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This sub-page of Wikipedia:Manual of Style (spelling) is intended to be an extensive list of English-language words ending with the suffixes «-ise» or «-ize».
Words ending with «-ise» or «-ize»[edit]
The following is a list of common words sometimes ending with «-ise» (en-GB) especially in the UK popular press and «-ize» in American English (en-US) and Oxford spelling (en-GB-oxendict; formerly en-GB-oed) as used by the British Oxford English Dictionary, which uses the «-ize» ending for most of the same words as American English. Commonwealth countries follow British English, except Canada which follows American English spellings more closely.
| en-GB | en-GB-oxendict | en-US |
|---|---|---|
| agonise | agonize | agonize |
| alphabetise | alphabetize | alphabetize |
| analyse | analyse | analyze |
| apologise | apologize | apologize |
| authorise | authorize | authorize |
| bastardise | bastardize | bastardize |
| capitalise | capitalize | capitalize |
| carbonise | carbonize | carbonize |
| categorise | categorize | categorize |
| characterise | characterize | characterize |
| civilise | civilize | civilize |
| colonise | colonize | colonize |
| colorise, colourise | colorize, colourize | colorize |
| computerise | computerize | computerize |
| demonise | demonize | demonize |
| dramatise | dramatize | dramatize |
| equalise | equalize | equalize |
| finalise | finalize | finalize |
| fossilise | fossilize | fossilize |
| globalise | globalize | globalize |
| homogenise | homogenize | homogenize |
| hospitalise | hospitalize | hospitalize |
| imperialise | imperialize | imperialize |
| institutionalise | institutionalize | institutionalize |
| legalise | legalise | legalize |
| materialise | materialize | materialize |
| maximise | maximize | maximize |
| mechanise | mechanize | mechanize |
| minimise | minimize | minimize |
| normalise | normalize | normalize |
| optimise | optimize | optimize |
| organise | organize | organize |
| oxidise | oxidize | oxidize |
| pasteurise | pasteurize | pasteurize |
| patronise | patronize | patronize |
| personalise | personalize | personalize |
| philosophise | philosophize | philosophize |
| polarise | polarize | polarize |
| popularise | popularize | popularize |
| pressurise | pressurize | pressurize |
| prioritise | prioritize | prioritize |
| prise[1] | prise[1] | prize/prise[1] |
| privatise | privatize | privatize |
| publicise | publicize | publicize |
| realise | realize | realize |
| recognise | recognize | recognize |
| regularise | regularize | regularize |
| revolutionise | revolutionize | revolutionize |
| specialise | specialize | specialize |
| standardise | standardize | standardize |
| sterilise | sterilize | sterilize |
| summarise | summarize | summarize |
| synchronise | synchronize | synchronize |
| symbolise | symbolize | symbolize |
| synthesise | synthesize | synthesize |
| tenderise | tenderize | tenderize |
| terrorise | terrorize | terrorize |
| theorise | theorize | theorize |
| vandalise | vandalize | vandalize |
| visualise | visualize | visualize |
Words always ending with «-ize»[edit]
The following words end with «-ize» in every variety of English:
- assize
- Belize
- capsize
- maize
- prize[1]
- seize
- size
Words always ending with «-ise»[edit]
The following words end with «-ise» in every variety of English:
- advertise
- advise
- anise[2]
- anticlockwise[3]
- appraise
- apprise
- arise
- chastise
- circumcise
- clockwise
- comprise
- compromise
- concise
- counterclockwise[3]
- demise
- despise
- devise
- disguise
- enterprise
- excise
- exercise
- expertise
- franchise
- imprecise
- improvise
- incise
- likewise
- merchandise
- otherwise
- paradise
- practise[4]
- praise
- precise
- premise
- promise
- revise
- rise
- supervise
- surmise
- surprise
- televise
- wise
The suffix «-wise» is never spelt «-wize», as in «spelling-wise, everything is good».
- ^ a b c d The verb «prise» can also be spelt «prize» in American English but not in Oxford English. The verb is different from the noun «prize», which cannot be spelt «prise».
- ^ The American English word «anise» is «aniseed» in British English.
- ^ a b The opposite of clockwise is anticlockwise in British English and counterclockwise in American English
- ^ The verb «practise» is spelt «practice» in American English but not in Oxford English. In all varieties of English, the noun is «practice».
I often research prefixes and suffixes to help my students easily increase their vocabulary. Every time I do this, I’m surprised by how much great information I can find.
