Japanese word for which

How to use “Which” どの & どちら in Japanese : A look into how to use “which” in Japanese along with a comparison of どちら vsどの

Hello everyone and welcome to today’s online Japanese lesson. Today we are looking at the Japanese word for “which” which is “Dono” & “Dochira”. We will be looking at how to form some of the most essential “which” sentence structures that you can use practically and implement into your Japanese straight away as well as a look at the differences between　どちら and どの. Sounds good? Great, let’s jump right in and take a look at the differences between them.

The differences between どの & どちら

Well to start with the most obvious difference between these two “which” words is that one is much more formal than the other. どちら is the formal way to say which, where as どの is a little more casual. This means you will have to be careful when choosing which word will fit the appropriate scenario.

Another big difference between these two words is that どの is usually used when there are over two choices to choose from. For example:

どの車が欲しいですか
 Dono Kuruma ga hoshii desu ka
 Which Car do you want?

Imagine that someone is showing you a selection of cars in a lot and you have plenty to choose from. This would be a perfect time to use it.
どちら is used when there are only two choices mainly

どちらが欲しいですか
 Dochira ga hoshii desu ka
 Which (of the 2) choices to do you want?

Note that “Dochira” can be used for more than two choices in a formal setting as well.

So now that we have the main differences all wrapped up, let’s take a look at some “Dono” sentence structures that you can start using in your Japanese to help you express “Which”

How to use どの in Japanese: A basic sentence understanding

どの皿を使う

Dono sara wo tsukau

Which plate will you use.

Let’s take a look at how this sentence is formed. We have どの followed by a noun. This indicates “which noun”. We then can add a verb after that such as “を使う” which plate will you use. You could use a variety of nouns and verbs here to make 1000’s of sentences. “Which cake will you eat” “Which beer will you drink” Which friend will you present the award to”.
Remember どの is used when there are over 2 choices, so in the example, there would be a variety of plates to choose from. This is a great sentence pattern to remember. Let’s look at another.

どのりんごがすきですか

Dono Ringo Ga Suki desu ka

Which apple do you like (of many choices)

As you can see again here you do not need a particle between “dono” and your noun, you simply put them together. This works in a similar way to sono and kono. Where as “dochira” follows the same rules as sore and kore.
This sentence example is a really nice conversation piece to ask someone which type, kind etc they like the best.

How to use どちら in Japanese: A basic sentence understanding

We are now going to compare how “dochira” works with the help of some sentences, remember to compare this usage with dono to see how it differs. .

どちらを使う

Dochira wo tsukau?

Which will you use?

Here you can see that you do not need to specify the noun like with “dono”, much like you don’t need one with “sore” and “kore” (This and That).
You can use this with sentences that are talking about 2 specific choices. For example in this questions the speaker may be referring to 2 cars that they have the choice of driving today.

Here is another sentence that you can utilize with “Dochira”

どちらが好きですか
 Dochira ga suki desu ka
 Which do you like?

Again here we are talking about 2 specific choices. This is a great sentence to use to ask someone’s opinion on two specific things.
Remember though that this could be used for more than 2 choices in a formal situation.

Summary

So guys there we have it, you should now have a basic understanding of the fundamental of どの and どちら。It is now up to you to take this information and put it into practice with your own Japanese. First start by writing some example sentences using “dono” and “dochira”. Have a friend or mentor look at it to make sure you are right and then start implementing that into your speech. Remember, it is important to use newly learned concepts as much as possible as they are easier to forget.

Thanks for reading todays online Japanese lesson on using “which” and we hope you learnt something new. If you have any new ideas for content or any questions you would like to ask, feel free to get in touch.

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Maintaining and reviewing the database for all of the vocabulary used in リピート as well as seeing your error reports reveals a lot of confusing words in the Japanese vocabulary. There are a large number of synonyms if you can call them that.

I’ve decided to start a series looking into the differences and nuances between each of the terms that we use for the same word, and hopefully engage some more experienced Japanese learners and speakers to help us elucidate these nuances some more.

This is the first of that series.

There are four versions of ‘which’ in the current deck of cards:

どの、どれ、どっち、どちら

There are brief descriptions within the GENKI textbooks for each one of these terms, but I wanted to dive a bit deeper.

Let’s start with the basics:

• どの (dono) is used immediately prior to a noun. We would call this a demonstrative adjective, and like all adjectives, it should describe a certain object.

