96] This included a run-time version of Windows.^[97]

BYTE in 1989 listed Excel for Windows as among the «Distinction» winners of the BYTE Awards. The magazine stated that the port of the «extraordinary» Macintosh version «shines», with a user interface as good as or better than the original.

Excel 3.0 (1990)

Included toolbars, drawing capabilities, outlining, add-in support, 3D charts, and many more new features.^[97]

Excel 4.0 (1992)

Introduced auto-fill.^[98]

Also, an easter egg in Excel 4.0 reveals a hidden animation of a dancing set of numbers 1 through 3, representing Lotus 1-2-3, which is then crushed by an Excel logo.^[99]

Excel 5.0 (1993)

With version 5.0, Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-defined functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA includes a fully featured integrated development environment (IDE). Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and in‑worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not creation) of ActiveX (COM) DLL’s; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic object-oriented programming techniques.

The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses. This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate.

Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various Easter eggs, including a «Hall of Tortured Souls», a Doom-like minigame, although since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products.^[100]

5.0 was released in a 16-bit x86 version for Windows 3.1 and later in a 32-bit version for NT 3.51 (x86/Alpha/PowerPC)

Excel 95 (v7.0)

Released in 1995 with Microsoft Office for Windows 95, this is the first major version after Excel 5.0, as there is no Excel 6.0 with all of the Office applications standardizing on the same major version number.

Internal rewrite to 32-bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable.

Excel 97 (v8.0)

Included in Office 97 (for x86 and Alpha). This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper clip office assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. It introduced the now-removed Natural Language labels.

This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter Egg.

Excel 2000 (v9.0)

Included in Office 2000. This was a minor upgrade but introduced an upgrade to the clipboard where it can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive.

Excel 2002 (v10.0)

Included in Office XP. Very minor enhancements.

Excel 2003 (v11.0)

Included in Office 2003. Minor enhancements, the most significant being the new Tables.

Excel 2007 (v12.0)

Included in Office 2007. This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system. This was different from what users were used to, and was met with mixed reactions. One study reported fairly good acceptance by users except highly experienced users and users of word processing applications with a classical WIMP interface, but was less convinced in terms of efficiency and organization.^[101] However, an online survey reported that a majority of respondents had a negative opinion of the change, with advanced users being «somewhat more negative» than intermediate users, and users reporting a self-estimated reduction in productivity.

Added functionality included the SmartArt set of editable business diagrams. Also added was an improved management of named variables through the Name Manager, and much-improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which allow (x, y) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced.

Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including .xlsm for a workbook with macros and .xlsx for a workbook without macros.^[102]

Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the number of rows was now 1,048,576 (2²⁰) and columns was 16,384 (2¹⁴; the far-right column is XFD). This changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range. This version made more extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets; however, VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL add‑ins were only executed in parallel if they were thread-safe and this was indicated at registration.

Excel 2010 (v14.0)

Included in Office 2010, this is the next major version after v12.0, as version number 13 was skipped.

Minor enhancements and 64-bit support,^[103] including the following:

• Multi-threading recalculation (MTR) for commonly used functions
• Improved pivot tables
• More conditional formatting options
• Additional image editing capabilities
• In-cell charts called sparklines
• Ability to preview before pasting
• Office 2010 backstage feature for document-related tasks
• Ability to customize the Ribbon
• Many new formulas, most highly specialized to improve accuracy^[104]

Excel 2013 (v15.0)

Included in Office 2013, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

• Improved Multi-threading and Memory Contention
• FlashFill^[105]
• Power View^[106]
• Power Pivot^[107]
• Timeline Slicer
• Windows App
• Inquire^[108]
• 50 new functions^[109]

Excel 2016 (v16.0)

Included in Office 2016, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

• Power Query integration
• Read-only mode for Excel
• Keyboard access for Pivot Tables and Slicers in Excel
• New Chart Types
• Quick data linking in Visio
• Excel forecasting functions
• Support for multi-selection of Slicer items using touch
• Time grouping and Pivot Chart Drill Down
• Excel data cards^[110]

Excel 2019, Excel 2021, Office 365 and subsequent (v16.0)

Microsoft no longer releases Office or Excel in discrete versions. Instead, features are introduced automatically over time using Windows Update. The version number remains 16.0. Thereafter only the approximate dates when features appear can now be given.