Today’s post on the origin of the suffix -ize is another great example. I found a lot of information on the web. I put it together and wrote this post just for you.
According to Merriam-webster.com, a British writer named Thomas Nashe claims to have introduced the suffix -ize to the English language in the late 1500s. He said that his use of -ize was criticized back in 1591, but today we can find many verbs ending with this suffix in English.
Learn the origin of the suffix, learn how to use it, and read some example sentences with words ending in -ize.
The suffix -ize… is generally regarded as the most productive overt verb-forming suffix in English Source
(This suffix is used to make more verbs than any other English suffix.)
A British author named Thomas Nash has been credited with creating the suffix -ize. Thomas wrote during a period in England called the Elizabethan era. (This refers to a time in the mid-1500s to the early 1600s when Elizabeth I [the First] was the Queen of England)
Elizabethan era
This is considered one of the greatest times in history for English poetry, music, and literature. Writers such as Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare wrote during this time.
It seems that even if Thomas Nash didn’t invent all the verbs using the suffix -ize he was very fond of using them in his writings.
As well as apparently inventing quite a few -ize verbs, Nashe seems to have really liked using existing ones as well. The use of -ize verbs was quite rare at the time.
William Shakespeare only uses about thirty verbs ending with the suffx -ize, and there is only one -ize verb in the King James Bible. [baptize] Source
Modern Use of the Suffix -ize
Many of the verbs created by Thomas Nash using the suffix -ize are outdated and not used today. Nevertheless, -ize is very common in the modern era. New verbs are created with this suffix all the time.
This suffix is used with technical terms too in science and literature. I have included 6 examples below.
oxidize – to become covered with rust
– Almost all metals will rust, but silver never oxidizes.
monetize – to earn money from something, especially a business or an asset
– If you have enough subscribers on your YouTube channel you can monetize your videos.
atomize – to reduce something to atoms or very small pieces
– Researchers are trying to atomize this medicine so it can be sprayed on an infected area from an aerosol can.
motorize – to equip with a motor
– After the bicycle was invented, it didn’t take long for someone to get the idea to motorize it.
ionize – to change something or be changed into ions
– “Radiation from new stars will heat and ionize the surrounding gas.”
romanize – to write or print (something, such as a language) in the Latin alphabet
– My Japanese teacher encouraged me to write using Japanese characters right away. If I romanize the Japanese words in my notes I’m missing a great chance to learn the Japanese alphabet.
Many common English words were invented or first used by popular authors.
After these new words appeared in their writings, they started to be used commonly by everyday people.
William Shakespeare was the first person to use the noun elbow as a verb.
elbow noun – the joint between the upper and lower parts of the arm where it bends in the middle
- Jason’s elbow was sore after playing golf.
- He rested his elbow on the bench.
elbow verb – to push somebody with your elbow, to signal them to move
- She elbowed me out of the way to get to the front of the line.
- The soccer players elbowed each other trying to get the ball.
– to strike someone with your elbow
- She elbowed her attacker in the ribs and ran away.
How did Shakespeare use it?
In his play, King Lear, Act IV, Scene III, the Earl of Kent says
“A sovereign shame so elbows him.”
Source
This sovereign shame is pushing him or signaling him to move in a particular direction.
More COMMON Verbs With -ize
Here is a list of 10 common verbs that end with the suffix -ize.
authorize – to give permission, to authorize
- I don’t think that you are authorized to make those kinds of decisions. I’m going to call the boss and double-check.
capitalize – to write or print a letter of the alphabet as a capital
- You should capitalize the first letter a sentence and any proper nouns.
centralize – to give the control of a country or an organization to a group of people in one central place
- To cut costs the local government is going to centralize 3 smaller hospitals in the area.
customize – to make or change something to suit the needs of the owner or user [make it custom]
- I’m excited about my new car and I can’t wait until I customize it and make it even better.
dramatize – to present a book, an event, etc. as a play or a film [to make a drama]
- The movie did a great job dramatizing the struggle of factory workers 50 years ago. I plan to watch the movie a second time, I really enjoyed it.
familiarize – to learn about something or teach somebody about something, so that you/they start to understand it [to become familiar]
- After I moved to last August I took time to familiarize myself with the local area. It’s good to know where the important stores, services, and coffee shops are located.
finalize – to complete the last part of something [to do the final part]
- I just finalized a new three-year contract with the school where I teach and I couldn’t be happier.
moisturize – to add moisture, to make moist
- The winter months are very dry so it’s important to moisturize every night before you go to sleep. This will protect your skin from drying out.
neutralize – to stop something from having any effect [to male neutral]
- If we want to win the game tonight we must neutralize their top scorer.
vandalize – to damage something, especially public property, deliberately and for no good reason [to cause vandalism]
- The school was vandalized last night. Windows were broken and there was spray paint on the walls.