  • Ex. どの犬[いぬ]はあなたのですか？ (Which dog is yours?)
  • Nuance #1: どの人 (dono hito)— I wondered whether or not this could be used for people – it can. While we usually would use 誰「だれ」 (dare) to describe. All that I can find so far seems to indicate the difference between 誰[だれ] and どの人「ひと」seems to be identical between the English use of ‘which person’ and ‘who’. (Please let me know if you can illuminate this nuance for us some more.)
  • Nuance #2: どちらの (dochira no): どちらの is used sometimes as the more formal version of どの, but I can’t seem to find how frequently it is used.

• どれ (dore) is used to replace a noun, when there are three or more things to choose from.

  • Ex. 大[だい]中[ちゅう]小[しょうち]ありますがどれにしますか。(We have large, medium and small. Which do you want?)

• どっち (docchi) and どちら (dochira) are used when there are only two things to choose from. どっち is the more casual compared to the more formal どちら.

Saying ‘whichever’ in Japanese

• どれも (doremo), どちらも (dochira mo) and どっちも (docchimo), when used with a positive form means both. They mean ‘neither’ with a negative form.

  Unlike 何[なに]も, which means nothing, and is generally used with a negative form, you can use both the positive and negative form with these three words. ’も’ actually implies ‘all’, so in order to say neither, you’re effectively saying ‘all are not good.’

  • Ex. どれもいい (Both are good).
  • Ex. どれもよくない。(Both are not good, so neither is good.)

• 何「ど」れでも (doredemo), どっちでも (docchidemo) and 何方「どちら」でも (dochirademo) means either or whichever. でも implies one among several options.

  • Ex. 何[ど]れでもいい (Either is good).

Other uses of the same words.

As we said before, どちら is a very flexible word in the Japanese language:

• どちら is used as the more formal version of ‘where / which way’ (instead of どこ)

• どちら / どちら様「さま」 is also used as the more formal, honorific version of ‘who’ (instead of だれ)?

Bonus Slang:

• どれどれ (doredore) is a slang term. You can hear it used by gangster-like figures in Japanese shows, basically meaning ‘What do we have here?’

• どいつ (doitsu) is a slang / rude way of saying ‘which guy’ or ‘which person’ (not to be confused with ドイツ, or Germany).

Note: Please feel free to comment or add anything to what I have so far. I’ll update this as we learn more!

This lesson introduces Japanese question words, the equivalent of English who, what, where, when, why, and how.

Recommended background:

Questions and Negation – introduces the question marker ka, yes-no questions

What is it?

The Japanese word for “what” has two forms, nani and nan, both of which are written with the same Kanji （何）. The rule for using them is simple: it’s nan before desu (and other forms of the copula), and nani elsewhere. Let’s start with the first case.

“Nan desu ka?” without the topic is the most general. Including the “kore wa” gives it more of a feeling of “what about this one?”, such as if you’re asking about several things one after the other. If the object is not near you, sore (that) or are (that over there) would be the word to use.

(Words like these are called demonstratives and are covered in Demonstratives: The Ko-so-a-do Series.)

Notice that as with yes-no questions, the basic word order is unaltered in Japanese. In English we invert the order to get “What is this?” where as in Japanese it’s the equivalent of “This is what?”. In linguistics this is called movement, and does not occur much in Japanese.

To answer this type of question, simply substitute the item’s identity in place of the question word.

Kore and sore will be flipped in the answer since they refer to the objects proximity to the speaker, while are stays the same since it’s still far away from both. “[Answer] desu” on the other hand, can be used in all cases.

This works the same way for questions where the topic is not a pronoun.

In this case, the “nan desu ka?” is the part of the question that is dropped, whereas dropping “o-namae wa” would make the question too vague (what is what? my shirt?). Here’s another question you can ask in the same way.

This works whenever topic is a noun that can be qualified. You could ask “Kore wa?” or “Sore wa?” as well, but generally only in the context of asking repeated questions (like pointing to one Kanji after another).

Question Words as Subjects

When a question word is used as a subject, it must take the subject marker ga.

(Read more about the sentence ending particle “yo”)

Because a question word refers to an unknown entity, it can’t be a topic, so question words can never be used with wa. The response is also generally marked by ga, since it is now a newly introduced subject.

The contrastive wa, however, *can* be used in place of ga in the response. The contrastive wa will be covered in an future lesson.

So, no matter where the question word is used, simply substitute the answer in the response.

Other Question Words

Here is a list of the basic question words.

Other question words you’ll encounter frequently are generally compound words created by adding nani or nan to various counters and other suffixes. All work in essentially the same way, and the detailed use of each will be covered in a relevant lesson. (Links will be added as those pages are written.)