• Dynamic Arrays. These are essentially Array Formulas but they «Spill» automatically into neighboring cells and does not need the ctrl-shift-enter to create them. Further, dynamic arrays are the default format, with new «@» and «#» operators to provide compatibility with previous versions. This is perhaps the biggest structural change since 2007, and is in response to a similar feature in Google Sheets. Dynamic arrays started appearing in pre-releases about 2018, and as of March 2020 are available in published versions of Office 365 provided a user selected «Office Insiders».

Apple Macintosh

• 1985 Excel 1.0
• 1988 Excel 1.5
• 1989 Excel 2.2
• 1990 Excel 3.0
• 1992 Excel 4.0
• 1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Office 4.x—Final Motorola 680×0 version^[111] and first PowerPC version)
• 1998 Excel 8.0 (part of Office 98)
• 2000 Excel 9.0 (part of Office 2001)
• 2001 Excel 10.0 (part of Office v. X)
• 2004 Excel 11.0 (part of Office 2004)
• 2008 Excel 12.0 (part of Office 2008)
• 2010 Excel 14.0 (part of Office 2011)
• 2015 Excel 15.0 (part of Office 2016—Office 2016 for Mac brings the Mac version much closer to parity with its Windows cousin, harmonizing many of the reporting and high-level developer functions, while bringing the ribbon and styling into line with its PC counterpart.)^[112]

OS/2

• 1989 Excel 2.2
• 1990 Excel 2.3
• 1991 Excel 3.0

Summary

Microsoft Excel for Windows release history

Microsoft Excel for Macintosh release history

Microsoft Excel for OS/2 release history

Impact

Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, VisiCalc: the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other cells.

Excel 2.0 for Windows, which was modeled after its Mac GUI-based counterpart, indirectly expanded the installed base of the then-nascent Windows environment. Excel 2.0 was released a month before Windows 2.0, and the installed base of Windows was so low at that point in 1987 that Microsoft had to bundle a runtime version of Windows 1.0 with Excel 2.0.^[113] Unlike Microsoft Word, there never was a DOS version of Excel.

Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes, and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell re-computation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command). Excel introduced auto-fill, the ability to drag and expand the selection box to automatically copy a cell or row contents to adjacent cells or rows, adjusting the copies intelligently by automatically incrementing cell references or contents. Excel also introduced extensive graphing capabilities.

Security

Because Excel is widely used, it has been attacked by hackers. While Excel is not directly exposed to the Internet, if an attacker can get a victim to open a file in Excel, and there is an appropriate security bug in Excel, then the attacker can gain control of the victim’s computer.^[114] UK’s GCHQ has a tool named TORNADO ALLEY with this purpose.^[115][116]

See also

• Comparison of spreadsheet software
• Numbers (spreadsheet)—the iWork equivalent
• Spreadmart
• Financial Modeling World Cup, online esport financial modelling competition using Excel

References

References

• Bullen, Stephen; Bovey, Rob; Green, John (2009). Professional Excel Development: The Definitive Guide to Developing Applications Using Microsoft Excel and VBA (2nd ed.). Boston: Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-50879-9.
• Dodge, Mark; Stinson, Craig (2007). Microsoft Office Excel 2007 Inside Out. Redmond, Wash.: Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-0-7356-2321-7.
• Billo, E. Joseph (2011). Excel for Chemists: A Comprehensive Guide (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-38123-6.
• Gordon, Andy (January 25, 2021). «LAMBDA: The ultimate Excel worksheet function». microsoft.com. Microsoft. Retrieved April 23, 2021.

External links

• Microsoft Excel – official site

Программа Microsoft Excel позволяет работать с массой документов в подходящем формате. Также при помощи встроенных параметров производить конвертацию документов, но для этого нужен навык. В сегодняшнем уроке разберем файлы в двух форматах: xlsx и xls. Эти похожие обозначения имеют разные особенности.

Считается, что формат электронных таблиц xlsx является одним из популярных, который образуется после сохранения. Любая версия программы Excel, начиная с 2007 года подразумевает это обозначение, как «коренное», соответственно, открывает его без ограничений.

1. Чтобы перейти к запуску документа с форматом xlsx, необходимо открыть программу традиционным образом, можно создать пустой электронный лист. Затем перемещайтесь во вкладку «Файл».

1. Далее выберите вкладку «Открыть и переместитесь в папку «Обзор».