These 10 examples come from a larger list at my post > How To Use The Suffix -ize (List, Definitions, 48 Examples)
Origin of The Suffix -ize Conclusion
Even if Thomas Nash didn’t invent the suffix -ize he definitely helped to popularize it! Thank you Thomas Nash, I will now try to memorize as many suffix -ize words as I can. This will help me maximize my brain power.
This post is part of a group of posts that take a look at the suffix -ize. Visit these other posts and do a deeper dive into this suffix.
How To Use The Suffix -ize (List, Definitions, 48 Examples)
Worldenglishblog.com/how-to-use-the-suffix-ize/
What’s the Difference Between the Suffixes -IZE and -ISE?
Worldenglishblog.com/suffix-ize-and-ise/
Confusing Suffixes -ize and -ify (How and When to Use Them)
Worldenglishblog.com/confusing-suffixes-ize-and-ify/
- Top Definitions
- Quiz
- Examples
- British
a verb-forming suffix occurring originally in loanwords from Greek that have entered English through Latin or French (baptize; barbarize; catechize); within English, -ize is added to adjectives and nouns to form transitive verbs with the general senses “to render, make” (actualize; fossilize; sterilize; Americanize), “to convert into, give a specified character or form to” (computerize; dramatize; itemize; motorize), “to subject to (as a process, sometimes named after its originator)” (hospitalize; terrorize; galvanize; oxidize; simonize; winterize). Also formed with -ize are a more heterogeneous group of verbs, usually intransitive, denoting a change of state (crystallize), kinds or instances of behavior (apologize; moralize; tyrannize), or activities (economize; philosophize; theorize).
QUIZ
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Also especially British, -ise1.
Origin of -ize
From Late Latin -izāre, from Greek -izein; replacing Middle English -isen, from Old French -iser, from Late Latin, as above
usage note for -ize
The suffix -ize has been in common use since the late 16th century; it is one of the most productive suffixes in the language, and scores of words ending in -ize are in daily use.
Some words ending in -ize have been widely disapproved in recent years, particularly finalize (first attested in the early 1920s) and prioritize (around 1970). Such words are most often criticized when they become, as did these two, vogue terms, suddenly heard and seen everywhere, especially in the context of advertising, commerce, education, or government—forces claimed by some to have a corrupting influence upon the language. The criticism has fairly effectively suppressed the use of finalize and prioritize in belletristic writing, but the words are fully standard and occur regularly in all varieties of speech and writing, especially the more formal types.
The British spelling, -ise, is becoming less common in British English, especially in technical or formal writing, chiefly because some influential British publishers advocate or have adopted the American form -ize.
Words nearby -ize
Izanami, izar, izard, -ization, izba, -ize, Izetbegovic, Izhevsk, Izmir, Izmit, Iznik
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023
How to use -ize in a sentence
-
A marketing officer at tech startup M-ize in Tampa Bay, Florida, Burke included a picture of a sunset.
-
For whatever reason, we and our allies are not engaging these outlets to “Afghan-ize” our message and course corrections.
-
Roasted Clams With Baconby Julia della Croce The James Beard Award nominee shares her way to bacon-ize classic roasted clams.
-
Inconsistent hyphenation and inconsistent use of -ise and -ize spellings have been left as in the original.
-
Some of these foreign elements, like the -ize of materialize or the -able of breakable, are even productive to-day.
-
Resolved, as your discriminating good sense perceives, that if you was to have a sap—pur—ize, it should be a complete one!
-
Ize rascelled wid de Almighty ’till my hips was sore, but Ize nebber got it.
-
No one can defalcate in this particular; no one can Texas-ize and be quit of his transgressions and his onward travel.
British Dictionary definitions for -ize
suffix forming verbs
to cause to become, resemble, or agree withlegalize
to become; change intocrystallize
to affect in a specified way; subject tohypnotize
to act according to some practice, principle, policy, etceconomize
Word Origin for -ize
from Old French -iser, from Late Latin -izāre, from Greek -izein
usage for -ize
In Britain and the US -ize is the preferred ending for many verbs, but -ise is equally acceptable in British English. Certain words (chiefly those not formed by adding the suffix to an existing word) are, however, always spelt with -ise in both Britain and the US: advertise, revise
Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Oxford Spelling: What Is It and How Does It Differ From British Spelling?
powered by
LanguageTool
Are you familiar with Oxford spelling? It’s similar to British spelling, but there’s one major distinction you should know about: the use of “–ize” vs. “–ise.” We’ll elaborate below.