Question Word Compounds

You’ll probably come across sentences like these at some point:

These nani ka, nan de mo, and nani mo…(neg) are examples of question word compounds, and are used to create words equivalent to the English “some/any/no + thing/where/time”. These words will be covered in a future lesson.

What Next?

The Sentence Ending Particles “Ne” and “Yo”

When learning a new language, people encounter words and expressions which can’t be clearly translated into that language. Japanese is no exception. Japanese has various untranslatable words which need to be explained with concepts, contexts, or situations in order to grasp the true meaning and nuance these original words have. Japanese phrases with no English equivalent are both fun and important to learn during your language studies.

Much like in other languages, Japanese untranslatable words reflect the Japanese culture. By learning untranslatable Japanese words, you’ll also gain insight into unique Japanese views, values, and philosophies. Japanese words that are untranslatable often prove interesting to other cultures, and in fact, there are quite a few beautiful untranslatable Japanese words for you to discover!

Here’s our list of Japanese untranslatable words with no direct English equivalent (though these are just our favorite untranslatable Japanese words).

Table of Contents

1. いただきます (Itadakimasu)
2. ごちそうさま (Gochisō-sama)
3. お疲れ様 (Otsukare-sama)
4. おじゃまします（Ojama shimasu）
5. もったいない (Mottainai)
6. 懐かしい (Natsukashii)
7. よろしくお願いします (Yoroshiku onegai shimasu)
8. 侘寂 わびさび (Wabi Sabi)
9. 高嶺の花 (Takane no Hana)
10. ありがた迷惑 (Arigata Meiwaku)
11. Summary of Untranslatable Words in Japanese
12. Conclusion: How Japanesepod101 Can Help You Learn More Japanese

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1. いただきます (Itadakimasu)

• Literal Translation: I eat/receive. (In a humble and respectful way)
• Meaning: “I’m thankful for food and I start to eat.”
• Example Situation:
• Before you start to eat a meal (whether it be breakfast, lunch, or dinner), you say Itadakimasu.
• Example:
• 美味しそうなラーメン！いただきます。
  Oishisō na Rāmen! Itadakimasu.
  The Ramen looks yummy! Itadakimasu.
• Additional Notes:

In formal Japanese, there are three forms of honorific languages with different levels of politeness: Teinei-go (it shows politeness), Sonkei-go (it respects, honors, and increases the status of the person you’re talking to), and Kenjō-go (it lowers your status with humbleness and respect). Itadakimasu is “I eat” in the form of Kenjō-go which express your humbleness to eat.

Itadakimasu is different from “Bon appetit.” Itadakimasu is used by a person who starts to eat with gratitude for the food and for the person who cooked it, while “Bon appetit” is used by a person who serves food and means “enjoy food.”

2. ごちそうさま (Gochisō-sama)

• Literal Translation: Delicious food; treat; feast; banquet; etc., in a respectful style.
• Meaning: “I finished eating and thank you for the food.” (With respect) Sama is the term used to express respect.
• Example Situation:
  When you finish eating a meal, you say Gochisō-sama.
• Example:
  ごちそうさま。お母さん、今日の夕食はとても美味しかったよ！
  Gochisō-sama. O-kā-san, kyō no yūshoku wa totemo oishikatta yo!
  Gochisō-sama. Tonight’s dinner was really good, mom!
• Additional Notes:
  This is one Japanese word with no English translation that people around the world can actually relate to. You can say Gochisō-sama when you’ve finished eating your meal at home, in a restaurant, or really for any occasion. If you want to say it more politely in a more formal situation, you add deshita to the end: Gochisō-sama deshita. It’ a good Japanese table manner to say Itadakimasu and Gochisō-sama during meals.

3. お疲れ様 (Otsukare-sama)

• Literal Translation: “(You must be) tired.” (With respect)
• Meaning:
  Otsukare-sama has some different meanings depending on the situation, all of which are handy to use. It can mean: “hello,” “well done,” “you must be tired,” “see you,” “good-bye,”and so on.
• Example Situation:
  It can be used to say “well done” or “good job” to praise or to be thankful for someone who finished something. You can also use it to say “you must be tired” to show that you care about someone and that you also know how they must feel. Or it can simply be used as a greeting at an office upon arriving or leaving, or when meeting with colleagues.
• Example:
  1. 会議でのプレゼンお疲れ様。
  Kaigi de no purezen otsukare-sama.
  Well done for the presentation at the meeting.