1. Перед вами откроется окно с папкой, где хранятся данные приложения, из которого вам нужно выбрать необходимый файл и нажать на кнопку «Открыть».

1. После проделанных манипуляций перед вами откроется документ формата xlsx.

Открытие файла с форматом XLS

Заявленный тип файла тоже относится к одному из вариантов сохранения в документе Microsoft Excel. Открывать этот тип файла можно тем же способом, однако пользоваться вы сможете только теми возможностями, которые присутствовали в версии файла, с которой он был сохранен.

Чем отличаются файл XLSX и XLS

Файл, созданный в формате XLSX, может быть сохранен только в приложениях, начиная от версии 2007 года. Такой тип был создан разработчиками в качестве главного заменителя формата XLS. Однако новый формат не поддерживает настройку макросов, если они необходимы для сохранения, тогда файл будет автоматически преобразован в соответствующий.
Формат XLS — это один из удобных электронных листов, который корректно отображает данные графиков, диаграмм, различных формул и таблиц с базами данных.

Осуществлять редактирование этих документов можно не только при помощи официальной версии Microsoft Excel, но еще и в других программах, которые работают с электронными таблицами.

Как пишется формат эксель

Расширение файлов Excel .xls и .xlsx

Файл с расширением *.xls — это формат всех файлов версии Excel 2003 и раньше. Он имеет меньше возможностей, работает медленнее.

Файл с расширением *.xlsx — это формат подавляющего большинства файлов Excel на настоящий момент, используется начиная с версии Microsoft Office 2007.

в большинстве случаев сохранение книги происходит в текущем формате xlsx, но чтобы файл можно было открыть в Excel 2003 или более ранней версии Excel необходимо при сохранении сделать следующее:

открыть файл который необходимо сохранить → Файл → Сохранить как

в появившемся окне выбираем куда необходимо сохранить файл → указываем имя → и тип файла «Книга Excel 97-2003»

Существуют прочие форматы:

Расширение *.xlsm — Расширение файлов Excel 2007 и выше. Способен хранить в себе макросы т.е. программный код на языке VBA (Visual Basic for Applications).

Расширение *.xlsb — говоря откровенно, это самый лучший формат Excel. И это не субъективно. Это расширение позволяет уменьшает размер файла примерно в два раза, а убыстряет его где-то в полтора раза. Дело в том что, это документ хранящий информацию в бинарном коде, что позволяет быстрее работать с форматом .XML. Расширение просто не заменимо когда вы работаете с файлом с десятками тысяч строк, чтобы ускорить его. Почему тогда все не пользуются этим форматом? Потому что ни один редактор не сможет открыть его, только excel, т.е. теряется универсальность.

Расширение *.xltx — это формат для сохранения шаблонов. Макросы не сохраняет — для этого есть формат *.xltm — тоже самое, но с макросами.

Расширения *.xlam и *.xla — форматы для cохранения надстроек в 2007 и выше и 2003 и ниже соответственно.

Формат .xlс — формат для сохранения диаграмма в excel 2003. Больше не поддерживается новыми версиями. Так же как и форматы WK1 и выше, как форматы отмирающей Lotus 1-2-3.

Как в Эксель расширение файла выбрать: полезные советы

Привет, друзья. Сегодня хочу поговорить о форматах файлов Excel. Когда вы сохраняете рабочую книгу, программа предлагает вам выбрать формат, в котором будет храниться файл. Как выбрать подходящий, а какой выбирать не нужно? Чтобы сделать правильный выбор – читайте этот пост.

Важно знать, что файл Excel 2007 и более поздних версий кардинально отличается от ранних версий программы. Например, документ Microsoft Excel 2003 имел расширение xls, но, начиная с пакета Microsoft Office 2007, разработчики обновили программу, дали ей новый интерфейс и расширение xlsx. Файлы старого образца в материалах этого блога я не буду затрагивать, а вот обновленный – рассмотрим подробно.

Конвертер xlsx в xls

Файлы нового образца старые версии Excel открыть не могут. Если вы используете MS Excel в редакции более ранней, чем Office 2007, разработчики предлагают вам пакет совместимости, который позволит открывать книги с расширением xlsx и сохранять подобные документы. К сожалению, это не расширяет функционал программы, и вам не будут доступны обновленные инструменты. Тем не менее, мы получаем возможность открыть любой документ, независимо от версии Майкрософт Офис.