Oxford Spelling–Quick Summary
Oxford spelling is the established spelling standard used by the Oxford University Press (OUP). It’s used for many British publications. It is characterized by the incorporation of typical British English spelling—except that it uses a “z” in “–ize” suffixes (e.g., organize instead of organise).
What Is Oxford Spelling?
Oxford spelling is the spelling style followed by the Oxford University Press. It’s often regarded as the most international English, and therefore is frequently used in academic and professional writing that has a worldwide readership.
Its defining characteristic is that it incorporates British spelling rules, except that “–ize” words use a “z” (like in American English), instead of an “s” (like in British English).
Below, we’re going to further explain the differences between Oxford spelling and British Standard Spelling and provide examples.
Oxford Spelling vs. British Spelling
As we have already stated, Oxford spelling follows British spelling rules, but there’s one major distinction: Oxford spelling uses a “–z” in words that end with “–ize,” whereas British spelling uses an “–s.”
But why? Oxford spelling favors using the spelling of words that are most similar to their etymological roots.
I organized the closet during my break. (Oxford)
I organised the closet during my break. (British)
John didn’t realize what was happening. (Oxford)
John didn’t realise what was happening. (British)
In the examples above, organized and realize are more closely related to their Greek root word and therefore use a “z” instead of “s” (the Greek root is “–ιζω,” which transliterates to “–izo”).
The same rule applies for the version of these words that end in “–ization” (or “–isation”).
Gabriel donated a portion of his check to the organization. (Oxford)
Gabriel donated a portion of his check to the organisation. (British)
The realization hit me like a brick. (Oxford)
The realisation hit me like a brick. (British)
This distinction mostly impacts the “–ize” words, but there are a few others as well. Below, you’ll find examples of Oxford spelling vs. British spelling.
|
Oxford Spelling |
British Spelling |
|
Agonize |
Agonise |
|
Capitalize |
Capitalise |
|
Dramatize |
Dramatise |
|
Finalize |
Finalise |
What about “–yse” words, like “analyze” or “analyse”?
It’s important that you remember that the “–ize” Oxford spelling rule only applies to words that have a Greek root. Therefore, words that end in “–yse” also retain the “s.”
- We had to analyse the results separately. (Oxford and British spelling)
- He was paralysed with fear. (Oxford and British spelling)
When it comes to Oxford spelling and British spelling, there are more similarities than differences. Both maintain the same standards when it comes to words that end with “–yse,” “–ogue,” “–re,” and more.
However, if you’re often switching from writing in one English dialect to another, or if you struggle to remember the differences between them (there are quite a few, afterall), then make sure to use LanguageTool as your writing assistant.
This advanced spelling and grammar checker supports over thirty languages (including six different English dialects). That means anyone can produce error-free writing, regardless of the language (or dialect) they’re using.
What’s the difference between Oxford and British spelling?
Oxford and British spelling are similar. The main difference is that Oxford spelling places more emphasis on the etymology of a word, and therefore uses “–ize” suffixes, whereas British spelling uses “–ise.”
Is it “realise” or “realize”?
The answer depends on which English dialect you’re using. For instance, British and Australian English favors “realise.” Oxford, Canadian, and US English uses “realize.”
Who uses Oxford spelling?
Oxford spelling is used by many major British publications, like the scientific journal Nature. It’s also the standard used in the Oxford English Dictionary.
31.05.2014 Какой суффикс выбрать: ise или ize
Американцы и канадцы без тени сомнения пользуются суффиксом -ize, в то время как носители британского варианта английского языка испытывают дилемму. Так, Великобритания уже давно разделилась на два лагеря: авторы научных трудов и академики ратуют за использование -ize, а СМИ и издательства предпочитают -ise.
Оксфордский словарь английского языка (OED) трактует –ize как основной вариант суффикса, а в качестве запасного предлагает употреблять –ise. Единственное, что не учитывается ни одним словарем, так это тот факт, что большинство британцев продолжают склоняться к –ise.