  2. お疲れ様です。また明日。
  Otsukare-sama desu. Mata ashita.
  See you tomorrow. (At office)

• Additional Notes:
  It becomes more polite when you put desu at the end of Otsukare-sama. It’s an expression used when Japanese people want to show their appreciation for the other person’s efforts and work with respect. Nowadays, Otsukare-sama desu is a very common greeting in work settings, especially among colleagues.

4. おじゃまします（Ojama shimasu）

• Literal Translation: “I disturb.” (In a humble and polite way)
• Meaning:
  Let me visit /enter a house. (In a humble and polite way)
• Example Situation:
  This is the greeting phrase to use when you enter someone’s house, especially when you’re invited. It’s to show gratitude for the host for the invitation and makes you seem polite as a guest.
• Example:
  おじゃまします。すごく広くて素敵なお家ですね。
  Ojama shimasu. Sugoku hirokute suteki na o-uchi desu ne.
  Ojama shimasu. Your house is very spacious and nice.
• Additional Notes:
  In Japan, we usually say Ojama shimasu whenever visiting someone’s house. It would be rude to enter someone’s house without saying this. When you leave someone’s house, you say Ojama shimashita, which is the past tense of Ojama shimasu.

5. もったいない (Mottainai)

• Literal Translation: “No dignity/importance.”
• Meaning: Worthy of a better cause, associated with a feeling of being attached to it and reluctant to throw it away. Mottainai’ can mean: “What a waste,” “How wasteful,” “It is too good for/to ___,” “You don’t know what you’re missing,” etc.
• Example Situation:
  This phrase may be used when something that’s still useful or worth something is either not being used, or is going to be thrown away. This can be used for people, opportunities, situations, and so on.
• Example:
  お腹いっぱいだからと言って、食べ物を捨てるのはもったいないよ。
  Onaka ippai da kara to itte, tabemono o suteru no wa mottainai yo.
  It is a waste to throw away food only because you are full.
• Additional Notes:
  This phrase comes from the Japanese mentality which puts value on treating things well and taking good care of things to use them for a long time. While the English word “waste” has negative nuances such as worthless, useless, and unwanted, whose Japanese translation can be “浪費 (rōhi)”, in Japanese, mottainai contains positive nuances such as worthy and valuable. It also expresses regret that a thing still useful isn’t used to its full potential. This may be one of the most beautiful untranslatable Japanese words.

6. 懐かしい (Natsukashii)

• Literal Translation: “Nostalgic.”
• Meaning: A nostalgic feeling you have when you remember and miss something about the past.
• Example Situation:
  You feel Natsukashii when you find your toys from childhood that you enjoyed playing with. You remember all the childhood memories of playing with that toy with friends and family, and you have nostalgic feelings about it.
• Example:
  高校の卒業アルバムを実家で見つけた！懐かしい思い出ばかりだよ。
  Kōkō no sotsugyō arubamu o jikka de mitsuketa! Natsukashii omoide bakari da yo.
  I found the graduation yearbook of highschool at my parents’ house. It’s full of memories of good old days.
• Additional Notes:
  It can also be used to express: “The good old days,” “Good times,” “I miss ___,” “It reminds me of ___,” “It brings back memories,” “I feel nostalgic,” etc.

7. よろしくお願いします (Yoroshiku onegai shimasu)

• Literal Translation: “Good” / “Right” / “Suitable favor please”
• Meaning: It has many meanings, depending on what situation it’s used in, and all meanings are quite useful. It can mean: “Nice to meet you,” “Best regards,” “Favorably please,” “Please take care of me,” etc., to show your gratitude and humbleness in hoping to have a good relationship from that point forward.
• Example Situation:
  Yoroshiku onegai shimasu can be used in a variety of situations, especially when you’re new to something, such as meeting new people at work, when you start a new job or project, when someone’s going to take care of you, etc.
• Example:
  今日からこのクラスに参加する田中です。よろしくお願いします。
  Kyō kara kono kurasu ni sanka suru Tanaka desu. Yoroshiku onegai shimasu.
  I am Tanaka who starts this class from today. Yoroshiku onegai shimasu.
• Additional Notes:
  This phrase is very useful. It doesn’t actually have a particular clear meaning and so you can use it for many occasions. It’s also used to finish a conversation or email message.