Как я уже говорил ранее, при сохранении рабочей книги, вы можете выбрать формат файла, и сейчас я опишу самые популярные из них (на примере Microsoft Excel 2013):

Формат файла Excel

• Книга Excel – сохраняет документ с расширением xlsx без поддержки макросов. Если в рабочей книге есть макросы – они удаляются. Самый обычный документ Excel
• Книга Excel с поддержкой макросов – сохраняет в формате xlsm, макросы разрешены
• Двоичная книга Excel – выбирайте этот пункт, если у вас огромный файл, который вы будете использовать только в Эксель. Такие книги быстрее загружаются, занимают меньше места на жёстком диске, но могут быть проблемы в совместной работе с другими приложениями
• Книга Excel 97-2003 – документ старого формата с расширением xls. Применяйте, если файл будет использоваться в Excel старше, чем 2007
• XML-данные – сохраняется в формате XML, если такая информация есть на рабочих листах
• PDF – сохраняет вашу табличку в формате PDF, что удобно, например, для электронной рассылки

Другие типы файлов применяются реже, можете спрашивать о них в комментариях, отвечу на ваши вопросы.

Хочу добавить, что файлы xlsx занимают на жёстком диске на порядок меньше места, чем xls. Если вы используете MS Office 2007 или новее, можно сохранить документы xls в новом формате, чтобы сэкономить дисковое пространство.

Проверка совместимости файлов Эксель

Когда вы используете Microsoft Excel нового образца (начиная с Office 2007), а сохраняете файл в устаревшем формате xls, некоторые элементы расчетов или оформления могут быть потеряны, т.к. их не поддерживают предыдущие версии программы. Поэтому, перед каждым подобным сохранением пользуйтесь проверкой совместимости

Проверка совместимости файлов Эксель

Для этого, выполните Файл – Сведения – Проверка книги – Проверка совместимости . Программа отобразит окно со списком функций, которые не поддерживается, в комментарии будет указано, как себя поведёт программа, если не принять мер по обеспечению совместимости.

Если программа нашла ошибки совместимости – вам нужно на них отреагировать. Вы можете заменить неподдерживаемые формулы и функции, либо удалить их. Если оставить всё, как есть – это может изменить результаты расчетов и привести к серьёзным ошибкам.

Окно проверки совместимости

Правильный выбор типа файла при сохранении позволит вам избежать проблем совместимости и потери данных.Я рекомендую не использовать Excel старого образца и, тем более, не сохранять свои проекты в их форматах. Пожалуй, порекомендую делать проверку совместимости для всех документов, ведь с каждой новой редакцией программы, добавляются новые функции. Например, если вы пользуетесь срезами в Excel 2013, то Эксель 2007 и 2010 этот инструмент не поддерживают, у вас будут проблемы. Главное — инструмент проверки даёт все возможности оценить возможные сложности с открытием в других версиях программы.

На этом я закончу рассматривать типы файлов Эксель. Если у вас остались вопросы по теме поста – пишите в комментариях, постараюсь ответить быстро.

Спасибо за прочтение этой статьи. Следующий пост будет о защищенном режиме просмотра. Обязательно прочтите, от этого зависит безопасное использование вашей информации!

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Расширение файлов Excel

Меня часто спрашивают зачем в Excel множество форматов файлов, а выбор действительно большой. Давайте разберемся поподробнее, для чего нужны разные расширение файлов Excel. Большинство типов файлов действительно полезны!

1. Расширение файлов Excel. Чем отличается *.xlsx от *.xls?

Сперва ответим на самый распространенный вопрос

Файл с расширением *.xlsx — это формат подавляющего большинства файлов Excel на настоящий момент. Появился начиная с версии 2007. Как говорит нам википедия это набор *.xml файлов помещенный в архив.

Файл с расширением *.xls — это формат всех файлов версии Excel 2003 и раньше. Он не является архивом. Имеет меньше возможностей, работает медленнее.

2. Формат с поддержкой макросов в Эксель

Расширение *.xlsm — Расширение файлов Excel 2007 и выше. Способен хранить в себе макросы . Т.е. программный код на языке VBA (Visual Basic for Applications), подробнее читайте здесь.