На данный момент сформировалось целых три системы употребления –ise/-ize: в США принято использовать суффикс –ize, а в Британии приветствуются оба варианта. Прежде чем подробнее рассмотреть все случаи, проведем небольшой экскурс в историю появления этих суффиксов.
История суффиксов –ise–/ize
Попытки британцев использовать –ize связаны с желанием придерживаться греческой и латинской этимологии. Что касается американцев и канадцев, то в основе употребления ими суффикса –ise лежит стандартизация – результат реформы произношения конца 1800-х. Предпочтение британцами суффикса –ise — не что иное, как следствие влияния французского языка и частично – все того же процесса стандартизации.
После вторжения норманнов в 1066 году коренное население Британии продолжало говорить на английском языке. Французский был менее распространен в стране, но уже спустя несколько столетий в английский перешли тысячи французских слов. Одним из первых слов, оканчивающихся на –ise/-ize, стало baptize (крестить), которое англичане начали употреблять в 1200-х.
Полный Оксфордский словарь 1928 года отдал преимущество суффиксу –ize, согласно представлениям о классических латинских словах на –izare и греческих на –izein. Основной идеей в то время было сохранение –ize лишь в словах греческого и латинского происхождения, в то время как –ise оставался во французских словах.
Прежде чем использовать одну из трех систем, о которых мы упоминали ранее, четко определите для себя, какая из них вам более близка. Ни в коем случае не смешивайте отдельные аспекты каждой системы между собой, старайтесь строго придерживаться выбранной схемы. Особое внимание обратите на исключения, имеющиеся во всех трех вариантах написания.
Британский вариант –ise
Для этой, типично британской системы произношения, характерно добавление к частям речи суффиксов –ise, -isation, -sing, -yse. Данное правило относится ко всем греческим, латинским и французским словам.
Некоторые примеры таких слов: amortise (амортизировать), civilise (цивилизировать), energise (побуждать к действиям), itemize (перечислять по пунктам), maximise (увеличить), monetise (монетизировать), neutralise (нейтрализовать), prioritise (расставить приоритеты), specialise (специализироваться), theorise (теоретизировать), victimize (преследовать).
Словами-исключениями, для которых характерен суффикс –ize, являются captize (опрокидывать) и resize (изменять размер).
Есть также ряд слов, пишущихся с –yse на конце, например: analyse (анализировать), catalyse (катализировать), paralyse (парализовать).
Вне зависимости от того, предпочитаете ли вы –ize или –ise, будьте внимательны к словам cosy (уютный) и tsar (царь). Британский вариант английского языка предусматривает их написание с буквой –s, а вот в США привыкли писать –z.
Британский вариант –ize
Британцы употребляют суффикс –ize на конце всех новых слов, но это не касается слов французского происхождения. Немало противоречий связано с глаголом exorcise (заниматься экзорцизмом). Он восходит корнями к латинскому exorcizare и греческому exorkizein. Так, приверженцы –ize все равно пишут его с –ise, потому что такой вариант считается наиболее приемлемым.
Примеры слов на –ize: amortize (амортизировать), recognize (узнавать), sympathize (сочувствовать), terrorize (терроризировать), equalize (выравнивать), finalize (завершить), memorize (запомнить), itemize (перечислять по пунктам), neutralize (балансировать), prioritize (расставить приоритеты).
Выбирая эту систему, важно помнить об исключениях в употреблении –ize: advertise (рекламировать), advise (советовать), compromise (пойти на компромисс), disguise (маскироваться), exercise (применять), precise (уточнять), raise (поднимать), supervise (контролировать) и др.
Примеры слов, на конце которых следует писать –yse: analyse (анализировать), catalyse (катализировать), paralyse (парализовать), breathalyse (тестировать дыхание на содержание алкоголя в организме), psychoanalyse (подвергать психоанализу). Американский вариант языка допускает использование –yze.
Американский вариант –ize
Ниже представлены примеры типично американского написания слов с –ize на конце:
Amortize (амортизировать), criticize (критиковать), energize (побуждать к действиям), recognize (узнавать), sympathize (сочувствовать), terrorize (терроризировать), equalize (выравнивать), finalize (завершить), maximize (увеличить), memorize (запомнить), itemize (перечислять по пунктам), neutralize (балансировать), prioritize (расставить приоритеты), specialize (специализироваться), victimize (преследовать).
Касаемо исключений, отметим, что в американском английском они те же, что и в британском, предусматривающем окончание –ize: advertise (рекламировать), advise (советовать), compromise (пойти на компромисс), disguise (маскироваться) и др.