8. 侘寂 わびさび (Wabi Sabi)

• Literal Translation: “Frugal” / “Simple and quiet” / “Silent”
• Meaning: This is a concept, or view, of Japanese beauty. It accepts and values things which are natural and transient, as well as imperfect, impermanent, and incomplete.
• Example Situation: An asymmetrical wooden table with a natural and original shape, as well as the grain of a tree, is a great example of imperfection as an aesthetic according to Wabi Sabi.
• Example:
  建仁寺は、ミラノの大聖堂のように豪華ではないが、禅のわびさびの風情がある。
  Kennin-ji wa, Mirano no daiseidō no yō ni gōka de wa nai ga, Zen no Wabi Sabi no fuzei ga aru.
  The Kennin-ji temple isn’t gorgeous like Milano Cathedral, but there is the Zen taste of wabi sabi.
• Additional Notes:
  Wabi sabi is also used to express the concept of valuing simplicity and humility, rather than luxury and impressiveness.

9. 高嶺の花 (Takane no Hana)

• Literal Translation: “Flower” (Hana) “in high peak” (Takane).
• Meaning:
  This is one of the most creative untranslatable Japanese words and describes a woman who seems out of reach and who’s not easy to get familiar with. Takane no Hana is a metaphor which comes from the fact that flowers on a high peak on a mountain aren’t easily reachable. It also expresses a feeling of admiration.
• Example Situation:
  If you see someone with a high profile who’s super beautiful and has a good personality, you tend to think that she’s not easy to become friends with (or even to make her your girlfriend).
• Example:
  美人なかおりさんは、クラスで一番優秀で大企業の社長令嬢です。学校中で高嶺の花の存在です
  　ね。
  Bijin na Kaori-san wa, kurasu de ichi-ban yūshū de daikigyō no shachō reijō desu. Gakkōjū de Takane no. Hana no sonzai desu ne.
  Beautiful Kaori is the smartest girl in the class and she is the daughter of a large company’s CEO. She is Takane no hana in school, isn’t she?
• Additional Notes:
  It’s also used to express that a woman is too perfect to be attainable.

10. ありがた迷惑 (Arigata Meiwaku)

• Literal Translation: “Thankful” / “Grateful” (Arigatai) / “Troublesome” / “Annoying” (Meiwaku)
• Meaning: This phrase is used to describe a situation when someone does something for you that you didn’t necessarily want them to do (but you still think you should be grateful for it).
• Example Situation:
  When your neighbour always shares their food with you, but you never actually like when they do this, you feel that this neighbor’s favor is Arigata Meiwaku.
• Example:
  私の祖母は毎年手編みの手袋をくれます。嬉しいけど使わないから、ありがた迷惑です。
  Watashi no sobo wa maitoshi teami no tebukuro o kuremasu. Ureshii kedo tsukawanai kara, Arigata Meiwaku desu.
  My grandmother gives me her handmade knitted gloves every year. It’s Arigata meiwaku because I’m happy for her favor but I never use them.
• Additional Notes:
  This phrase reflects the Japanese mentality which puts importance on being polite to others and maintaining harmony without causing conflict. Japanese people can’t easily say “No,” especially when it comes to favors and offerings because people think saying no will hurt or offend the other person’s feelings and would cause some sort of conflict (breaking harmony).

11. Summary of Untranslatable Words in Japanese

In this article, we’ve gone over common Japanese untranslatable words for language learning, and have also shown you untranslatable Japanese words to English.

These Japanese untranslatable words are very handy to use for expressing situations or your feelings. There are thousands of more untranslatable words in Japanese, including idioms, proverbs, slangs, and even newly coined words.

You’ll be able to speak Japanese like a native once you master Japanese untranslatable words, as you also comprehend the Japanese philosophy and mentality behind the country’s culture!

We hope we’ve helped to satisfy your curiosity about untranslatable words from Japanese, and that you found our list of untranslatable Japanese words helpful!

12. Conclusion: How Japanesepod101 Can Help You Learn More Japanese

If you would like to learn more about the Japanese language, you’ll find a lot of useful content on JapanesePod101. We provide a variety of free lessons for you to improve your Japanese language skills.

If you’re a beginner learner of Japanese, you’ll find the following useful:

• Basic Japanese
• Daily Japanese Conversations
• 100 Japanese Words for Beginners
• Introduction to Japanese Pronunciation
• Learn to Read and Write Japanese

If you’re at the intermediate level, we recommend:

• Intermediate Japanese Grammar
• Japanese Gestures
• Learn Japanese with Songs

You’ll enjoy learning the Japanese language by watching videos and listening to actual Japanese pronunciation.

Happy Japanese learning with JapanesePod101!

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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary

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