3. Двоичная книга Excel. *.xlsb

Расширение *.xlsb — говоря откровенно, это самый удобный формат Excel. И это не субъективно. Это расширение позволяет уменьшать размер файла примерно в два раза, а убыстряет его работу где-то в полтора раза. Дело в том что, это документ хранящий информацию в бинарном коде, что позволяет быстрее работать с форматом .XML. Расширение просто не заменимо когда вы работаете с файлом с десятками тысяч строк, сохраните файл как Двоичная книга Excel (см. первую картинку). Тотальный разбор, от чего может тормозить Excel читайте здесь .

Почему тогда все не пользуются этим форматом, если он такой хороший? Потому что ни один редактор не сможет открыть его, только Excel, т.е. теряется универсальность. Например вы не откроете его онлайн или его не прочитает большинство альтернатив Excel.

Но к сожалению, просто большинство пользователей никогда не слышало о *.xlsb.

4. Расширение *.xltx

Это формат для сохранения шаблонов. Скоро будет отдельная статья по этой теме. Макросы не сохраняет — для этого есть формат *.xltm — тоже самое, но с макросами.

5. Расширения *.xlam и *.xla

Форматы для cохранения надстроек в 2007 и выше и 2003 и ниже соответственно. Очень пригодятся, если нужно запускать макрос из любой книги.

Если вам попался формат .xlс — то формат для сохранения диаграмм в Excel 2003. Формат — большая редкость и уже не поддерживается новыми версиями программы. Так же как и форматы WK1 и выше, как форматы постепенно отмирающей Lotus 1-2-3.

Microsoft Excel

трюки • приёмы • решения

Определение файловых форматов Excel

Возможно, одну из наиболее сложных проблем в Excel представляет почти ошеломляющее количество форматов файлов, с которыми он может работать. С появлением Excel 2007 все стало еще более запутанным, поскольку в этой версии появилось несколько новых форматов. В этой статье описываются новые форматы файлов, которые используются Excel, начиная с Excel 2007.

Распознаем новые форматы файлов Excel

Новые форматы файлов Excel:

• XLSX — файл книги, которая не содержит макросов;
• XLSM — файл книги, которая содержит макросы;
• XLTX — файл шаблона книги, которая не содержит макросов;
• XLTM — файл шаблона книги, которая содержит макросы;
• XLSA — файл надстройки;
• XLSB — двоичный файл, подобный старому формату XLS, но способный вмещать в себя новые возможности;
• XLSK — файл резервной копии.

За исключением XLSB, все это открытые форматы файлов XML, а это значит, что другие приложения смогут читать такие типы файлов и производить в них запись.

XML-файлы — это сжатые архивом ZIP текстовые файлы. Если вы переименуете один из этих файлов так, чтобы он имел расширение ZIP, то сможете проанализировать его содержимое с помощью любой утилиты для файлов ZIP — в том числе и встроенной в Windows поддержки этих файлов.

Пакет обеспечения совместимости Office

Как правило, пользователи, работающие с более ранней версией Excel, не имеют возможности открывать книги, которые были сохранены в новых форматах файлов Excel. Но, к счастью, компания Microsoft выпустила бесплатный пакет обеспечения совместимости для Office 2003 и Office ХР (Compatibility Pack).

Пользователи Office 2003 или Office ХР, которые устанавливают пакет обеспечения совместимости, смогут открывать у себя файлы, созданные в Office 2007 и Office 2010, а также сохранять файлы в новых форматах. Пакет обеспечивает совместимость для следующих программ Office: Excel, Word и PowerPoint. Чтобы загрузить вышеупомянутый пакет обеспечения совместимости, выполните поиск в Интернете по словам Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack.

Сохранение файла для использования в более старой версии Excel

Чтобы сохранить файл для его последующего использования в более старой версии Excel, выберите Файл ► Сохранить как и укажите в раскрывающемся списке один из следующих типов.

• Книга Excel 97-2003 (*.xls) — если файл будет использован теми, у кого установлены Excel 97, Excel 2000, Excel 2002 или Excel 2003.
• Книга Microsoft Excel 5.0/95 (*.xls) — если файл будет использован теми, у кого установлены Excel 5 или Excel 95.

При сохранении файла в одном из этих форматов Excel выводит диалоговое окно проверки совместимости. В нем будет содержаться список всех возможных проблем, связанных с совместимостью.