Глаголы на -ize, -ise, -yze, and -yse
Глаголы, заканчивающиеся в американском варианте языка на -ize, в британском варианте пишутся с -ise, например finalize/finalise; organize/organise; realize/realise. При этом американский вариант признаёт только -ize.
Существует небольшой список слов, написание которых в обоих вариантах языка предполагает -ise . Причина написания исключительно -ise в том, что в данных глаголах -ise не является самостоятельным суффиксом, а является частью другого, более длинного элемента слова.
It is obligatory in certain cases: first, where it forms part of a larger word element, such as -mise (= sending) in compromise, and -prise (= taking) in surprise; and second, in verbs corresponding to nouns with -s- in the stem, such as advertise and televise.
Для начала ознакомьтесь со списком слов.
| advertise | compromise | exercise | revise |
| advise | despise | improvise | supervise |
| apprise | devise | incise | surmise |
| chastise | disguise | prise (meaning ‘open’) | surprise |
| comprise | excise | promise | televise |
- advertise [‘?dv?ta?z] рекламировать
- advise [?d’va?z] советовать; рекомендовать
- apprise [?’pra?z] книжн. уведомлять, осведомлять, извещать
- chastise [t??s’ta?z] 1. подвергать наказанию (особ. телесному); пороть 2. карать 3. подвергать суровой критике, нападкам
- сomprise [k?m’pra?z] 1) включать, заключать в себе, составлять; охватывать; состоять из; входить в состав
- compromise [‘k?mpr?ma?z] пойти на компромисс или соглашение; компрометировать
- despise [d?s’pa?z] презирать, ни во что не ставить
- devise [d?’va?z] придумывать, изобретать; разрабатывать
- disguise [d?s’ga?z] маскировать, изменять внешность; переодевать
- excise [?k’sa?z] вырезать, отрезать
- exercise [‘eks?sa?z] упражнять, развивать, тренировать
- improvise [‘?mpr?va?z] импровизировать
- incise [?n’sa?z] 1. делать разрез, надрезать 2. гравировать; вырезать; насекать, наносить резьбу
- prise — use force in order to open or move apart
- promise [‘prom?s] обещать
- revise [r?’va?z] проверять, просматривать
- supervise [‘s(j)u:p?va?z] наблюдать; надзирать, смотреть; заведовать; руководить
- surprise [s?’pra?z] удивлять, поражать
- surmise [s?’ma?z] предполагать, подозревать, высказывать догадку
- televise [‘tel?va?z] 1) передавать телевизионную программу, показывать по телевидению 2) смотреть передачу по телевидению
Exercise 1. Translate the words in brackets using the necessary tense forms. Write them down.
- They no longer _______________ [рекламируют] alcohol or cigarettes at sporting events.
- She admitted that she was unable ___________________ [пойти на компромисс].
- The doctor said I should __________________ [упражнять/разрабатывать] my knee every morning.
- I’ve got __________________ [повторять] my geography.
- His lawyers _____________ [посоветовали] him not to comment.
- I felt that the other kids ______________ [презирали] me for having the wrong accent and the wrong colour skin.
- I forgot to bring my notes, so I had to ____________________ [импровизировать].
- All volunteers ____________________ [находятся под наблюдением/руководством] by a qualified nurse.
- The Grand Prix _______________________ [будет показан по телевизору] by the BBC.
- ____________ [Обещай] me you will not waste your time…
- It was the tone of his voice that _____________________ [удивил] me.
- Offensive scenes _________________________ [были вырезаны] from the film.
- The special cabinet committee ____________________ [включает] Mr Brown, Mr Mandelson, and Mr Straw…
- She __________________________ [переоделась] herself as a man so she could fight on the battlefield.
- Thomas Rane ________________________ [подверг суровой критике] Peters for his cruelty…
- When he came in, he didn’t look up, so she ___________________ [предположила] that he was in a bad mood.
- The letters ________________________ [были высечены] in stone.
- We ______________________ [должны известить] them of the dangers that may be involved.
- We _________________________ [разработали] a scheme to help him…
- The tumour (опухоль ) ________________ [ была вырезана].
Есть также небольшой список слов, которые в британском варианте языка пишутся через -yse (analyse, breathalyse, catalyse, etc.), а в американском варианте всегда пишется -yze .
| analyze | catalyze | electrolyze | paralyze |
| breathalyze | dialyze | hydrolyze | psychoanalyze |
Так как оба варианта имеют право на существование, нужно определиться, какой из них Вы будете употреблять в письменной речи. Смешения вариантов допускать на письме не следует.
Словарь пишет также, что суффикс -ize не американизм, его происхождение относится к 16-му веку, в то время как суффикс -ise французского происхождения. Тем не менее почему-то не хочет вариант -ize, являясь стандартом, приживаться среди говорящих.
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Difficult Suffixes of Verbs
Verbs have few suffixes that identify them as verbs: IZE, ISE (apologize, advertise); YZE, YSE (analyze, analyse); FY (intensify, simplify); EN (liven, ripen); ATE (demonstrate, separate). The suffixes IZE, ISE, which have the same pronunciation but are spelled differently, present the most difficulty for language learners.
The suffixes IZE, ISE
The suffix ISE is a variant of the suffix IZE, and both suffixes are pronounced [aiz]. The main difficulty that these verb suffixes present for language learners is that in British English, many of such verbs have two variants of spelling, for example, organize, organise, recognize, recognise, normalize, normalise. In American English, such verbs are usually spelled with the suffix IZE.
The suffix IZE
The suffix IZE is found in many useful verbs. Some of them are listed below. They are spelled here according to the American variant of spelling, i.e., with the suffix IZE.
Verbs ending in ISE
Not many verbs end in ISE [aiz], and in most of them ISE is not a suffix but part of the root. For example, only two verbs in the list below have the suffix ISE: advertise, chastise. Most of the verbs in the list below are very common. It is necessary to learn them by heart.
There are several other verbs that end in ISE, but ISE in them is pronounced [is], for example, promise [‘promis], premise [‘premis]. Note the difference in the spelling of these verbs: BrE practise – AmE practice.
Derivative nouns
Nouns derived from verbs with the endings IZE, ISE follow the spelling of the verb in the choice of the letter Z or S.
advertise (verb) – advertisement (noun) – advertising (noun) – advertiser (noun);
normalize (verb) – normalization (noun) – normalizer (noun); normalise – normalisation – normaliser;
organize (verb) – organization (noun) – organizer (noun); organise – organisation – organiser;
revise (verb) – revision (noun) – reviser, revisor (noun);
supervise (verb) – supervision (noun) – supervisor (noun);
utilize (verb) – utilization (noun) – utilizer (noun); utilise – utilisation – utiliser.
(Derivative nouns, including nouns formed from the verbs described in this article, are listed in List of Nouns with Suffixes in the section Writing.)
The suffixes YZE, YSE
The suffix YZE [aiz] is found in just a couple of verbs: analyze, paralyze, catalyze, which are spelled analyse, paralyse, catalyze / catalyse in British English. Nouns derived from these verbs have the following variants of spelling in AmE and BrE.
AmE: analyze, analysis, analyst, analyzer, analyzability; BrE: analyse, analysis, analyst, analyser, analysability;
AmE: paralyze, paralysis, paralyzer; BrE: paralyse, paralysis, paralyser;
AmE catalyze, BrE catalyze / catalyse, catalysis, catalyst, catalyzer.
The suffix FY
In the majority of cases, the letter I is written before the suffix FY when it is added to words (i.e., derivative verbs end in IFY). For example: beauty – beautify; class – classify; simple – simplify. Some frequently used verbs ending in IFY are listed below.
There are only four verbs with the letter E before the suffix FY (i.e., these verbs end in EFY): liquefy, putrefy, rarefy, stupefy. Learn these verbs by heart.
liquefy – to make or become liquid;
putrefy – to rot, to decay;
rarefy – to make rare, less dense; to refine;
stupefy – to make insensible; to astound, to astonish.
Derivative nouns from these verbs keep the letter E before F.
Note the spelling of the adjectives «liquid, putrid, stupid» and the nouns «liquid, rarity, stupidity».
Трудные суффиксы глаголов
Глаголы имеют мало суффиксов, указывающих, что это глаголы: IZE, ISE (apologize, advertise); YZE, YSE (analyze, analyse); FY (intensify, simplify); EN (liven, ripen); ATE (demonstrate, separate). Суффиксы IZE, ISE, которые имеют одинаковое произношение, но пишутся по-разному, представляют наибольшую трудность для изучающих английский язык.
Суффиксы IZE, ISE
Суффикс ISE – это вариант суффикса IZE, и оба суффикса произносятся [aiz]. Главная трудность, которую эти суффиксы глаголов представляют для изучающих язык, это то, что в британском английском многие из таких глаголов имеют два варианта написания, например, organize, organise, recognize, recognise, normalize, normalise. В американском английском такие глаголы обычно пишутся с суффиксом IZE.