Если книга будет применяться только теми, у кого установлен пакет обеспечения совместимости, вам не нужно сохранять ее, указывая старые форматы файлов. Тем не менее будет полезно запустить проверку совместимости, чтобы убедиться в том, что вы не используете функции, которые не поддерживаются в более ранних версиях Excel. Чтобы проверить потенциальные проблемы совместимости в активной книге, выберите Файл ► Сведения ► Поиск проблем ► Проверка совместимости.

Если вы хотите использовать один из старых форматов файлов в качестве формата по умолчанию, выберите Файл ► Параметры и перейдите в раздел Сохранение. Укажите формат файла по умолчанию в раскрывающемся списке Сохранять файлы в следующем формате.

Microsoft Excel

Тип	Табличный процессор
Разработчик	Microsoft
Операционная система	Microsoft Windows
Последняя версия	15.0.4693.1000 (март 2015)
Лицензия	Microsoft EULA
Сайт	products.office.com/ru-ru/excel

Microsoft Excel (Mac OS X)

220x80px
267x400px Microsoft Excel 2008
Тип	Табличный процессор
Разработчик	Microsoft
Операционная система	Mac OS X
Последняя версия	14.1.0 Build 110310 (2011) (12 апреля 2011)
Лицензия	Microsoft EULA
Сайт	products.office.com

Microsoft Excel (также иногда называется Microsoft Office Excel^[1]) — программа для работы с электронными таблицами, созданная корпорацией Microsoft для Microsoft Windows, Windows NT и Mac OS. Она предоставляет возможности экономико-статистических расчетов, графические инструменты и, за исключением Excel 2008 под Mac OS X, язык макропрограммирования VBA (Visual Basic for Application). Microsoft Excel входит в состав Microsoft Office и на сегодняшний день Excel является одним из наиболее популярных приложений в мире.

Содержание

• 1 История
• 2 Версии
  • 2.1 Версии для Windows и Windows NT
  • 2.2 Версии для Macintosh
  • 2.3 Версии для OS/2
• 3 Форматы файлов
  • 3.1 Office Open XML
  • 3.2 Экспорт и перемещение таблиц
• 4 Программирование
• 5 Парольная защита Microsoft Excel
• 6 Критика
  • 6.1 Точность
  • 6.2 Проблемы с датой
  • 6.3 Ошибки отображения Excel
• 7 Примечания
• 8 Ссылки
• 9 Литература

1. ↑ Обзор Microsoft Office Excel 2007
2. ↑ Возросшие возможности Excel 2007
3. ↑ How to extract information from Office files by using Office file formats and schemas
4. ↑ Шифрование документа и задание пароля для его открытия
5. ↑ Задание пароля для изменения документа
6. ↑ Защита листа или книги паролем
7. ↑ Парольная защита документов Microsoft Office
8. ↑ Office 2007: новый формат и новая защита
9. ↑ Using Excel for Data Analysis
10. ↑ Reliability of Statistical Procedures in Excel
11. ↑ http://www.practicalstats.com/Pages/excelstats.html
12. ↑ Faculty of Engineering and Computing. Проверено 2 марта 2013. Архивировано из первоисточника 10 марта 2013.
13. ↑ XL: MOD() Function Returns #NUM! Error Value
14. ↑ Days of the week before March 1, 1900 are incorrect in Excel
15. ↑ Excel 2000 incorrectly assumes that the year 1900 is a leap year
16. ↑ My First BillG Review — Joel on Software
17. ↑ Matthew MacDonald. Excel 2007: the missing manual O’Reilly, 2006. ISBN 0-596-52759-4
18. ↑ Bug in Excel 2007 — microsoft.public.excel | Google Groups
19. ↑ Excel 2007 показывает неверные ответы в простых вычислениях VeroBlog
20. ↑ Обновление вычислений Блог команды Microsoft Excel
21. ↑ Обновление вычислений (патч доступен) Блог команды Microsoft Excel

Категории:

• Википедия:Статьи с переопределением значения из Викиданных
• Программное обеспечение по алфавиту
• Википедия:Статьи о программах без скриншотов
• Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
• Microsoft Office
• Электронные таблицы

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Поддерживаемые Excel форматы файлов

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Форматы файлов Excel

Форматы текстовых файлов

​ умолчанию.​​ ранними версиями Excel.​ программе.​ следующих форматов файлов,​ другие символы будут​

Другие форматы файлов

Форматы файлов, использующие буфер обмена

​TXT​XLSB​В большинстве случаев вы​Рисованный объект Office​​Таблица OpenDocument​​ этом формате, но​​ форматирования, данных и​​в ячейку​​839.1274​​ настроить любой формат​​ числовых форматов намного​​*​​ с помощью кнопок​​ на панель быстрого​Файл​

Форматы файлов, не поддерживаемые в Excel

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Форматы файлов, не поддерживаемые в Excel Starter

​Файл​Format Cells​Примечание:​ в числах или​.​Процентный​ денежные единицы, проценты,​

Открытие и просмотр файлов в неподдерживаемых форматах

​Формат Общий установлен по​В этом формате значение​ десятичные числа, даты,​ Excel 2007, которые​ путем к файлу.​

• ​Microsoft Works​Формат​ знаками запятой, —​ листы макросов Microsoft​

• ​ файл или в​ (MHT или MHTML).​ Docs или OpenOffice.org​ в Excel Starter.​Открыть​Выберите формат​ изменили внешний вид​

См. также:

​ знаков.​ умолчанию во всех​ ячейки умножается на​ номера телефонов или​

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Сохранение книги в другом формате файла

​ не поддерживаются в​​Примите имя, предложенное в​.WKS​Расширение​ для использования в​ Excel 4.0 (XLM).​ файл PDF или​ Этот формат файла​ Calc. Таблицы в​Формат​. Книги Excel 97—2003​Data​ этого числа, а​Урок подготовлен для Вас​ ячейках. При использовании​ 100, а результат​ номера социального страхования​ файлах других форматов,​ поле​Формат файлов Microsoft Works​Идентификаторы типа буфера обмена​ другой операционной системе​

​Шаблон (код)​ XPS. Просто помните,​ объединяет встроенные рисунки,​ формате ODS также​Расширение​ автоматически открываются в​(Дата), а в​ не само значение.​ командой сайта office-guru.ru​ такого формата, Excel​ отображается со знаком​ США.​ например сможете увеличивать​Имя файла​ (все версии)​Рисунок​ Windows — и​XLTM​ что всякий раз,​ приложения, связанные документы​

​ можно открывать в​Описание​ режиме совместимости. Чтобы​

​ списке​ Вы, как и​Источник: http://www.gcflearnfree.org/office2013/excel2013/9/full​ автоматически определяет, какое​ процента (​Строка формул и​ размер ячеек.​, или введите новое​DBF 2​WMF или EMF​

1. ​ гарантирует, что символы​Формат файлов с поддержкой​

2. ​ когда вы сохраняете​​ и другие вспомогательные​​ приложении Excel 2010.​​Форматированный текст (разделители —​​ получить доступ ко​

   

3. ​Type​​ прежде, можете использовать​​Автор/переводчик: Антон Андронов​ числовое форматирование является​%​​ связанная с ней​​Примечание:​ имя книги.​​.DBF​​Рисунки в формате Windows​ табуляции, разрывы строк​ макросов для шаблонов​​ книгу в другом​​ элементы, на которые​

   

4. ​ При сохранении и​​ пробелы)​​ всем новым возможностям​(Тип) – длинный​

   

5. ​ это число в​​Автор: Антон Андронов​​ наиболее подходящим.​). Можно задать количество​ ячейка​ При сохранении книги, созданной​В списке​Формат файла DBASE II​

   ​ Metafile (WMF) или​​ и другие символы​ Excel в приложениях​ формате файла, часть​ есть ссылки в​ открытии ODS-файлов может​

6. ​PRN​ Excel 2010, сохраните​​ формат даты.​​ расчетах.​Спереди нули​

Преобразование книги Excel 97—2003 в текущий формат файла

​Например, если Вы вводите​ знаков в дробной​Выделите ячейку или диапазон​ в более ранней​Тип файла​WQ1​ Windows Enhanced Metafile​ будут интерпретироваться правильно.​

1. ​ Excel 2007—2013. В​​ его форматирования, данных​​ документе.​​ быть потеряно форматирование.​​Формат для Lotus с​

2. ​ эту книгу в​​Примечание:​​Вы можете управлять крупными​

Поддерживаемые Excel форматы файлов

​Десятичные знаки​ «1-5», в ячейке​ части.​ ячеек.​ версии Excel, в​

​выберите один из​

​ гарантирует, что при​