Суффикс IZE
Суффикс IZE встречается во многих полезных глаголах. Некоторые из них приведены ниже. Они написаны здесь согласно американскому варианту написания, т.е. с суффиксом IZE.
capitalize – превратить в капитал
realize – реализовать, осознать
scrutinize – тщательно изучать
vandalize – варварски разрушать
victimize – мучить, делать жертвой
Глаголы, оканчивающиеся на ISE
Не слишком много глаголов оканчиваюся на ISE [aiz], и в большинстве из них ISE не суффикс, а часть корня. Например, только два глагола в списке ниже имеют суффикс ISE: advertise, chastise. Большинство глаголов в списке ниже очень употребительны. Нужно выучить их наизусть.
comprise – заключать в себе
demise – передать в наследство (из-за смерти)
excise – взимать акцизный сбор
incise – надрезать, делать прорезь
revise – проверять, изменять
rise, arise – подниматься, возникать
supervise – наблюдать, надзирать
televise – показывать по телевидению
Есть несколько других глаголов, которые оканчиваются на ISE, но ISE в них произносится [is], например, promise [‘promis], premise [‘premis]. Обратите внимание на разницу в написании этих глаголов: BrE practise – AmE practice.
Производные существительные
Существительные, образованные от глаголов с окончаниями IZE, ISE, следуют написанию глагола в выборе буквы Z или S.
advertise (глагол) – advertisement (сущ.) – advertising (сущ.) – advertiser (сущ.);
normalize (гл.) – normalization (сущ.) – normalizer (сущ.); normalise – normalisation – normaliser;
organize (гл.) – organization (сущ.) – organizer (сущ.); organise – organisation – organiser;
revise (гл.) – revision (сущ.) – reviser, revisor (сущ.);
supervise (гл.) – supervision (сущ.) – supervisor (сущ.);
utilize (гл.) – utilization (сущ.) – utilizer (сущ.); utilise – utilisation – utiliser.
(Производные существительные, включая существительные, образованные от глаголов, описанных в данной статье, приведены в списке List of Nouns with Suffixes в разделе Writing.)
Суффиксы YZE, YSE
Суффикс YZE [aiz] встречается всего в нескольких глаголах: analyze, paralyze, catalyze, которые пишутся analyse, paralyse, catalyze / catalyse в британском английском. Существительные, образованные от этих глаголов, имеют следующие варианты написания в AmE и BrE.
AmE: analyze (анализировать), analysis (анализ), analyst (аналитик), analyzer (анализатор), analyzability (анализируемость); BrE: analyse, analysis, analyst, analyser, analysability;
AmE: paralyze (парализовать), paralysis (паралич), paralyzer (парализатор); BrE: paralyse, paralysis, paralyser;
AmE catalyze (катализировать), BrE catalyze / catalyse, catalysis (катализ), catalyst (катализатор), catalyzer (катализатор).
Суффикс FY
В большинстве случаев, буква I пишется перед суффиксом FY, когда он прибавляется к словам (т.е. производные глаголы оканчиваются на IFY). Например: beauty – beautify; class – classify; simple – simplify. Некоторые часто употребляемые глаголы, оканчивающиеся на IFY, даны ниже.
amplify – расширять, усиливать
clarify – прояснять, очищать
notify – извещать, уведомлять
testify – давать показания
verify – проверять, выверять
Есть всего четыре глагола с буквой E перед суффиксом FY (т.е. эти глаголы оканчиваются на EFY): liquefy, putrefy, rarefy, stupefy. Выучите эти глаголы наизусть.
liquefy – разжижать, превращать в жидкость;
putrefy – гнить, разлагаться;
rarefy – разрежать, делать менее плотным; утончать
stupefy – притупить ум или чувства; поразить, изумить.
Производные существительные от этих глаголов сохраняют букву E перед F.
Обратите внимание на написание прилагательных «liquid, putrid, stupid» и существительных «liquid, rarity, stupidity».
Difficult cases of similar verb suffixes ize, ise, yze, yse, fy (ify, efy).
Трудные случаи похожих глагольных суффиксов ize, ise, yze, yse, fy (ify, efy).
источники:
http://fortee.ru/2013/03/31/glagoly-na-ize-ise-yze-and-yse/
http://usefulenglish.ru/writing/difficult-suffixes-of-verbs